Heredity

FADTP 4-1

• We are learning to explain that diversity of species is developed through gradual processes over many generations.

• We are looking for how a species has changed to adapt to survive in its environment as evidenced by fossil records and present day organisms.

4

Darwin

• Darwin’s observations included diversity of living things, remains of ancient organisms, and characteristics of organism on the Galapagos Islands.

Evolution

• The gradual change in a species over time.

Adaptation

• A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce.

7

Diversity

• Differences among species.

• Diversity among species.• Species is a group of

similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring.

8

Fossils

• A fossil is the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past.

What is an adaptation?

A c

hange

in D

N...

An o

ver p

roduc.

..

A c

ompet

ition ..

.

A m

odifi

catio

n...

I nee

d hel

p.

0% 0% 0%0%0%

0of27

a) A change in DNAb) An over production of

offspringc) A competition

between two members of the same species

d) A modification in a species for survival

e) I need help.

10

Which of the following is true about the rate of evolution for most species?

Evo

lutio

n can

...

Evo

lutio

n occ

u...

Evo

lutio

n occ

u...

Evo

lutio

n occ

u...

I nee

d hel

p!

0% 0% 0%0%0%

0of27

a) Evolution can occur over a weekend

b) Evolution occurs in several months

c) Evolution occurs over one year

d) Evolution occurs over millions of years

e) I need help!10

If trees grew taller over time, what physical characteristics of giraffe would allow them to survive?

Thic

k ne

ck

Thin

nec

k

Long

neck

Short

neck

I nee

d hel

p!

0% 0% 0%0%0%

0of27

a) Thick neckb) Thin neckc) Long neck d) Short necke) I need help!

10

Which of the following is a result of adaptations over a long period of time?

Div

ersi

ty w

ith...

Sim

ilarit

y wit.

..

Ext

inct

ion o

f ...

I nee

d hel

p!

0% 0%0%0%

0of27

a) Diversity within a species.

b) Similarity within a species.

c) Extinction of a species.

d) I need help!

10

Focused Free Write

• Write a paragraph on how an animal or plant (fictional or nonfictional) has adapted to the environment and changed or evolved over a period of time in order to survive.

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FADTP 4-2

• We are learning to: explain how variations in an organism allow it to reproduce successfully and survive in a particular environment.

• We are looking for: the following variations:• How the organism is put together (structure)• How the organism acts (behavior)• What happens inside the organism that lets it

live (physiology)

22

Adaptations

• Adaptation is a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce.

23

Evolution• Darwin hypothesized that

the species gradually changed over many generations and became better adapted to the new conditions.

• Evolution is the gradual change in a species over time.

24

Natural Selection

• Natural selection is the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species.

25

Evidence of Evolution

• Fossils.• Pattern of early

development.• Similar body structure.

26

Similarities in Early Development

• What do an adult fish, salamander, chicken and opossum have in common?

• During early stages of development all four have a tail and a row of tiny slits along their throats.

27

Similarities in Body Structure• What do fishes, amphibians,

reptiles, birds and mammals have in common?

• They all have an internal skeleton with a backbone.

• Homologous structures are similar structures that related species have inherited.– Dolphin’s flipper.– Dog’s leg.– Bird’s wing.

In what way did the Galapagos finches vary?

Diff

eren

t colo

...

Diff

eren

t bea

k...

Siz

e of b

ird

Chan

ge in

type.

..

I nee

d hel

p!

0% 0% 0%0%0%

0of27

a) Different colorb) Different beak

structurec) Size of birdd) Change in type of

foote) I need help!

10

Darwin’s studies of finches on the Galapagos Islands suggest that the finches’ differences in beak structure were most directly due

to….

Acq

uire

d char

a...

Mat

ing b

ehav

io...

Adap

tatio

ns of..

.

I nee

d hel

p!

0% 0%0%0%

0of27

a) Acquired characteristics in the parent finches

b) Mating behaviors of different finch species

c) Adaptations of the finches to different environments

d) I need help!10

Which of the following is better adapted for a water environment?

Haw

k

Duck

spar

row

0% 0%0%

A.

B

C0of27

a) Hawkb) Duckc) sparrow

10

Please copy circle and do this.

• Fill in three words that closely relate to the word given.

• Write a paragraph explaining the significance of each word and how they fit together to form a concept?

Variation

FADTP 4-3

• We are learning to: explain that diversity of species is developed through gradual processes over many generations.

• We are looking for: how a species has changed to adapt to survive in its environment as evidenced by fossil records and present day organisms.

• We are learning to: describe how an organism adapted to a particular environment may become extinct.

• We are looking for :evidence in the fossil record of the

environmental change that caused an organism to go extinct

34

Branching Tree

• A branching tree is a diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of organisms are related.

35

New Species

• A new species can form when a group of individuals remains isolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve different traits.

36

The Fossil Record

• Fossils form when organisms that die become buried in sediments.

• Types of Fossils– Petrified fossils.– Molds & casts.– Preserved remains.

37

Determining Age of Fossils

• Scientists can determine a fossil’s age in two ways:– Relative dating.– Radioactive dating using

half-life.

38

Geologic Time Scale• Precambrian• Paleozoic Era

– Cambrian– Ordovician– Silurian– Devonian– Carboniferous– Permian

• Mesozoic Era– Triassic– Jurassic– Cretaceous

• Cenozoic Era– Tertiary– Quaternary

39

Cause of the Mass Extinction• About 65 million years

ago a large asteroid struck the earth.

• The impact created a large cloud of gas and dust.

• The dust blocked sunlight, killing many plants.

• Animals all starved to death.

40

Rate of Evolution

• Gradualism proposes that evolution occurs slowly but steadily.

• Punctuated equilibria states that a species evolve quickly during relatively short periods.

How do scientists know that organisms have evolved?

Foss

il re

cord

...

Photo

grap

hic e

...

Clim

ate

chan

ge...

Old

writ

ten o

b...

0% 0%0%0%

0of27

a) Fossil record shows changes in organisms

b) Photographic evidence

c) Climate changesd) Old written

observations10

What can scientists learn from fossils?

Foss

ils s

how h

...

Foss

ils s

how h

...

Foss

ils s

how t.

..

Foss

ils s

how t.

..

0% 0%0%0%

0of27

a) Fossils show how life has changed on Earth

b) Fossils show how living things have stayed the same for many years

c) Fossils show that most organisms that lived millions of years ago still exist today

d) Fossils show that the Earth is only 6,000 years old.

10

Which layer of rock has the oldest fossil?

0of27

0% 0%0%0%

a) Top layerb) Middle layerc) Bottom layerd) Help! I don’t

understand!

10

3. REVIEW

1. PRACTICE

4. FRONTLOADPre Check Key Terms

2. EXTENSION

Make a drawing that shows where old fossils would be found and where new fossils would be found in sedimentary rock.

____sexual reproduction ____asexual reproduction

_____heredity_____genetics

_____gene_____chromosome

_____DNA

Imagine you are examining a certain species of fossils in several layer of rock and you notice that fossils disappear as you go up in the layers of rock. Write a paragraph that provides an explanation for this.

Make a drawing showing the position of the Earth, Sun and Moon at full moon phase. Shade the portion of the moon that is not lit up by the sun.

OAA Review

FADTP 4-5

We are learning to: describe how asexual reproduction increases or decreases chances for survival. We are looking for :Increases survival: due to no variation, it allows for survival in a stable environment.

Decreases survival: due to no variation, the organism is not able to adapt to a changing environment.

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction

• A form of reproduction which does not involve meiosis or fertilization.

• Asexual reproduction = one parent. • The primary form of reproduction for single-celled

organisms such as archaea, bacteria, and protists.• Many plants and fungi reproduce mostly asexually

as well.

Binary Fission

• Asexual• Cell splits and

replicated DNA goes with each part

• Prokaryotes, Bacteria• + Fast and easy• - Everybody has the

same DNA

Bacterial Conjugation

• Asexual, “Sexual” • A bacteria shoots out a

tube and sends a piece of its DNA to another bacteria

• Bacteria• + Mixes DNA• - “Parent” loses a little

piece of DNA

Fragmentation/ regeneration

• Asexual• Body of parent

breaks and produces offspring

• Fungi, moss, sea stars, planarian

• + Easy• - Parent broken,

same DNA

Fragmentation/ regeneration

Moss

Budding

• Asexual• Offspring grows out of

parent• Yeast, hydras• + Fast, somewhat easy• - Same DNA

Sexual Reproduction

• Results in increasing genetic diversity of the offspring. • Characterized by two processes:– meiosis, halving of the number of chromosomes– fertilization, combination of two gametes and the restoration of

the original number of chromosomes• During meiosis, chromosomes usually cross over = genetic

recombination.• Primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of

visible organisms, including almost all animals and plants.

Sexual Reproduction

• Sexual• DNA from 2 individuals

merge to form one• Animals, Plants• + Diverse DNA• - Takes a long time, 2

individuals needed

Sexual Reproduction

Pollination

• Sexual• Pollen is delivered to

female part of plant• Flowering plants• + Plants don’t have to

move, mixes DNA• - Need external source

for pollination to take place; wind, bee, bat, butterfly etc.

Pollination

Paramecia usually reproduce asexually. Fish reproduce sexually. Suppose the environmental conditions in the lagoon change. What advantage will

the fish populations have over the paramecium population?

Offs

pring

are

...

Gen

etic

var

iab...

Only

a s

ingle

...

Offs

pring

are

...

Hel

p! I d

on’t ...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) Offspring are identical to the parents

b) Genetic variability decreases in the fish populations

c) Only a single individual is required to reproduce

d) Offspring are able to adapt to new conditions over fewer generations.

e) Help! I don’t understand.

Which of the following is NOT an example of asexual reproduction?

buddi

ng

Dis

persa

l of s

...

Fis

sion

Fer

tiliza

tion

Hel

p! I d

on’t ...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) buddingb) Dispersal of sporesc) Fissiond) Fertilizatione) Help! I don’t

understand.

Which of the following statements is true regarding asexual reproduction?

Req

uire

s a

lot..

.

Allo

ws fo

r div

...

Does

not

allo

w...

Req

uire

s tw

o d...

Hel

p! I d

on’t ...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) Requires a lot of energy

b) Allows for diversityc) Does not allow for

diversityd) Requires two different

organismse) Help! I don’t

understand.

How has sexual reproduction enhanced a species’ chance for survival?

It p

roduce

s of..

.

It a

lway

s pro

d...

It d

oes n

ot al..

.

It p

roduce

s of..

.

Hel

p! I d

on’t ...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) It produces offspring with unique traits

b) It always produces offspring that are identical

c) It does not allow for genetic variation

d) It produces offspring that cannot reproduce if two different species mate

e) Help! I don’t understand.

Venn Diagram

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

FADTP 4-5

We are learning to: describe how asexual reproduction increases or decreases chances for survival. We are looking for :Increases survival: due to no variation, it allows for survival in a stable environment.

Decreases survival: due to no variation, the organism is not able to adapt to a changing environment.

BB: Asexual vs. Sexual ReproductionPlease copy this chart in your notebook – use the WHOLE page.

NameType

(asexual or

sexual)

What happe

ns?

Organisms that use this

type

+Positives

-Negative

s

1. Binary Fission

2. Bacterial Conjugation

3. Fragmentation

4. Budding

5. Pollination

6. Sexual Reproduction

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction

• A form of reproduction which does not involve meiosis or fertilization.

• Asexual reproduction = one parent. • The primary form of reproduction for single-celled

organisms such as archaea, bacteria, and protists.• Many plants and fungi reproduce mostly asexually

as well.

Sexual Reproduction

• Results in increasing genetic diversity of the offspring. • Characterized by two processes:– meiosis, halving of the number of chromosomes– fertilization, combination of two gametes and the restoration of

the original number of chromosomes• During meiosis, chromosomes usually cross over = genetic

recombination.• Primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of

visible organisms, including almost all animals and plants.

Binary Fission

• Asexual• Cell splits and

replicated DNA goes with each part

• Prokaryotes, Bacteria• + Fast and easy• - Everybody has the

same DNA

Bacterial Conjugation

• Asexual, “Sexual” • A bacteria shoots out a

tube and sends a piece of its DNA to another bacteria

• Bacteria• + Mixes DNA• - “Parent” loses a little

piece of DNA

Fragmentation/ regeneration

• Asexual• Body of parent

breaks and produces offspring

• Fungi, moss, sea stars, planarian

• + Easy• - Parent broken,

same DNA

Fragmentation/ regeneration

Moss

Budding

• Asexual• Offspring grows out of

parent• Yeast, hydras• + Fast, somewhat easy• - Same DNA

Pollination

• Sexual• Pollen is delivered to

female part of plant• Flowering plants• + Plants don’t have to

move, mixes DNA• - Need external source

for pollination to take place; wind, bee, bat, butterfly etc.

Pollination

Sexual Reproduction

• Sexual• DNA from 2 individuals

merge to form one• Animals, Plants• + Diverse DNA• - Takes a long time, 2

individuals needed

Sexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

Paramecia usually reproduce asexually. Fish reproduce sexually. Suppose the environmental conditions in the lagoon change. What advantage will

the fish populations have over the paramecium population?

Offs

pring

are

...

Gen

etic

var

iab...

Only

a s

ingle

...

Offs

pring

are

...

Hel

p! I d

on’t ...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) Offspring are identical to the parents

b) Genetic variability decreases in the fish populations

c) Only a single individual is required to reproduce

d) Offspring are able to adapt to new conditions over fewer generations.

e) Help! I don’t understand.

Which of the following is NOT an example of asexual reproduction?

buddi

ng

Dis

persa

l of s

...

Fis

sion

Fer

tiliza

tion

Hel

p! I d

on’t ...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) buddingb) Dispersal of sporesc) Fissiond) Fertilizatione) Help! I don’t

understand.

Which of the following statements is true regarding asexual reproduction?

Req

uire

s a

lot..

.

Allo

ws fo

r div

...

Does

not

allo

w...

Req

uire

s tw

o d...

Hel

p! I d

on’t ...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) Requires a lot of energy

b) Allows for diversityc) Does not allow for

diversityd) Requires two different

organismse) Help! I don’t

understand.

How has sexual reproduction enhanced a species’ chance for survival?

It p

roduce

s of..

.

It a

lway

s pro

d...

It d

oes n

ot al..

.

It p

roduce

s of..

.

Hel

p! I d

on’t ...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) It produces offspring with unique traits

b) It always produces offspring that are identical

c) It does not allow for genetic variation

d) It produces offspring that cannot reproduce if two different species mate

e) Help! I don’t understand.

Venn Diagram

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

FADTP 4-6

We are learning to: recognize that likenesses between parents and offspring are inherited while some are learned. We are looking for:example of traits that are inherited and traits that are learned.

Gregor MendelMendelian genetics (Mendel is

the father of genetics)• Heredity is the passing

of characteristics from parent to offspring.– Get 50% of

characteristics from each biological parent. (fertilization occurs when the egg & sperm meet)

– Some traits appear and others are hidden.

88

Traits• Each different characteristic is

called a trait.

89

Punnett Square• Crossing traits

– Purebred organisms have the same trait. (TT or tt)

– Hybrid organisms have two different alleles for a trait. (Tt)

– P generation is the parent generation.

– F1 is the first filial.– F2 is the second

filial.

90

Alleles– A gene is the factor

that controls a trait.– Alleles are different

forms of a gene.– Some alleles are

dominant.– Some alleles are

recessive.• In Mendel’s experiment, only

one trait appeared in the F1 generation, but in the F2 generation, the lost form of the trait always reappeared in 25% of the plants.

91

Probability– Probability and Heredity

• Probability is the chance that a particular outcome will occur.

• Punnett squares are used to predict that a particular trait will show.

• In a genetic cross, the allele each parent passes on to the next generation offspring is dependent on probability.

92

Codominance• Codominance is when the allele

is neither dominant nor recessive; both alleles are expressed in the offspring.

93

Phenotype vs. Genotype• The phenotype is the

physical appearance of the organism.

• The genotype is the genetic makeup of the organism or the allele combination.

• Homozygous is when the organism has two identical alleles for a trait.

• Heterozygous is when the organism has two different alleles for a trait.

94

Human Inheritance

• Some human traits are controlled by single genes with two alleles, and others by single genes with multiple alleles. Still other traits are controlled by many genes that act together.

95

Environment

• Many of a person’s characteristics are determined by an interaction between genes and the environment.

96

From whom does a male offspring get its traits?

Mom

Dad

Both a and b

Neith

er a or b

Help! I

don’t ...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) Mom b) Dadc) Both a and bd) Neither a or be) Help! I don’t

understand!

Which of the following is a learned trait?

Hair c

olor

Eye co

lor

Table m

anners

Heigh

t

0% 0%0%0%

a) Hair colorb) Eye colorc) Table mannersd) Height

Which of the following terms describe the physical appearance of the organisms caused by inherited traits?

Allele

Genotyp

e

Homozy

gous

Phenotype

Help! I

don’t ...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) Allele b) Genotypec) Homozygousd) Phenotypee) Help! I don’t

understand!

Which term describes an inherited trait that is always expressed when present?

Dominant

Genotyp

e

Phenotype

Recessi

ve

Help! I

need ...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) Dominantb) Genotypec) Phenotyped) Recessivee) Help! I need help

You will be given 3 minutes to come up with as many examples of traits (inherited or learned) that you can. Then, compare your answers with a partner and combine your answers to make

one list.

Inherited Traits Learned Traits

FADTP 4-7

We are learning to: recognize the differences between inherited traits and learned traits.

We are looking for: probability about inheritance using Punnett squares.

Inherited Traits

• These traits are passed on from parents.

• Half of the traits come from the father and half of the traits come from the mother.

• The traits are passed through genes.

Learned Traits

• Learned traits are influenced by the environment.

• These traits are skills acquired through a learning process.

106

The Sex Chromosomes• Sex chromosomes are one

of 23 pairs of chromosomes in each body.

• The sex chromosomes carry genes that determine whether a person is male or female.

• They also carry genes that determine other traits.

107

Sex-Linked Genes

• Genes on the X and Y chromosomes are often called sex-linked genes.

• A carrier is a person who has one recessive allele for a trait and one dominant allele.

108

Sex-Linked Traits

• Colorblindness• Male patterned

baldness.• Hemophilia.• Duchene Muscular

Dystrophy.

109

Human Genetic Disorders

• A genetic disorder is an abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes.– Cystic Fibrosis– Sickle-Cell Disease– Hemophilia– Down Syndrome

110

Genetic Disorders

• Some genetic disorders are caused by mutations in the DNA of genes.

• Other disorders are caused by changes in the overall structure or number of chromosomes.

111

Pedigrees

• A pedigree is a chart of “family tree” that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait.

112

Managing Genetic Disorders

• Karyotype is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell.

• Genetic counseling helps couples understand their chances of having a child with a particular genetic disorder.

113

Dealing with Genetic Disorders

• Medical Care.• Education.• Job Training.

114

Advances in Genetics

• Selective breeding.• Cloning.• Genetic engineering.

115

Selective Breeding

• Inbreeding involves crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics.

• Hybridization is the cross between two genetically different individuals.

116

Cloning

• A clone is an organism that has exactly the same genes as the organism for which it was produced.

117

Genetic Engineering

• Genetic engineering is when genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA of another organism.– Bacteria.– Cows.– Gene therapy.– Genetically altered crops.

118

Education About Genetics

• A genome is all the DNA in one cell of an organism.

• The main goal of the Human Genome Project has been to identify the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome.

What is the phenotype of the F1 generation from the Punnett square below? (T = tall, t = short)

100

% T

all

100

% s

hort

50%

tall,

50%

...

75%

tall,

25%

...

0%

64%

36%

0%

T

t

T t

a) 100% Tallb) 100% shortc) 50% tall, 50% shortd) 75% tall, 25% short

Which of the following statements describes the offspring in the Punnett Square below?

All

offspr

ing ..

.

Hal

f of t

he of..

.

The

offspr

ing

...

The

offspr

ing

...

28%

8%0%

64%

T

t

t t

a) All offspring will be homozygous recessive.

b) Half of the offspring should have the recessive phenotype.

c) The offspring will all have the dominant trait.

d) The offspring are all heterozygous.

Two adults decide to have a baby. If one parent has brown eyes (BB), which is a dominant trait and the other parent has blue

eyes (bb) which is a recessive trait. What is the probability that they will have a baby with blue eyes?

12%

0%

68%

12%8%

a) 100%b) 75%c) 50%d) 25%e) 0%

In rabbits, brown fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b). If two brown, heterozygous rabbits mate, what is the probability that their offspring will have white fur?

4% 4%

20%

68%

4%

a) 100%b) 75%c) 50%d) 25%e) 0%

In humans, free ear lobes (E) is dominant over attached ear lobes (e). Which of the following describe the outcomes if a homozygous dominant man and a heterozygous female have

a baby?

4% 0%

96%

0%

a) All of their children will have attached ear lobes

b) ½ of their children will have attached ear lobes

c) All of their children will have free ear lobes

d) ½ of their children will have free ear lobes.

Create Your Own Punnett Square

1. Choose a trait with which can create a Punnett square…assign a letter to that trait (EX. Hair Color = B)

2. Write a hypothetical situation that gives background genetic information…you MUST use the words homozygous and/or heterozygous and dominant and/or recessive

3. Create a Punnett square using the information in your hypothetical situation

4. List the possible GENOTYPES5. List the possible PHENOTYPES6. Show the probabilities of your listed GENOTYPES

and PHENOTYPES