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Higgs Boson-The God’s Particle Higgs Boson-The God’s Particle & The mystery of mass& The mystery of mass
Dr.S.Sanyasi RajuReader & H.O.D. of PhysicsM.R.College(A), VizianagaramE-mail: [email protected]: www.ssrajuphysics.com
The Higgs Boson is a theoretical elementary, subatomic particle
predicted to exist by the Standard Model of particle physics. It is the
only Standard Model (SM) particle that has not yet been observed.
Dubbed “the God” particle by Nobel Prize winning physicist Leon
Lederman, the Higgs is thought to impart mass to all other particles in
the universe.
The Higgs particle is named after the British theorist Peter Higgs
who along with Robert Brout and François Englert theorized its
existence in 1964. The search for the Higgs remains one of the most
important objective of research in elementary particle physics today.
33
44
d
The Matter ParticlesThe Matter Particles
e
Neutrino
Electron
ProtonMass: 1.7 10-27 kgcharge: +1
Mass: ~<10-9 proton mass?Charge: 0
Mass: 0.0005 proton mass charge: -1
u
ud
Neutron Charge: 0u
d
The particles of Matter The particles of Matter
e
u
d
uu
dd
Come in 3 versions, known as colours
neutrino
Electron
up’ quark
‘down’ quark
66
The Matter particlesThe Matter particles
u
d
e
1st GenerationOrdinary matter
2nd GenerationCosmic rays
s
c
3rd GenerationAccelerators
b
t
77
The particles of MatterThe particles of Matter
u
d
e
All ordinary matter is composed of these
(There is a corresponding antiparticle for each)
88
The Matter particlesThe Matter particles
u
d
e
1st Generation
2nd Generation
s
c
3rd Generation
b
t
0.1GeV
1.7GeV
4.5GeV
175GeV
E=mc2
1GeV~Proton Mass
1.7GeV
99
The Matter particlesThe Matter particles
u
d
e
1st Generation
2nd Generation
s
c
3rd Generation
b
t
1974
1977
2000 1995
19751897
1010
How do quarks combine?How do quarks combine?
u
ud
A proton:two ‘u’ quarks and one ‘d’ quark
d
ud
A neutron: 2 ‘d’ quarks and 1 ‘u’ quark
u
d
Mesons have a quark and an anti-quark-
Many created, not stable
With 6 quark types there are hundreds of combinations
1111
+
Forces in Ordinary PhysicsForces in Ordinary PhysicsClassically, forces are described by
+
Field
charges and fields
++
1212
Continuous field exchange of quanta
+ +
For Electromagnetism
The quanta are photons,
High energies and small distances quantum mechanics
Forces in Particle PhysicsForces in Particle Physics
1313
The Forces of NatureThe Forces of Nature
Force Realm Particle
Electro-magnetism
Magnets, DVD players
Strong Fusion Gluon
Weak -decay, (sunshine)
W+,W-, Z0
Gravitation Not in the same framework
Higgs may give a link?
1414
The Forces of NatureThe Forces of Nature
Force Mass, GeV Particle
Electro-magnetism
0
Strong 0 Gluon
Weak
W’s Z
Gravitation Not in the same framework
1515
Feynman DiagramPositron (anti-electron)
Mediation of the ForcesMediation of the Forces
Electron
At each ‘vertex’ charge is conserved. Heisenberg Uncertainty allows energy borrowing.
1616
Particles and forcesParticles and forces
‘u’ quarks ‘d’ quarks electron neutrino
E.M.charge
+2/3
Strongforce
yes yes no no
Weakforce
yes yes yes yes
Heavier generations have identical pattern