Chapter 2 Lecture

Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context

Sixth Edition

Wendy A. MitteagerState University of New York, Oneonta

The Changing Global Context

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Key Concepts

• Evolution of the Modern World• World-System• Core and Periphery Regions• Neocolonialism• Globalization• Sustainability• Cultural Imperialism

Figure: Chapter 2 Opener An Icelandic ash plume impacted flights on a global scale in May 2010

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[Insert Figure 2.3]

Figure 2.3 A remnant minisystem in the Amazon

The Premodern World

• Minisystems

• Slash-and-burn

• Hearth Areas– Middle East– South Asia– China– Americas

Apply your knowledge: Describe example of traditional crafts from the agricultural hearth areas of Arizona and New Mexico

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Figure 2.1 Old World hearth areas Figure 2.2 New World hearth areas

The Premodern World, (cont’d)

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The Premodern World, (cont’d)

• World-Empire– Group of minisystems– common political system

Figure 2.4a Greek colonies and the extent of the Roman empire

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The Premodern World, (cont’d)

• Colonization– Law of diminishing returns

• Urbanization

Figure 2.4b Highly developed infrastructure of the Roman empire

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[Insert Figure 2.6]

The Premodern World, (cont’d)

• Framework of human geographies– Harsher environments in continental interiors– Dry belt of steppes and desert margins– Principal areas of sedentary agriculture

Figure 2.6 The Silk Road

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The Premodern World, (cont’d)

Figure 2.5 The precapitalist Old World, circa 1400 C.E.

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Figure 2.7 European Age of Discovery

World Systems

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World Systems, (cont’d)

• External arenas• Plantations• Import substitution• Technological

improvementsand limits

Apply your knowledge: Compare maps of Brazil from the internet—from the 1600s and the present day. How has the world-system in Brazil changed over time?

Figure 2.8 Cotton plantation, Mississippi River

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World Systems, (cont’d)

• Industrialization in Europe• Diffusion

– Began in England, spreadthrough Europe and globally

• Three distinctive waves– Influenced by resources

and technology

Figure 2.A European industrialization

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World Systems: Core & Periphery

• Structured relationship – Core, semiperipheral, peripheral

• Imperialism & Colonialism• Leadership cycles• Hegemony• Ethnocentrism

Apply your knowledge: Discuss a current international issue involving a former colonial territory

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World Systems: Division of Labor

• Suez and Panama Canals

• Network of telegraph communications

• Colonial economies• Needs of core regions• Development of

oceangoing steamships

Figure 2.11 International telegraph network in 1900

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World Systems: British Empire

Apply your knowledge: Where were your clothes sewed? Where did the materials come from? How does this relate to division of labor and comparative advantage?

Figure 2.13 Late 1800s British empire

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World Systems, (cont’d)

• Environmental determinism• Third World• Neocolonialism • Commercial imperialism• Transnational corporations• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Apply your knowledge: Provide an example of how neocolonialism reinforces the power and influence of core countries. Be specific. What is the role of transnational corporations in neocolonialism?

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World Systems: Core & Periphery, (cont’d)

Figure 2.9 The world-system in 1800 Figure 2.12 The world-system in 1900

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World Systems: Core & Periphery, (cont’d)

Figure 2.12 The world-system in 1900 Figure 2.14 The world-system in 2010

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Globalization

• Increasing interconnectedness of the world – Economic, environmental, political, cultural– Greater speed, larger scale, broader scope, and

greater complexity than in the past

• Commodity chains• Increase in significance of place

– Mobility of money, labor, products, and ideas

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Globalization, (cont’d)

Figure 2.B The commodity chain of a pair of Lee Cooper jeans

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Globalization: Environment

Figure 2.15 The human “footprint”

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Globalization: Environment, (cont’d)

Apply your knowledge: Give an example of a local environmental concern. How does it relate to economic development and social equity?

Figure 2.17 Three key aspects to sustainability

Figure 2.16 Pollution continues to threaten the ecosystem of Lake Baykal

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Globalization: Health

Figure 2.18 Diffusion of the HIV virus

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Globalization, (cont’d)

• Security– Risk society

• Spatial Justice• Cultural Imperialism• Westernization• “Jihad vs. McWorld”

Figure 2.19 Communication flow between major world regions

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Globalization: Worlds Apart

Figure 2.D A Swiss familyFigure 2.C An Ethiopian family

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Future Geographies

Apply your knowledge: Find a story in a national newspaper that addresses an issue associated with contemporary globalization. How does the article illustrate the increasing interdependence of place and region?

Figure 2.20 Westernization in Istanbul

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End of Chapter 2