Herbivores - Kasetsart University 5.52.pdf•Indian Rhino present in both adult males and females, but not on the newborn. • The horn of the Java Rhino differs between the males

HerbivoresHerbivores

What is herbivore?What is herbivore?• A herbivore is an animal that gets its

energy from eating plants• special digestive systems

Order

Proboscideae

Artiodactyla(Even-Toe ungulates)

Perissodactyla(Odd-Toe ungulates)

Suborder Family

Elephantidae

Equidae

Tapiridae

Rhinocerotidae

Elephants

Equines,

Tapir,

Rhinoceroses

SuinaSuidae

Hippopotamidae

Ruminantia

Camellidae

Tragulidae

Giraffidae

Cervidae

Antilocapridae

Bovidae

Tylopoda

Tragulina

Swines,Hippopotamus

Camels & Llamas

Tragulus

Giraffes, Cervids,

Antilopes, Bovines,

Caprines, Antlopes

Etc.

Herbivore Taxonomy

Cetartiodactyla

wwwwww..ultimateungulateultimateungulate..comcom

= Odd= Odd-- Toe ungulates Toe ungulates ((สัตวกีบคี่สัตวกีบคี่))

-Enlarged central digit carries most ofbody weight (mesaxonic)

-Canine teeth reduced or absent

-Simple stomachs with large caecum

-Hind gut fermentation

Order PerissodactylaFrom Greek : perissos = strange, of numbers odd

daktulos = a finger or toe

Order Perissodactyla

= Even= Even-- Toe ungulates Toe ungulates ((สัตวกีบคูสัตวกีบคู))

- Two enlarged digits share the weight ofthe body about equally (paraxonic)

- Upper incisors and canines lost or reduced

- Rumination- Males (and sometimes females) have

weaponry : tusks, antler, horns

Order ArtiodactylaGreek : artios = complete, of numbers even

daktulos = a finger or toe

Order Artiodactyla

Order Suborder Family

Proboscideae Elephantidae

Equidae

Tapiridae

Rhinocerotidae

Elephants


SuinaSuidae

Hippopotamidae

Ruminantia

Camellidae

Tragulidae

Giraffidae

Cervidae

Antilocapridae

Bovidae


Equines,

Tapir,

Rhinoceroses

Tylopoda

Tragulina

Swines,Hippopotamus

Camels & Llamas

Tragulus

Giraffes, Cervids,

Antilopes, Bovines,

Caprines, Antlopes

Etc.

Herbivore Taxonomy

Family Equidae-Zebra

-Wild horse

- Donkey / Ass


Restraint

• Danger :Danger : เตะ, กัด

• Physical Restraint :Physical Restraint : เหมาะกบั domestic horse

(ไมเหมาะกบั Wild horse และ Zebra)

• Chemical Restraint :Chemical Restraint :

Oral sedation – Acepromazine granule 0.5-1.5 mg/kg

Parental sedation – Acepromazine, Detomidine, Medetomidine

•Immobilization

-Acepromazine 0.1 mg/kg + 15 min.Xylazine HCl 1.1 mg/kg

- Zoletil 1.5-3.5 mg/kg

Common diseases / Problems

• Non infectious diseasesNon infectious diseases

1) Sand colic / enterolithe

2) Hoof problem

3) Trauma (induce tetanus)

4) Capture myopathy

5) Obesity

Sand colic / enterolitheCause : ingestion of sand from floor

Sign: colic, toxemia, hypovolumic shock

Treatment : supportive - fluid therapy, ABO, lubricant (mild)

Hoof problem

Infectious diseasesInfectious diseases

• Same as horse …See Equine Medicine !• Glander, Equine Encephalomyelitis, Tetanus

• Parasites : Strongylus (Strongyles), Strongyloides(Thread worm), Oxyuris (pin worm), Thelazia (eye) etc.

Family Rhinoceridae

มี 5 สายพันธุ

1. White Rhino*** (Square-lip, 2 horns, grazer)

2. Black Rhino* (Hooked or pointed-lip, 2 horns, browser)

3. Indian Rhino**** (greater one horn)

4. Sumatra Rhino* (smallest, 2 horns, browser)

5. Java Rhino* (one horn)

*Critically Endangered**Endangered***Vulnerable


• แรดเปน nocturnal • มีนิ้วเทา 3 นิ้วทัง้หนาและหลัง• เปนสัตวกระเพาะเดี่ยว ม ีcaecum เจริญดี• นอ สรางจาก keratin มีการเจรญิตลอดชีวิตของแรด• ถานอหัก จะงอกใหมได• การงอกของนอแรด : 1-3 นิว้ ตอป• solitary animals, with the exception of mothers

and calves, and breeding pairs • White Rhinos sometimes live in groups of up to

14 (generally comprised mostly of females)

•• Indian RhinoIndian Rhino present in both adult males andfemales, but not on the newborn.

• The horn of the Java RhinoJava Rhino differs between the males and females, with the females horn are stubby and knob like, or they have no horn at all.

• hairless, hazy gray skin fall into folds into the shoulder, back, and rump giving it an armored-like appearance.

Indian rhino

One horn

Java rhino

Sumatra rhinoWhite rhino Black rhino

•• Sumatran RhinoSumatran Rhino is the smallest of the remaining five species of Rhinceros

• Most fur (survive at very high altitudes of Sumatra & Borneo)

Two horn

Special concern

Enclosure

• Bars should be vertical (prevent horn avulsions)

• Bars can be about 0.5 m apart

• Provide mud for skin care and insect protection

Restraint

••Danger :Danger : ชน (นอ), เหยยีบ, กัด

••Physical Restraint :Physical Restraint : restraint chute, translocation box

• Chemical Restraint :Chemical Restraint :• Etorphine 0.5-0.85 mg (standing anesthesia)• Etorphine 2.5-4 mg + Xylazine 100 mg (recumbency)

•Injection site : คอ และ ตนขาดานใน (epidermis บางสุด)


• Non infectious diseasesNon infectious diseases

1) Skin problem from biting

2) Pododermatitis

3) Abscess in lower jaw area

4) Ulcerative stomatitis (stress)

5) Post-capture death

Infectious diseasesInfectious diseases

• Leptospirosis• Salmonellosis• Pseudomonas and E.coli induced enteritis• TB• Pneumonia• Clostridium• Parasitic infection:

Family Tapiridae-Malayan tapir (South East Asia)

-Brazilian tapir (South America)

-Mountain tapir (South America)

-Baird’s tapir (Central America)


IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group

• นิ้วเทาหนา 4 นิ้ว เทาหลัง 3 นิ้ว• กระเพาะเดี่ยว Caecum ใหญแตสั้น• ลูกมีลายเหมือนแตงไทย แตเริ่มจางลงเมื่ออายุ 5

เดือน และจะเปลี่ยนเปนสีเหมือนพอแมเมื่ออายุ 1 ป

Special concern • Poor jumper but strong climber

• Excessive sunlight : ocular and dermatological problems

• Two important things: Shading and water

Restraint

•• Danger :Danger : กัด

•• Physical Restraint :Physical Restraint : restraint chute, เกา ลบู นวด บริเวณหลงั ซอกขา คางและคอ

• Chemical Restraint :Chemical Restraint :– Etorphine 1.8 mg – Ketamine / xylazine

IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group

Common disease and problems

• Non infectious diseaseNon infectious disease

1) Constipation

2) Rectal prolapse

3) Corneal opacity

4) Wound & laceration

Rectal prolapse

insufficient water

constipation

Severe labour

Rectal prolapse

Corneal opacity

Expose to severe light

Corneal opaque / corneal ulcer

Blindness

Infectious diseaseInfectious disease

• Lumpy jaw / mandibular abscess

• Salmonellosis

• Parasite infection :Sarcoptic mange,Strongyloides, Ascarids, Balantidium, Giardia



Equidae

Tapiridae

Rhinocerotidae

Elephants


SuinaSuidae

Hippopotamidae

Ruminantia

Camellidae

Tragulidae

Giraffidae

Cervidae

Antilocapridae

Bovidae


Equines,

Tapir,

Rhinoceroses

Tylopoda

Tragulina

Swines,Hippopotamus

Camels & Llamas

Tragulus

Giraffes, Cervids,

Antilopes, Bovines,

Caprines, Antilopes

Etc.

Herbivore Taxonomy

•Suborder Suiformes

มีกระเพาะแบงออกเปน 2-3 chamber แตไมมีการ fermentation

ไดแก Pig, Wild pig, Peccary, Hippopotamus

•Suborder Tylopodaมีกระเพาะแบงออกเปน 3 chamber และมีการ fermentation

ไดแก Camel, Llama, Alpaca, Guanaco

•Suborder Ruminantia

มีกระเพาะแบงออกเปน 4 chamber มีการ fermentation

Order Artiodactyla



Equidae

Tapiridae

Rhinocerotidae

Elephants


SuinaSuidae

Hippopotamidae

Ruminantia

Camellidae

Tragulidae

Giraffidae

Cervidae

Antilocapridae

Bovidae


Equines,

Tapir,

Rhinoceroses

Tylopoda

Tragulina

Swines,Hippopotamus

Camels & Llamas

Tragulus

Giraffes, Cervids,

Antilopes, Bovines,

Caprines, Antilopes

Etc.

Herbivore Taxonomy

Order Artiodactyla

Suborder Suiformes

•Family Suidae ไดแก Wild pig, Pig

•Family Tayassuidae ไดแก Peccary

Restraint

• Danger :Danger : long sharp canine teeth

• Physical Restraint :Physical Restraint : snare, squeeze cage

••Chemical Restraint : Chemical Restraint :

Zoletil

Zoletil + xylazine

ขอควรระวัง : hypoxia


•• Infectious diseases Infectious diseases 1) African swine fever

2) Rinderpest

3) Hog cholera

4) Rabies & Pseudorabies

5) Brucellosis

6) Mycobacterium

7) Parasite infection : Ascarid, Trichinella, Coccidia

See Swine Medicine !

Order Artiodactyla

Family HippopotamidaeSuborder Suiformes

Nile hippotamus•Sweat blood

•Territorial (only water)

•Solitary : graze at night

•Body wt. : 1300-1500 kg.

Pygmy hippopotamus•Clear sweat (pale pink)

•Less social / aggressive

•Forest inhabitat

•Body wt. : 200-250 kg.

Special characteristic•Thick skin (3cm.)

•Blood sweat : lack of true sebaceous glands to produce sweat

•Large subdermal glands produce pigmented secretion (hipposudoric acid & norhipposudoric acid )

•ดูดกลืนรังสี UV ไดในชวงกวาง 200-600 nm ใชประโยชนในการกันแดด

•มีคุณสมบัติในการเปน antibiotic สามารถยับยั้งเชื้อแบคทีเรียกอโรค

Nature 429, 363-363 (27 May 2004)

Special concern

• Most of time are in the water

• Pool should be deepen at least 1.5 -2.5 m.

• Shallow pool for pregnant female (usually calve in water)

Restraint

• Danger :Danger : big canine teeth, attack , เหยยีบ

• Physical Restraint :Physical Restraint : Training for restraint chute

••Chemical Restraint : Chemical Restraint :

Etorphine HCl

ระวัง : จมน้ํา

ตําแหนงที่เหมาะสม : ดานในขาหลัง

หลังใบห ูสะโพก


•• Infectious diseasesInfectious diseases1) Salmonellosis (Enteritis)

2) Bovine rhinotracheitis

3) Tuberculosis

4) Pasteurellosis

5) Brucellosis

6) Tetanus

7) Parasite infection

•• Non infectious diseasesNon infectious diseases

1) Nail crack and wounds, lameness

2) GI system : overnutrition, dental problem, constipation,sand colic, FB ingestion

3) Hypocalcemia

Prevention : calcium supplement in pre and post- parturition and lactation period



Equidae

Tapiridae

Rhinocerotidae

Elephants


SuinaSuidae

Hippopotamidae

Ruminantia

Camellidae

Tragulidae

Giraffidae

Cervidae

Antilocapridae

Bovidae


Equines,

Tapir,

Rhinoceroses

Tylopoda

Tragulina

Swines,Hippopotamus

Camels & Llamas

Tragulus

Giraffes, Cervids,

Antilopes, Bovines,

Caprines, Antilopes

Etc.

Herbivore Taxonomy

Order Artiodactyla

Suborder Tylopoda•Tylopoda = padded foot

• no hoof, มี Cushion pad และ เล็บ

•Family Camelidae ไดแก Llama, Camel

• 3 compartment stomach

•1st : ferment

•2nd : ferment + glandular

•3rd : glandular

Single hump camel

Middle east, North Africa

Two hump camel

China, Southern Russia

••Bushy eyebrows and 2 rows of eyelashes to keep Bushy eyebrows and 2 rows of eyelashes to keep the sand out of the eyes.the sand out of the eyes.

••The nostrils can be closed. The nostrils can be closed.

Llama Alpaca

Guanaco

Vicuna

Restraint

• Danger :Danger : bite, kick, spitting (stomach content), หวัโขก

• Physical Restraint :Physical Restraint : restraint chute

••Chemical Restraint :Chemical Restraint :

Sedative = Xylazine

Anesthesia = - Xylazine + Ketamine

- Zoletil


•• Infectious diseasesInfectious diseases1) Melioidosis (zoonoses /one hump camel)

2) Surra

3) Clostridium

4) FMD

5) Camel pox

6) Sarcoptic mange

Melioidosis•Burkholderia pseudomallei

•Human : acute pneumonia

•Camel : similar to TB

Non infectious diseaseNon infectious disease

•Dystocia

•Vaginal prolapse

•Acute abdominal syndrome : anorexia, atony of GI tract, lethargy



Equidae

Tapiridae

Rhinocerotidae

Elephants


SuinaSuidae

Hippopotamidae

Ruminantia

Camellidae

Tragulidae

Giraffidae

Cervidae

Antilocapridae

Bovidae


Equines,

Tapir,

Rhinoceroses

Tylopoda

Tragulina

Swines,Hippopotamus

Camels & Llamas

Tragulus

Giraffes, Cervids,

Antilopes, Bovines,

Caprines, Antilpoes

Etc.

Herbivore Taxonomy

Order Artiodactyla

Suborder Tragulina•Family Tragulidae

•กระเพาะมี 4 compartment แต abomasum มีขนาดเล็ก

•No horn and antler

•ทั้งสองเพศมี upper canine teeth เจริญดี

• presence of four toes on eachfoot

•absence of facial scent glands

•ทั้งตัวผูและตัวเมียไมมีเขา •กระจงตัวผูจะมีเขี้ยวบนยาวเลยริมฝปากบนลงมา•มีแถบสีขาว 5 เสนบริเวณใตคอและอก •เมื่อโตเต็มวัย สูงประมาณ 30-35 เซนติเมตร น้าํหนักตัวประมาณ 3.6-6.0 กิโลกรมั

•น้ําหนักตัวประมาณ 0.7-2.0 กิโลกรัม

กระจงกระจง



Equidae

Tapiridae

Rhinocerotidae

Elephants


SuinaSuidae

Hippopotamidae

Ruminantia

Camellidae

Tragulidae

Giraffidae

Cervidae

Antilocapridae

Bovidae


Equines,

Tapir,

Rhinoceroses

Tylopoda

Tragulina

Swines,Hippopotamus

Camels & Llamas

Tragulus

Giraffes, Cervids,

Antilopes, Bovines,

Caprines, Antilopes

Etc.

Herbivore Taxonomy

Order Artiodactyla

Suborder Ruminantia

•Family Giraffidae

•Family Cervidae

•Family Antilocapridae

•Family Bovidae

Order Artiodactyla

Family GiraffidaeSuborder Ruminantia

•มี 2 spp. ไดแก Giraffe และ Okapi

•Skin cover horn

•Carotid artery valves ปองกัน hypotention

•ขาหนายาวกวาขาหลัง

•ผิวหนังใชเปนลายพรางตา

•Prehensile lips and tongue (1 ft.)

Restraint• Danger :Danger : kick, attack, ใชหวัฟาด

• Physical Restraint :Physical Restraint : restraint chute

••Chemical Restraint :Chemical Restraint :

Sedative = Xylazine 70-100 mg + Atropine 7-8 mg (adult) 30-40 mg + Atropine 2-3 mg (yearling)

อดอาหาร 48-72 ชัว่โมง

ทําในหองที่แข็งแรง , ผนังเรียบ


•• Infectious diseasesInfectious diseases1) Blue tongue

2) Anthrax

3) Pneumonia

4) TB

5) Rinderpest

6) Salmonellosis

7) Parasite infection

Foot rot, Trauma, Dystocia, Ruminal impaction

Non infectious diseaseNon infectious disease



Equidae

Tapiridae

Rhinocerotidae

Elephants


SuinaSuidae

Hippopotamidae

Ruminantia

Camellidae

Tragulidae

Giraffidae

Cervidae

Antilocapridae

Bovidae


Equines,

Tapir,

Rhinoceroses

Tylopoda

Tragulina

Swines,Hippopotamus

Camels & Llamas

Tragulus

Giraffes, Cervids,

Antilopes, Bovines,

Caprines, Antilopes

Etc.

Herbivore Taxonomy

Order Artiodactyla

FamilyCervidaeSuborder Ruminantia

• ม ีantler เฉพาะตัวผู ยกเวน Reindeer

• 4 stomach compartments

•Special scent gland :

pre-orbital , Inter-digital

กวางที่มีถิ่นกําเนิดในประเทศไทย

• กวางมา (Sambar deer )• เกง ( เกงธรรมดา ,เกงหมอ ) (Barking deer)• เนื้อทราย (Hog deer)• ละมั่ง, ละอง (Eld’s deer)• สมัน (Schomburgk’s deer)

กวางผลดัเขาทุกป (หลังฤดูผสมพันธุ)หลังจากนั้นเขาจะงอกใหมประมาณ 120 วนั

Antler•เจริญจาก mesodermal cell

•องคประกอบ : fibrocartilage + blood vessel หุมดวย skin

•ผลัดเขาปละครั้ง

•เขาออน (velvet) – 4 month

•Ossification – 1 month

•Sloughing – 1 month

•Hard antler – 4 month

•Resting – 2 month

Antler management

-ทําที่ 50-65 วัน ,ตัดเหนือวงแหวนประมาณ 2 นิ้ว

Restraint

• Danger :Danger : fore leg, antler

••Physical Restraint :Physical Restraint : deer yard, squeeze cage, net

••Chemical Restraint :Chemical Restraint :Xylazine HCl : Sedative 1 mg/kg

Immobilization 2-3 mg/kg

Zoletil : Immobilization 4-6 mg/kgAnesthesia 6-10 mg/kg

ซองบังคับกวาง



Equidae

Tapiridae

Rhinocerotidae

Elephants


SuinaSuidae

Hippopotamidae

Ruminantia

Camellidae

Tragulidae

Giraffidae

Cervidae

Antilocapridae

Bovidae


Equines,

Tapir,

Rhinoceroses

Tylopoda

Tragulina

Swines,Hippopotamus

Camels & Llamas

Tragulus

Giraffes, Cervids,

Antilopes, Bovines,

Caprines, Antilopes

Etc.

Herbivore Taxonomy

Order Artiodactyla

Family AntilocapridaeSuborder Ruminantia

• ไดแก Pronghorn antelope

•มี cornual process หุมดวย horn sheath ซึ่งจะลอกหลุดปละครัง้



Equidae

Tapiridae

Rhinocerotidae

Elephants


SuinaSuidae

Hippopotamidae

Ruminantia

Camellidae

Tragulidae

Giraffidae

Cervidae

Antilocapridae

Bovidae


Equines,

Tapir,

Rhinoceroses

Tylopoda

Tragulina

Swines,Hippopotamus

Camels & Llamas

Tragulus

Giraffes, Cervids,

Antilopes, Bovines,

Caprines, Antilopes

Etc.

Herbivore Taxonomy

Order Artiodactyla

Family Bovidae

Suborder Ruminantia

• ไดแก Bovines, Caprines, Antelopes

• เขา = horn ไมแตกกิ่ง ไมมีการผลัดเขา

Restraint

•Fam. Bovidae & Antilocapridae

••Danger :Danger : horn, hooves, kick

••Physical Restraint :Physical Restraint :

• behavioral training

•Manual – จํากัดพืน้ที่, จับบังคับโดยตรง

•Mechanical – squezze cage, chute

••Chemical Restraint :Chemical Restraint :Sedative : XylazineImmobilization : Zoletil, Xylazine + Ketamine


•• Infectious diseasesInfectious diseases• TB

• FMD

• Anthrax

• Melioidosis

• Parasite infection

• See Bovine Medicine !

Common disease and problems

•• Non infectious diseaseNon infectious disease

1) Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

2) White muscle disease

3) Problems after restraint

4) Capture myopathy

Protein Energy MalnutritionProtein Energy Malnutrition• อาจเกิด primary จากการขาดอาหารหรอืเปน

secondary จากการปวยดวยโรคอืน่แลวกินไมได,nutritional mismanagement

• อาการ : emaciation, PCV ต่ํา• ผาซาก : gelatinous transformation ( serous

atrophy of fat ) เนื่องจาก triglyceride ถกูแทนที่ดวยของเหลว พบทั้งไขมันที่คลุมทางเดินอาหารและอวัยวะภายในรวมทั้งไขกระดกู

White muscle diseaseWhite muscle disease

• Vit. E , Se deficiency

• Poor function of muscle, ataxia, weak, reluctance to standing

• Cardiac muscle : fibrillation, arrythmia, death

Problems after restraintProblems after restraint

•Acidosis

•Hypoglycemia

•Hypocalcemia

•Hypoxia

•Trauma : contusion, abrasion, laceration, head/neck injuries, horn / antler damage

Capture Capture myopathymyopathy

• Predisposing cause : inappropriate restraint, stress, vit.E&Se deficiency• a response by animals to stressors in environment• Stress causes anaerobic metabolism• lactic acid and muscle damage

• When the muscle is exerted (used) its metabolism changes from aerobic (uses oxygen) to anaerobic(uses stored energy in the muscles).

• build up of lactic acid causes acidosis.• Lactic acid in the bloodstream drops the pH in the

body, affecting heart output.• If the heart does not pump oxygen to the muscle it

starts to die.

• When the muscle dies over the next 7 days, it releasesa product called myoglobin (breakdown product ofmuscle).

Type of Capture myopathy• Capture shock• Ataxic myoglobinuria• Muscle rupture• Delayed

Capture shockCapture shock

•• PPerer--acuteacute• Signs:Signs: hyperthermia, shallow+rapid breathing, depress, recumbency• Severe acidosis, hyperkalemia• tachycadia , weak pulse , Circulatory failure• Death within 1-6 hr.• PM:PM: lung edema and congestion

Ataxic Ataxic myoglobinuriamyoglobinuria

acuteacuteSigns :Signs : ataxia, heart failure from heart muscle

necrosistorticollis, myoglobinuriaoccurs over 2- 4 days (hr.-day)PM :PM : Kidney swelling

Muscle ruptureMuscle rupture

•• SSubacuteubacute• Signs :Signs : normal at capture, show signs 24-48 hr. after capture• hyperflexion of hock, uni or bilateral gastroc.ruptured• kidney failure from the release of myoglobin• Acidosis, Myoglobinuria• PM :PM : subcutaneous hemorrhage, multifocal small to large pale soft and pale in muscle

DelayedDelayed

••CChronichronic• survive several days or months ( 1 wk-month) • die over 2-4 weeks due to heart failure andparalysis• Disturb/ recapture, stress again : eye dilate, die within several minutes from a heart attack

Documents

Herbivores - Kasetsart University 5.52.pdf•Indian Rhino present in both adult males and females, but not on the newborn. • The horn of the Java Rhino differs between the males