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7/31/2019 Hidden Threats GMO Food 2009 01 19
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Hidden Threats
Food from GeneticallyModified Crops
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GM crops and Food Safety
Since the 1980s severalcompanies are aiming todevelop genetically modifiedcrops and to market them
Chemical companyMonsanto dominates themarket for seeds of GM crops- holding 70%100% marketshare for various crops
Other companies: Pioneer,Syngenta and Bayer
DVD: The WorldaccordingtoMonsanto(2008)
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Artificial organisms
to artificially create newliving organisms thatwould never naturallyoccur through breeding.
GE crops are producedusing laboratorytechniques where
genetic material fromthe cells of one speciesis transferred intoanother species
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Of economicalimportance are so fartwo types:
1. Herbicide resistantcrops can stand high doses of aspecific herbicide
in case of Monsantos seeds:Roundup Ready crops
Types of GM Crops
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Types of GMO (2)
2. Bt crops, such asBt corn and Bt cotton
these crops have aninserted gene from the
bacteria Bacillusthuringiensis(Bt)which enables them toproduce a poison which
shall kill the dominantpests corn borer,
cotton bollworm
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Importance of GM crops
Worldwide, 9 percent theglobal primary cropproduction fromgenetically modified crops
2006: over 100 millionhectares in 22 countries
64% of total soya cropand 24% of the global
maize crop
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Importance (2)
Many processed foodscontain Soybean oiland/or glucose syrup
(from corn) Difficult to avoid food
containing geneticallymodified material,
especially in the USA
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Animal feeds
Likewise animal feedscommonly contain corn
and soybean meal fromGM crops
Also in Europe GMmaterial was found in
milk and meat
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Concern: Food Safety
GM food is not labeled assuch
The industry argues GMcrops are substantially
equivalent to their
conventional counterparts
Consequently no need forspecial considerations
concerning safety
Label GMO free opposed
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Producers ensure
All food developers andmanufacturers arerequired to ensure thesafety and quality of theirproducts.
Producers of new foodshave an obligation toensure that the foods theyoffer consumers are safe
and in compliance withapplicable legalrequirements(US Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act)
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Are GM crops safe to eat?
According to the NationalAcademy of Sciences,genetic transfers between
unrelated organisms do not
pose hazards or risks differentfrom those encountered bynatural selection or traditionalcross-breeding betweensimilar species.
The process itself by whichgenes are transferred doesnot make living organismsharmful.
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The risks
1. Effects due to theinsertion of genesinto chromosomes
of crops2. Roundup residues
3. Residues from Bt
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Risks due to the GM transformation
process
Advocates of GMcrops:no concerns aboutsafety because GMcrop material isdegraded duringprocessing into feedand during digestion.
( secretions of nucleases, enzymes whichbreak down DNA, along the gut.)
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Risks due to the GM transformation
process (2)
Since late 2005, threepublished studies by threedifferent scientific teamsand one unpublished study
detected transgenic plantDNA in animal tissues andmilk.
It is likely that people arebeing frequently exposed to
GM DNA by eating milk andmeat from GM-fed animals,albeit at very low levels
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Risks due to the GM transformation
process (3)
Harmless protein in oneorganism can beharmful in anotherorganism.
One factor: posttranslation modification
Rat feeding with GMpotatoes showed that
lesions in the gut wall ofthe rats were due tosubstances resultingfrom the process
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Roundup Ready (2)
Italian mouse trial:
Roundup Ready soyaaffects key body organs
FSA human feedingtrial: entire transgenic
gene in GM soysurvives the passagethrough the stomachand small intestine,though not through thecolon
Roundup residuescause cell damage
Greenpeace protest against GMO
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Roundup Ready (3)
Portions of transgenic
DNA had horizontally
transferred from GMfood into the intestinalbacteria of some of thevolunteers
Another rat feeding:
unexplained changes intesticle cells indicator of toxins
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Roundup Ready (4)
Russian study: rats fedwith GM soy showed afive-fold increase inmortality, lower birth
weights, and the inabilityto reproduce.
Photo:
showing stunted growth - the
larger rat, 19days old, is fromthe control group; the
smaller rat, 20 days old, isfrom the "GM soy group.
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Residues from Bt
Bt toxin is present in allthe cells in Bt maize,
the main GM maizeused in animal feed
Toxic reactions in rats(several studies)
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Residues from Bt (2)
Twelve cows diedmysteriously inGermany when fed Btcorn
In India, sheep diedafter grazing in cottonfields
More than 20 farmers
observed: pigs andcows became sterilefrom GM corn
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No adverse effects?
Nina Fedroff:
Adviser to the US Sec. of State
Despite dire predictions, no adverseeffects of GM crops on health,biodiversity and the environment have
been documented to date.
Phnom Penh Post, 24/12/2008
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Conclusion
Numerous feeding trailswith rats and severalobservations by farmersindicate that the novelsubstances of GM cropsare not as harmless asMonsanto and othersstate.
Assessment of the list of
risks indicates that GMcrops are currently fartoo risky to be used forfood or animal feed.
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Conclusion (2)
To some extent: Humanity hasbeen turned into a pack ofguinea pigs*
* somebody orsomething
experimentedon: somebodyor somethingused as thesubject of an
experiment ortest.
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Conclusion (3)
Producers andconsumers need to beaware of the loomingdangers
Information concerningproducts containing GMmaterial is essential
In food preparationssoy oil, cornstarch and
glucose syrup shouldnot be used unlessorigin is clear.
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Thank you!