Hibiscus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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H ibiscus

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Rosids

Order: Malvales

Family: Malvaceae

Subfamily: Malvoideae

Tribe: HibisceaeGenus: H ibiscus

L.

Species

232 species

Synonyms

Bombycidendron Zoll. & Moritzi

Bombycodendron Hassk.

Brockmania W.Fitzg.

H ibiscus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Hibiscus (disambiguation).

Hibiscus (/hɨˈbɪskəs/[2] or /haɪˈbɪskəs/[3]) is a genus of flowering

plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is quite large, containing

several hundred species that are native to warm-temperate,subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member

species are often noted for their showy flowers and are commonly

known simply as hibiscus, or less widely known as rose mallow. The

genus includes both annual and perennial herbaceous plants, as well

as woody shrubs and small trees. The generic name is derived from

the Greek word ἱβίσκος (hibískos), which was the name Pedanius

Dioscorides (ca. 40–90) gave to Althaea officinalis.[4]

Contents

1 Description

2 Uses

2.1 Symbolism and culture

2.2 Landscaping

2.3 Paper

2.4 Beverage

2.5 Food

2.6 Health benefits

3 Precautions and contraindications

3.1 Pregnancy and lactation

3.2 Contraindications

4 Adverse effects

4.1 Drug interactions

5 Species

5.1 Formerly placed here

6 Photos

7 References

8 External links

Description

The leaves are alternate, ovate to lanceolate, often with a toothed or

lobed margin. The flowers are large, conspicuous, trumpet-shaped,

with five or more petals, color from white to pink, red, orange, purple

or yellow, and from 4–18 cm broad. Flower color in certain species,

such as H. mutabilis and H. tiliaceus, changes with age.[5] The fruit is

a dry five-lobed capsule, containing several seeds in each lobe, whichare released when the capsule dehisces (splits open) at maturity. It is

of red and white colours. It is an example of complete flowers.

scus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus

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Pariti Adans.

Wilhelminia Hochr.[1]

A white Hibiscus arnottianus in

Hawaii.

Hibiscus hirtus

A pink hibiscus in winter.

Uses

Symbolism and culture

The hibiscus is the national flower of Haiti and is used in their

national tourism slogan of Haïti: Experience It![6][7] The Hibiscus

species also represents several other nations. The Hibiscus syriacus is

the national flower of South Korea, and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is the

national flower of Malaysia. The red hibiscus is the flower of the

Hindu goddess Kali, and appears frequently in depictions of her in the

art of Bengal, India, often with the goddess and the flower merging in

form. The hibiscus is used as an offering to goddess Kali and Lord

Ganesha in Hindu worship. [8]

In the Philippines, the gumamela (local name for hibiscus) is used by

children as part of a bubble-making pastime. The flowers and leaves

are crushed until the sticky juices come out. Hollow papaya stalks are

then dipped into this and used as straws for blowing bubbles.

The hibiscus flower is traditionally worn by Tahitian and Hawaiian

girls. If the flower is worn behind the left ear, the woman is married

or in a relationship. If the flower is worn on the right, she is single or

openly available for a relationship. The hibiscus is Hawaii’s state

flower.

Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie named her first novel

Purple Hibiscus after the delicate flower.

The bark of the hibiscus contains strong bast fibres that can beobtained by letting the stripped bark set in the sea to let the organic

material rot away.

Landscaping

Many species are grown for their showy flowers or used as landscape

shrubs, and are used to attract butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds.[9]

Paper

One species of Hibiscus, known as kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus), is

extensively used in paper-making.

Beverage

Main article: Hibiscus tea

The tea made of hibiscus flowers is known by many names in many countries around the world and is served

both hot and cold. The beverage is well known for its color, tanginess and flavor.

It is known as bissap in West Africa, "Gul e Khatmi" in Urdu & Persian, agua de jamaica in Mexico and

Honduras (the flower being flor de jamaica) and gudhal (गड़ुहल ) in India. Some refer to it as roselle, acommon name for the hibiscus flower. In Jamaica, Trinidad and many other islands in the Caribbean, the

drink is known as sorrel ( Hibiscus sabdariffa; not to be confused with Rumex acetosa, a species sharing the


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Hibiscus lobatus

Hibiscus hispidissimus (Wild

Hibiscus)

Hibiscus bud

Hibiscus stigma

common name sorrel ). In Ghana, the drink is known as soobolo in

one of the local languages.

In Cambodia, a cold beverage can be prepared by first steeping the

petals in hot water until the colors are leached from the petals, then

adding lime juice (which turns the beverage from dark brown/red to a

bright red), sweeteners (sugar/honey) and finally cold water/ice

cubes.

In Egypt, Sudan and the Arab world, hibiscus tea is known as

karkadé ( كركد

), and is served as both a hot and a cold drink.

Food

Dried hibiscus is edible, and it is often a delicacy in Mexico. It can

also be candied and used as a garnish.[10]

The roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa) is used as a vegetable. The species

Hibiscus suratensis Linn synonymous to Hibiscus aculeatus G. Don isnoted in Visayas Philippines being a souring ingredient for almost all

local vegetables and menus. Known as Labog in the Visayan area, (or

Labuag/Sapinit in Tagalog), the species is a very good ingredient in

cooking native chicken soup.

Hibiscus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some

Lepidopteran species, including Chionodes hibiscella, Hypercompe

hambletoni, the nutmeg moth, and the turnip moth.

Health benefits

The tea is popular as a natural diuretic; it contains vitamin C and

minerals, and is used traditionally as a mild medicine. Polyphenol

compounds were discovered in the leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa,

which has also shown anti-inflammatory activities.[11]

A 2008 USDA study shows consuming hibiscus tea lowers blood

pressure in a group of prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive

adults. Three cups of tea daily resulted in an average drop of 8.1

mmHg in their systolic blood pressure, compared to a 1.3 mmHg drop

in the volunteers who drank the placebo beverage. Study participants

with higher blood pressure readings (129 or above) had a greater

response to hibiscus tea: their systolic blood pressure went down by

13.2 mmHg. These data support the idea that drinking hibiscus tea in

an amount readily incorporated into the diet may play a role in

controlling blood pressure, although more research is required. [12]

Studies have demonstrated the anti-hypertensive effects of H.

sabdariffa in both humans and animals.[13] It has been proposed that

the antihypertensive effects of H. sabdariffa is due to its angiotensin-

converting enzyme inhibiting activity.[14] In a randomized, controlledclinical trial involving 39 patients with mild to moderate

hypertension, Captopril was compared to an extract of H. sabdariffa

for antihypertensive effects. Subjects taking an extract of


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Close up of hibiscus center

H.sabdariffa, consumed daily before breakfast for four weeks, found

reduction in blood pressure similar to Captopril.[15] Another

randomized, placebo clinical trial involving 54 study participants with

moderate hypertension demonstrated a reduction in both systolic and

diastolic blood pressure. However upon discontinuation of treatment,

both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were subsequently

elevated.[16]

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has a number of medical uses in Chinese

herbology.[17] Sidram A. et al. their research indicates some potential

in cosmetic skin care; for example, an extract from the flowers of

Hibiscus rosa- sinensis has been shown to function as an anti-solar

agent by absorbing ultraviolet radiation.[18]

In the Indian traditional system of medicine, Ayurveda, hibiscus,

especially white hibiscus and red hibiscus ( Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), is

considered to have medicinal properties. The roots are used to make

various concoctions believed to cure ailments such as cough, hair loss

or hair greying. As a hair treatment, the flowers are boiled in oil along

with other spices to make a medicated hair oil. The leaves and

flowers are ground into a fine paste with a little water, and the resulting lathery paste is used as a shampoo

plus conditioner.

Hibiscus tea also contains bioflavonoids, which are believed to help prevent an increase in LDL cholesterol,

which can increase the buildup of plaque in the arteries.[19]

A previous animal study demonstrated the effects of H.sabdariffa extract on atherosclerosis in rabbits.

Notably, a reduction in triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein was observed in rabbits

consuming a high cholesterol diet (HCD) in addition to H.sabdariffa extract compared to rabbits only fedHCD, suggesting a beneficial effect.[20] Furthermore, the H. sabdariffa seed is abundant in phytosterol and

tocopherol, plant forms of cholesterol that have antioxidant and LDL cholesterol lowering effects.[21]

Precautions and contraindications

Pregnancy and lactation

While the mechanism is not well understood, previous animal studies have demonstrated both an inhibitory

effect of H. sabdariffa on muscle tone and the anti-fertility effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, respectively.[22][23] The extract of H. sabdariffa has been shown to stimulate contraction of the rat bladder and uterus;[22]

the H.rosa-sinensis extract has exhibited contraceptive effects in the form of estrogen activity in rats.[23]

These findings have not been observed in humans. The Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is also thought to have

emmenagogue effects which can stimulate menstruation and, in some women, cause an abortion.[24][25][26]

Due to the documented adverse effects in animal studies and the reported pharmacological properties, the H.

sabdariffa and H.rosa-sinensis are not recommended for use during pregnancy.[26] Additionally, they are not

recommended while breastfeeding due to the lack of reliable information on its safety and use.

Contraindications

Adverse effects

Drug interactions


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It is postulated that H. sabdariffa interacts with diclofenac, chloroquine and acetaminophen by altering the

pharmacokinetics. In healthy human volunteers, the H. sabdariffa extract was found to reduce the excretion

of diclofenac upon co-administration.[27] Additionally, co-administration of Karkade ( H. sabdariffa), a

common Sudanese beverage, was found to reduce chloroquine bioavailability.[28] However, no statistically

significant changes were observed in the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen when administered with the

Zobo ( H.sabdariffa) drink.[29] Further studies are needed to demonstrate clinical significance.

Species

In temperate zones, probably the most commonly grown ornamental species is Hibiscus syriacus, the

common garden hibiscus, also known in some areas as the "Rose of Althea" or "Rose of Sharon" (but not to

be confused with the unrelated Hypericum calycinum, also called "Rose of Sharon"). In tropical and

subtropical areas, the Chinese hibiscus ( H. rosa-sinensis), with its many showy hybrids, is the most popular

hibiscus.

Several hundred species are known, including:

Hibiscis acapulcensis

Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex Hiern. —False

Roselle

Hibiscus acicularis

Hibiscus aculeatus —Comfortroot

Hibiscus altissimus

Hibiscus andongensis

Hibiscus angolensis

Hibiscus aponeurus[30]

Hibiscus archeri —Archer’s Hibiscus Hibiscus aridicola

Hibiscus arnottianus A.Gray — Kokiʻo ʻula

(Hawaii)

Hibiscus asper —Bush Roselle

Hibiscus austroyunnanensis

Hibiscus barbosae

Hibiscus benguellensis

Hibiscus berberidifolius

Hibiscus bernieri

Hibiscus bifurcatus —Fork-bracted Rosemallow Hibiscus biseptus —Arizona Rosemallow

Hibiscus bojerianus

Hibiscus boryanus —Foulsapate Marron

Hibiscus brackenridgei A.Gray —Hawaiian

hibiscus Maʻo hau hele

Hibiscus burtt-davyi

Hibiscus caerulescens

Hibiscus caesius —Dark-eyed Hibiscus (South

Africa)

Hibiscus calyphyllus —LemonyellowRosemallow (Tropical Africa)

Hibiscus cameronii —Cameron’s Hibiscus, Pink

Hibiscus

Hibiscus genevii Bojer (Mauritius)

Hibiscus gilletii

Hibiscus gossweileri

Hibiscus grandidieri

Hibiscus grandiflorus Michx. —Swamp

rosemallow (Southeastern United States)

Hibiscus grandistipulatus

Hibiscus grewiifolius

Hibiscus hamabo

Hibiscus hastatus Hibiscus heterophyllus —Native rosella

Hibiscus hirtus —Lesser Mallow

Hibiscus hispidissimus

Hibiscus huellensis

Hibiscus hybridus

Hibiscus indicus

Hibiscus insularis Endl. —Phillip Island hibiscus

(Phillip Island)

Hibiscus integrifolius

Hibiscus jaliscensis Hibiscus kochii

Hibiscus kokio —Red Rosemallow

Hibiscus labordei

Hibiscus laevis All. (= H. militaris)—Halberd-

leaved rosemallow (central and eastern North

America)

Hibiscus lasiocarpos —Woolly Rosemallow

Hibiscus lasiococcus

Hibiscus lavaterioides

Hibiscus laxiflorus Hibiscus leptocladus ([Northwest Australia])

Hibiscus leviseminus

Hibiscus lilacinus —Lilac Hibiscus


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Hibiscus cannabinus L. —Kenaf

Hibiscus castroi

Hibiscus cisplatinus —Rosa Del Rio

Hibiscus citrinus-

Hibiscus clayi O.Deg. & I.Deg. —Hawaiian red

hibiscus (Hawaii)

Hibiscus clypeatus —Congo Mahoe

Hibiscus coccineus (Medik.) Walter —ScarletRosemallow

Hibiscus colimensis

Hibiscus columnaris —Mahot Rempart

Hibiscus comoensis

Hibiscus congestiflorus

Hibiscus costatus

Hibiscus coulteri —Desert Rosemallow

Hibiscus cuanzensis

Hibiscus dasycalyx —Neches River

Rosemallow Hibiscus denudatus Benth. —Pale Face

(Southwestern United States, Northwestern

Mexico)

Hibiscus dimidiatus

Hibiscus dioscorides A.G.Mill. (Yemen)

Hibiscus diplocrater

Hibiscus diriffan A.G.Mill. (Yemen)

Hibiscus diversifolius —Swamp Hibiscus

Hibiscus dongolensis

Hibiscus donianus Hibiscus elatus —Mahoe

Hibiscus elegans

Hibiscus engleri —Wild Hibiscus

Hibiscus escobariae

Hibiscus excellii

Hibiscus ferrugineus

Hibiscus ficalhoanus

Hibiscus flavoroseus

Hibiscus fragilis DC. —Mandrinette (Mascarene

Islands) Hibiscus fragrans

Hibiscus fritzscheae

Hibiscus furcellatus Desr. —Lindenleaf

rosemallow (Caribbean, Florida, Central

America, South America, Hawaii)

Hibiscus fugosioides

Hibiscus furcellatus —Salad Hibiscus

Hibiscus fuscus

Hibiscus liliiflorus —Rodrigues Tree Hibiscus

Hibiscus longifolius

Hibiscus longisepalus

Hibiscus ludwigii

Hibiscus lunariifolius

Hibiscus macrogonus

Hibiscus macrophyllus —Largeleaf Rosemallow

Hibiscus macropodus Hibiscus makinoi —Okinawan Hibiscus

Hibiscus malacophyllus Balf.f. (Yemen)

Hibiscus malacospermus

Hibiscus martianus —Heartleaf Rosemallow

Hibiscus moscheutos Welw. ex Hiern.

—Crimsoneyed Rosemallow (Central and

Eastern North America)

Hibiscus mutabilis L. —Cotton Rosemallow,

Confederate Rose (East Asia)

Hibiscus paramutabilis Hibiscus pedunculatus

Hibiscus pernambucensis —Seaside Mahoe

Hibiscus phoeniceus —Brazilian Rosemallow

Hibiscus platanifolius

Hibiscus quattenensis

Hibiscus poeppigii —Poeppig’s Rosemallow

Hibiscus radiatus —Monarch Rosemallow

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. —Chinese hibiscus

(East Asia)

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. —Roselle, Omutete, or Sorrel

Hibiscus schizopetalus —Fringed Rosemallow

Hibiscus scottii

Hibiscus socotranus

Hibiscus sinosyriacus

Hibiscus splendens

Hibiscus stenanthus Balf.f. (Yemen)

Hibiscus striatus —Striped Rosemallow

Hibiscus syriacus L. (Type species)—Rose of

Sharon (Asia) Hibiscus tiliaceus L. —Sea hibiscus (Australia,

Southeast Asia, Oceania)

Hibiscus trilobus —Threelobe Rosemallow

Hibiscus trionum L. —Flower-of-an-Hour

Hibiscus vitifolius —Tropical Rose Mallow

Hibiscus waimeae A.Heller — Kokiʻo keʻokeʻo

(Hawaii)

Formerly placed here


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Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (as H.

esculentus L.)

Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.) Wight & Arn. (as H.

ficulneus L.)

Abelmoschus manihot subsp. manihot (as H.

manihot L.)

Abelmoschus manihot var. pungens (Roxb.) Hochr.(as H. pungens Roxb.)

Abelmoschus manihot var. tetraphyllus (Roxb. ex

Hornem.) Borss. Waalk. (as H. tetraphyllus Roxb. ex

Hornem.)

Abelmoschus moschatus subsp. moschatus (as

H. abelmoschus L.)

Abelmoschus moschatus subsp. tuberosus (Span.)

Borss. Waalk. (as H. sagittifolius Kurz)

Alyogyne cuneiformis (DC.) Lewton (as H.

cuneiformis DC.) Alyogyne hakeifolia (Giord.) Alef. (as H.

hakeifolius Giord.)

Alyogyne huegelii (Endl.) Fryxell (as H. wrayae

Lindl.)

Alyogyne pinoniana (Gaudich.) Fryxell (as H.

pinonianus Gaudich.)

Firmiana simplex (L.) W.Wight (as H. simplex L.)

Lagunaria patersonia subsp. patersonia (as H.

patersonius Andrews)

Kosteletzkya adoensis (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Mast.

(as H. adoensis Hochst. ex A.Rich.)

Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (L.) Ledeb. (as H.

pentacarpos L.) Kosteletzkya tubiflora (DC.) Blanch. & McVaugh (as

H. tubiflorus DC.)

Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) C.Presl ex A.Gray (as H.

virginicus L.)

Pavonia arabica Hochst. & Steud. ex Boiss. (as H.

flavus Forssk.)

Pavonia spinifex (L.) Cav. (as H. spinifex L.)

Radyera farragei (F.Muell.) Fryxell & S.H.Hashmi

(as H. farragei F.Muell.)

Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell (as H. lampasCav.)

Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa (as H.

populneoides Roxb. or H. populneus L.)[31]

Photos

A yellow hibiscus in

Houston.

Hibiscus flower in

Waikiki, Hawaii

A hibiscus, showing

pistil and stamens

Hibiscus Flower

Hibiscus Flower Hibiscus Flower Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,

Mallorca.Hibiscus


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Hibiscus from Kerala,

India

MultiLayer Yellow

hibiscus Velachery

Yellow hibiscus Yellow hibiscus

with red

Orange coloured

hibiscus

Hibiscus syriacus White

hibiscus with

pink touch

All white hibiscus in

Karnal

Hibiscus

moscheutos

Pink and white hibiscus Hibiscus Brilliant

Hibiscus furcellatus Hibiscus in Bhopal


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At left, a flower emerges from a bud.At right, the same flower less than 18

hours later.

Hibiscus splendens, a rainforest plant from eastern Australia. Hardy Giant Hibiscus

Hibiscus syriacus in

Bensheim.

Red-layered hibiscus in

Trivandrum

Hibiscus

schizopetalus

flower in

Trivandrum,

Kerala, India.

Tricolor hibiscus in

Malaysia

Hibiscus from Kerala, India Red hibiscus in Alicante. Red hibiscus : The National

Flower of Malaysia

Hibiscus from Kerala, India Hibiscus from Kerala, IndiaPink hibiscus in Malaysia


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Hibiscus from LaFortuna, Costa Rica

A hibiscus at theUnited States Botanic

Garden located in

Washington, D.C

References

"Genus: Hibiscus L". Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture.

2007-10-05. Retrieved 2010-02-16.

1.

Oxford English Dictionary2. Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–6073.

Lawton, Barbara Perry (2004). Hibiscus: Hardy and Tropical Plants for the Garden. Timber Press. p. 36.

ISBN 978-0-88192-654-5.

4.

Lee, David Webster (2007). Nature’s Palette: the Science of Plant Color . University of Chicago Press. p. 183.

ISBN 978-0-226-47052-8.

5.

CIA World Factbook: National Symbols (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields

/2230.html)

6.

Embassy of the Republic of Haiti: The National Flower of Haiti (http://www.embassyofhaiti-rsa.org/index.php

/haiti/general-info/national-symbols/30-the-national-flower-of-haiti)

7.

CIA World Factbook: National Symbols (http://www.embassyofhaiti-rsa.org/index.php/haiti/general-info/national-

symbols/30-the-national-flower-of-haiti)

8.

Floridata: Plants That Attract Butterflies (http://www.floridata.com/lists/butterfly_plants.cfm)9. Nation’s Restaurant News: Hibiscus blossoms as a food, drink ingredient (http://www.nrn.com

/landingPage.aspx?menu_id=1380&coll_id=616&id=375762)

10.

Zhen, Jing, Thomas S. Villani, Yue Guo, Yadong Qi, Kit Chin, Min-Hsiung Pan, Chi-Tang Ho, James E. Simon,

and Qingli Wu. "Phytochemistry, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content and anti-inflammatory activity of

Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves." Food chemistry 190 (2016): 673-680.http://www.researchgate.net/publication

/277956385_Phytochemistry_antioxidant_capacity_total_phenolic_content_and_anti-

inflammatory_activity_of_Hibiscus_sabdariffa_leaves

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Study Shows Consuming Hibiscus Tea Lowers Blood Pressure (http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2008/081110.htm)

(accessed 05/10/2009)

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Ali BH, Al Wabel N & Blunden G. Phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Hibiscus

sabdariffa L.: a review. Phytother Res.19(5): 369-375. (2005)

13.

D. Ojeda et al. Inhibition of angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE) activity by the anthocyanins delphinidin- and

cyaniding-3-O-sambubiosides from Hibiscus sabdariffa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 127: 7-10. (2010)

14.

A. Herrera-Arellano et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized extract from H. sabdariffa in patients

with mild to moderate hypertension: a controlled and randomized clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 11: 375-382.

(2004)

15.

M.Haji faraji & A.H. Haji Tarkhani. The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension. Journal

of Ethnopharmacology. 65: 231-236. (1999)

16.

Plants for a Future: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+rosa-

sinensis). (accessed 07/05/2009)

17.

Nevade Sidram A., Sachin G. Lokapure and N.V. Kalyane. 2011. Study on anti-solar activity of ehanolic extract of

flower of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn (http://www.rjptonline.org/RJPT/RJPT_4_3_2011_Abstract.pdf). Research

Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 4(3): 472–473.

18.

http://www.poundoftea.com/benefits-of-hibiscus-flower-tea/19.

C.C.Chen et al. Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract Inhibits the Development of Atherosclerosis in Cholesterol-Fed

Rabbits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51: 5472-5477. (2003)

20.

R. Mohamed et al. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Seed Oil Is a Rich Source of γ–Tocopherol. Journal of Food21.


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Wikimedia Commons has

media related to H ibiscus .

Wikispecies has

information related to:

H ibiscus

Science. 72(3): 2007-211. (2007)

A.M.Fouda, M.Y.Daba & G.M. Dahab. Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa on

contractility of the rat bladder and uterus. Can.J.Physiol.Pharmacol. 85:1020-1031. (2007)

22.

N.Vasudeva & S.K.Sharma. Post-Coital Antifertility Activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.roots. Evid Based

Complement Alternat Med. 5(1): 91-94. (2008)

23.

H.J.de Boer & C.Cotingting. Medicinal plants for womens healthcare in Southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their

traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 151(2): 747-767. (2014)

24.

Ali BH, Al Wabel N & Blunden G. Phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Hibiscus

sabdariffa L.: a review. Phytother Res.19(5): 369-375.(2005)

25.

E.Ernst. Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 109: 227-235. (2002)26.

T.O. Fakeye et al. Effects of Water Extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa, Linn (Malvaceae) ‘Roselle on Excretion of a

Diclofenac Formulation. Phytotherapy Research. 21: 96-98 (2007)

27.

B.M. Mahmoud et al. Significant reduction in chloroquine bioavailability following coadministration with the

Sudanese beverages Aradaib, Karkadi and Lemon. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 33: 1005–1009 (1994)

28.

J.A.Kolawole & A.Maduenyi. Effect of Zobo drink (Hibiscus sabdariffa water extract) on the pharmacokinetics of

acetaminophen in human volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 29(1): 25-29. (2004)

29.

Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya.

(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475560/) J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2 22.

30.

"GRIN Species Records of Hibiscus". Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of

Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-02-10.

31.

External links

American Hibiscus Society (AHS)

(http://www.americanhibiscus.org/)

Australian Hibiscus Society

(http://www.australianhibiscus.com/)

International Hibiscus Society

(http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org/)

Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions(http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1134&parname=0/)

Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). " Hibiscus". African plants – a Photo Guide.

Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibiscus&oldid=682146247"

Categories: Hibiscus Flowers Medicinal plants National symbols of Haiti

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Hibiscus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia