Combustor

Separation unit

Tanks

Wellhead

E. Zhang, L. Tombez, J. S. Orcutt, S. Kamlapurkar, G. Wysocki, W. M. J. Green, CLEO 2016.

Integrated On-chip Silicon Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (IOS-TDLAS)

http://www.tomkatranch.org/

Network and Communication

Methane atmospheric columns measured from space by solar backscatter at NIR

GOSAT instrument launched in 2009 has 5-km pixel size resolution but is relatively sparse (170,000 data points per year).

TROPOMI instrument to be launched by the European Space Agency in January 2016 @ 7 km resolution with daily global coverage

AIMS: An Intelligent Multi-modal CH4 Measurement SystemHendrik Hamann, Josephine Chang, Levente Klein, Matthias Dittberner, Ramachandran Muralidhar, Michael Schappert, Vanessa Lopez-Marrero

William Green, Chi Xiong, Eric Zhang, Cheyenne Teng, Jason Orcutt, Yves Martin, Tymon Barwicz, Marwan Khater, Lionel Tombez

Solution for deployment of economical, low-power, continuously monitoring optical sensor nodes

IBM technology value proposition:

Leverages volume manufacturing–Same infrastructure used to print

billions of transistors on a single microprocessor

Spectroscopic molecular selectivity–Reject false positives

Orders of magnitude lower cost–$250/sensor target

Low power consumption–< 1 Watt

Integrated tunable laser and detector:

Operation across wide ambient temperature range

Uncooled for low power consumption

On-chip gas reference cell:

Built-in self-calibration

Long-term accuracy

Waveguide-confined optical path:

Low-cost manufacturing and packaging

No moving parts, robust to misalignment

Methane molecule – CH4

Concentration tracking during CH4 flush

Comparison of SiPh chip and reference CH4 spectra

0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.990.98

0.99

0 250 500 750 1000

0.0

1.5

3.0

101

102

103

101

102

0 500 1000 1500 2000

-0.8

0.0

0.8

zero-gas CH4 flush

SiPh chip sensor

free-space reference

time [sec]

[% v

ol. C

H4] close

valves

reference sensor absorption

SiP

hchip

abs.

SiPh sensor vs. reference

linear fit

averaging time (τ) [sec]

Alla

n-d

evia

tio

n (σ)

[pp

mv]

CH

4[p

pm

v]

measurement time [sec]

(×103)

756 ppmv·Hz-1/2

calculated Allan deviation

Hz-1/2 Gaussian/white noise

101 102 103

101

102

free-space

ref PD

SiPh

chip PD

DFB-laser

diode

optical

isolatorpolarization

splitter

exhaust

CH4

N2

gas chamber

open-path free-

SiPh waveguide sensor

laser driver currentramp

control

Data

Acquisition

Card

dataacquisition

sensor hardware

electronics/data acquisition

spectralanalysis

flowmeter

gas input

space sensor

1650.8 1650.9 1651.0 1651.1

0.94

0.96

0.98

1.00

6057.6 6057.3 6057.0 6056.7

wavelength [nm]

norm

aliz

ed tra

nsm

issio

n

Tref = 93.8 %

Tchip = 98.4 %

wg refΔ Δ

= 26.3 %

ref. spectral fit (Voigt)

Si-waveguide (1 s)

w-g spectral fit (Voigt)

free-space ref. (1 s)

[cm-1]

(~0.4 mm)

1650 1700 1750 18000

1

2

3

4

rel. a

bs. [×

10

-5pp

m·m

]

wavelength [nm]

SiO2 buried oxide

Si substrate

Si waveguide

ambient CH4laser input

output to detector

methane

ethanepropane

butanepentane

(CH 4)

(C 2H4)(C 3H6)

(C 4H10)(C 5H12)

CH4

C5H12

Mode field profile (Ey)Waveguide cross-sectionMechanically stable sensor prototype

Calibrated CH4 trapped during solder reflow

High-NA fiber

Sensor chip

Photodiodes

To TIA

Fiber pigtailed sensor chip assemblies have short-term precision equivalent to a free space reference

Submount

Solder seal rings P

ho

tod

iod

e

Angled anti-reflection interfaces

Reference cell prototypes

(mechanical)

1650 1700 1750 18000

1

2

3

4

rel. a

bs. [×

10-5

ppm·

m]

wavelength [nm]

SiO2 buried oxide

Si substrate

Si waveguide

ambient CH4laser input

output to detector

methane

ethanepropane

butanepentane

(CH 4)

(C 2H4)(C 3H6)

(C 4H10)(C 5H12)

CH4

C5H12

1650 1700 1750 18000

1

2

3

4

rel. a

bs. [×

10-5

ppm·

m]

wavelength [nm]

SiO2 buried oxide

Si substrate

Si waveguide

ambient CH4laser input

output to detector

methane

ethanepropane

butanepentane

(CH 4)

(C 2H4)(C 3H6)

(C 4H10)(C 5H12)

CH4

C5H12

1650 1700 1750 18000

1

2

3

4

rel. a

bs. [×

10-5

ppm·

m]

wavelength [nm]

SiO2 buried oxide

Si substrate

Si waveguide

ambient CH4laser input

output to detector

methane

ethanepropane

butanepentane

(CH 4)

(C 2H4)(C 3H6)

(C 4H10)(C 5H12)

CH4

C5H12

Light in

10 cm-long

spiral

1.4 mm

Light out

Splitte

r

SubstrateLid

Sensor chip

Machine-learnt, multi-Model Methane Leak Analytics

IBM “Mote” provides wireless mesh network communication o highly energy efficiento ultra-secureo low costo easy deployableo hardened

Cloud-based analytics

Intelligent gateway

Well pad 1 Well pad 2 Well pad …

Mes

h n

etw

ork

Star

net

wo

rkSatellite

link

External wind

sensors

Mote network antenna

Power regulator(s)

Gateway compute

r

Mote networ

khub

Intelligent gateway

Architecture

Forward problem (wind dependent)—Dispersion model—Heuristic models—Full CFD—Situation-dependent, machine-

learnt, multi-model blending

Inverse problem (source identification)– Non-linear least squares– Fredholm integral– Stochastic– Pattern recognition

0 scfh

6 scfh

Sensor

Mote based sensing Mote with chemiresistive sensor

Sen

sor

For different wind conditions@t1@t2

Well pad specification Auto-meshing CFDFull transient Physics

model

Satellite Analytics Preliminary results (Landsat based)

CH4 absorption line from the reference cell