CODENSCPLEK SCOPOL1A Supplementum 2 pp. 1 - 72 Ljubljana Oct. 1999 ISSN 0351 - 0077

PRIRODOSLOVNI MUZEJ SLOVENIJEMUSEUM HISTORIAE NATURALIS SLOVENiAE

SKRITA BOGASTVA MAKEDONIJEHIDDEN TREASURES OF MACEDONIA

PRIRODOSLOVNI MUZEJ SLOVENIJEPRIRODONAUČEN MUZEJ NA MAKEDONI]A

SCOPOLIASUPPLEMENTUM 2

SKRITA BOGASTVA MAKEDONIJEHIDDEN TREASURES OF MACEDONIA

VsebinaContents

MatijaGogaia

7 Uvodne misli k publikaciji in razstaviIntroductory Thoughts on the Publication and Exhibition

Mirjan Žorž, Miha \ersek & Gate Mladenovski

9 NEKATERANAHAIALIŠČAMINERALOVVMAKEDONHIINNIIHOVAPARAGENEZASOME MINERAL LOCATIONS IN MACEDONIA AND THEIRPARAGENESIS

9 Geografska legaGeographical Position

9 Geologija MakedonijeGeology of Macedonia

11 Kosovrasti14 Alšar

Radom'tr I/i'c1 7 Lorandit in sončni nevtrmi

Lomndite and Solar Neutrinos

20 Crni (Kara) kamen26 Sivec34 Sasa

Tadej Dolenec & Todor Serafimovski39 Zgodba o otavilu

The Otavite Story

41 Dobrevo46 Selečka planina47 Betuče48 Bonče50 Canište52 Dunje56 Orehovo58 Prilepec59 Berovo62 Zvegor

Gute Miadenovski & Katar'ma Krivic64 Pikermijska favna Makedonije

Pifiermian Fauna of Macedonia

67 LiteraturaReferences

69 ZahvalaAcknowledgments

Uvodne misli k publikaciji in razstaviIntroductory Thoughts on the Publication and Exhibition

Two years after the Slovenian Museum ofNatural History's small exhibit of some ofthe marvelous mineral treasures ofMacedonia, a group of Slovenian andMacedonian geologists has prepared a muchlarger exhibition: "Hidden treasures ofMacedonia".This fine exhibit displays some of the most

beautiful and interesting examples ofMacedonia's unique mineral wealth. Theexhibition displays more than 1 50 samplesselected from the Macedonian Museum inSkopje, and complemented by specimens ofMacedonian minerals held in variousSlovenian collections. To emphasize theimportance and preciousness of thesesamples, we need only to mention the World-famous locality of Alsar with its rare thalliumminerals, the gypsum deposits near Debar,or the minerals from the mines of Sasa andDobrevo that yield interesting forms ofsphalerite, amethyst, and paragenesis ofgalenite, pyrite, quartz and other rarities. Awhite marble of excellent quality comes fromthe Sivec Quarry, but here one can also findbeautiful corundum crystals and the uniquemineral diaspore. Titanite crystals come fromdeposits near the village of Alinci and fromSelecka planina - the latter being famous forthe mineral epidote. Also at Alinci can befound specimens of arfvedsonite coveredwith various other crystals. Many of theseminerals are highly valued as gemstones, asshown in this display.

] am delighted that the longstanding co-operation between the Macedonian Museumof Natural History in Skopje and the SlovenianMuseum of Natural History in Ljubljanareaches a peak with this exposition, coupledwith a simultaneous scientific meeting andthe present publication. Previouscollaborations between the two institutionshave included investigations of the mammalfauna of Macedonia, entomologicalresearches into aquatic flies (familyEmpididae) and stoncflies (Plecoptera),investigations of singing cicadas ICicadoidea},and the monitoring of bird migrations: allhave ted to interesting discoveries. Sloveniangeologists have visited Macedonia on severaloccasions, and our Macedonian colleaguesrecently took part in the "International Daysof Minerals and Fossils" held at Trzic,Slovenia.This attractive exposition, plus the scientific

meeting and the subsequent representativeresearch papers that will form a supplementto our journal Scopolia, will give impetus tofurther fruitful co-operations. Thiscollaboration has long been desired byscientists from both institutions, and formany years has been supported by thecorresponding ministries and diplomaticrepresentatives of both countries: Sloveniaand Macedonia.

Dve leti po manjši razstavi v Prirodoslovnem muzejuSlovcnije, ki je predstavila le majhen del čudovitih mineraloviz makedonskih najdišč, je skupina slovenskih inmakedonskih geologov pripravila veliko razstavo Skritabogastva Makedonije, ki obsega najlepše in najzanimivcjšeprimerke edinstvenih mineralov iz te države.Razstava obsega vec kot 150 izbranih, eksponatov iz

Prirodoslovnega muzeja v Skopju in iz raznih drugihmakedonskih in slovenskih zbirk. Da poudarim pomembnostin dragocenost razstavljenih primerkov, naj omenim vsajsvetovno znano najdišče Alšar, ki slovi po redkih talijevihmineralih, najdišče sadre pri Debru ter zanimive pojavneoblike rnineralov iz rudnikov Sasa in Dobrevo. Od tam soposebno zanimivi primerki sfalerita, ametista ter skupkigalenita, pirita, kremena in drugih mineralov. Iz kamnolomaSivec pridobivajo najbolj kakovosten marmor, v kateremnajdemo tudi lepe korunde in edinstveni tnineral diaspor.Titanit predstavljajo primerki iz nahajališča pri vasi Alinciin iz Selečke planine, kjer je eden izmed najzanimivejšihmineralov tudi epidot. Iz Alincev so tudi eksponatiarfvedsonlta, preraščeni z raznimi drugimi kristali. Odomenjenih mineralov iinajo marsikateri uporabno vrcdnostkot okrasni kamni, kar bo tudi prikazano na razstavi.Veseli me, da se dosedanje sodelovanje med makedonskim

Prirodoslovnim muzejem v Skopju in Prirodoslovnim muzejemSlovenije v Ljubljani nadaljuje s to razstavo, socasnimznanstvenim srečanjem in prlčujočo publikacijo. Dosedajsta obe ustanovi sodelovali pri raziskavah sesalcev izMakcdonije, kar je privedlo do zanimivih novlh odkritij, prientomoloŠkih raziskavah dvokrilcev iz družine Empididae,škržadili (Cicadoidea), vrbnicah (Plecoptera), kjer smo objaviliže veliko tehtnih prispevkov, in pri raziskavah selitev ptic.Slovenski geologl so nekajkrat obiskali Makedonijo inmakedonski kolegi so sodelovali na Mednarodnih dnevihmineralov in fosilov v Tržiču.Naj bo ta atraktivna razstava z znanstvenim srečanjem in

vsebinsko bogatimi prispevki v tem posebnem zvezku revijeScopolia vzpodbuda za nadaljnje sodelovanje, ki si ga želijostrokovnjaki obeh ustanov in ga finančno in moralnopodpirajo tudi ustrezni organi ministrstev in diplomatskipredstavniki obeh držav.

Srečno!

Matija Gogala

Direktor Primdoslovnega muzeja SlovetiijeDiredor of tfie Sloveman Museum of Natural H/sfory

NEKATERA NAHAJALISCA MINERALOV V MAKEDONIJIIN NJIHOVA PARAGENEZA

SOME MINERAL LOCATIONS IN MACEDONIAAND THEIR PARAGENESIS

Mirjan Žorž1, Miha Jeršek: & Gute Mladenovskr*1 Prdemova 53, 1290 Grosuptje, Slovenija

2 Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Prešernova 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija3 Pnrodonaucen muzej na Makedonija, Bulevar Uinden 86, 95000 Skopje 55, Makedonija

Geographical positionof Macedonia

Due to its position in the heart of southernpart of the Balkan Peninsula is Macedonia acontinental country. Almost from all sidesthe territory is surrounded by high mountainchains. Osogovske pianine, Plačkovica,Vlanina and Ogražden to the north-east andeast, and Belasica, Kožufand Kajmakčalanto the south. Korab and Šarplanina are twomighty mountain chains in westernMacedonia that spread towards the northas well. Their highest peaks reach over 2700m a.s.i.. Least mountainous is the centralpart with the Vardar valley. Vardar is the largestand longest river with such major tributariesas the Treska, the Pcinja, the Babuna, theBregalnica and the Crna reka. Ohrid lake inthe south-west part is the source of the CrniDrim that flows into Albania after gatheringthe waters of the picturesque river Radika.The Prespa and Dojran lakes lying in thesouth should also be mentioned. Hotcontinental climate is responsible for thedevelopment of the country's largest citieson the main rivers and beside lakes, _e.g.Skopje, Kumanovo, Tetovo, Veles and Štip,or in the foothills of the mountains withabundant water supply such as Bitola andPrilep.

Geology of MacedoniaThe regional geotectonic complex is

comprised of the following units: Serbian-Macedonian mass, Vardar zone, Pelagonianmassif and East-Macedonian zone.

The Serbian-Macedonian mass (SMM)encompasses eastern Macedonia, whereasto the north extending itself into Serbia andto the south into Greece. It is built up fromthe metamorphic complex of Precambrian-Riffeic-Cambrian and Palaeozoic age. It canbe divided into an upper and a lowercomplex. The lower one is, from lithologicalpoint of view, represented by micaseousgneisses, micaschists and to a lesser extentby amphibolites, quartzites, marbles andmagmatites. The upper complex is

Geografska lega Makedonije

Makedonija je celinska država, saj leži v osrqu južnegadela Baikanskega polotoka. Ozemlje je skoraj z vseh straniobkroženo z visokimi gorstvl. Na vzhodu so to Osogovskepianine, Plackovica, Vlanina in Ogražden. južni del omejujejoBelasica, Kožuf in Kajmakčalan. Vzahodnemdelu Makedonijese dvigata visoki gorstvi Korab in Šarplanina, ki se širi še naseverno stran. Njuni vrhoyi so le nekaj nižji kot najvišji vosrednjih Julijskih Alpah. Še najrnanj gorat je osrednji deldržave z dolino Vardarja, ki je največja reka, v katero sezlivajo še Treska, Pčinja, Babuna, Bregalnica in Crna reka.V jugozahodnem delu leži Ohridsko jezero, iz katerega izviraCrni Drim, ki nadaljuje svoj tok v Albanijo, po tern, ko sevanj izlije še slikovita Radika. Omeniti velja še Prespanskoin Dojransko jezero na jugu države. Zaradi vročega celinskegapodnebja so se yecja inesta, kot so Skopje, Kumanovo,Tetovo, Veles in Štip, razvila ob rekah in jezerih, ali pa kotBitola in Prilep, pod planinami, kjer vode ne primanjkuje.

Geologija MakedonijeV regionalnem geotektonskem sklopu Iočimo naslednje

enote: Srbsko-makedonski masiv, Vardarska cona, Pelagonijskimasiv in Zahodno-makedonska cona.

Srbsko-makedonski masiv (SMM] obsega vzhodnoMakedonijo, pri čemer na severu prehaja v Srbijo, na jugupa v Grčijo. Gradijo ga metamorfne kamnine predkambrijskedo paleozojske starosti. Lodmo gornji in spodnji kompleks.Spodnji kompleks je v litoioškem pogledu predstavljen ssljudnimi gnajsi, sljudnimi skrilavci in manj z amfiboliti,kvarciti, marmorji in magmatiti. Gornji kompleks predstavljajopretežno vulkanogeno-sedimentne kamnine, ki sometamorfirane do zelenih skrilavcev. Tu dominirajo kloritniskrilavci, amfibolsko-biotitni, kloritno-sericitni in kremenoviskrilavci.

Vardarska cona se je izoblikovala med SMM in Dinaridi(zahodna Makedonija). Vosnovi jo sestavljajo jurski ofioliti,ki najverjetneje predstavljajo ostanke oceanskega dna. Poleggabroperidotitnega kompleksa se javljajo Se vulkanogenosedimentni členi. Ofiolit je prekrit z zgornjekrednim flišem.

Pelagonijski masiv predkambrijske starosti predstavljajov njegovem bazalnem delu gnajsi z lečami marmorjev. Nadgnajsi ležijo sljudni skrilavci. Zgornji del masiva sestavljajo

sedimenti, ki ležijo transgresivno iznad gnajsev in sljudnihskrilavcev. V tern masivu so še magmatske kamninc - prilcpskigranitoid!.

Zahodno-makedonsko cono sestavlja več formacij.Najstarejša je vulkanogena sedimentna spilitno-keratofirskaformacija (staro-paleozojska). Zgornja filitno-apnenčevaserija je paleozojske starosti (ordovicij, silur in devon) invsebuje tudt kremenove porfirje.

represented by volcanogenic-sedimentaryrocks that are metamorphed into greenschists. Predominant in the area are chlorite,amphibolite-biotite, chlorite-sericitic andquartz schists.

The Vardar zone was formed between SMMand the Dinarides (western Macedonia). It isbasically expressed through lurassicophiolites most probably representing theremnants of the ocean crust. Apart from thegabbroperidotitic complexes volcanogenic-sedimentary links are present. Ophioiite iscovered with Upper Cretaceous flysch.

The Peiagonian massif is of the Pre-Cambrian age and is represented in its basalpart by gneisses with embedded marblelenses. Schists are placed above gneisses.The upper part of the massif is representedby sediments lying transgressively overgneisses and micaschists. The igneous Prilepgranitoides are present within this massif aswell.

The West-Macedonian zone is comprisedof several formations- The oldest amongthem is vulcanogene-sedimentary phyllito-cerathophiric formation (Old Palaeozoic).Upper phyllito-caicarious is of the Palaeozoicage (Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian) andcontains quartz porphyry.

KosovrastiThe small picturesque city of Debar is

situated in the foothills of Korab. Thegypsum deposit lies five kilometres dueeast in the Radika river valley. The mineentrance is just above the river level. Notfar away from the mine is Banja Kosovrastispa with warm water springs carryingdissolved gypsum into the river. Thegypsum is precipitated when the warmwater flows into the cold Radika watersleaving white curtains along the stream.Gypsum is precipitated already at the springforming white pillows seen from far away.There is an overwhelming sulphur smelldue to dissolved sulphur compounds inthe thermal water.

Geological setting

Gypsum is placed in upper Triassic flyschsediments making part of the tectonic unitDebar zone and is a constituent of theWest-Macedonian tectonic unit- Thelocation covers an area of 8x2 kilometres.Gypsum layer was determined by drillingto be as thick as 70 meters. The gypsumgenesis is connected with metasomaticprocesses inside quartz rocks that areembedded in fiysch. There are several otheractive gypsum mining locations i.e.Melničani, Melnički most and Alčija.Gypsum is excavated in pits and transferredto a nearby crushing plant.

Mineral paragenesis

This is simple involving only anhydrite,sulphur and a fine grained gypsum variety- alabaster.

Gypsum CaSO.i x 2 \-\,0Crystals from this location can reach

dimensions of over one meter. They arecolourless and completely transparent. Itis almost impossible to remove them fromthe completely crystallised caves. This iswhy they are quite rarely found in the formof freely developed crystals. However, thecrystal fragments can be found in largequantities throughout the mine. Swallowtale (001) twins are frequent and can befound in fragments as well. Rehealedcorrosion traces can be seen on thecrystals caused by underground waters.Such crystals are jagged.

Sulphur SYellow coatings can be seen on

crystallised gypsum. They are in the formof spherical aggregates and onlyexceptionally as well-developed crystalswith several crystallographic forms. Theirdimensions do not exceed a diarnetre ofseveral millimetres.

Vvznožju Koraba je značilno zahodnornakedonsko mesteceDebar. Nahajališče sadre je pet kilometrov vzhodneje vdolini reke Radike. Vhod v rudniško lokacijo Kosovrasti jetik nad rcčno gladino. Nedaleč od rudnika je zdraviliščeBanja Kosovrasti, kjer izvirajo topli vrelci, ki nosijo s scbojraztopljeno sadro. Ob stiku s hladnejšo vodo reke Radikese sadra obarja. Zaradi tega nastajajo beli sledovi, ki sevijejo po reki navzdol. Sadra se izloča tudi ob samem izvimv obliki blazinastih belih tvorb, ki so vidne daleč naokoli.Zaradi raztopljenega žveplovodika ima voda značilen vonjpo zveplu.

Geološki podatki

Sadra leži v zgornjekrednih flišnih sedimentih, ki so delDebarske cone, ki je sestavni del zahodnomakedonsketektonske enote. Nahajališče sadre je na nadmorski višinimed 500 in 1500 m. Ležišče se razteza na površini 8 km x2 km. Na posameznih mestih so z vrtinami dokazali več kot70 m debelo plast kristalne sadre. Nastanek sadre na temmestu je povezan z metasomatskimi procesi znotrajkremenovih kamnin, ki so vložene v flišu. Poleg omenjenelokacije so aktivne še Melničani, Melnički most in Alcija.Sadro odkopavajo v jamah z miniranjem in jo odvažajo vbližnjo drobilnico.

Mineralna parageneza

Mineralno paragenezo v tern rudniku sestavlja le nekajmineralov. Poleg velikih koliČin kristaliziranc sadre najdemo šedrobnokristalinični različek sadre - alabaster, anhidrit in žveplo.

Slika I: Kristali sadre v nahajališču sadre Kosovrasti so iepo oblikovaniin popolnoma prozomi. Kristai na sliki je izrazito nawbean zaradi raztapljanja.Dolg je 20 cm. Zbirka Oddelek za geologijo Naravoslovnotehniške fakulteteVniverze v Ljubljam (NTF).

Picture 1: Gypsum crystals from the mine Kosovrasti are well developedand transparent. 1'his crystal shows corrosion traces in the form of re-entrantfaces. The crystal from the collection of the Naravoslovnotehniška fakultetain Ljubljana (NTF] is 20 cm long.

Siika 2• Na prejšnji sf ram: Dvojčke sadre po (100)imenujemo zaradi znadlne oblike "lastoviqi rep".Nti fotografiji je razkolek, v katerem je dobro vidnadvojčična ravnina (100). \zrez meri 3x5 cm. ZbirkaM. Kardelj.

Picture 2; Previous page: Gypsum (100) twinsare known under the term of "swallow tail". Thephotography shows a 3 x 5 cm large cleavagefragment from the Kosovrasti mine with a distinctive(100) twinning plane in the middle. CollectionM. Kardelj.

Risba - Drawing 1: Sadra - Gypsum, Kosovrasti:6{010}, d{\20}, e{140}, f{ !60}, ${012}.

Risba - Drawing 2: Lastoviqi dvojcek sadre po{100), neklinografska projekija - Gypsum swallowtail twin along 1100), nondinogmphic projection,Kosovrasti: b{010}, d{ 120}, e{ 140}, f{ 160},${012}.

Sadra CaSO., x 2 H=O

Sadra nastopa v preraščenih kristaiih, ki dosežejovečmetrske velikosti. Kristali so brezbarvni in prozorni.Težava je v tern, da popolnoma zapolnjujejo vse votline,zato jih je le redko najti v obliki prostorastočih kristalov zlepo oblikovanimi kristalnimi ploskvami. Na odkopih najdernoveč decimetrov velike razkolke kristalizirane sadre. Pogostiso dvojčki po (100), ki jih imenujemo lastoviqi rep.Tudi značilno zraščene odlomke kristalnih dvojčkov po ternzakonu brez težav najdemo na odkopih. Na kristalih jevelikokrat opaziti slcdi raztapljanja, ki jih povzroča voda.Taki kristali so nazobčani.

Žveplo SRumeno obarvane oprhe žvepla opazimo na kristalizirani

sadri. Bolj zanimivi so njegovi vključki v kristalih sadre.Največkrat so krogiaste oblike, redkeje pa imajo obliko leporazvitih idiomorfnih kristalov. Njihova velikost navadno nepresega nekaj milimetrov.

13

Slika 3: Kristai sadre z vkljuenim kristalom samorodnega ivepla. Primerekiz rudnika Kosovrasti je iz zbirke NTF. Kristai ivepla meri 2 mm.

Picture 3: Gypsum crystal with crustallised sulphur inclusion. The diameterof the inclusion is 2 mm. Mine Kosovrasti specimen from the NTF collection.

AlšarRudišČe leži ob severnem vznožju pogorja Kožuf na

jugovzhodu Makedonije, v neposredni bližini meje z Grčijo.Dosegljivo je preko Kavadarcev po dobri asfaltni cesti doMrežička, naprej pa po slabem kolovozu. Možnost dostopaje tudi preko Vitolišta na Selečki planini, vendar le s terenskimvozilom. Ime rudišča izhaja \z začetnih črk banke Allatini. kije konec 19. stoletja imela sedež v Solunu in je finančnopodpirala aidnik ter zacetnih črk priimka francoskega inženirjaCharteaux-a, ki je to rudišče temeljito raziskal. Pravilnozapisano ime je torej Allchar, ki pa se je kasneje poenostavilov Alšar, ki zveni v tistih krajih čisto domače.

Geološki podatki

Rudišče predstavlja redkost v svetovnem merilu. Zanj jeznačilno antimonovo, arzenovo in talijevo orudenje. V rudije tudi zlato. Znanstvenike iz vsega sveta zanima predvsemredka talijeva mineralizacija. Gre za metasomatsko oziromažilno-impregnacijsko rudišče. Značilna za to rudišče sonepravilna rudna telesa. Leži med zahodnim robom Vardarskecone in Dinahdi ter Pelagonidi. Najstarejše kamnine na ternpodročju so predkambrijski albitni gnajsi, ki vsebujejo vložkeamfibolitov. Tern stratigrafsko sledijo paleozojski skrilavci infiliti. Njim se v manjšem obsegu pridružujejo kvarciti. Nadnjimi so jurske kamnine, v katerih prevladuje diabaz. Prekonjih nalegajo še zgornjejurski sedimenti, njim sledijozgronjeeocenske kamnine, ki jih sestavljajo konglomerati,prekriti s flišnimi sedimenti. V zaključku sledijo še jezerskisedimenti in piroklastiti pliocenske starosti.

V rudisču ločimo dve glavni rudni telesi: Centralni del inCrven dol. V prvem je matična kamnina okremenjeni dolomit,ki prehaja v diasporit. Rudno telo Crven dol se razlikuje odprvega po karbonatnih kamninah. V njih je intrudiranointenzivno hidrotermalno spremenjeno subvulkansko rudnotelo. RudiŠče je relativno mlado. Čas nastanka mineralov jeocenjen na 4,2 milijona let.

Rudnik je bil aktiven večkrat v svoji zgodovini, zadnjikratpa konec osemdesetih let, ko so v projektu "Nevtrino" skušalipridobiti nekaj deset kilogramov lorandita, ki ga uporabljajopri detekciji nevtrinov. Ob tej priložnosti so zopet obnovilinekaj rovov.

Mineralna parageneza

Najpogostejši rudni minerali v Centralnem delu so: antimonit,realgar, avripigrnent, pirit in markazit. Poleg njih je še nekajdaigih sulfidnih mineralov, magnetit in zlato. V rudišču Crvendol so najpogostejši realgar, avripigment, samorodno srebro,markazit in pirit. Najveqo posebnost predstavlja skupinatalijevih mineralov: lorandlt, vrbait, raguinit, picotpaulit,parapierrotit, bernardit, fangit, jankovičit in rebuilt, ki jeimenovan po slovenskem geologu B. Rebuli, ki je prvi odkrilta mineral v Alšarju. Poleg teh se pojavljajo še številnisekundarni minerali, od katerih naj omenimo sadro in goethit.Celotno rudiŠče in minerali v njem so podvrženi močnioksidaciji, karseodraža na vonju celotnedolinein primerkov,ki so kemijsko zelo nestabilni. Talij akumulirajo nekatererastline, kj imajo zato atipično obarvane cvetove in so precejstrupene. Tamkajšnji pastirji pa se tega dela izogibajo.

The mine is situated at the foothills of themountain chain Kožuf in the south-easternpart of Macedonia in the vicinity of the Greek-Macedonian border. It can be reached fromKavadarci and from Vitolište, in the lattercase only by a terrain car. The name of theore deposit derives from the initials of thename of the bank Allatini that financiallysponsored the mine activities in the late XIXcentur>' and the French engineer Charteauxwho thoroughly investigated this ore deposit.The properly written name should, therefore,be Allchar. It has been simplified into Alšar,which is quite a familiar name in those places.

Geological setting

The ore deposit represents an exceptionworld-wide. The antimony, arsenic, gold andthallium mineralisation is characteristic ofthis deposit. It is the rare thalliummineralisation that attracts scientists fromall over the world- The ore deposit is a resultof metasomatic or vein impregnationprocesses. The deposit is composed out ofirregular ore bodies. It is positioned betweenthe west edge of the Vardar zone and theDinarides and the Pclagonides. The oldestrocks in this territory are Pre Cambrian albitegneisses with amphibolite insertions. Theyare stratigraphically followed by Palaeozoicschists and phyllites accompanied byquartzites in smaller quantities. Overlain arelurassic rocks represented by diabases. Overthem are placed Upper Triassic sediments,followed by Upper Eocene sedimentscomposed of lake sediments and Pliocenepyroclasts-

Two ore bodies are distinguished withinthe deposit, i.e. Centralni del and Crven dol.The first one is characterised by quartzdolomite passing over to diasporite and thesecond one by carbonate rocks in which theintruded subvulcanic ore body is placed,which is, at the same time intensivelyhydrothermally changed. The ore deposit isrelatively young. It is assumed to be about4.2 million years old.

The mine was active several times in itshistory. The last activities had their cause atthe end of 1980' were associated with the"Neutrino" project in which an attempt wasmade at obtaining some 60 kilograms ofthallium to be used in neutrino detection.Several pits were restored at the time.

Mineral paragenesis

The most frequent minerals in Centralnidel are: stibnite, realgar, orpiment. pyrite andmarcasite. Some other sulphide minerals,magnetite and gold are present as well. Theore deposit Crveni dol is characterised byrealgar, orpiment, native silver, marcasite andpyrite. The most unique minerals arerepresented by lorandite, vrbaite, raguinite,picotpaulite, parapierrotite, bernardite,

fangite, jankovidte and rebulite. The last wasnamed after Slovene geologist B. Rebulawho discovered it in Alšar. Secondaryminerals are represented by gypsum andgoethite to mention just a few. The completeore body and minerals within it are subjuctto s t r o n g o x i d a t i o n r e s u l t i n g in acharacterist ic smell in the valley. Thespecimens themselves are unstable, too. Thethallium present in the soil dyes the flowersof the otherwise common plants differently,thus making them poisonous. The shepherds,therefore, avoid certain pasture areas.

StibniteSbiSiWell-developed crystals are not rare in

Centralni del. They can be found in cavernsinside the quartz dolomite in the form ofacicular aggregates. Prismatic crystals reach10 cm in length. They are of steel-grey colour,and frequently iridescent due to the oxidationon the crystal surfaces. Stibnite was the mainore for the antimony production.

Risba •• Drawing 3; Antimonit - Stibnile, Alšar.a{\00},b{0\0},c{2\0},d{\\0},e{\20},f{211},0{lll}.

Realgar As S,iRealgar is present in both ore bodies in

the form of red coatings and massive veins.Idiornorph crystals are less frequent. Realgarcan be encountered in geodes in marble. Itsrich red colour is in excellent contrast withwhite marble. Crystals reach up to severalmillimetres having a diamond lustre on thecrystal faces. Some of them are translucent.Realgar is unstable under light; exposed tothe air it decomposes quite quickly intoAs?Sj. As a matter of fact, the decomposition

Antimonit S b ^Lepo oblikovani kristali antimonita v osrednjem delu niso

redki. Pojavljajo se največkrat v votlinah okremenjenegadolomita v radialnih skupkih. Kristali so prizrnatski in lahkodosezejo do 10 centimetrov v dolžino. So jeklenosive barve,vendar so pogosto nahukli zaradi oksidacije. Antimonit jebil glavna ruda za pridobivanje antimona.

Slika 4: Skupek preraščenih krislalov antimonita iz mdišča Centralni delv Alsarju. V spodnjem delu so primšČeni kristati realgarja, ki so ie kemijsfospremenjeni. Velikost primerka 7 0x25 mm- zbirka NTF.

Picture 4: Croup of intergrown stibnite crystals from the Centralni del oredeposit in Alšar. Chemically deteriorated realgar crystals can be seen at itstower part. Specimen dimensions-. 7Ck25mm, collection NTF.

Realgar As,iSRealgar se v obeh rudiščih pojavlja v prevlekah in masivnih

žilah. Idiomorfni kristali so redkejši. Pogosto ga je najti vvotlinah v marmorju, kjer je njegova rdeča barva v imenitnemkontrastu z belim marmorjem. Kristali so do nekaj milimetrovveliki, imajo diamantni sijaj na pioskvah in so prosojni. Nazraku in svetiobi je neobstojen in hitro oksidira v As^Sj, kipa ni avripigment, kot se v splošnem misli, temveČ substancas popolnoma drugačno kristalno strukturo. Ima izrazitooranžnorumeno razo, po katerem ga takoj ločimo odlorandita in obratno.

Slika 5: "Ščepec" realgarjevih kristalov iz Alšarja. Kristali značilne barve so ploskovno bogati. Najvecji men 1 cm v doliino.Zbirka NTF.

Picture 5: "A pinch" of realgar crystals from Alsar. Crystals of characteristic colour are rich in crystallographic forms. Thelargest measures 1 cm in length. NTF co//ection.

Avripigment As2Si

Pojavlja se v rozetah, ki lahko dosežejo do nekaj centimetrovpremera. Na prelomu se pokaže njegova značilna zlatorumenabarva in dobra razkolnost v obliki lusk, podobno kot prisljudah. V oranžnih drobnih rozetah ga je često moč najti naokremenjenem dolomitu. Pod Centralnim deiom je več velikihodvalov, iz katerih spira voda gomolje avripigmenta, ki jihnato najdemo v potoku. Kristali realgarja so dostikrat priraščenina rozetah avripigmenta.

Lorandit TlAsS:Lorandit je bil prvi iz serije novih talijevih mineralov, ki so

bili odkriti v tem nahajaliŠČu. Odkril ga je v letih 1894/95madžarski mineralog Krenner. Čeprav je najpogostejši odvseh tukaj prisotnih talijevih mineralov, je še vedno zelo redek.Pojavlja se v do 1 cm velikih karminsko rdečih kristalihz diamantnim sijajern. Kristali so ploskovno bogati.

Drugi talijevi mineral!Vtem rudišču so odkrili celo vrsto talijevih mineralov, katerih

imena smo že navedli. Ti minerali so zelo redki, določeni lena nekaj primerkih, zato jih tu ne bomo posebej opisovali.Vsekakor gre za edinstveno paragenezo v svetovnem merilu,ki je zanimiva predvsem z znanstvenega vidika.

product is not orpiment, but a substancewith a completely different crystal structure,it has a characteristic orange-yellow streakwhich differentiates it from lorandite.

Orpiment As2S)

Orpiment can be found in rosettes of upto several centimetres in diameter. Itscharacteristic golden-yellow colour can beseen on cleavages and is similar to that ofmicas. It is quite frequent on quartz-dolomite.An interesting fact is the overgrowth of realgaron orpiment crystals. There are severaldumpings under Centralni del where thetorrent waters leach out orpiment noduleswhich can afterwards be found in the waterdown the stream.

Lorandite TlAsS?Lorandite was the first discovered

representative in the series of thalliumminerals from Alšar. Its discoverer was theHungarian mineralogist Krenner who in1894/95 recognised it as a new mineralspecies. In spite of its being the most frequentthallium mineral on this location it is stillvery rare. It appears in carmine-red crystals

Lorandit in sončni nevtrini/ Lorandite and Solar Neutrinos

' T R a d o m i r Ilič

Vakakela za gradbeništvo, Univena v Mariboru, Smetanova 17, 2000 Mariborin Iflstitut ")ožef Stefan", lamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana

Neutrinos are one of the fundamentalparticles that make up the universe. Theyare one of the least understood particles. Aneutrino is similar to the more familiarelectron, with one crucial difference: it doesnot carry an electrical charge. Since neutrinosare electrically neutral, they are not affectedby the electromagnetic forces acting onelectrons.

Three types of neutrinos exist. Eachneutrino type is related to a charged particle(which gives the corresponding neutrino itsname). The electron neutrino (ve) isassociated with electron (e). Two otherneutrinos Vj, and vT are associated withheavier versions of the electrons called themuon [\i) and the tauon (T). A primary interestof the study of solar neutrinos arises fromthe fact that they can reveal the innerstructure of the Sun. Detection of solarneutrinos at the Earth may also reveal as yetundetected intrinsic properties of neutrinos.The neutrino has very low cross-section(<10~44 cm2) for interactions with matter,which makes its measurement extremelydifficult. Because the neutrino interactionwith matter is very weak, neutrino detectorsshould meet the following conditions. First,they should be very large with an enormousactive volume, where the interaction of aneutrino with matter takes place and thisvolume should, in addition, be controlled byextremely sensitive sensors. The detectorsare usually buried deeply under the earth toavoid charged cosmic rays which disturb theexperiments.

In addition to man-made detectors somemineral deposits in the Earth that have beenunattended for millions of years wereproposed for a time averaged neutrino fluxmeasurements. In LOREX (LoranditeExperiment) the mineral lorandite (TIASS2I ofthe old (5xlO6ye-ars) mine Ailchar (Kavadarci,Macedonia) will be used to estimate averagesolar neutrino flux from the amount of "05Pbisotope (Ti,2 = 1.5xlO7 years) induced by theinteraction of neutrinos with thalium via:osTI(vt!e-)2<lSPb reaction.

The current re search of thismultidisciplinary project, proposed byFreedman et a!,, aims at the following:development of a suitable procedure for theseparation of lorandite from the ore,determination of trace elements in lorandite,investigation of erosion rate, extraction ofPb from lorandite, determination of log f,

Nevtrini so osnovni delci, ki sestavljajo vesolje. Vendar je onjih med vsemi zbranih najmanj podatkov. Podobni so boljznanemu delcu elektronu, a z eno bistveno razliko: niso nosilcielektričnega naboja. Nevtxino zelo šibko sodeluje z materijo.Ker je nevtralen, ne reagira elektromagnetno, prav tako nepreko močne intcrakcije (to je sile, ki drži protone in nevtronev jed.ru). Njegov stik z okoliškirni jedri poteka le preko takoimenovane šibke interakcije.

Poznamo tri vrste nevtrinoy ki se lodjo po svojem ieptonskemŠtevilu. Vsakemu izmed osnovnih deicev pripišemo pripadajočinabiti delec. Tako elektronu (e) pripada eiektronski (ve|, mionu(u) mionski (u ) in tauonu (x) tauonski nevtrino (xe). Raziskovalciintenzivno raziskujejo lastnosti sončnih nevtrinov, kerpredvidevajo, da bodo z njimi lahko dolocili notranjo zgradboSonca. Poleg tega bi z detekcijo sončnih nevtrinov na Zemlji

lahko dokazaii njegove notranje lastnosti.Nevtrino ima zelo majhen presek(< 10'44 cm2) za interakcijo s snovjo. Zatoje merjenje zelo težko. Ker je njihovainterakcija s snovjo zelo šibka, morajo• ietektorji nevtrinov izpolnjevati naslednjeicrneljne pogoje. Imeti inorajo ustreznoveliko aktivno prostornino, kjer lahko

poteka interakcija nevtrinov s snovjo. Poleg tega morajo taprostor nadzorovati zelo občutljivi senzorji. Detektorji soponavadi spravljeni globoko pod zemljo, ker se s tern izognemonabitim kozmičnim žarkom, ki lahko motijo poizkus.

Poleg takšnih instrumentov lahko tudi nekatere minerale vzemlji uporabimo kot detektorje povprečnega fluksa nevtrinov.V poizkusu LOREX ILoranditc Experiment) bodo mineral lorandit|TlAsS2) iz starega (5x10° let] rudnika Alšar (Kavadarci,Makedonija) uporabili za oceno povprečnega fluksa sončnihnevtrinov. Merili bodo količino izotopa ^ P b (T1/2 = ].5xl07

let), ki nastaja v reakciji 2O'Tl(ve, e~)30^Pb. Raziskave tegamultidisciplinarnega projekta, ki soga predlagali Freedman indrugi, obsegajo: razvoj primerne tehnologije za separacijolorandita iz rude, določanje nečistoč v ioranditu, študij hitrostierozije, ekstrakcijo Pb iz lorandita, določanje vrednosti log ftza 2°r;T!, razvoj tehnik za selektivno merjenje izotopa 3Q5Pb indoločanje ozadja sevanja.

V okvini slovensko-makedonskega medvladnega prograrnasodelovanja na podroqu znanosti in tehnologije v letih 1997-2000 sta raziskovaini skupini Institute J. Stefan, Ljubljana inPrirodno-matematične fakultete, Skopje združili raziskovalnezmožnosti v okviru skupnega projekta »Detekcija sončnihnevtrinov s taiijevimi mineralk, da bi rešili nekatere od številnihvprašanj tega kompleksnega multidisciplinarnega eksperimenta.

Literatura - References

FREEDMAN M. S. et a\., Science 193 (1976), 1117-1119.I ixR.etf l/ . , Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas. 22, 1-4 (1993), 591-

598.LAZARU A. et ai, Hud. Tracks Radiat. Meas. 31, 1-6(1999), in

press.STAFILOVT. , lučR., Solar Neutrino Detection with Thallium

Minerals, IJS-DP-8022 (1999).http: www.ps.uci.edu/~superk/.http: www.kvarkadabra.net/snov/teksti/nevtrino.htm.

value for 205TI, improvements of techniquefor selective measurements of ^Pb isotopeand determination of background radiation.

Within the framework of the Slovenian-Macedonian Intergovernmental S S- T Co-operation Programme for 1997-2000, theresearch group of the J. Stefan Institute,Ljubljana and Faculty of Natural Science,Skopje created a common research projectentitled »Solar Neutrino Detection withThalium Minerals« in order to solve some ofthe problems of this complexmultidisciplinary experiment.

Siika 6: 45 x 45 mm velik agregat kristatov avripigmenta h rudišča Crven dol, v katerem se v levem spodnjem delu viditemnordeč kristal \orand\ta. Zbirka NTF.

Picture 6: 45 by 45 millimetres large orpiment aggregate from the Crven dol ore deposit in Aliar carrying deeply red]lorandile crystal at its lower left part. NTF collection.

Slika 7: Shtpek preraŠČenih kristaiov avripigmenta tz rudišca Centralni del v Aišarju. Na razkolnifi ploskvah se lepo vidi njifiovamaiilna barva. Skupek je velik 6 x 4 cm in izkaja iz ibirke NTF.

Picture 1: Group of intergrown orpiment crystals from Centralni del in Aišar Its characteristic colour can clearly be seen onthe cleavages. The aggregate diameter. 6 cm. Collection NTF.

and with a diamond lustre reaching onecentimetre in length. The crystals are rich incrystallographic forms.

Other thallium minerals

A series of rare and previously mentionedthallium minerals has been discovered in thisore deposit. They are extremely rare mineralsdetermined in only few specimens; they willnot be discussed here in great detail.However, the unique paragenesis isinteresting from the scientific point of view.

Calcite CaCOj

Calcite scalenohedrons appear in marbleveins and geodes. They reach up to 2 cm inlength and frequently are covered by realgarcrystals.

Gypsum CaSO; x 2 H.O

We will only mention gypsum from thegroup of supergene minerals. Its crystals, asa result of ore oxidation, can be foundthroughout the ore body. Some crystals reachseveral centimetres. Clay inclusionsfrequently colour them grey.

Kalcit CaCO-;

Skalenoedrski kristali kalcita se pojavljajo v razpokahmarmorja. Dosežejo do 2 cm v dolžino in so pogostopreraščen! s kristali realgarja.

Sadra CaSO4 x 2 H.O

Med sekundarnimi minerali, ki nastajajo pri oksidacijidrugih mineralov, omenimo samo sadro, ki nastopa v nekajcentimetrov velikih kristalih značilne morfologije. Zaradivkljuckov je pogosto sivkasto obarvana.

Crni (Kara) kamenTo nahajaliŠče leži na Prilepsko - Bitolskem polju, 11 km

jugozahodno od Prilepa, v bližini vasi Alinci. Razprostira sena približno 4 km2 gričevnatega sveta, na katerem je nekajnjiv, v večini pa so pašniki. Nahajališče jepostalo znano, koso gradili novo cesto med Prilepom in Bitolo, za katero sopotrebovali kamen, ki so ga lomili v tamkajšnjem kamnolomu.Kamnolom ne deluje več, vendar je tarn še vedno mogočenajti vse minerale iz opisane parageneze.

Geoloski podatki

Samo nahajališče in okolico sestavljajo alkalijski sienit,amfibolit. gnajs, muskovitni skrilavec in marmor. Sienitpredstavlja osrednji, približno 2 km dolgi pas kamnin, ki jena vzhodni in zahodni strani omejen z amfibolitom.Debelozmati in mlajši drobnozrnati sienit sestavljajo mikroklin.arfvedsonit, avgit, kremen, albit in v manjših količinah titanit,cirkon in apatit. Vzdolž prelomov in razpok so se v sienitvtisniii gnajsi in kremenovo-mikroklinove žile. Amfibolniskrilavec je v južnem delu in v samem sienitskem masivu,Tudi v njem opazimo gnajs in kremenovo-mikroklinove žile,Mineralna sestava kamin kaže na to, da so nastale s pretvorbobazičnih kamnin.

Mineralna parageneza

Posebnost nahajališča je dokaj redka mineralna parageneza,ki obsega tudi nekaj uranovih mineralov. Značilno je pogostopojavljanje več deset centimetrov velikih gnezd, ki so v celotizapolnjena z dolgimi igličastimi kristali arfvedsonita. Najdiščeje na golem grebenu, preko katerega pihajo stalni vetrovi, kiraznašajo tanke iglice iz ravnokar odprtih gnezd, kar je zelonevarno za oči in neprijetno za nezaŠčiteno kožo. Idiomorfnikristali drugih mineralov se vedno pojavljajo v žilah glinencev,v katerih so že omcnjena gnezda. V kamninah je dokazanpovisan delež urana, torija, litija, cirkona in rubidija.

ArfvedsonitNaNa2|(FeJ+,Mg)J(Fei",Al]|Si,O::(OH)jDolgi iglicasti kristali tega minerala iz skupine amfibolov so

črni, zeleni ali modrikasti. Kristali merijo od nekaj stotinkmilimetra v premeru pa tja do dveh miliinetrov. Nikoli nerazvijejo terminacij, ki so zaradi tega nazobčane oziromanepravilno zakljucene. V gnezdih so združeni v prepietenelasaste agregate, v katerih se lahko idiomorfno razvijejo kristalidrugih mineralov, zlasti titanita. Arfvedsonit je kristaliziralmed prvimi, saj ga najdemo vključenega v večjih ali manjšihkoličinah v vseh drugih mineralih.

Albit NaAlSi O*Mineral je v tern nahajališču pogost v lepo oblikovanih

kristalih, ki so večinoma prosojni, nekateri pa tudi popolnomaprozorni. Večji kristali in tisti, ki izraščajo iz sten v razpokah,so lahko porcelansko beli. Najveqi kristali dosežejo do 10cm v doižino in debelino preko enega centimetra. Kot drugod,so tudi tu polisintetsko dvojčeni po albitnem zakonu vzdolž(010), poleg tega pa še po karlovarskem zakonu vzdolž (010).Karlovarsko dvojčenje prepoznamo zaradi izrazite razkolnostipo (001), kar se na takem dvojčku odrazi kot prekrižanerazkolne smeri v kristalu. Pogosto imajo veliko vključenihigličastih kristalov arfvedsonita.

This location lies in the Prilep-Bitola field,1 i km south-west from Prilep, in the vicinityof the small village of Alinci- It covers an areaof 4 square kilometres. The location becameknown when a new road between Prilep andBitola was built. The stone material was neededso the stone quarry at the said site wasactivated. The quarry is now no longer active,but the described representatives of themineral paragenesis can still be found there.

Geological setting

The location and its vicinity are composedof alkali sienite, amphibolites, gneiss, mica-schist and marble. The sienite represent thecentral, approximately 2 km long rock belt,limited by amphibolite in its east and west.Coarse- and fine-grained sienites arecomposed of microcline, arfvedsonite, albiteand to a smaller extent of titanite. augite,zircon and apatite. Gneiss and quartz-microcline dikes were intruded into the sienitealong faults and cracks. The amphiboliteschists are present in the southern part in thesienite massif, The quartz-microcline dikes aswell as gneiss can be seen here. The mineralcomposition seems to indicate rocks formedwith the transformation of the basic rocks.

Mineral paragenesis

The uniqueness of this location is associatedwith a rare mineral paragenesis whichencompasses some uranium minerals as well.Characteristic is the appearance of thearfvedsonite nests embedded in feldspar veins.They are completely filled with finelycrystallised arfvedsonite needles. As thelocation is on a bare ridge it can be quiteharmful to uncover those nests in the streamof persistent winds blowing over that ridge.Eyes and hands are endangered severely ifsafety goggles and gioves are not worn duringthe entire work on the location. Idiomorphcrystals of other minerals always appear inthe feldspar veins within the mentionedarfvedsonite nests. Elevated concentrationsof uranium, thorium lithium, zircon andrubidium were proved in the rocks present.

ArfvedsoniteNaNa,|(Fe: + ,Mg)4!Feil,Ai)]Si;iO;;(OH),Long needle-like crystals of this mineral

from the amphibole group are black, greenor blue in transmitted light. Their dimensionsrange from several hundredths of millimetreup to two millimetres in diameter. Theterminations are never developed. Crystalterminations are therefore rugged and uneven.Crystals are associated into matted aggregatesinside which other minerals, especially titanitecan be crystallised. Arfvedsonite was the firstto crystallise for it can be found included orembedded in all other minerals of the presen;paragenesis. i

Slika 8: Kremenov kristal, velik 7 cm, a nahajališča Mind je črn zaradi vključkov igličastih kristalov arfvedsonita. Zbirka G. Kobler.Picture 8: Seven centimetres tall quartz specimen from Mind near Prilep. Us smoky colour is mimicked by numerous inclusions

of arfvedsonite crystals. G. Kobler collection.

Slika 9: Skupek kristalov mikroklina iz Mincevje preraščen z igličastimi kristali arfvedsonita. Dobrarazkolnost kristalov mikroklina po (100) se lepovidi. Primerek meri 8 x 5 cm. Zbirka G. Kobler.

Picture 9: Group of microdine crystals from Alinci"spiked" with arfvedsonite needles. The perfectmicrodine cleavage along (100) can be clearly seen.8 by 5 cm specimen from G. Kobler collection.

Albite NaAISi,O»This mineral is frequently present here in

well-developed crystals, which are almostalways translucent or even transparent. Largercrystals are opaque. The largest crystals reach10 cm in length and 1 cm in width. As istypical of o t h e r l o c a t i o n s it ispolysynthetically twinned according to thealbite law and beside that also according tothe Karlsbad law. The latter twining isdistinguished by a good cleavage patternalong the (001) planes, which can be notedin such twins through the crossed cleavagelines of both twinned subindividuums. Thearfvedsonite inclusions are typical.

SUka 10; Posebej zanimivi so primerki, kjer je prisotnih vec mineralov naenkral. Nfl tern 4 x 3 cm velikem skupku si delajodruibo velik kristal aibita, ki je polisintetsko dvojčen po albitnem zakonix, poleg tega pa še po karbvarskem mkonu. V njegovemnnoiju. so priraščeni beli kristali mikroklina. Vse pa prebadajo igličasti kristali arfvedsonita, Zbirka M. Zori.

Picture 10: The most characteristic are specimens with several minerals present- The group pictured here is comprised of largepolysynthetically albite-twinned and Karlsbad-twined albite crystal. White microdine crystals are positioned in its shade. Everythingis intergrown with arfvedsonite needles. Alinci specimen dimensions: 4 x 3 cm, M. Zori collection.

SUka 11: Albitno karlovarski dvojček aibita hNincev. Velikost 8 x 5 cm. Zbirka M. Kardelj.

Picture 11; Albite crystal twinned simultaneityaccording to Albite and Carlsbad laws. M. Kardeljcollection. D i m e n s i o n s : 8 x 5 cm.

Rhba - Drawing 4: Aifii! - Albite, Alinci: a{ 100},6{O1O}, dOOJ}. dWiO}, e{IlO}, f{130},g{021}, fi{021}, ({HO}, /{112}, ft{112}.

Microcline KAlShOsLarge prismatic crystals are opaque. The

largest measure up to 20 cm in length butare less developed or corroded. Thosenearing the surface are damaged by icedue to a good cleavage along the (100).Baveno twins along (021) are quite rare.Smaller crystals can be transparent withwell-formed faces. It frequently appearswith albite. Arfvedsonite inclusions cancompletely darken them. They can be cutand polished into interesting cabochons.Arfvedsonite needles endow them with aunique character.

Risba - Drawing 5: Mikroklin - Microdine. Alinci.«{100} , b{Q\6}, < { 0 0 1 } , c { l l l } , f {110>.

Quartz SiO:

It was found in over 50 cm long prismaticcrystals of the so-called Bambauer-type.Large crystals are milky, whereas smallercompletely transparent. Arfvedsoniteinclusions are typical of all which, again,represents something special. Thearfvedsonite inclusions are sometimesdense enough to give them an appearanceas of a smoky quartz. As a rule, quartzcrystals here are not twinned. However,Brazil twins and their twinning lamellae arenoted. Well-crystallised quartz is. strictlyspeaking, rare in spite of its wide presencein the veins.

Titanite CaTiSiO-,This locality is remarkable for extremely

large and well-developed titanite crystals. Itis typical of them to grow within arfvedsonitenests. Their growth started after thearfvedsonite had been crystallised. Growingtitanite crystal embedded more and morearfvedsonite crystals during its growth using

Mikroklin KAlShO*Veliki prizmatski kristali mikroklina so porcelanasto bele

barve. Najveqi merijo tja do 20 cm, vendar so slabše razvitiali pa korodirani. Tiste, ki so bližje površju, poškoduje mrazzaradi dobre razkolnosti po 1001). Redkeje se pojavljajobavenski dvojčki po 1021). Manjši kristali so lahko prozorniin lepo oblikovani z gladkimi ploskvami. Arfvedsonitovivključki jih včasih popolnoma potemnijo. Možno jih je brusitiv obliki kabošona. pri čemer se lepo odražajo vključkiarfvedsonitovih iglic in optični efekt adularescence. Pogostoje skupaj z albitom.

Stika 12: Zanimiva prerasanost mikroklina s kristali arfvedsonita pride do izrazana obrušenih kristalih. YyboSon na posnetku je obdelal M. \ersek. vgradila voriginabiooblikovani nakit pa N. Sturm. Wikosl kristala 3,0 x 1,5 cm.

Picture 12: An interesting mtergrowth of microcline with arfvedsonite crystals fromAlinci finds its expression in cut crystals. The cabochon in the picture designed andmanufactured by N. Štumi; cut by M. \eriek. Crystal dimensions: 3,0 x 1,5 cm.

Kremon SiO:>

Našli so več kot pol metra velike prizmatske kristale vrstebambauer. Večji kristali so mlečni, medtem ko so manjšilahko popolnoma prozorni. Za vse je značilno, da imajoveliko vključkov kristalov arfvedsonita, kar predstavljaposebnost. V nekaterih je teh vključkov toliko, da so temnikot čadavci. Kristali kremena v tern nahajališču praviiomaniso dvojčeni, včasih pa so opazne iamele brazilskegadvojčenja. Kremen v lepih kristalih je pravzaprav redek,ceprav ga je v žilah kar precej.

Titanit CaTiSiO,Med največjimi posebnostmi tega najdišča so prav gotovo

zeio veliki kristali titanita, za katere je znadlno, da prostorastejo v gnezdih, zapolnjenih s kristali arfvedsonita. Ker jetitanit kristaliziral med zadnjimi, se je v prvi fazi phrase! naobstoječi kristal arfvedsonita v gnezdu, nato pa s svojo

Slika 13: Titanit v Alincifi se najbolj pogosto pojavlja v znacilno oblikovanih dvojčkih po {100), kakršen je tudi na fotografiji.Primerek iz zbirke A. Hinterleckner-Ravnik meri 68 x 58 mm.

Picture 13: Titanite in Alinci is most common in characteristic (100) twins. Their form resembles the sleep roof seen in thepicture. Twin dimensions-. 68 x. 58 mm, A. Hinterlechner-Ravnik collection.

rastjo zajemal čedalje več kristalov arfvedsonita, ne da bise prirasel na steno gnezda. Na koncu se je razvil kristai, kiga držijo z vseh strani iglicasti kristali arfvedsonita. Za! sominiranja poškodovala vecino ohranjenih kristalov titanita.Iz najdenih fragmentov v nahajališču je moč sklepati, da sonajvečji kristali titanita dosegli do 25 centimetrov v dolžinoin so morali tehtati nekaj kilogramov. Ohranjenih je nekajkristalov velikosti do 8 cm. Praviloma so vsi dvojčki po (1001z obliko strme strehe. Večji kristali so medenorjave barve inprosojni, manjši pa so rumenkasti in prozomi. Njihov zašdtniznak so seveda vkljucki arfvedsonita.

ApatitCa,(PO.i),(EOH,Cl)

Apatit je tukaj redek mineral. Pojavlja se v enostavnihheksagonalnih prizmatskih kristalih rahlo rumenkaste barve,ki dosežejo nekaj milimetrov v dolžino. Dobro razvite soploskve prizme in pinakoida.

Hijalit SiOi- amorfni

Hijalit je amorfni kremen, ki se pojavlja kot steklasteprevleke po drugih rnineralih. Največkrat ga je opaziti nakristalih mikroklina in kremena. Pri obsevanju z ultravijoličnosvetlobo fluorescira v zelenkastorurneni svetlobi.

them as a special sort of growth support.The titanite crystals grew, in this way, into avoid as a floater, developing their completemorphological shapes as a single or twinnedcrystal. The explosions, unfortunately, damagedmost of the crystals found. As estimated, fromthe fragments found on the location, the largesttwins reached 25 cm in length and could haveweighed several kilograms. Some crystals upto 8 cm in length survived. They are, as a rule,all (100] twins with a typical shape of steeproof. Larger crystals are of honey-brown colourand translucent, whereas those smaller ofyellow colour and transparent. Arfvedsoniteinclusions are their brand mark.

Apatite GMPO4MF,OH,Cl)

It is quite rare here. It appears in smallyellowish crystals up to several millimetres inlength. Developed are mostly prisms andpinacoid.

Hyalite - amorphous SiO.,

It can be seen as coatings on other minerals,especially on quartz and microcline. Itfluorescesin greenish-yellow colour under UV light.

Davidite(Ce.La](Y,U)(Ti,Fe)2oOiK

The black crystals of this mineral can befound scattered in the surrounding fields.They were brought there with the weatheringof pegmatite dikes. The largest known crystalwith black hematite lustre measures 15 cmin length.

Olher mineralsMonazite, bernierite, titanohematite and

the first discovered and described leadtitanate - macedonite were also found here.

Risba - Drawing 6: Titanit - Titanite, Alinci.Nektinografska projekcija - non-dinographicprojection: a{l0Q}.c{QQ\},d{\03},e{\\\\.f{O13},0{]].9.II},/i{l lO}.

Risba - Drawing 7: Dvojček titanila po (100),neklinografska projekcija - Titanite (100) twin, non-dinographic projection, Afinci: a { !00} , c{001},e{\\\},gi\\.9.n}, fill 10}.

Davidit(Ce,La)(YU){Ti,Fe}3oOia

Crne kristale tega minerala s hematitnim sijajem najdemopo njivah tarn okoli, kamor je prišel s preperevanjem izpegmatitnih žil. Največjl najdeni kristal meri 15 cm v dolžino.

Drugi mineral!

Našli so še monacit, bernierit, titanohematit ter prvičodkriti in opisani macedonit, ki je svincev titanat.

Slika 14: Penetracijski dvojček titanita po {100). Velikost: 6 x 3 cm.Zbirka-. Geoinštitut Skopje.

Picture 14: A penetrating ( 1 0 0 ) titanite twin. Dimensions: 6 x 3 cm.Geoinštitut Skopje collection.

SivecKamnolom dolomitnega marmorja Sivec je od Prilepa

oddaljen 8 km v severozahodni smeri, Leži na zahodnemvznožju več kot 1200 m visokega hriba Sivec. V njempridobivajo zelo kvaliteten dolomitni marmor, ki se odlikujepo dobri obstojnosti in snežno beli barvi. Marmor žaganjos pomočjo žice z diamantnimi obročki v velike bloke, ki soglavni produkt. Vzadnjih letih so razvili tudi višje stopnjeobdelave, tako da ga žagajo v ploŠČe in profile različnihvelikosti. To ni edini kamnolom v okolici Prilepa. Znan jetudi kamnolom marmorja ČaŠka, ki je na samem prelazuPletvar in predstavlja s svojo višino 994 m vrata v Prilep.Marmorje s kristali korunda so našfi še v okolici krajevBelovodice in Beloto.

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Marmorji v okolici Prilepa so nastali z lokalno omejenometamorfozo karbonatnih kamnin. Pripadajo centralnemudelu Pelagonskega masiva, ki ga v večini sestavljajovisokometamorfne in magmatske kamnine. Stratigrafskolahko ločimo dva kompleksa. Spodnji je sestavljen iz gnajsovin giinastih skrilavcev, medtcm ko sestavljajo zgornjega tudimarmorji. Marmorna serija je zadnja v serijivisokometamorfnih kamnin in je ponekod debela do I 500metrov.

Mineralna parageneza

Mineral! v marmorjih Sivca so znacilni za t.i. lokalnometamorfozo, ko se povecata pritisk in temperatura. Zaraditega so karbonatne kamnine prekristalile v marmorje. Drugeprisotne substance, kot so oksidi nekaterih kovin, so se pritern stalile in prekristalile v idiomorfne kristale. Pri lokalnimetamorfozi pride tudi do nekaterih kemijskih reakcij, vkaterih iz obstoječih nastanejo novi minerali. Kljub odpornostidolomitnega marmorja, ta vseeno relativno hitro prepereva.Sča5oma se v preperini nad njim skoncentrirajo kristalimineralov, ki so bili v marmorju in so sami odporni protipreperevanju.

Korund AbChNajbrž je Sivec po svetu bolj znan po kristalih korunda,

kot po marmorju. Kristali korunda so tu namreč precejpogosti. Največ jih najdejo v približno meter debeli plastipreperine, ki pokriva nahajališče marmorja, prccej pogostopa jih najdejo tudi in situ, torej še v marmorju. Najveqikristali so veliki do 15 cm, večinoma pa do 5 cm. Posebnotiste iz preperine pokriva limonitna prevleka, zato sordečerjavi, medtem ko imajo tisti iz marmorja nežno rožnatobarvo. Posamezni kristali so iahko modro obarvani, najdejopa se še drugi barvni odtenki. Pod ultravijolično svetlobooranžnordeče fluorescirajo. Kristali so relativno dobro razviti,vendar redko popolnoma. Znacilni so nepopolno razviti deliin vdolbine, ki so posledica hitre rasti kristalov v talini.Morfologija kristalov je relativno enostavna. Najveckrat jerazvit pinakoid c{000l}, zato so kristali piošcati. Na oboduso omejeni s ploskvami heksagonalne bipiramide, redkejepa z romboedri in heksagonskimi prizmami. Če so pinakoidimanj razviti, bipiramide ali prizme pa bolj, potemimajo kristali prizmatsko oziroma bipiramidalno obliko.

Prilep is a small city in the central part ofMacedonia. A large dolomite marble quarryis opened 8 km due northwest. The quarryitself lies under a more than 1200 m high hillSivec, hence its name. A white marble of avery good quality is mined there. The mainproduct is marble blocks obtained by cuttingwith a diamond wire. This is not the_onlymarble quarry in this region. Another is Čaškaon the mountain pass of Pletvar, its 992 mrepresenting a door to Priiep. Marbles withcorundum crystals were found at placesBelovodice and Beloto, too.

Geoiogical setting

The marbles in the Prilep surroundingswere formed through a process of regionalmetamorphosis. They belong to the centralpart of the Pelagonian massif that consistsmainly of highly metamorphic and igneousrocks. Two complexes can be distinguishedstratigraphically. The lower is composed ofgneisses and clay schists whereas the upperis also of marbles. The marble series is theiast in the series of highly metamorphic rocksand sometimes is more than 1 500 m thick.

Mineral paragenesis

The minerals present in the Sivec marblesand at the mentioned localities are typicalof the formation in the process of the so-called regional metamorphosis. During thisprocess the temperature and pressure wereelevated and carbonate rocks wererecrystaliized into marbles. Other substances,for instance several metallic oxides, weremolten and recrystallized into idiomorphcrystals. Several chemical reactions tookplace during metamorphosis, whereby newminerals were formed out of those present.In spite of considerable resistance dolomitemarble decomposes slowly leaving behind aweathered soil enriched with crystals of thechemically resistant minerals once presentin the marble.

Corundum A\>OtThe Sivec Quarry is probably more known

for its abundant corundum crystals than itsmarble. They are mostly found in anapproximately 1 m thick soil layer coveringthe marble. They can quite frequently befound it? situ as well. The largest crystals canreach 1 5 cm in diameter but most up to 5cm. Those originating from the weatheredsoil are coated with a brown limonite layerthat can be dissolved away with hydrochloricacid. Those from the marble still have •.:ie:rnatural pink colour. Crystals can be bii,e aswell as of several other colours. Theyfluorescent orange red under UV light.Crystals are relatively well developed, thoughonly exceptionally completely. They aredistinguished by their incompletely developed

Slika I 5: Krista! korunda prizmatskega habitusav marmorju. 6 x 6 cm velik kristal iz Shea je izzbirkeM. Kardelj.

Picture 15: Corundum crystal of prismatic habitin dolomite marble. The 6 by 6 cm large crystal isfrom the collection M. Kardelj.

Slika 16: 2 5 x 2 5 mm velik kristal korunda vmarmorju ii kamnoloma Sivec ima najbolj raivitoptoskev pinakoida, zato je ploščat. Zbirka M. Kardelj.

Picture 16: 25 by 25 mm corundum crystal onthe marble matrix from Sivec. The most developedh pinacoid, hence the flattened habit of the crystal.Collection M. Kardelj.

parts and holes, which is the outcome of arelatively fast growth rate during their growth.The crystal morphology is quite simple. Thepinacoid {0001 } is t h e prevailingcrystallography form, which results in tabularcrystals. Crystals are combinations ofpinacoid, hexagonal bipyramids and rarelyof prisms and rhombohedrons. Crystalmorphology is strongly influenced by thesecrystallographic forms. Crystals are prismaticand bipyramidal if the prisms and bipyramids.respectively, prevail.

The oriented overgrowth of corundum bydiaspore is characteristic of this locationand of corundum crystals as such. The crystalfaces, therefore, have a special lustre.

Slika 17: Kristal korunda fotografiran pri dnevnisvetbbi {zgoraj) in pod UV svetlobo {spodaj). Podvplivom UV svettobe se pojavi značilna fluorescence*,ki je net posnetku lepo vidna kot omnžnordete žarenjevkristalu.Velikost 5.0 x 2.5 cm. Zbirka M. Kardelj.

Picture 17: Corundum crystal photographed underdaylight [top) and UV light {bottom). The influenceo/ UV light causes a typical fluorescence seen in thepicture as an orange - red glowing within the crystal.M. Kardeij collection. Dimensions 5.0 x 2.5 cm.

Risba - Drawing 8: Korund - Corundum,Sivec:ft{2243}, c{0001}.

Risba - Drawing 9; Korund - Corundum, Givec.*{2243},c{0001},d{l(H0}.

Risba - Drawing 10; Korund - Corundum,SiVec:«{l010},6{2243},c{0001}.

Risba - Drawing 1 1; Korund - Corundum,SiWK:il{1010},£{2243},d{10101}.

The corundum from Sivec can be cut intothe form of cabochon, which enhances itspink colour. The present diaspore crystalscontribute to their special charactermanifested in a special phenomenon calleddiasporescence. This effect is strongest whenthe corundum crystal is cut parallel to itsrhombohedron face.

Diaspore AIO(OH)Well-developed crystals are extremely rare

in spite of their overall presence on corundumcrystals, lust a few macroscopically developedcrystals have been stated. The largest gemcrystal found measures 4 x 3 x 1 cm and ismorphologically the best developed crystalever found here and possibly also the bestone of the species. The crystal is acombination of several crystallographic

Slika 18: Na 7 x 4 cm velikem kristaiu korundaje orientirano primšČen diaspor v luskah bisemategasijaja. Taksno preraščanje je za kristale korunda aSivca posebej značilno. Zbirka M. Kardelj.

Picture 18: Scaly diaspore crystals with pearllustre overgrow the corundum crystal. The orientedgrowth of the diaspore on corundum is typical ofSivec. Specimen dimensions: 7 x 4 cm. M. Kardeljcollection.

Slika 19: Naravna barva komndovih kristalovpride najbolj do izraza, če jih zbrusimo in spoiiramo.Ha fotograftji jepbesek z rubinoma, ki ga je obiikovalain izdelaia N. Sturm. Oča rubina, od katerih imavecji we kot 17 karatov, je obdelal M. \ersek.

Picture 19: The true corundum colour is stressedif the crystal is cut and polished. The pendant shownwas designed and manufactured by N. Sturm; thecrystals cut bu M. }er$ek. The large stone has morethan 17 carats.

Risba- Drawing 12: Diaspor - Diaspore, Sivec:a{ 110), b{010}, c{ 120}, d{ 130}, e{ 111},f{221}, $ { 1 2 1 } . Modificirano po Baric ( 1 9 7 9 | .Modified after Baric (1979).

Slika 20: Kristal fluorita iz kamnoloma Sivec na podlag't iz belega marmorja. V kristalu je vldna barvna coniranost inrazkolnost po (] I I). Rob kocke rneri I cm. Primerek je iz zbirke M. Kardeij. .

Picture 20: Fluorite cube on a marble matrix. The colour zonation and cleavage along (11 ]) can be clearly seen- Cubehas 1 cm on an edge. Collection M. Kardeli.

Slika 21: Na naslednji strani: Kristal diaspora iz kamnoioma Sivec je velik42 x 32 mm. To je doslej najveqi in najlepši znani oblikovan kristal, najdenv tern nahajališču. Velik del kristala je popoinoma čist in zato draguljarskekvalitete. Zbirka M. Ion.

Picture 21: Next page-. This largest and best developed diaspore crystalfound so far at the marble quarry Sivec near Prilep measures 42 x 32mm.A large part of the crystal is completely transparent and suitable jor cutting.M. iori collection.

forms. Beside that it is also twinned alongthe (061). All crystal faces are shiny and even.The crystal is completely transparent with aspecial green hue and for that reason issuitable for cutting. It appears in the posterof this exhibition. Several smaller and lessdeveloped crystals have been found.

Fluorite CaF2

Simple cubic crystals are rare. They can beround within marble cracks that are partiallyfilled with crystallised calcite. Up to 1 cmlong crystals on edge are of violet colourwith a distinguishable colour zonation. Theycan also be colourless.

Rutile TiO,Black rutile crystals are frequent and easily

detectable because of the good contrast onthe white marble. The crystals are welldeveloped and mostly (101! twinned. Typicalflat knee-twins are thus formed. The largestcrystals can reach several centimetre? Tlength. They can occasionally be st-c'iattached to corundum crystals.

Posebnost predstavlja orientirano zraščanje korunda indiaspora, ki je zelo pogosto. Zato imajo kristali korunda nasvojih ploskvah značilen sijaj.

Korunde iz Sivca je možno brusiti v obliki kabošona, sčimer pride nežna rožnata barva kristalov najbolj do izraza.Pri tem se zaradi diaspora pokaže tudi njihova posebnanarava. Brušeni in polirani korundi iz tega nahajališca imajoedinstveno lastnost, imenovano diasporescenca, ki se odražav posebnem sijaju zlasti takrat, ko krista) obrusimo vzporednos ploskvami romboedra.

Diaspor AlO(OH)

Ne glede na njegovo pogosto pojavljanje v obliki orientiranopreraščenih kristalov po korundu, so posamezni kristalidiaspora zelo redki. Največji, ki so ga doslej našli, meri 4x3x1cm. Verjetno gre za najčistejsi in morfoloŠko najlepŠe razvitkristal tega minerala sploh. Razvitih ima precej kristalografskihoblik, poleg tega pa je na manjšem delu zraščen z drugimkristalom kot dvojček po (061), ki je za ta mineral značilen.

Calcite CaCO3 and dolomite CaMg(COi):Both minerals are, naturally, present in

abundance here, however not in the form ofidiomorph crystals. Calcite is present incracks almost always completely filled withit- For that reason it is massive and of greyc o l o u r with c leavage a long t h erhombohedrons. Dolomite is even more rarein the form of small transparent simplerhombohedrons.

Other mineralsColourless tourmaline, pyrite, micas,

chlorite, illite, kyanite and zoisite have beenfound.

Siiki 22: Dvojčekrutilapo(101) vmarmorjuizSivca.Velikosl dvojčka je 12x1 l m m . Zbirka M. Žorž,

Picture 2 2 : Rutik (101) twin on the marble fromSivec. Twin dimensions: \2x\\ mm, Collection M. Zori.

Risba - Drawing I 3: Yiuorit - Fluorite, Sivec.a{ 100}, b{ 110}. t{001}. d{ 113}. Modificiranopo baric (1969). Modified after Baric {1969).

Risba - Drawing 14: Rutil - Rutile, Sivec,Orekow:a{\0Q}.b{U0},d{\\0}.

Risba - Drawing 1 5: Kolenasti dvojcek rut it apo(lOl), neklinografska projekcija - Rutile kneetwin along (101), nonclinographk projection.Siwc:a{100}.6{l]0}.<({110}.

Vse ploskve so izredno gladke. Kristal je popolnoma prozoren,z zelenkastimi odtenki in je primeren za brušenje. Upodobljenje na plakatu te razstave. Nasli so še nekaj manjših kristalov,ki pa niso tako lepo razviti.

Fluorit CaFjEnostavni kockasti kristali fluorita so redki. Najdemo jih

po razpokah, ki so delno zapolnjene s sivkastim kalcitom.Do 1 cm veliki kristali so vijolične barve z izrazito barvnoconarnostjo, lahko pa so tudi brezbarvni.

Rutil TiO,Črni kristali rutila so kar pogosti in jih zaradi izrazitega

kontrasta brez težav opazimo na belem marmorju- Kristaliso lepo razviti, s progastimi ploskvami, in večinoma dvojčkipo (101). Kristali imajo kovinski sijaj. Največji dosežejo nekajcentimetrov v dolžino. Kristali rutila so večkrat priraščenina kristalih korunda. . .

Kaicit CaCOi in dolomit CaMg(CO^)^Obeh mineralov je v tern nahajaliŠču razumljivo v izobilju,

vendar ne v obliki dobro razvitih kristalov. Kaicit sive barvese večinoma pojavlja v razpokah, ki jih zapolnjuje, zato jemasiven z izrazitimi razkolnimi ploskvami po osnovnemromboedru. Dolomit je precej redek. Najdemo ga v oblikimilimetrskih prozornih enostavnih romboedrov.

Ostali mineral!

NaŠli so še brezbarvni različek turmalina, pirit, sljude,klorit, illit, disten in zoisit.

SasaRudnik svinca in cinka Sasa je v severovzhodnem dclu

Makedonije, v osrednjem delu Osogovskih planin. Rudnoležišče se razteza od višine 1700 metrov navzdol, izpodvrhov Ruen in Carev vrv. Oba sta visoka preko 2000 metrov.Zaradi take lege je podnebje že precej alpsko. V nasprotjuz ostalo Makedonijo tukaj nimajo težav z vodo. Najbližjemesto je Makedonska Kamenica.

Geološki podatki

Nahajališče pripada takoimenovani Srbsko-makedonskimetalogenetski coni, za katero so značilni svinec, cink,antimon in srebro. Sam rudnik pripada metalogenetski coniBesna kobila - Osogovo - Pehčevo. Rudnik sestavlja večležišč, od katerih so najpomembnejša: Svinja reka, Golemareka, Kozja reka in Toranica.

Nastanek in formiranje rudišča sta povezana s tcrciarnimimagmatsko-tektonskimi procesi. Najpogostejse sometamorfne kamninc, skarni in kremenovo-grafitni skrilavci,v katerih so ponekod vloženi cipolini in kot najpomembnejšetudi svinčevo-cinkovo orudenje. Rudna rnineralizacija jepotekala v štirih fazah. V kontaktno-pnevmatolitski fazi jeprihajalo do magmatskih intruzij v apnence (cipoline) inzato do tvorbe skarnov (hedenbergit, bustamit, johansenit,granati, diopsid...). V hidrotermalni fazi je prišlo do onjdenia.Nastali so glavni rudni mincrali, kot so: sfaierit, pirotin,galenit, pirit in magnetit. V srebronosni fazi se je temperaturaponovno dvignila zaradi reaktivacije magmatskih procesov,pri čemer so nastali nekateri srebrovi minerali (stephanit]in elementarno srebro. V zadnji, supergeni fazi, je prišlo dooksidacije prisotnih mineralov in nastanka tipičnihsekundarnih mineralov, kot so limonit, ceruzit, anglezit,azurit, maiahit, hemimorfit in drugi.

V rudniku so vsa obzorja dostopna po dovoznih rampahs težko mehanizacijo za odkop in izvoz rude.

Mineralna parageneza

Že iz omenjenega je razvidno, da je paieta mineralov vtem rudniku precej široka. V bistvu jih lahko razdelimo naminerale skarnske mineralizadje in na rudne mineralc. Rudnotelo je precej kompaktno in kot tako nima veliko razpok, vkaterih bi se pojavljali dobro kristalizirani minerali, vsaj vtakih kolidnah ne, kot smo jih navajeni iz drugih podobnihrudnikov. Kljub temu pa rudarji pri svojem delu naletijo narazpoke z minerali, ki so vcasih presenetljivo dobro razviti.

Galenit PbS

V paragenezah s sfaleritom in kremenom se galenit pojavljav jeklenosivih kristalih kubooktaedrske oblike. Pogosti sosploščeni dvojčki po Špinelnem zakonu vzdolž (111). Včasihso na površini močneje oksidirani, zato so lahko skoraj črni.Najpogosteje so kristali veliki približno centimeter, iahko pa

. so tudi večji.

Sfaierit ZnS

Največkrat se pojavlja v črnih tetraedrskih kristalih (variantamarmatit), ki so polisintetsko zdvojcičeni po (111) oziromaŠpinelnem zakonu. Najbolj presenečajo prozorni medenorjavi

The mine is located in the north-easternpart of Macedonia, in the central part of theOsogovske planine. The ore deposit spreadsfrom 1 700 m above sea level below the •summits of Ruen and Carev vrv that are bothover 2000 m high. As a result of geographicalsetting the climate is predominantly alpine.Contrary to the other parts of the countrythis area has no problems with water. Thenearest town is Makedonska Kamenica.

Geological setting

The ore province belongs to the so-calledSerbian-Macedonian metallogenetic zonethat is characterised by lead, zinc, antimonyand silver. The mine itself belongs to themetallogenetic zone of Besna kobila -Osogovo - Pehčevo. The mine is composedof several ore bodies, the most important ofwhich are: Svinja reka, Golema reka, Kozjareka and Toranica.

The origin and formation of the ore depositis connected to late Tertiary magmatismprocesses . The most frequent aremetarnorphic rocks, skarns and quartz-graphite schists in which cipolines areembedded locally, and most important islead-zinc ore i m p r e g n a t i o n . Oremineralization has taken place in four phases.In the contact-pneumatolythic phase theigneous intrusions into limestones (cipolines)occurred which led to skarn formation(hedenbergite, bustamite, johannsenite,garnets, diopside...]. Ore mineralisationoccurred during the hydrothermal phase,Main ore minerals were formed e.g. sphalerite,pyrrhotite, galena, pyrite and magnetite. The1

silver-carrying phase distinguished itself byjtemperature elevation caused by theireactivation of igneous processes. Resultingtherefrom was formation of some silverminerals (stephanite) and native silver. In thelast (supergene] phase the oxidation of theminerals present took place with theformation of some typical secondary mineralssuch as cerussite, anglesite, azurite,malachite, hemimorphite and several others,

The mine is accessible on all horizons byheavy mechanisation used for the oreremoval and transportation.

Mineral paragenesis

As following from the above the array ofminerals present in this mine is really wideMineral paragenesis can be roughly divideinto skarn and ore minerals. The ore bodyiquite compact and for that reason lackinempty veins or clefts filled with wellcrystallised minerals. However from timettime, the miners come across veins wi!crystallised minerals that can sometimes bsurprisingly well formed.

Risba - Drawing 16: Gatenit - Galena, Sasa.fl{I00},6{lll}.

Risba Drawing 17: Špinelni dvojček galenita,neklinografska projekcija - Galena spinel! twin,nond'mographic projection, Sasa. a{ 100}, b{\\\}.

Slika 2 3 : Kristfl// galenita na podlagi deloma limonitizlranega pirita.Rudnik Sasa- Velikost AA x 40 mm, zbirka I. Derganc.

Picture 2 3 : Galena crystals on partially oxidized pyrite from the Sasamine. Dimensions 44 x 40 mm, I. Derganc collection.

Slika 24: Prozorni medenorjavi kristali sfaierita na podiagi so obkrozeni s kristati galenita na kremenovi podlagi. Taki primerki 'gso bili v Sasi zelo redki. Velikost 85 x 65 mm, zbirka i. Derganc. -NJ

Picture 24: Transparent sphalerite crystals on a quartz matrix surrounded with galena crystals. Specimens of this quality were g-extremely rare at the Sasa mine. Dimensions: 85 x 65 mm, I. Derganc collection. is

kristaii, ki dosežejo velikosti nekaj centimetrov. Kristali tekvalitete so tudi v svetu redki. Sfaierit tvori parageneze zostalimi minerali, ki so na las podobne tistim iz Trepče.Zaradi značilne morfologije kristalov tukajšnjega sfaleritajih od slednjih ločimo brez težav.

Pirit FeS2

Fazni nastanek njdišča in njegovih rnineralov se lepo odražana kristalih pirita. Ti so seveda značilne zlate barve, vendarmorfološko zelo raznoliki. Najti je mogoče kockaste,pentagonskododekaedrske in oktaedrske kristale ter vse vmesnekombinacije. Nekaj milimetrov veliki kristali so pogosti, redkejepa dosežejo velikosti enega centimetra in več.

Slika 2 5 : Primer parageneze sfalerita, galenita. pirita in kremena iz Sase.Velikost primerka iz ibirke I. Derganc: 7 x 3cm.

Picture 2 5 : Typical paragenesis from Sasa consisting of sphalerite, galena,pyrite and quartz crystals. Specimen dimensions: 1x3 cm. I. Derganc collection.

PirotinFei-xSLepo oblikovani kristali pirotina so redki. Značilna je

njihova plošcata heksagonalna oblika, pogojena sprevladujocima ploskvama pinakoida c{000l}. Pojavljajose skupaj s sfaleritom in galenitom. Večinoma ne presežejopetih milimetrov v premeru.

Kremen SiO^Nekaj centimetrov veliki prizmatski kristali so skoraj na

vsakem primerku in lepo dopolnjujejo parageneze Kristaliso prozorni vsaj na konicah, če ne v celoti. Pripadajo vrstibambauer, značilni za rudišča. Delovanje tektonike se odražav obliki deformiranih in nitastih kristalov, kar je v rudišcihredkejši pojav.

Stephanit AgiSbSiOd prisotnih srebrovih mineralov je stephanit najpogostejši,

poleg tega pa se pojavlja v lepo oblikovanih kristalih, kidosežejo nekaj centimetrov v dolžino. Kristali imajo močankovinski sijaj. Kristali stephanita so bili po svojem nastankuizpostavljeni razmeram, v katerih je prišlo do njihove pretvorbev samorodno srebro. To je mogoče opaziti po korodiranostikristalov in izraščanju samorodnega srebra iz njih.

Galena PbSGalena is commonly associated with

sphalerite and quartz. It appears in the formof steel-grey cubo-octahedral crystals. Theflat spinell-twinned crystals are common.Their surface can sometimes be intensivelyoxidized thus dull and dark. Crystals areusually up to I cm on an edge, though largerspecimens can also be found.

Sphalerite ZnSMost common is its black variety

imarmatite) in the tetrahedral crystals thatare polysynthetically twinned along (Ml),i.e. according to spineil twinning law. Themost surprising are transparent honey-browncrystals reaching up to several centimetresin diameter. Crystals of this quality representa rarity in a world-wide sense. Sphaleriteforms the paragenesis with other mineralsthat equal those from Trepča. However, thetypical Sasa sphalerite crystal morphologydistinguishes them unambiguously from theTrcpča material.

Risha - Drawing 18: Sfaierit - Sphalerite, Sasa.6 { l I 0 } , c { l I I } , r f { 2 1 0 } .

Risba - Drawing 19: Špinelni dvojček sfalerit&Lpo [1 11), nekiinografska projekija - Sp/ifl/fi^fspineil twin along (111), nonclinographic pro\ec^^MSasa. 6{ l l0},c{ l in,d{210}. H

Pyrite FeS«1

The four-phased formation of the ore bodyreflects itself in the morphology of pyritecrystals. They are of golden colour. Cubes,pentagonedodecahedrons and octahedrons,as well as all intermediate combinationsthereof can be found throughout the mine-Most common among them are severalmillimetre crystals- Those with more thanone centimetre on an edge are rare.

Risba - Drawing 20: Pint - Pyrite, Sasa. a{ 100},6{210}.

Srebro AgSamorodno srebro najdemo v obliki žic, ki so do nekaj

milimetrov debeie in več centimetrov dolge. Njegova barvaje odvisna od stopnje pokritosti s sulfidi in variira od značilnesrebrne preko rumenkaste do erne. Najbolj zanimivi soprimerki, kjer je srebro na podlagi. Redkejši so tisti, kjer izraščaiz kristalov stephanita.

KutnohoritCalMn^.Mg.Fe^KCOihZanimivost v tern nahajališču predstavljajo veliki in lepo

razviti kristali kutnohorita, ki imajo povečano vsebnostmangana. Vednoma ga zato poimenujejo manganokalcit.Kristali so snežno bele barve, včasih z rožnatim odtenkomin nastopajo v snopastih divergentnih agregatih, ki pa navzvenše vedno ohranjajo trigonalno simetrijo. Včasih preraščajokristale prosojnega kalcita. kar priča o tem, da so rastli kasneje.Dolgo casa so menili, da gre pri teh kristalih za mineral otavit,ki je CdCO? in kot tak zelo redek, Kristale so v Sofiji analiziraliz rentgensko praškovno analizo, pri čemer je bilo ocenjeno,da je dobljeni spekter najbolj podoben spektru tega minerala.Kasneje srno mineral analizirafi z atomsko spektroskopijo(ICP) in ugotovili, da ne vsebuje niti sledu kadmija. Kasnejšianalizi z EMA in rentgenom (glej tudi "Zgodbo o otavitu") stato samo še potrdili.

Slika 26: Na [imonittu podlagi so priraščeni beli kristali katcita v obliki tristranih pram, iz njih onentirano izraščajoigiiČasti kristali kutnohorita. laki primerki prihajajo iz rudnika Sasa v vzhodni Makedoniji. Primerek veiikosti 20 x 15 cmizkaja iz zbirke 1. Derqanc.

Picture 26: White triangular calcile prisms are attached to a gossan matrix. Kutnofwrite crystals grow from them. Thesespecimens come from the Sasa mine in east Macedonia. Specimen dimensions 20 x \5 cm, L Derganc collection.

Slika 27: Iz 34 mm dolgega kristala stephanita izraščajo žičnati kristalisrebra. Redka kombinacija obeh mineralov iz rudnika Sasa je posledicakemijske pretvorbe stephanita v srebro, Različni baryni odtenki so posledicaoksidacije srebra. Primerek siikan kot stereopar. Ibirka M. Žori.

Picture 27: Silver wire crystals grow out of a corroded stephanite crystal.The extremely rare combination of these two minerals from the Sasa mineis an outcome of the chemical transformation from stephanite to silver.Different colour tones result from silver oxidation. Specimen photographedas stereopair. M. Zori specimen.

Slika 28: Na naslednji strani. Srebro na stefanitu - detail primerka s slike 27.Picture 28: N a t page: Silver on stephanile - detail of specimen from the

picture 27.

Pyrrhotitc Fei-.SWell developed crystals are rare. Typical is

their flat hexagonal form, conditioned bywide pinacoid faces. It appears together withgalena and sphalerite. Crystals do not exceed5 mm in diameter.

Quartz S\OJSome centimetres long prismatic crystals

are present on almost every specimen. Theyround up nicely the mineral paragenesis.They belong to the Bambauer-type typicalof the ore deposits. Tectonic influence loftsome deformed and faden crystals, otherwiseuncommon for these deposits.

Zgodba o otavituThe Otavite Storv

Tadej Dolenec & Todor Serafimovski2

'NaravoslovnotehniŠka jakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani, Oddelek zageologijo, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Stovenija7 Rudarsko - geoloski fakultet, Stip, Makedonija

Some years ago we had a chance to seeotavite from the Sasa mine in Macedonia.This event was followed by someinvestigations which raised doubt as to thegenuiness of the said mineral. New specimenswere collected and analysed. The specimensoriginally determined as otavite proved torepresent kutnahorite and manganocalcitewith different Ca/Mn ratios, respectively. Theminerals as mentioned appear in radiallyspectered aggregates and flat crystals in opencracks, together whit silex and johannsenite.The veins run through cipoline marbles inthe close vicinty of ore bodies or in theunsubstituted parts of ore bodies. Isotopicinvestigations showed that these mineralshad been formed from low temperaturehydrothermal solutions of magmatic origin.The mineral paragenesis includes the mineralsoligonite and rodohrosite.

Pred nekaj leti srno dobili vzorec minerala iz makedonskegarudnikajSasa. Po mnenju najditeljev naj bi bil to mineralotavit. Že rezultati prvih raziskav niso potrdili njihovihdomnev, Zato smo ponovno izbrali vzorce in jih analizirali.Rezultati so bili spet negativni. Vzorci, ki so bili prvotnodoločeni kot otavit, so dejansko kutnahorit ozirornamanganokalcit z razlicnim atomsklm razmerjem Ca/Mn.Mineral nastopa v radialno žarkovitih agregatih in pioščatihkristalih v odprtih razpokah skupaj s kremenom injohansenitom. Zile sekap cipolinske marmorje v neposrednibližini rudnih teles ali v prvotnih delih rudnih teles, kjer niprišlo do nadomeščanja. Izotopske raziskave so pokazale,da se je omenjeni mineral izločal iz nizkotemperaturnihhidrotermalnih raztopin magmatskega izvora. Mineralnoparagenezo dopolnjujeta minerala oligonit in rodohrozit.

Siika 29: Kroglasto oblikovani kristali kalcita so prekriti s plastjo kristalovkutnohorita. Primerek iz rudnika Sasa men 7 x3 cm in je iz zbirke I. Derganc.

Picture 29: Spherically shaped caldte crystals are covered with a kutnohorilecrystal layer. The Sasa mine specimen measures 7x3 cm, I. Derganc collection.

Bustamit (Ca A-ln/'USiO^bin johannscnit CaMrv''(SiOt)j

To sta minerala, značilna za skarnski nastanek na stikumagme z apnencem. Navadno ni dovolj prostora, da bi serazvili idiomorfni kristali, zato ju najdemo v obliki agregatov,sestavljenih iz medsebojno preraščenih rozetastih kristalov.Kristalni agregati so rjave barve.

Drugi mineral!

V tern rudišču so določili 1 10 različnih mincralov, zatovseh ne bi navajali. Večinoma niso v v Icpo oblikovanihkristalih. Tisti, ki smo jih opisali sestavljajo paragcnezo priglavnini najdenih primerkov.

Stephanite Ag.SbS-i

This is the most frequent mineral of allpresent silver minerals. It appears also inwell formed crystals reaching severalcentimetres in length. Crystals have anintensive metallic lustre. Stephanite crystalswere subjuct to conditions that lead to theirtransformation into native silver. This effectcan be noted in the form of corrodedstephanite crystals as well as in the form ofsilver wires growing out of such stephanitecrystals.

Silver Ag

Native silver is present in the form of wiresthat can be some millimetres thick andseveral centimetres long. It can be found inmatted aggregates in vugs as well as in loosewires on the matrix. Its colour depends onthe thickness of the sulphide layer coveringthe silver crystals. It varies from a silvery overto a golden hue. The most interesting amongthem are matrix specimens with silvergrooving out of stephanite crystals.

Kutnohorite CafMn> - ,Mg,Fej-)(COi);Large and well formed kutnohorite crystals

represent something of a curiosity. Here theyare known mostly under the name ofmanganocalcite. The crystals are of snow-white colour, sometimes with a pink hue,appearing in the form of divergent sheaf-likeaggregates that still maintain their trigonalsymmetry. They sometimes overgrow thecalcite crystals, which proves their lateformation. It was long thought that thecadmium member of carbonate was present.The material was analysed in Sofia by X-raydust analysis. The spectrum obtained wasidentified as otavite, due to the fact that itwas presumably most similar to its X-rayspectrum. We conducted another analysiswith atomic spectroscopy technique (ICP) inLjubljana and found that the material didnot contain any detectable trace of cadmium.A later X-ray analyses (see "The OtaviteStory") confirmed it.

Bustamite (Ca, Mni + b(SiOs]i andjohannsenite CaMn: i ISiCh):

These are two typical skam minerals formedthrough the contact of magma and limestone.There are no veins where they could crystallisein idiomorph crystals. This is why they are alwaysfound in form of radial intergrown brown-coloured aggregates.

Other mineralsMore than ! 10 different minerals have been

identified on his location, it is not our intentionto name them all as most are not in form o:nice crystals. Those that were described formin most cases, the paragenesis on thespecimens found.

DobrevoThis ore deposit is situated in the eastern

part of the Kratovo-Zletovo volcanic region.This part of Macedonia slightly resembles thewell-known part of Arizona so often shown inWesterns. Story has it that the name of thetown Kratovo derives exactly from its positionon the bottom of an extinguished volcaniccrater. Dobrevo is several ki lometresequidistant from Kratovo, Probištip andZletovo.

Geological setting

The mine surroundings are composed ofvolcanic rocks i.e. andesites, dacites. tuffsand similar. The ore body is connected to thedacitic ignimbrites that are most frequenthere. They are strongly tectonically andhydrothermally transformed. Enclaves ofgneisses and schists can be found within theircomposition.

The ore body is connected with tectonicstructures that follow several directions. Theore bodies have a vein form followed with theimpregnation of several other ore minerals-

Mineral paragenesis

This can be divided into several varieties.Let us mention metasomathic, high- andmedium-temperature sulphidic. medium- tolow-temperature sulphidic, low-temperatureoxide-carbonatic and supergene mineralparagenesis. The main ore minerals aresphalerite and galena.

Galena PbS

This mine is known for its large quantitiesof the crystallised galena. Crystals can havea dimension of more than 10 centimetres onthe edges. They are mostly in the form ofcubes and cubooctahedrons and are of atypical steel-grey colour. Some large veinswere found completely covered with galenacrystals. They were offered for sale severalyears ago at the Tržič mineral exhibition.

Sphalerite ZnS

Some centimetres large crystals are of blackcolour, but brown translucent crystals appearsporadically as well. They can be differentiatedfrom those coming from Sasa by their slightlymore complex crystal morphology. They arealso spinell-twinned, which gives them step-wise complex morphology.

Barite BaSOj

This mineral was observed in this mine inseveral differently shaped crystals. Theirdimension can exceed 10 cm on their edges.The most known are the so-called open-book aggregates. The crystals are associatedin forms that in fact resemble an open book.The most beautiful and sought-after crystalswere orange white-edged crystals.

Rudnik Dobrevo leži v vzhodnem dclu kratovsko-zletovskega vulkanskega podroqa. Ta del Makedonije malospominja na znano pokrajino v Arizoni, ki jo dostikratprikazujejo v vesternih. Mesto Kratovo naj bi po nekaterihtrditvah dobilo tako ime zato, ker leži v kraterju ugaslegaognjenika. Dobrevo je nekaj kiiometrov oddaljeno od Kratova,Probištipa in Zletova.

Geološki podatki

V okolici rudnika so vulkanske kamnine andezit, dacit, tufiin druge. Orudenje samo je vezano na dacitske ignimbrite,ki so tu najpogostejsi. So močno tektonsko in hidrotermalnopreobllkovani. V njih najdemo tudi enklave gnajsov inskrilavcev.

Orudenje je povezano s tektonskimi stmkturami, ki potekajov določenih smereh. Rudna telesa imajo obliko žil, ki jihspremlja impregnacija rudnih mineralov.

Mineralna parageneza

Mineralizacijo delimo v nekaj vrst paragenez. Omenimonaj kontaktno metasomatsko, visoko in srednjetemperaturnosulfidno, srednje- do nizkotemperaturno sulfidno,nizkotemperaturno oksidno-karbonatno in supergenoparagenezo. Glavna rudna minerala sta sfalerit in galenit.

Slifca 30: Primerekzanim'tveobtike je sestavljen izsamifi kristaiovgalenita.Uajden je bi! v rudniku Dobrevo. Zbirka 1. Derganc, velikost 7 x 6 cm.

Picture 30: Galena cubooctahedrons form the interesting shape of this specimen.It was found in the Dobrevo mine. Dimensions: 7 x 6 cm, I. Derganc collection.

Slika 3 1 : Kubooktaedrski kristali galenita so obraščeni i drobnimi lečastimi kristali siderita. Podiago sestavlja tudi sfaierit.Take kombinacije so značilne za rudnik Dobrevo. Zbirka I. Derganc, velikost 12 .v 7 cm.

Picture 3 1 : Galena cubooclahedrons are surrounded by small tens-shaped siderite crystals. Sphalerite is a part of the matrix.Such combinations are typical for the Dobrevo mine. Specimen 1 2 x 7 cm from I. Derganc collection.

Stika 32: NH naslednji strani: Najlepše oblikovani kristali barita iz rudnika Dobrevo so bili taki, kot ta primerek na sliki. Kristalv obliki knjiinega skupka je priraščen na barilni podtaqi. Velikost 1 4 x 8 cm. zbirka NTF.

Picture 32 : Next page: The best barite crystals from the Dobrevo mine were as this one. The open-book-shaped crystal aggregateis attached to a barite matrix. NTF collection, dimensions: 1 4 x 8 cm.

Galenit PbSTo nahajališče je znano po velikih količinah kristaliziranega

galenita. Kristali imajo lahko decimetrske dimenzije. Večinomaso v obliki kock in kubooktaedrov jeklenosive barve. Pogostoso našli velike razpoke, katerih stene so bile v ceioti prekrites kristali galenita. Pred leti so jih v velikih količinah ponujaliv TržiČu. Spinelni dvojčki po (111) so pogosti.

Sfaierit ZnSNekaj centimetrov veliki kristali so vecinoma črne barve.

Pojavljajo se tudi rjavkasti prosojni kristali. Od tistih v Sasise malenkostno razlikujejo. ker so ploskovno nekolikobogatejši. Kristali sfalerita so večinoma polisintetskodvojeiceni po špinelnem zakonu, kar jim daje značilnostopničasto in kompleksno morfologijo.

Barit BaSO4Barit se v tem rudniku pojavlja v različno oblikovanih

kristalih, od katerih pa so najbolj znani t.i. knjižni skupki.Pri teh so kristali združeni v agregate, ki spominjajo na

Risba - Drawing 2 1 ; Qarit - Barite, Dobrevo.fl{101},6{2!0},c{00l}.<H214}.

Quartz SiO ;

It is abundant in the paragenesis in the fcof prismatic crystals of the Bambauer-type !;

appears frequently in short prismatic h;:;and especially as the coating on other sulp;

minerals. Its colour variety amethyst is fe;.rarely. The colour is tender with some inten-.exceptions on the crystal termination

Slika 33: Grata lepo oblikovamh kristalov kremena - ametista na karbonatni podlagi. Primerek iz rudnika Dobrevo tneri15 x\ 0 cm in izhaja iz zbirke I. Derganc,

Picture 33: A nicely formed amethyst crystal group grows from a carbonate matrix. The specimen from the Dobrevo minemeasures \5 x \Qcm. I. Derganc collection.

Slika 34: Prizmatski kristaii kremena na sfaleritm podlagi. Lepo oblifwvan primerek iz rudnika Dobrevo je iz zbirke I. Derganc.Vetikosl:8x&cm.

Picture 34: Prismatic quartz crystals on a sphalerite matrix. This extraordinary specimen comes from the Dobrevo mine.Dimensions-. 8 x8 cm, I. Derganc collection.

CarbonatesSiderite - FeCCh is the most common in

the form of lens-shaped rhombohedrons.Calcite - CaCO5 can be found in severalcentimetre long sheaf-like aggregatesresembling closely the kutnahorite from Sasa.However, it is more common in the form offlat, white-coloured rhombohedrons.

Other mineralsGolden-coloured chalcopyrite, magnetite,

jacobsite. hematite and hausmannite arepresent as well.

odprto knjigo. Še posebej lepi so bill tisti, ki so imeli oranžnojedro in belo obarvane obrobne dele. Kristali barita, veliki tja do10 cm, nisobili posebej redki.

Kremen SiO?Kremena je v paragenezi obilo v prizmatskih kristalih tipa

bambauer. Dostikrat se pojavlja tudi v kratkoprizmatskih kristalih,še posebej kot oprh po kristaliziranih sulfidnih mineralih. Lepiso rahlo obarvanl ametisti. Nekoliko izraziteje vijolično obarvaneso le termlnacije njihovih kristalov.

Karbonati

Od vseh je najbolj pogost siderit - FeCOi, ki nastopa v položnihromboedrskih kristalih lečaste oblike. Kalcit ~ CaCO? se lahkopojavlja v zanimivih, več centimetrov velikih snopastih agregatih,ki zelo spominjajo na kutnahorit iz Sase. Pogostejši je v obtikidiskastih romboedrskih kristalov bele barve.

Drugi mineraliOmenimo še halkopirit v kristalih zlate barve, magnetit,

jacobsit, hematit in hausmannit.

Stika 35: Snopasto ukrivljeni kristali kakltana podlagi predstavljajo svojevrstno posebnost vrudniku Dobrevo. Veqi kristal meri 65 mm v dolibw.Ibirka M. Zori.

Picture 35: Sheaf-curved calcite crystals onmatrix represent a unique feature at the Dobrevomine. The larger crystal measures 65 mm in length.M. Zori collection.

Slika 36: Enostavni sedlasto ukrivljeniromboedrski kristali siderita. Primerek iz Dobrevaje velik 10 x 8 cm in izfiaja iz zbirke NTF.

Picture 36: Simple saddle-shaped sideriterkombohedrons from the Dobrevo mine. Thespecimen is 10 by 8 cm large and comes from NTFcollection.

Selečka planinaPribližno 50 km dolg gorski masiv se razteza južno od

Prilepa in vzhodno od Bitole. Najvišji vrhovi dosegajonadmorsko višino preko 1400 m. Zanimiva je visoka planotaMariovo, ki leži med Selečko in Dren pianino ter Kozjakom.Pokrajina je v glavnem še neokrnjena. Mariovo je znano pozelo lepih narodnih nošah. Zaradi svoje lege in viŠine imapianota ostro podnebje s suhimi in vročimi poletji ter mrzlimizimami. Voda je tu redka dobrina, dasiravno v bližini tečeCrna reka.

Geološki podatki

Selečka planina predstavlja geološko zelo zanimiv delmakedonskega ozemija. Na njej srečamo predvsemmetamorfne kamnine, ki so predstavljene z gnajsi in različnimiskrilavci. Od magmatskih kamnin najdemo granite. Vomenjenih kamninah je veliko pegmatitnih teles in žil.Posledica tega so zanimive mineralizacije oztroma mineralneparageneze.

Ozemlje so v preteklih letih precej dobro raziskali zaradiiskanja mineralnih surovin. Odkrili so nahajališča sljude,kremena in diatomejske zemlje. Raziskovali so tudi moznostiizkoriščanja distena in glinencev.

Težko je v nekaj vrsticah opisati celotno obmoqe Selečkeplanine, zato se bomo omejili le na nekaj nahajališč, v katerihlahko najdemo lepo kristalizirane minerale.

Planina = mountain means "highmountain" in all south-Slavic languages. Inthis case Selečka planina is a 50 km longmountain massif stretching south from Prilepand east from Bitola. The highest summitsreach 1400 m above sea level. Very interestingis the high plateau called Mariovo. hiddenbehind the summits of Selečka planina. Drenplanina and Kozjek. Nature is still almostintact here. The Mariovo region is known forits beautiful national costumes. Due to itsposition and height it has a very sharp climatecharacterised by dry and hot summers andcold winters. Water is scarce here in spite ofthe Crna reka river.

Geological setting

Selečka planina represents, from ageological point of view, a very interestingpart of the Macedonian territory. One comesacross metamorphic rocks represented bygneisses and different schists. Igneous rocksare present in the form of granites. Manypegmatitic bodies and dikes are present inthe mentioned rocks. The outcome is seenas several interesting mineralizations andmineral paragenesis.

Selečka planina was thoroughly researchedin the past because of the interest in mineralresources. Deposits of quartz, albite, kyanite,mica and diatomite were found andevaluated.

It is difficult to describe the completeSelečka planina region in a few short words.We will therefore limit ourselves to somemost interesting locations distinguished byiheir well-crystallised minerals.

Slika 3 7 : Almandin z lepo razvitimiploskvami rombskega dodekaedra iz okoitcevasi Bonce na Selečki pjamni. Vel'tkost 9 mmv premeru. Zbirka M. Tori.

Picture 37: Almandine from the vicinity ofthe village of Bonce on Setečka planina has welldeveloped dodecahedron faces- Crystal has 9 mrain diameter. M. Žorž collection.

BelučeOn the southern margins of Mariovo, on

the saddle of this distinctive mountain, liesa mine once active in albite mining. Quartzveins appeared in the albite with prismaticquartz crystals over 10 cm long.

Apatite CaMPOjhIF.OH.Cl)Apatite was found together with quartz in

the veins in large and morphologically well-developed crystals. The largest found were12 cm in diameter, but most did not exceed5 cm. The most developed is pinacoidc{ 0001} dictating the flat habit of the crystals.The translucent crystals are white andexceptionally violet in colour.

Na južnem obrobju Mariova je na sedlu značiine vzpetinerudnik, v katerem so včasih kopali kakovosten albit. Polegalbita so se pojavljale žile kremena, v njih so naleteli naprizmatske kristale kremena velike do ] 0 cm.

Apatit Ca5(PO^3(F,OH,Cl)

Skupaj s kristali kremena se je v teh žilah pojavljal tudiapatit v zelo vellkih in lepo razvitih kristalih. Najveqi najdenije imel 12 cm v premeru, večinoma pa niso presegali 5 cm.Najbolj razvite so ploskve pinakoida c{0001}, zato so kristaliiz tega nahajaliŠča ploščatega habitusa, Kristali so bele,nekateri pa lepe vijolicne barve.

Slika 38: Apatit na fotografiji ima izrazite ploskve prizme, kar je v tern nafiajališču redko. Kristal je visok 5 cm. :?Zbirka-. Prirodoiiaucen muzej na Makedonija. "i.

Picture 38: Apatite on picture has well formed prisms. This is quite rare from this location. The crystal is 5 cm high. Prirodonaučen 3muzej na Makedonija collection. 1

Risba - Drawing 22: Apatit - Apatite, Beluce.Modificirano po Baric [ 1976). Modified after Baric(!974).fl{10l0},6{ll20},c{000l},d{2131},e{!0i0}, f{2021}.

BončeTo je značilna makedonska vasica, ki lcži na zahodnih

obronkih Selečke planine. Njeno okolico sestavljajovisokometamorfne kamnine sljudnatih skriiavcev. Značilnozanje je, da so močno prekristaljene. V njih se pojavljajoidiomorfno razviti kristali stavrolita, cianita in granata.

Cianit Al3SiOOb preperevanju sljudnih skriiavcev prihajajo na površje

sivkasti kristali cianita (distena po Grafenauerju et ai, 1972),v katerih so vključeni še kristali granata. Kristali so do 15cm dolgi. Redkeje najdemo kristale značilno ciansko modrebarve, ki pa so vedno vraščeni v masivnem belem kremenu.Na manjši vzpetini nad vasjo je vcč kremenovih žil, v katerihnajdemo modre protasto prerašcene kristale cianita brezterminalnih ploskev, ki dosežejo do 20 cm v dolžino.

This typical Macedonian village of Bončelies on the slope of Selečka planina. Itssurroundings are composed of highlymetamorphed micaschists. As a typicalfeature of such rocks on sees zillions ofidiomorph garnet, kyanite and staurolitecrystals embedded in them and slowly fallingout due to weathering process graduallygnawing at these rocks.

Kyanite AbSiOtWeathered-out kyanite crystals can be seen

on the surfaces of the exposed rocks. Theyare of grey colour and full of enclosed garnetcrystals. Largest can be I 5 cm long, Vividlyblue coloured kyanite crystals can be foundrarely only in the massive white quartz veins.There are several quartz veins on the smallelevation near the village where blueintergrown terminationlcss kyanite crystalscan be found. Some of them are more than20 cm long.

Slika 3 9 : PrerašČeni kristali cianita v kremenu. Primerek, velik \ t x l cm,izhaja k okolice vasi Bonče na Seiecki pianmi. Zbirka G. Kobkr.

Picture 3 9 : \ntergrown kyanite crystals in quartz. The specimen ( i t x 7 cm)was found at village Bonče on Selečka planina. G. Kobler collection.

Staurolite (Fe?' ,Mg,Znh ^AliGAUSi^CXist-U

Brown crystals of this mineral canoccasionally be found together with kyanite.The largest reach several centimetres inlength and some millimetres in diameter.(232) twins are rare. Empty frame • in thechemical formula denotes a vacancy in theSLrucurc.

Stavrolit (Fe2\Mg,2n)^4Al7n2Alit,Si8O4«H2..i

Rjavi kristali tega minerala se pojavljajo skupaj s kristalicianita, venclar precej redko. Največji dosežejo dolžino donekaj centimetrov in nekaj milimetrov v premeru. Zelo redkonaletimo na dvojčke po (232), ki imajo obliko andrejevegakriža. Prazen kvadratekD v kemijski formuli tega mineralaje standardna oznaka, ki ponazarja praznino v strukturi.

Risba - Drawing 23: Almandin - Almandine,Bonče. a{\ 10}.

Slika 40: V okolici vasi Bonče je veliko sljudnih skrilavcev, v katerihje na miiijone kristaiov granata, distena in stavroiita. Le redko naletimona vse tri minerale tako bl'au skupaj. Primerek iz zbirke M. Kardeljmeri 65 X 3 5 mm.

Picture 40: The vicinity of Bonče is composed of micaschists with millionsof garnet, kyanite and staurolite crystals embedded. They are rarely foundtogether on a small portion of rock. Specimen from M. Kardelj measures65 x 35 mm.

Risba - Drawing 24: Almandin - Aimandine,Bonče. a{\\0},b{\ 20}.

Garnet - aimandine Fe2+-{AbSij0i2

Countless garnet crystals are presentelsewhere around. They arc quite small, withrare exceptions over 1 cm in diameter. Thosein the upper schists levels are weathered,whereas those from deeper layers still quitewell preserved. The village people used to cutgrinding stones out of schists full of smallgarnets. From time to time the garnets rolledout of the stone and found their way into theflour. The "happy" finder eating the breadbaked from such flour noted it as a sharpsound and pain in the teeth. The people calledthem "sharpeners". They surely knew why.

Granat - almandin Fe2t;iAhShOi2

Kristalov almandina v sljudnih skrilavcih je nešteto.Dobesedno hodimo po njih. Največji dosežejo do 1 cm vpremeru. Vvrhnjih plasteh skrilavcev so precej prepereli,medtem ko so globlje v kamnini še ohranjeni. Tamkajšniiprebivalci so iz teh kamnin klesali mlinske kamne. Iz njih sose pri mletju lušČili kristaii granata in tako zašli v moko.Dornačini so take "najdbe" v kruhu iz te moke imenovaliostrilci. So že vedcli, zakaj.

ČaništeNahajališče je na zahodncm robu SlcČke planine, nad vasjo

Kanatlarci. Nekdaj so tarn pridobivali glinencc. NahajališČeje zanimivo zaradi pojavljanja nekaterih mineralov v zclovelikih kristalih.

Mikroklin KA15ifO.,

Mineral se redko pojavlja v obliki značilno oblikovanihkristalov bele barve. Zanimiv je njegov zelcno obarvani različek- amazonit, ki sicer ni v idiomorfnih kristalih, brez težav paga najdemo v razkolkih zelene barve.

The location is on the western edge ofSelečka planina above the village ofKanatlarci. Feldspars were mined here in thepast. The deposit is interesting because ofseveral minerals appearing here inextraordinary dimensions.

Microciine KAlSuO«The mineral is rarely in the form of typically

white crystals. The most interesting is theappearance of a green variety - amazonite.It is, otherwise, not present in crystals, yetthere is an abundance of cleavage fragments.

Slika 4 1 : Razkolki zekno obarvanega mikwkllna - amazomta so uporabni ia okrasnenamene. Velikost raikolha 10 x 8 an. Zbirka-. Prirodonaucen muzej na Makdonija.

Picture 4 1 : Fragments of green coloured mlcrodine - amazonite could be used in jewelry.Fragment dimensions: 10 x 8 cm. Prirodonaucen m\m\ na Makdonija collection.

S t o 42: Na naskdnji stmni: Obesek zprušmim amwnitom k Čaništa na Sdafe' planini.Bms M. \ersek; oblikmnje in ndebm N. Stum. Wihost kmm 15/11 mm.

Picture42: Next page-. Pendulum wth cut ammonitecrystal from QmiSeon Selechpianwi.Design and manufacture by N.Sturm, cut M.\ersek.Sane dimensions: 15x 11 mm.

Flogopit K(Mg,FcrH hShAlOm(F,OH)_.

Ta mineral iz skupine sljud se tukaj pojavlja kot nekajcentimetrov debela plast na stiku kremena in glinencev. Kristalirjave barve dosegajo večmetrske velikosti in se brez težavlomijo in koljejo v manjše plošče.

Epidot Ca;»(Fe5' .AlJ^SL.OTllSiOaHO.OH):Kdo ne bi bil presenečen ob podatku, da lahko kristali

epidota dosežejo metrsko dolžino. Ravno to se v temnahajališču dogaja. Kristali seveda niso tako lepi in prozornikot v bližnjem Sohlehovem kladencu, a vendar idiomorfnoizoblikovani v več kot meter dolgih prizmatskih kristalih rjavebarve. Kristali so v celoti vrašceni v glinencu, zato jih iz njegani mogoče dobiti, ne da bi jih poškodovali. Odkrušiti jemogoče le kakšen del celotnega kristala.

Cirkon ZrSiO,;

Največja mineraloška redkost v tem nahajališcu so kristalicirkona. Pojavijo se zelo redko na stiku med flogopitom inkremenom. Kristali so lahko nekaj centimetrov veliki inrjavordece barve. Zaradi tektonskih procesov so deformiraniin napokani.

Risk - Drawing 25: Mikroklin - Microciine, Čanište.6{_010}, c { 0 0 1 } , ( ( { 1 1 0 } , e { 1 3 0 } , f { 1 0 1 } ,g{U\}.

Phlogopitc K(Mg.Fe2~hSi,AlO|,itF,OH).This mineral from the mica group is present

here as a several centimetres thick layer onthe contact between quartz and feldspars.The brown-coloured crystals are severalmetres long and wide and can easily bebroken into small pieces or plates.

EpidoteCa.(Fe14,AlhlSi.OTHSiO^)(O.OH|Who would not turn the head when hearing

about one metre long epidote crystals? Thisexactly is happening at this location. Thecrystals, of course, are vnot so nice andtransparent as at nearby Sohlehov kladenecbut they arc idiomorphly developed in morethan one metre long prismatic browncoloured crystals. The crystals are entirelyembedded in the feldspar rock. It is, for thatreason, impossible to remove them from therock without damaging them. Only theirfragments can be obtained. It is better toleave them inside for the sake of other visitorsand their importance as examples of thepossible crystal dimensions of the species.

Zircon ZrSiO.iThe ultimate mineralogical rarity here is

zircon. It can be found only exceptionally atthe contact between phlogopitc and quartz.Some centimetres long crystals arc of brown-red colour. Strong tectonic forces causedtheir deformation and crushing.

DunjeNa planoti Mariovo leži vas Dunje. obdana z vrhovi, kot

v nekakšnem kotlu. Nedaleč od nje izvira majhen studenec,ki mu pravijo domačini Šohlehov kladenec (kladenec =studenec). Vbližini tega izvira so pegmatitno-hidrotermalnanahajališča, ki so v obrobnih delih granitnih masivov, poveciniv gnajsih. Med drugo svetovno vojno so Nemci iskali sljudo,ki so je takrat uporabljali kot izoiator v elektronkah. Pri ternso naleteli na žile v glinencih, v katerih so se razvili lepikristali različnih mineralov. Po 2. Svetovni vojni so žiloraziskovali vednoma znanstveniki in zbiralci. Parageneza vtem nahajališču je raznolika, saj vsebuje več različnih skupinmineralov.

EpidotCa3(Fe3*,Al)3(SiaO7)(SiO4)(O,OH)2Nahajališč tako lepo razvitih, čistih in velikih kristalov

epidota je tudi v svetovnem merilu malo. Ti tukaj se breztežav lahko primerjajo s priznano najlepšimi iz nahajališčaKnappenwand v Avstriji. Kristali so zaradi izrazitegapleohroizma zelene do rjave barve. Nekateri so popolnomaprozorni. Največji dosežejo dolžine do 15 cm. Kristali imajoznačilno prizmatsko obliko in so raztegnjeni v smeri osi b.Morfološko so zelo zanimivi, saj so kombinacija številnihkristalografskih oblik, zato imajo veliko ploskev, še posebejna lepo razvitih terminacijah. Veliko je dvojčkov po (100).Zaradi živahnih tektonskih procesov so se kristali lomili ssten in se kasneje na prelomih zacelili. Na veqih kristalihje priraščenih veiiko manjših, ki so popadali nanje.

Titanit CaTiSiOs 'Medenorumenih kristalov titanita je zlasti veliko na

amfibolni podlagi. Večinoma so majhni. Redko se najdekakŠen večji, ki pa je lahko zelo čist. Kot zanimivost inposledica tektonike se pojavljajo tudi nitasti kristali.Morfološko so nekoliko podobni tistim iz Alincev, so paploskovno bogatejši, predvsern zato. kcr so manjši in čistejši.

Albit - periklin NaAlSi3Oa

Periklin je različek albita, zdvojčen po t. i. periklinskemzakonu vzdolž (010). Posledica dvojčenja so svojevrstnooblikovani kristali, ki predstavljajo posebnost, saj so značilniza alpske razpoke. Ti, ki so bili najdeni tukaj, so lepo razvitiin do 10 cm veliki. Kristali so porceianasto bele barve. Nanekaterih so priraščeni kristali epidota in amfibola.

Adular KAlSiA-Dodatno znamenje alpskega značaja tega nahajališča je

prisotnosti adularja. Ob podrobnejšem pregiedu kristalovperiklina lahko opazimo drobne kristale adularja, ki jihorientirano preraščajo. Mlečnobeii kristali adularja niso vecjiod dveh milimetrov in imajo zelo enostavno rnorfologijo, kijo definirata v glavnem kristalografski obliki {001} in {110}.

Slika 43: Na naslednji strani: Kristali epidota so priraščeni na podlagiiz mikroklinajn periklina. Posamemi kristali imajo iepo razvite terminacije.Primerek iz Sohlehovega kladenca meri 75 x 38 mm in izfiaja iz zbirkeG. Kobler.

Picture 43 : Nex! page: \diomorph epidote crystals^ with well-formedterminations on microdine and peridine matrix from Šohlehov kladenec.75 x 38 mm specimen from G. Kobler collection.

There is a village of Dunje lying on theMariovo plateau. It is surrounded by summitsas if it were in a cauldron. Not far away fromit the small spring Šohlehov kladenecemerges. In its vicinity pegmatitic-hydrothermal locations are to be found inthe margin parts of granitic massifs, butmostly in gneisses. The Germans searchedfor micas used for isolators in electronictubes during World War II and found severaldikes in feldspar rocks with various well-formed minerals. The location has since beeninvestigated by scientists and mineralcollectors. The mineral paragenesis at hislocation is quite interesting and composedof several mineral groups.

Epidote Ca?(Fe'J' ,Al).1(5i,O:)|SiO:](O.OH);1

Locations with epidote crystals of this qualityare rare. The crystals from this locality can becompared to those from Knappenwand in

Risba - Drawing 26: Epidot - YLpidote. Šohlekovkladenec. Neklinografska projekcija, modificiranopo Zebcu (1984]. Nondinographic projection,modified after Zebec (1984). a{100}, &{010},c{001}, d{101>, e{201}. f{102}, 0(101},fi{0Il}, ({111}, f'{221|, ft{211}. /{210}.

Risba - Drawing 27: Epidot, dvojček po (100) -Epidote (100) twin, Šohlehov kladenec,Neklinografska projekcija, modificirano po Zebcu(1984). Nondinographic projection, modified afterZete(1984).fl{l00h£{010},c{0Ql},d{10]},e{201}, f{102}, fliOW}, i{\\\). 1-1210}.

Slika 44: Kristai Manila iz nahajaiišča Šohiehov ktadenec v bliimi vasiDunje na Setečki pianini. Posebnost lega kristala je, da ima vsvoji notmnjostimlečno m'f, ki je odraz tektonskih dogajanj med njegovo rastjo, Kristal izibirke M. Zorimsri 21 x 20 mm.

Picture 44; Single titanite crystal from Sofilehov kladenec near Dunje onSeieČka planina. U is unique for its faden morphology. The hazy fadenstructure as the consequence of the tectonic movements during its growth canbe seen in its interior. Crystal from M. Zori collection measures 21 x 20 mm.

Pirit FeS?Pirita je tu precej. Nastopa v limonitiziranih kristalih

različnih dimenzij, ki pa ne presegajo velikosti dvehcentimetrov. Kristali so omejcni s ploskvami kockc inpentagonskega dodekacdra in so značilno progasti.

Stilbit NaCaaAUSinOifix 14HL-0Mineral iz skupinc zeolitov se pojavlja v rozetastih oziroma

snopastih agregatih rumenkastobelih kristalov. To je mineral,ki kristalizira med zadnjimi pri nizkih temeraturah, zato jepriraščen na vseh ostalih mineralih. Največji kristali zrastejodo 2 cm v dolžino.

Kremen SiO2

Kremena v teh žilah ni veliko. Pojavlja se v obliki posameznihmočno korodiranih kristalov, ki pa so se v zadnji fazi zacelili.Zaradi tega najdemo na teh kristalih kristalografske oblike,ki jih na krernenovih kristaiih sicer nikoli ne srecamo. Kristaliso izredno čisti in se lepo svetijo.

Drugi mineraliV paragenezi se pojavljajo še muskovit, amftbol, mikroklin,

apatit, klorit, in heulandit.

Austria. They are green to brown in colourdue to their intensive pleochroism. Someare completely transparent. The largest reach] 5 cm in length. The crystals are prismaticin the direction of their b-axes. They areinteresting from the morphological point ofview due to their numerous presentcrystallographic forms. Their terminationsare especially form-rich and well developed.Twins along (100) are very common. Intensetectonics caused their breaking andcrumbling and, therefore, the positioning ofcrystal fragments on the larger epidotecrystals as well as on the crystals of otherminerals present at that time in the veins.

Titanite CaTiSiO-,Honey-yeilow crystals are abundant on the

amphibole matrix. They are mostly small, butsome large, finely crystallised and transparentcrystals have been found. Faden crystals arepresent as a result of the widening veinscaused by tectonic movements. They aremorphologically similar to those from Alincibut are richer in forms because of their slowergrowth.

R'tsba - Drawing 28: Jitanit - Titanite, Sofilehovkladenec. Nekiinografska projekcija - nonclinographicprojection. a{\QQ},c{OQ]},e{\\\}.fi{\\Q},i{102}, /{13.9.13}, 6(122}, !{210}, m{\ 11).

Albite - Pericline NaAlShOsPericline is an albite variety that is always

twinned according the pericline law, i.e. along(0101. The outcome of twinning is expressedin specially formed crystals typical of theAlpine-type veins. Those found here areopaque and up to 10 cm long. The epidoteand amphibole crystals are sometimesattached.

Adularia KAlSuO«Additional sign of the alpine character of

this vein is the presence of adularia. Smalladularia crystals are grown on periclinecrystals. White to opaque crystals are notlarger than 2 millimetres. They have a simplem o r p h o l o g y c o m p r i s i n g most ly ofcrystallographic forms {001} and {110}.

Pyritc FeSjNumerous pyrite crystals are present here.

Their outer layers are oxidized into limonitecoatings. The crystals not larger than 2 cmon their edges are mostly combinations ofcube and pentagon dodecahedrons.

Stilbitc NaCa2AlsSinOi,.x MHOThis mineral from the zeolite-group appears

here in the form of acicular or sheaf-shapedaggregates. The largest are 2 cm long. Theyare of slightly yellow colour. This mineralcrystallises among the last ones at the lowtemperatures. It is hence found attached tocrystals of all the other minerals present.

Quartz SiO?Quartz is not particularly abundant here.

It can be found in heavily corroded floatercrystals that were re-healed in the lastcrystallisation phases. For that reason someextremely rare crystallography forms,otherwise not present on quartz crystals,can be developed. The crystals areexceptionally clear and transparent with anintense lustre.

Other mineralsMuscovite, amphibole, apatite, chlorite

and heulandite are also members of theparagenesis.

Slika 45: Kristal kremena na sliki ima razvite ploskve, hi so nastale skorozijo in kasnejsim celjenjetn v/azpoki, v kateri je rastel. Popolnomaprozoren kristal iz nahajališča Šofilehov kladenec meri 3 2 x 1 9 mm.Zbirka M- Žorž.

Picture 45; The photographed crystal shows some crystal faces caused b\}corrosion and consequent re-healing in the vein where it grew. The completelytransparent crystal from Sofilehov kladenec measures 32 x 19 mm.M. Tori collection.

Orehovo] 5 km vzhodno od Bitole se nahaja velik površinski kop

premoga, ki ga uporabljajo v tamkajšnji termoelektrarniBitola pri proizvodnji elektricne energije. Se nekaj kilometrovvzhodneje pa leži vas Orehovo, okoli katere se pojavljajometamorfni sljudnati skrilavci in debelejše kremenove žile.V skrilavcih najdemo idiomorfne kristale distena in stavrolita,v kremenovih žilah pa zelo velike kristale rutila. Spreperevanjem kamnin se vsi omcnjeni minerali lusčijo iznjih in nabirajo v prsti. Tako je mogoce po njivah in pašnikihnajti zelo lepo ohranjene kristale posameznih mineralov.

Stavrolit(Fe-+,Mg.2n)>4Al.D2Ali()Si((O.;KH:,Več centimetrov veliki kristali stavrolita so na pol izprepereii

iz sljudnatih skrilavcev. Priznati je treba, da jih je zelo težkoodbiti s skal. Mnogo lažje jih je poiskati na njivah in pašnikih.Kristali rjave barve imajo prizmatsko obliko in izoblikovaneterminacije. Tudi ti kristali imajo vkljucene kristale almandina.Dvojčkov tukaj ni najti.

Rutil TiO;. Malokje je moč najti tako veiike in dobro oblikovane kristale

rutila. Kristali so značilne jeklenosive barve in dosežejo večkot deset centimetrov v premeru. Samskih kristalov skorajni, ker so vsi dvojeeni po (101). Praviloma greza polisintetskedvojeke, saj se dvojčenje po (101) zaradi štirištevne osi

15 km eastwards of Bitola a large opencoal pit is situated. The coal is burned in thenearby power plant Bitola. A few kilometresdue east is a small village Orehovo. Itssurroundings is characterised by outcropsof rnicaschists and thick quartz dikes.Idiomorph kyanite and staurolite crystalsconstitute these rocks, whereas large rutilecrystals are placed in the quartz veins.Weathered out crystals accumulate in thesoil and can be found scattered in the fieldsand pastures.

Staurolite (Fe^.M&Znli-iAlflAliftSi^BHj^Several centimetres long crystals can be

found on the weathered surfaces of theexposed rocks. It is certainly very unlikely toget an intact crystal off the rock. It is muchbetter to look around to find it in the soil.Crystals are prismatic with developedterminations. They also have numerousgarnet inclusions.

Rutile TiO;It is not common to find as large rutile

crystals as here. Some crystals reach up to10 cm and more in diameter. There are mostly(1011 twinned crystals. Most of them aretwinned polysynthetically. This mineral hasa fourfold crystal axis. The (101) twinningcan set on into any of the four directions

Slika 46; ListiČasti kristali muskovita v kremenu se pojavljajo v wlikih množlnah na Seiečki planini. Ta primerek je iz okoticeQrekova in meri 7 x 3 cm, Zbirka M. Kardelj.

Picture 46; Muscovite crystal leaflets in quartz are present in large quantities on Selecka planina. The specimen from Orehovomeasures 7x3 cm. M. Kardelj collection.

Slika 47: Polisintetski koknaslo-ciklični dvojček rutita v kremenu u nahajališČa Orehovo na Selecki planini. Kristal men'i x 4 cm. Dvojčenje po (101) omogoča, da se kristal rutita oblikuje v tako kompteksno razvite kristale. Zbirka M. Ton.

Picture 47: Polysynthetically- and knee-twinned rutiie crystal from Orehovo, Seiecka plan'ma. Crystal measures 3 x 4 cm.(101) twinning enables the formation of so complex formed crystals. M. Zori collection.

around the axis. Complex knee, cyclic andknee-cyclic twins can be formed. Some ofthem are quite complex. They can best besought for in the fields and pastures. Theycan be seen in quartz veins, but it is almostimpossible to extract them.

simetrije nadaljuje v katerokoli od štirih smeri. Tako nastanejokolcnasti in ciklični dvojčki. Nekateri kristali so zaradidvojeenja zelo razgibani. Najlazje jih je najti po njivah intravnikih. Nekoliko redkeje sc pojavljajo v kremenovih žilah,iz katerih pa jih jo težko dobiti.

Risba - Drawing 29: Stavrolit - Staurolite,Orehovo. 6{0]Q}~, d{U0}, e{20\}.

PrilepecKakšnih pet kilometrov južno od Prilepa je v strmo pobocje

Selečke planine pripet slikovit samostan Prilepec. V njegoviokolici jeveliko metamorfnih kamnin, prcdvsem sljudnatihskrilavcev, ki hitro preperevajo. Iz njih so luščijo posameznisivkasti kristali cianita, stavrolita in granata. Na nekaterihmestih naletimo na večje žile kremena, v katerih so prepletenimodri kristali cianita. V kremenu se pojavljajo tudi nekajcentimetrov veliki kristali rutila. Hudourniki odnašajoizpreperele kristale v dolino, kjer se naberejo v naplavinahLagovske reke. Teh naplavin je še posebno veliko pri vasehStaro in Novo Lagovo. V njih najdemo izredno velikoizpreperelih kristalov cianita, od katerih nekateri dosežejotudi do 15 cm v dolžino. V kristalih cianita so vraščeni manjšikristali granata (almandin). Rutil in stavrolit sta redkejša.

Some 5 km southbound from Prilep is thepicturesque monastery of Prilepec fastenedto a steep slope of the Selečka pianina.Around there are many metamorphic rocks,mostiy micaschists that are intensivelyweathered. Myriads of kyanite, staurolite andgarnet crystals are weathered out. There aresome places with white quartz bands in whichblue kyanite intergrown crystals can bespotted. Several centimetres long crystalsof rutile are not rare either. Torrents carrythe weathered out crystals into the valleybelow, leaving them as alluvial deposits ofthe Lagovska reka around the villages ofStaro and Novo Lagovo.

Siika 48: h matične kamnine preperevajo kristalicianita, v katerih so vrašceni kristali almandina.Kristale najdemo v naplavinah Lagovske reke podSelecko pianino. 8 cm velik kristal je iz zbirkeM. Kardeij.

Picture 48: Kyanite crystals with almandinegarnet inclusions weather out from the mother rock.They are found in the alluvial ground of the Lagovskareka under Selečka pianina. 8 cm tall crystal fromM. Kardeij collection.

BerovoThe city of Berovo is in the easternmost

part of Macedonia. It is positioned underMaleševske planine. 12 km due northeastare the villages of Mačevo, Mitrašinci andBudinarci.

Geological setting

The prevailing rocks in the surroundingsof these villages are micaschists, gneissesand granites. Wide zones of the completelycaolinized granites and quartz veins ingneisses, granites and schists can beencountered. The mineral paragenesis, typicalfor the alpine-type veins can be found here.The most frequent mineral is quartzaccompanied by several other members ofthis paragenesis, Quartz was strategic rawmaterial in the 1950' sought because of itspiezoelectric properties. The Yugoslav armyconducted the search by using a specialploughing technique. Whenever the ploughstruck a quartz vein it grated, announcing inthis way the beginning of quartz digging atthat site. A cask or a basket full of quartzcrystals can still be found in the barns around.

Quartz SiO^There is plenty of quartz on the surface,

though mostly white and massive. Inploughed and dug places one can find quartzcrystals washed out. Inlact veins, on thecontrary, are difficult to find. Quartz crystalsare normally slightly smoky but sometimesdark and transparent. The surfaces are mostly

Berovo leži v najvzhodnejšem delu Makedonije podMaieševskimi planinami. Kakšnih 12 km severovzhodnoležijo vasi Mačevo, Mitrašinci in Budinarci.

Geološki podatki

Prevladujoče kamnine v okolici omenjenih vasi so sljudnatlskrilavci, gnajsi in graniti. V teh kamninah naletimo na širokecone popolnoma kaolinitiziranih granitov ter kremenoverazpoke v granitih, gnajsih in skrilavcih. V njih se pojavljamineralna parageneza, značilna za razpoke alpskega tipa.Najpogostejsi mineral teh razpok je kremen, ki je bil strateškasurovina v petdesetih letih, ko so ga iskali zaradi njegovihpiezoelektričnih lastnosti. Takrat ga je potrebovala predvsemvojska, ki je raziskave tudi vodila. Večino hribov v okoliciomenjenih vasi so v ta namen dobesedno preorali s plugi.Ko je plug naletel na kremenovo žilo, je seveda zaskrtalo,kar je bil znak za začetek kopanja. Pri okolišnjih kmetih seše dandanašnji najde kakšna košara ali sod, do vrhanapolnjena s kristali kremena iz tistih časov.

Kremen SiO:-Kremena je na površini veliko, vednoma belega in

masivnega. Na preoranih in prekopanih delih brez težav

Slika 49: Nttasti kremen iz okolice Budinarcev. Kristal je potegnjen v smeriOS! a, zalo je sploščen. V notranjostt je vidna mlecna struktura v obliki nltl.Nfl zgornjem delu je kristal rahlo ktorilizimn. Dimemije kristala 42 x 26 mm.Zbirka M- ton.

Picture 49; Vaden quartz crystal from vicinity of Budinarci. The hazymilky thread in its interior is clearly seen. Us upper part is slightly coveredwith chlorite- Crystal dimensions 42 x 26 mm, collection M. lad.

najdemo večje in manjšc kristale. Na erodiranih delih sepogosto svetlikajo kot vključki v prsti. Težje je najti Šenedotaknjene žile, v katerih so skupaj z ostalimi minerali.Kristali so rahlo dimasti do izrazito čadaste barve in prozorni.Ploskve so motne in kloritizirane. Nekoliko redkejši so kristaliz gladkimi in svetlecimi ploskvami. Najveqi so do 20 cmveliki in do 10 cm debeli. Kristali so tipa friedlaender invedno dauphinejsko dvojčičeni. Največje presenečenje jepojav zvitih kristalov - vijačnikov, ki se pojavljajo samo valpskih razpokah. Tiste, ki smo jih našli, prištevamo večinomav stari - odprti tip vijačnikov. Tektonika je poskrbela tudi zanastanek nitastih kristalov, ki tu niso posebno redki.

Slika 50: Kristat čadavca iz okolice was/ Budinarcije visok skoraj 8 cm. ZBirka G. Kobkr.

Picture 50: Smoky quartz from the surroundingsof the village of Budinarci is almost 8 cm tall.Collection G. Kobler.

dull due to the chlorite that fell on in thelast crystallisation stages. Shiny crystals aretherefore rather rare. The largest are up to20 cm long and can be 1 0 cm thick. Thecrystals are of the Friedlaender type andalways Dauphine twinned. The mostsurprising was the finding of a twisted

(gwindelj quartz, which is a typical sign ofthe alpine paragenesis. These specimens asfound can be ascribed to so-called old-open-type of gwindel quartz. The tectonics causedthe formation of faden quartz crystals thatare common here.

Pyrite FeS.Several centimetres large crystals with

limonite coatings are occasionally found.

Anatase TiO;A typical attendant of the alpine veins is

anatase. It was found here in the form ofminute blue-coloured crystals with an intensediamond lustre.

Slika 51; Kremenovi vijačniki so doma v Alpah, zalo je njilwva najdba vokolici Budinarcev pred nekaj let't pomenila pravo mineraloško senzacijo.Znaalno za vijacnike je, da so raztegnjeni vzdoli osi a, okoli katere so istočasnozasukani. Ha sliki se dobro vidi ukrivljenost kristala, ki ga uvršcamo triedtakoimenovane leve vijačnike starega odprtega tipa. Ibirka I. Derganc;velikost kristala 68 x 56 mm.

Picture 51: 7fie home of twisted quartz crystals igwindels) is in the Alps.Their finding in the vicinity of Budmarci produced quite a sensation. Typicalof gwindels is their elongation along their a-axis and twisting around it atthe same time. The crystal flexion of the left crystal of the old-closed-typecan clearly be noted in the picture. Gwindel dimensions-. 68 x 56 mm.Collection I. Derganc.

Pirit FeS2

Pint se pojavlja redko v nekaj centimetrov velikih kockastihkristaiih. Površina je že močno limonitizirana.

Anataz TiOj

Značilen spremljevalec alpskih razpok se tukaj pojavlja vmilimetrskih kristaiih, ki imajo močan sijaj in nevsakdanjomodrikasto barvo.

ZvegorGeografska lega z geološkimi podatki

Od Delčeva pelje cesta proti Bolgariji. Nekaj kilometrovvzhodno od vasi Zvegor, tik pred samo državno mejo, je obcesti dobro viden izdanek kremenovega latita, v katerem jenešteto idiomorfnih kristalov sanidina.

Sanidin KAlShO«Sanidin je visokotemperaturna monoklinska oblika

kalijevega glinenca. Tukaj se pojavlja v največ 5 cm velikihkristalih. Nekateri so porcelansko beli, drugi pa rdečkasti.Poleg samskih in naključno preraščenih kristalov se v veqemštevilu pojavljajo karlovarski dvojčki, ki so zrasčcni po (010).Veliko manj je manebaških dvojčkov, zraščenih po (001).Kristali so rnodelno oblikovani in imajo razvitih precejkristalografskih oblik. Zaradi hitrega kemijskega preperevanjaosnovne kamnine se luščijo iz nje, vendar tudi sami hitropreperevajo.

Geographical position with geologicalsetting

From Delčevo, a small town in the east ofMacedonia, a road leads towards theBulgarian border. Some kilometreseastbound of the village Zvegor, close tothe state border, there is an outcrop ofquartz-latite full of idiomorph sanidinecrystals.

Sanidine KAlSijO«Sanidine is a high temperature form ofpotassium feldspar. Here it appears inidiomorph crystals not longer than 5centimetres. Most of them are white andopaque, but some can be reddish as well.Crystals are in the form of singles, twins andrandom intergrowths of singles and twins.Karlsbad twins are most frequent, whereasthose twinned according the Manebach laware a rarity. Crystals are idiomorph and quiterich in crystallographic forms. The relativelyfast chemical weathering of the mother rockresults in a large quantity of weathered outcrystals that can easily be found under thewall.

Slika 52: \diomorfno razviti kristali sanidina ii Zvegorja v vzhodni Makedoniji. Ua posnetku so od leve proti desn'w levi in desnikarlovarski dvojček ter samski knstal. Kristali so približno 2 cm veliki. Zbirka M. Kardelj.

Picture 52: Idiomorph sanidine crystals from Zvegor in Eastern Macedonia. From left to right: left and right Karlsbad twinnedcrystals and single crystal. Each crystal is approximately 2 cm long. Collection M. Kardelj.

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Pikermijska favna MakedonijePikermian Fauna of MacedoniaGute Mladenovski1 & Katarina Krivic2

Prirodpnaucen muzej na Makedonija, Bulevar tiiuden 86, 95000 Skopje 55, Makedonija1 Prirodosbvyti muiej $lavenije, Prese-rnova 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija

V Makedoniji so številna bogata nahajaliŠča foiilov, medkaterimi je najznačilnejša pikermijska favna. To so fosilniostanki predstavnikov različnih živalskih skupin izpred 8 -] 0 milijonov let. V sedimentih pliocenske starosti so ohranjeniostanki mastodontov, nosorogov, hijen, žiraf, levov, sabljastihtigrov, hiparionov, gazcl, antilop in drugih. Najšteviičneje sozastopani hiparioni - troprsti konji, zaradi Cesar se pikermijskafavna imenuje tudi hiparionska Favna.

Najpomembnejša, zelo bogata najdišča raznovrstnihfosilnih ostankov so VeleS, Valandovo, Negoti in Kavadarci,posamezni primerki pa so biti najdeni tudi v okolici Skopja,Delčeva, Berova in Bitole .

Vobdobju spodnjega plioccna so bila na območju današnjeMakcdoniie številna jezera. V njihovi bližini so živele skupineomenjenih živali. Po svojem videzu in habitatu (življenjskemprostoru) so bile podobne današnjemu afriškemu tipuživalstva (sloni, žirafe, tigri, nosorogi, hijene in podobno).Na podlagi znanih podatkov sklepamo, da so prevladovalestepske razmere.

V najdišcih so serije sedimentov z zelo Številnimi fosilnimiostanki, kar govori o naglem poginu vecfega števiia živali.Najverjetnejejiaj bi ga povzročili veliki gozdni požari, ki sozajeli stepe. Živali so se ognju verjetno umikale v bližnjajezera, 'kjer so se utopile.

Literatura - ReferencesČIRIČ, A., 1957: Pikenniska fauna iz okoline TitovogVeiesa.

-Glasnik Prirodnjačkog muzeja Srpske zemlje, Ser. A, knj.8, 1-82, Beograd.

FORSTEN, A,, R. GARF.VSKI, 1989: Hipparions /Mammalia,Perisodactyla/from Macedonia/Yugoslavia. -Geol. Maced.,T. 3, Nr. 2, 159-206, Štip.

Macedonia is known for its rich findingsites of fossils. The most characteristicamong them being those of pikermianfauna. These are fossil remains of therepresentatives of different animal groupsfrom about 8 to I 0 million years ago.Preserved in the Pliocene sediments areremains of mastodonts, rhinoceros,jackals, giraffes, lions, tigers - sabre -toothed tigers, hipparions, gazzeles,antilopes and others. As hipparions, i. e.horses having three digits, are representedin the largest number, the Pikermian faunais often referred'to as hipparion fauna.

The most important and richest findingsij,.gs of diverse fossils are at Veles,Valandovo, Negoti and Kavadarci, whilesingle specimens were found also in thevicinity of Skopje, Delčevo, Berovo andBitola.

In the period of the Lower PlioceneMacedonia was covered by numerouslakes around which lived the aforementioned animal groups. By theirappearance'and habitat they stronglyresembled the current African type of fauna(elephants, giraffes, tigers, monkeys,rhinoceros, hyenas etc.I as deduced fromthe data available, the prevailing livingconditions were of the steppe type.

The finding sites reveal blocks and seriesof sediments with numerous fossilremains, which points to a rapid death ofa larger number of animals. It was mostprobably occasioned by great forest firesbreaking out in the steppes. The animalsseem to have been fleeing the fire byretreating toward the lakes where theywere drowned.

Slika 53: Zgomjisefcalci. Hipparion gmcile Chrislol.Spodnji pliocen. Veles. Zfrirka Oddelka za geologijo NTF

Picture 53: Upper incisors, Hipparion graale Christol.Lower Pliocene. Veles. Collection NTF .. , „..-••••

Slika 54: Del lobanje -pan of skull Hipparion gracile Christol. Spodnfi piiocen. Veles, Zb'trka Oddelka m gspiagijo NTF.Pichire 54; Part of skull. Hipparion gracile Cfuistol. Lower Pliocene. Veles. Collection NTF

Slika 55; Fragment spodnje leve čeljustnice. Hipparion gracile Cfuistol. Spodnji piiocen. Veles. 'Lbirka Oddelka za geologijo NTF.Picture 55: Part of lower left jaw. Hipparion gracile Christol. Lower Pliocene. Veles. Collection NTF. ^ - ^ H

LiteraturaReferences

BARIČ, L , 1935: Disthen (Cyanit) von Prilepec im Selečka-Gebirge. Mineraloško-Petrografski muzej,Zagreb: 57-92.

BARIC. L. , 1964: Mineralgange von Crni kamen bei dem Dorf Alinci in Mazedonien. Mineralosko-Pctrografski muzej, Zagreb: 23-30.

BARIC, L. , 1969: Dolomitmarmor in der Umgebungder Stadt Prilep und die in ihm vorkommendenMineralc. Tschcrmak Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 13: 233-249.

BARIC, L., 1972/73: Uberdie neuen und angeblich neuen Minerale im jugoslawischen Gebiet. GlasnikZemaljskog muzeja, Sarajevo, XI/XII: 5-32.

BARIC. L.. 1976: Apatit iz pegmatitne žile Beluce kod sela Dunje u Makedoniji. Glasnik prirodnjačkogmuzeja, Beograd, knjiga 3 1 : 5-7.

BARIC, L, 1979: Diaspor, ein ungewohnlich grosser Kristall aus dem Dolomit-Steinbruch Sivec unweitvon Prilep in Mazedonien, lugoslawien. Lapis, Voi 4, No. 11:25.

BARIČ, L, 1981: Allchar, Seltene Thalliumminerali en aus lugoslawien. Lapis, Vol 6, No. 13: 15-17.

BLACKBURN, W. H., W. H. DLNNEN,1997: Encyclopedia of Mineral Names. Mineralogical Associationof Canada: 359 pp.

IERŠEK. M., B. MIRTIČ, 1997: Diasporescenca prilepskih rubinov - nov optični pojav v svetu dragihkamnov. Geološki zbornik, 13: 67-72.

IERŠEK. M., MIRTIČ B-, 1999: Corundum of Prilep Dolomitic Marble. Scopolia 41 (v tisku - in press).

TiBLiAš. D., V, ZEBEC, V BERMANEC, 1987: Zeolite occurence in the vein mineral paragenesis near Dunje,Macedonia. Geološki vjesnik, Zagreb: 81-87.

ZEBEC, V, 1984: Epidot von Smilevski dol bei Dunje im Selečka - Gebirge (Mazedonien). UniverzitetKiri! i Metodij, Skopje: 63-103.

ŽORŽ, M., VIDRIH R., MiKuž V, KOBLFRG., MUŠIČ B., 1988/89: Mineral! iz Alincevv Makedoniji. Proteus,51:326-330.

ŽORŽ, M., R. VIDRIM, V MiKiiž, G. KOBLER, 1990/91: Mineral! prilepskega marmorja. Proteus, 53: 243-25!,

ŽORŽ, M., 1992: Nitasti kremen. Proteus, 54: 291-30!.

ŽORŽ, M., 1993: Pyroelectrically caused twisting of quartz crystals, Geologija, 36: 2 1 1-222.

SKRITA BOGASTVA MAKEDONIJEHIDDEN TREASURES OF MACEDONIA

Izdajatelj Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, LjubljanaPublished by Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Ljubljana

Zanj Matija GogalaEditor responsible

Avtorji prispevkov Mirjan Žorž, Miha lerŠek, Cute Mladenovski, Radomir Ilic,Texts by Katarina Krivic, Tadej Dolenec, Todor Serafimovski

Fotografije Ciril Mlinar, Dragan Arrigler (21 in naslovna fotografija), MiranPhotography Udovč (3 in I 7), Mirjan Zorž (27, 28 in 37)

Risbe Mirjan ŽoržDrawings

Oblikovanje Dušan KrambergerDesign

Tisk Tiskarna Tone TomšiČ, LjubljanaPrinted by

Naklada 1000 izvodovNo. of copies

Izdano Ljubljana, 1999Published