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HHD Revision Notes HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE UNIT THREE AOS 1 AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIA’S UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIA’S HEALTH HEALTH

HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

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Measurements of health. Morbidity statistics The rate at which a particular disease or illness occurs Prevalence (how many) & Incidence (new cases) Mortality Statistics Number of deaths caused by a particular illness Burden of disease How much disease there is & how it effects people. Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) Amount of healthy life an individual is likely to lose due to disability. Life expectancy Estimate of how many years from the time of birth an individual is expected to live. Health adjusted Life Expectancy A person is expected to live in full health

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Page 1: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

HHD Revision HHD Revision NotesNotes

UNIT THREEUNIT THREEAOS 1AOS 1

UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIA’S UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIA’S HEALTHHEALTH

Page 2: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

What is health ?What is health ?There are four components of healthThere are four components of health

PHYSICALPHYSICALHow efficiently our body functions.How efficiently our body functions.

SOCIALSOCIALHow effectively we relate to others.How effectively we relate to others.

EMOTIONALEMOTIONALThe link between our thoughts, feelings & behaviours.The link between our thoughts, feelings & behaviours.

SPIRITUALSPIRITUALHow we see the bigger picture.How we see the bigger picture.

Page 3: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Measurements of health.Measurements of health.Morbidity statisticsMorbidity statistics

The rate at which a particular disease or illness occursThe rate at which a particular disease or illness occursPrevalence (how many) & Incidence (new cases)Prevalence (how many) & Incidence (new cases)

Mortality StatisticsMortality StatisticsNumber of deaths caused by a particular illnessNumber of deaths caused by a particular illness

Burden of diseaseBurden of diseaseHow much disease there is & how it effects people.How much disease there is & how it effects people.

Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)Amount of healthy life an individual is likely to lose due to disability.Amount of healthy life an individual is likely to lose due to disability.

Life expectancyLife expectancyEstimate of how many years from the time of birth an individual is expected to Estimate of how many years from the time of birth an individual is expected to

live.live.

Health adjusted Life ExpectancyHealth adjusted Life ExpectancyA person is expected to live in full healthA person is expected to live in full health

Page 4: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Determinants.Determinants.

Biomedical influencesBiomedical influencesLifestyle & Behaviour influencesLifestyle & Behaviour influences

Poor diet, alcohol, smoking, lack of activity, excess Poor diet, alcohol, smoking, lack of activity, excess sun, no immunisation, unsafe sex.sun, no immunisation, unsafe sex.

Knowledge, Attitudes & BeliefsKnowledge, Attitudes & BeliefsEnvironmental influencesEnvironmental influences

Sanitation & water, housing, education, employment, Sanitation & water, housing, education, employment, pollution.pollution.

GeneticsGenetics

Page 5: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Specific population groups.Specific population groups.Rural & Remote.Rural & Remote.

Differences can be contributed to :Differences can be contributed to : Lifestyle choicesLifestyle choices Greater exposure to injuryGreater exposure to injury Limited access to health care (specialists)Limited access to health care (specialists) Isolation & distanceIsolation & distance Lower levels of educationLower levels of education AttitudesAttitudes Economic factorsEconomic factors

Page 6: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Specific population groups.Specific population groups.Indigenous.Indigenous.

Differences can be contributed to :Differences can be contributed to : Lifestyle choicesLifestyle choices Poor community infrastructure & supportPoor community infrastructure & support Predisposition to diseasePredisposition to disease Attitudes ( to & within community)Attitudes ( to & within community) Economic factorsEconomic factors Poor nutritionPoor nutrition Isolation & distance Isolation & distance

Page 7: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Specific population groups.Specific population groups.Lower Socio-economic.Lower Socio-economic.

Differences can be contributed to :Differences can be contributed to : Economic limitationsEconomic limitations Limited EducationLimited Education Poor quality of housingPoor quality of housing Lifestyle choicesLifestyle choices Poor NutritionPoor Nutrition Limited health knowledgeLimited health knowledge

Page 8: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Specific population groups.Specific population groups.GenderGender

Differences can be contributed to :Differences can be contributed to : Genetic make-upGenetic make-up Attitudes to health careAttitudes to health care Lifestyle choicesLifestyle choices Attitudes in generalAttitudes in general Level of risk taking behaviourLevel of risk taking behaviour

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Nutrients.Nutrients.Nutrients are required by an individual for all bodily

processes to occur. They are found in foods & provide the body with energy to grow & develop, and ensure it has the

ability to carry out everyday functions

MACRONUTRIENTS MACRONUTRIENTS (Large molecules & High quantities)

Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats & Water

MICRONUTRIENTSMICRONUTRIENTS(Small in size & small quantities)

Vitamins & Mineral

Page 10: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Nutrients.Nutrients.Carbohydrates.Carbohydrates.

FUNCTIONFUNCTIONAre the preferred energy source for the body.Are the preferred energy source for the body.

During digestion both starches & sugars are broken down into During digestion both starches & sugars are broken down into glucose which provides essential energy for the brain & CNS glucose which provides essential energy for the brain & CNS

and for muscles during activities.and for muscles during activities.

EXAMPLESEXAMPLESStarches (complex) are found in vegetables & grains. Starches (complex) are found in vegetables & grains.

Sugars (simple) are found in fruit, honey & milk.Sugars (simple) are found in fruit, honey & milk.

OTHER INFOOTHER INFOGlycemic index (GI) ranks foods on how they affect blood sugar Glycemic index (GI) ranks foods on how they affect blood sugar

levels.levels.Fibre is a type of carbohydrate the body does not digest.Fibre is a type of carbohydrate the body does not digest.

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Nutrients.Nutrients.Protein.Protein.

FUNCTIONFUNCTIONProtein is necessary for the growth, repair & maintenance of Protein is necessary for the growth, repair & maintenance of

body tissue.body tissue.It is used to produce enzymes, hormones & antibodies which It is used to produce enzymes, hormones & antibodies which

are vital for the regulation & metabolism and protection against are vital for the regulation & metabolism and protection against disease.disease.

It is also a secondary source of energy.It is also a secondary source of energy.

EXAMPLESEXAMPLESMeat, poultry, seafood, eggs, milk & cheeseMeat, poultry, seafood, eggs, milk & cheese

OTHER INFOOTHER INFOTher are 15 different amino acids, 8 of which the body cannot Ther are 15 different amino acids, 8 of which the body cannot

produce.produce.Complete & Incomplete proteins.Complete & Incomplete proteins.

Page 12: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Nutrients.Nutrients.Fats.Fats.

FUNCTIONFUNCTIONFats offer a concentrated source of energy.Fats offer a concentrated source of energy.

They provide more than twice as much energy as the same They provide more than twice as much energy as the same weight of carbohydrates or protein. However, fats are not the weight of carbohydrates or protein. However, fats are not the

body’s preferred source of energy as they are more difficult to body’s preferred source of energy as they are more difficult to breakdown into a useable energy source.breakdown into a useable energy source.

EXAMPLESEXAMPLESMeats, almonds, oils, sardines, tunaMeats, almonds, oils, sardines, tuna

OTHER INFOOTHER INFOSaturated, monounsaturated & polyunsaturatedSaturated, monounsaturated & polyunsaturated

Cholesterol is a type of fat that is an essential part of the body’s cell Cholesterol is a type of fat that is an essential part of the body’s cell membranes.membranes.

Page 13: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Nutrients.Nutrients.Vitamins.Vitamins.

FUNCTIONFUNCTIONVitamins are essential for the regulation of the body’s Vitamins are essential for the regulation of the body’s

metabolic functions.metabolic functions.

They help the body use energy effectively.They help the body use energy effectively.

They are involved in regulating the actions of many other They are involved in regulating the actions of many other chemicals in the body.chemicals in the body.

Each vitamin has multiple functions in the body & Each vitamin has multiple functions in the body & interacts with other nutrients to successfully carry out interacts with other nutrients to successfully carry out

these functions.these functions.

Page 14: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Nutrients.Nutrients.Vitamins : Water solubleVitamins : Water soluble

FUNCTIONFUNCTIONSoluble in waterSoluble in water

Allow them to be carried around the body dissolved in blood Allow them to be carried around the body dissolved in blood plasma.plasma.

Vitamin C & B group vitamins.Vitamin C & B group vitamins.

EXAMPLESEXAMPLESVitamin CVitamin C assists in the formation of collagen in skin, aids in iron assists in the formation of collagen in skin, aids in iron

absorption, protects against infection absorption, protects against infection (citrus fruit, broccoli)(citrus fruit, broccoli)

B group vitaminsB group vitamins (thiamine, niacin, riboflavin) assist in the release (thiamine, niacin, riboflavin) assist in the release of energyof energy

(Thiamine – wheat & nuts, (Thiamine – wheat & nuts, Niacin & Riboflavin – liver & kidney)Niacin & Riboflavin – liver & kidney)

Page 15: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Nutrients.Nutrients.Vitamins : Fat SolubleVitamins : Fat Soluble

FUNCTIONFUNCTIONNot Soluble in waterNot Soluble in water

They need to be stored in the body either in the liver or in fatty They need to be stored in the body either in the liver or in fatty tissue & are transported around the body by special proteins.tissue & are transported around the body by special proteins.

Vitamin A, D, E & K.Vitamin A, D, E & K.

EXAMPLESEXAMPLESVitamin AVitamin A assists in the formation & maintenance of skin tissue, vision for assists in the formation & maintenance of skin tissue, vision for

dim light & normal growth of bones & teeth.dim light & normal growth of bones & teeth.(liver, kidney, eggs)(liver, kidney, eggs)

Vitamin DVitamin D assists in the formation & maintenance of bones and enhances assists in the formation & maintenance of bones and enhances calcium & phosphorus use.calcium & phosphorus use.

(salmon, tuna, milk)(salmon, tuna, milk)Vitamin EVitamin E is an anti-oxidant that prevents damage to cell membranes & is an anti-oxidant that prevents damage to cell membranes &

protects Vitamin Aprotects Vitamin A(green leafy vegetables)(green leafy vegetables)

Page 16: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Nutrients.Nutrients.MineralsMinerals

FUNCTIONFUNCTIONThe human body needs at least 20 mineral to function properly.The human body needs at least 20 mineral to function properly.

Some minerals are required in large amounts :Some minerals are required in large amounts :CalciumCalcium –major part of bones & teeth (dairy) –major part of bones & teeth (dairy)

Potassium & SodiumPotassium & Sodium – balancing ions & fluid (salt & GLV) – balancing ions & fluid (salt & GLV)IronIron – transports oxygen around the body (meat & eggs) – transports oxygen around the body (meat & eggs)

Some minerals are needed in smaller or trace amounts. Some minerals are needed in smaller or trace amounts. These include These include magnesium, zinc, iodine & coppermagnesium, zinc, iodine & copper. .

These help functions in the body such as production of These help functions in the body such as production of enzymes & hormones.enzymes & hormones.

Page 17: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Nutrients.Nutrients.Water.Water.

FUNCTIONFUNCTIONIt is used to It is used to maintain the healthmaintain the health of every living cell in the of every living cell in the

body by giving strength and structure to the cells & body by giving strength and structure to the cells & tissues.tissues.

It creates the It creates the aqueous environmentaqueous environment necessary for all necessary for all chemical processes within the living cells. These chemical processes within the living cells. These processes result in processes result in energy production & growthenergy production & growth..

It plays an important role in It plays an important role in digestion & absorptiondigestion & absorption as well as well as as circulationcirculation..

It is essential in the It is essential in the regulation of body temperature, regulation of body temperature, lubrication of joints & the movement of waste material.lubrication of joints & the movement of waste material.

It is the It is the carrier of nutrientscarrier of nutrients through the body. through the body.

Page 18: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

RDIsRDIsRecommended Dietary intakeRecommended Dietary intake

Refer to the amount of essential nutrients (vitamins, Refer to the amount of essential nutrients (vitamins, mineral, energy & protein) that are considered adequate mineral, energy & protein) that are considered adequate to meet the nutritional requirements of healthy people.to meet the nutritional requirements of healthy people.

LimitationsLimitations Individuals have varying nutrient requirements.Individuals have varying nutrient requirements. For healthy people onlyFor healthy people only Do not account for interactions between nutrientsDo not account for interactions between nutrients Do not. Allow for adaptation to high or low intakes eg ironDo not. Allow for adaptation to high or low intakes eg iron

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BMIBMIBody Mass IndexBody Mass Index

This is used as an estimate of the amount of an This is used as an estimate of the amount of an individual’s body fat.individual’s body fat.

It is a formula to assess body weight in relation to height.It is a formula to assess body weight in relation to height.BMI=weight (kg)/ height (cm)BMI=weight (kg)/ height (cm)

LimitationsLimitations Must take in consideration age & sexMust take in consideration age & sex Not used for children as growth occurrence is at irregular Not used for children as growth occurrence is at irregular

intervals.intervals.

Page 20: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Importance of nutrients.Importance of nutrients.CVDCVD

What it is.What it is.Includes heart disease, stroke, angina.Includes heart disease, stroke, angina.

Mainly caused by a damaged blood supply to the heart, leg & brain. The Mainly caused by a damaged blood supply to the heart, leg & brain. The most common cause is the gradual blockage of blood vessels by fatty most common cause is the gradual blockage of blood vessels by fatty

or fibrous material. This material build up on the blood vessel walls or fibrous material. This material build up on the blood vessel walls narrows the arteries.narrows the arteries.

Risk factorsRisk factorsHigh consumption of saturated fats or trans fatty acids from processed foods.High consumption of saturated fats or trans fatty acids from processed foods.

A high diet in sodium & low in potassium.A high diet in sodium & low in potassium.

Protective factorsProtective factorsIntake of omega 3 (oily fish) & omega 6 fatty acidsIntake of omega 3 (oily fish) & omega 6 fatty acids

Vitamin EVitamin EFolateFolate

Soluble FibreSoluble Fibre

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Importance of nutrients.Importance of nutrients.Colorectal CancerColorectal Cancer

What it is.What it is.Together the colon and rectum from the large intestine.Together the colon and rectum from the large intestine.

They are part of the body’s digestive system that remove nutrients from They are part of the body’s digestive system that remove nutrients from food & store waste until it passes out of the body.food & store waste until it passes out of the body.

Risk factorsRisk factorsHigh fat diets (obesity)High fat diets (obesity)

Burnt meatBurnt meat

Protective factorsProtective factorsVegetables (carotene –red & yellow as well as cruciferous –GLV))Vegetables (carotene –red & yellow as well as cruciferous –GLV))

LegumesLegumesVitamin E (anti-oxidants)Vitamin E (anti-oxidants)

FibreFibre

Page 22: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Importance of nutrients.Importance of nutrients.ObesityObesity

What it is.What it is.This is associated with heart disease, stroke, diabetes, high This is associated with heart disease, stroke, diabetes, high

blood pressure etc. It is when a person consumes more blood pressure etc. It is when a person consumes more kilojoules than they burn. kilojoules than they burn.

Risk factorsRisk factorsA high intake of high GI foodsA high intake of high GI foods

High fat intakeHigh fat intake

Protective factorsProtective factorsLow GI foodsLow GI foods

FibreFibreConsuming low fat foodsConsuming low fat foods

Page 23: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Importance of nutrients.Importance of nutrients.Diabetes (type 2)Diabetes (type 2)

What it is.What it is.In type 2 diabetes the body may produce enough insulin but its action In type 2 diabetes the body may produce enough insulin but its action

is blocked because of excess fat around the cells. The body is blocked because of excess fat around the cells. The body compensates for the resistance to the action by producing even more compensates for the resistance to the action by producing even more

insulin.insulin.

Risk factorsRisk factorsHigh GI foodsHigh GI foods

Saturated fats can cause an increase in cholesterolSaturated fats can cause an increase in cholesterolAlcoholAlcohol

Protective factorsProtective factorsLow GI foodsLow GI foods

FibreFibreMonounsaturated fatsMonounsaturated fats

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Importance of nutrients.Importance of nutrients.AnaemiaAnaemia

What it is.What it is.This refers to an inadequate level of red blood cells or an This refers to an inadequate level of red blood cells or an

inadequate level of haemoglobin in the body. When these inadequate level of haemoglobin in the body. When these levels are low the result is greater difficulty transporting levels are low the result is greater difficulty transporting

oxygen around the body. Causes fatigue & low blood oxygen around the body. Causes fatigue & low blood pressure.pressure.

Risk factorsRisk factorsLow iron or folate intakeLow iron or folate intake

Protective factorsProtective factorsAdequate intake of iron & folateAdequate intake of iron & folate

Vitamin C (as it aids in the absorption of iron into the bloodstream)Vitamin C (as it aids in the absorption of iron into the bloodstream)

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Importance of nutrients.Importance of nutrients.Dental DecayDental Decay

What it is.What it is.Destruction of the outer surface of the tooth.Destruction of the outer surface of the tooth.

Risk factorsRisk factorsFoods high in sugar & starchFoods high in sugar & starch

If the diet is low in certain nutrients – gum diseaseIf the diet is low in certain nutrients – gum disease

Protective factorsProtective factorsCalcium (increase saliva)

WaterProteins that forms a coating on the tooth & protects it from acid

attack. Found in milk, yoghurt & cheese.

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Importance of nutrients.Importance of nutrients.OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

What it is.What it is.The term given to the progressive degeneration of the structure, The term given to the progressive degeneration of the structure,

density & strength of the bone.density & strength of the bone.It is not just due to a lack of calcium, other factors such as the It is not just due to a lack of calcium, other factors such as the

activity of Vitamin D, oestrogen, Cortisol levels and the activity of Vitamin D, oestrogen, Cortisol levels and the balance between bone building & remodelling activity.balance between bone building & remodelling activity.

Risk factorsRisk factorsLow intake of calcium.Low intake of calcium.

Protective factorsProtective factorsAdequate intake of calciumAdequate intake of calcium

Eg. Dairy, GFV, orange juice & nutsEg. Dairy, GFV, orange juice & nuts

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Costs of dietary Costs of dietary imbalance.imbalance.

IndividualIndividualSuffer from the physical, social & emotional consequences of ill-health.Suffer from the physical, social & emotional consequences of ill-health.

CommunityCommunitySuffer from the burden of the combined health problems of its Suffer from the burden of the combined health problems of its

members.members.

DIRECTDIRECTCan be quantified in $ terms.Can be quantified in $ terms.

Include medication, GP & Specialist’s time, hospital services, Include medication, GP & Specialist’s time, hospital services, ambulance, rehab.ambulance, rehab.

INDIRECT INDIRECT Due to the consequences of the illness.Due to the consequences of the illness.

Reduced productivity at work, impact of travel timeReduced productivity at work, impact of travel timeINTANGIBLEINTANGIBLE

Relate to quality of life for sufferers & familyRelate to quality of life for sufferers & familyEmotional stress, change in personal fulfilment.Emotional stress, change in personal fulfilment.

Page 28: HHD Revision Notes UNIT THREE AOS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIAS HEALTH

Role of nutrients in Role of nutrients in public health.public health.

Public health can be described as the prevention of Public health can be described as the prevention of disease, prolonging of life & the promotion of health disease, prolonging of life & the promotion of health

through a systematic community effort.through a systematic community effort.

The approach includes :The approach includes : Use interventions that promote healthUse interventions that promote health Manage the community’s environmentManage the community’s environment Promote healthy lifestylesPromote healthy lifestyles Target specific populations that are vulnerableTarget specific populations that are vulnerable Require collaboration of all major stakeholdersRequire collaboration of all major stakeholders