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Herpetology
Biol 119
Clark UniversityFall 2011
Lecture: Tuesday, Thursday 9:00-10:15 in Lasry 124
Lab: Tuesday 13:25-16:10 in Lasry 150Office hours: T 10:15-11:15 in Lasry 331
Contact: [email protected]
Phone: 508-793-7553
Herpetology – Introduction
� Instructors
� Course syllabus
� What is herpetology?
� History
� Groups studied
� Uniting characters
� Diversity & an evolutionary perspective
Philip Bergmann
� Assistant Professor Clark University
� Simpson Postdoc University of Arizona (2008-2010)
� Ph.D. University of Massachusetts Amherst (2008)
� M.S. (2003), B.S. (1999) University of Calgary
� 20 + years of experience keeping reptiles and amphibians
Philip Bergmann - Research
� The evolution of body shape and segmentation
� Functional morphology of locomotion
� Ecology of lizards and amphibians
� Primary foci are lizards and amphibians
� Phylogenetic perspective
Philip Bergmann - Personal
� Canadian
� Parents Czech
� Interests:� Road Biking
� Running
� Hiking
� Climbing
� Yoga
� Cooking
� Reading
� Photography
TA: Allegra Mitchell
� Office:
� Office hours: By Appointment
� E-mail: [email protected]
� 5th year MA student
� BA Environmental Science
� Research on the effects of hydration and temperature on frog behavior and locomotor performance
2
Biol 119 Syllabus
� Textbooks� Herpetology, 3rd Ed.
� Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles & Amphibians, Eastern & Central North America
Biol 119 Syllabus
� Grades
� Lecture 500 pts. 50% of grade
� Research Topic 150 pts. 15%
� Lab 350 pts. 35%
� TOTAL 1000 pts. 100%
Biol 119 Syllabus
� Lectures
� Midterm 1 100pts/10% Sep 19
� Midterm 2 100pts/10% Oct 17
� Midterm 3 100pts/10% Nov 14
� Final Exam 200pts/20% TBA
� Midterms will not be cumulative
� Half of final exam will be cumulative
� Fill-in-the-blank, short answer, long answer
� Synthetic questions as well as basic knowledge
Biol 119 Syllabus
� Research Topic
� Topic Selection 10pts/1% Sep 27
� Bibliography 40pts/4% Nov 1
� Next Logical Step 50pts/5% Dec 6
� Presentation 50pts/5% Nov 24, 26
� Research a topic that you are interested in
� Must be closely related to herpetology
� Do a literature search and learn to assemble a bibliography
� Explore one source in depth and develop an idea for
future research
� Present what you learned about your topic to the class
Biol 119 Syllabus
� Laboratory
� Lab Exam 1 100pts/10% Oct 8
� Lab Exam 2 100pts/10% Nov 19
� Lab Activities 100pts/10% Ongoing
� Course participation 50pts/ 5% Ongoing
Biol 119 Syllabus
� Field Trips
� Westboro WMA Sep 15 Sunday
� Mus. Comp. Zool. Oct 20 Sunday
� All trips are mandatory
3
Biol 119 Syllabus
� Class schedule� In syllabus
� Lists topics and relevant chapters
� Late assignments� Not accepted
� Missed exams/trips� Must be made up
� Must have documented excuse
� Plagiarism� Copying, cheating, not citing sources
� DON’T DO IT!
Herpetology – Introduction
� Instructors
� Course syllabus
� What is herpetology?
� History
� Groups studied
� Uniting characters
� Diversity & an evolutionary perspective
What is Herpetology?
� Herpetology = the study of “crawling things”
� ΕΡΠΕΤΟΝ – Greek for crawling thing
� “Herps” comprise two groups:
� _______________
� _______________
� These are grouped together historically and because of some biological similarities
� Do not comprise a natural/monophyletic group.
Herpetology in history
� Æsculapius, Roman God of Healing
� Alexander the Great (300 BC)
Elaphe longissima
Herpetology in history
� Æsculapius, Roman God of Healing
� Alexander the Great (300 BC)
� Religions – contrasting opinions
© A Molon
Herpetology in history
� Æsculapius, Roman God of Healing
� Alexander the Great (300 BC)
� Religions – contrasting opinions
� Carolus Linnaeus
� _____________ nomenclature
� Systema Naturae
� Did not distinguish amphibians and
reptiles – “foul and loathsome”
4
Uniting Characters –
Why amphibians + reptiles?
� _______________
� Body temperature varies during the course of a day
� ________________ is used to control body temperature
� Dipsosaurus dorsalis �
Pough et al. 2004: Fig. 1-6
Uniting Characters –
Why amphibians + reptiles?
� Ectotherms
� Performance/ physiological function vary with _______________
� Important to maintain near __________ body temp for survival
Pough et al. 2004: Fig. 1-8
Uniting Characters –
Why amphibians + reptiles?
� Ectotherms
� Amphibians and reptiles use ~3% of energy of a size-matched mammal
� Also have lower _____________ than mammals
Pough et al. 2004: Fig. 1-7
Uniting Characters –
Why amphibians + reptiles?
� Herps are ectothermic ____________
� However:
� Ectothermy is an ___________________
� Fishes are also ectotherms
�Other tetrapods also exist
� mammals, technically birds
� Herps form a paraphyletic group
�More on this next lecture
Uniting Characters –
Amphibians
� ________________ (Amphibians)� Extant species form a monophyletic group
� _____________ teeth –crown growing from the base
� _____________ – a structure involved in hearing
� Smooth, scale-less skin –allows ____________ ___________, permeable to water and gases
� ____________ egg –prone to desiccation, like the skin
Pough et al 2004, Fig 2-5
Uniting Characters –
Amphibians
� Lissamphibia (Amphibians)
� Short ribs – do not wrap
around the body
� Simplification of the skull
– fusion and loss of many bones
Pough et al. Fig 2-6b, Kardong & Zalisko Fig 5-30
5
Uniting Characters –
Reptiles
� “Reptiles”/Reptilia?
� A paraphyletic group (more on this next lecture)
� Monophyletic if dinosaurs and birds are included
� Have epidermal scales, often ________________
� _________________
� Adaptations to drier environments
Photos © PJB, KP Bergmann
Diversity and an Evolutionary
Perspective
Pough et al. 2004: Fig. 2-1
Tetrapoda
Lissamphibia
AmniotaReptilia
Tetrapoda
Lissamphibia
AmniotaReptilia?
Diversity
� Lissamphibia: ~5,500 total species, three clades:
� ____________
� Salamanders and newts
� ~520 species
� Generalized morphology
� ____________
� Frogs and toads
� ~4,800 species
� Short body specialized for jumping
� _____________
� Caecelians
� ~170 species
� Very elongate bodies
Photos © KP Bergmann, Pough et al. Fig 3-8
Diversity
� “Reptiles”
� ______________� Turtles� ~315 species� Protective shell
� ______________� Crocs, alligators, caimans
� 23 species� All are threatened� Archosaurs, related to birds
Photos © PJB
Diversity
� “Reptiles”
� _________________
� Tuatara
� 2 extant species in
New Zealand
�Once cosmopolitan
and diverse
�Outgroup to Squamata
(more later)
Diversity
� “Reptiles”� ___________ (~7800 spp)
� _____________� Snakes
� ~3150 species
� All elongate & limbless
� Many venomous
� “Lizards” (paraphyletic)� ~5080 species
� Very diverse
� Snakes nested within
� _________________� 168 species
� Elongate, fossorial
Photos © PJB, Pough et al. Fig 4-24