RD-A146 517 THE HEMP (HIGH-ALTITUDE ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE) RESPONSE 1/1OF A LONG TRANSMI..(U) HARRY DIAMOND LABS ADELPHI MDR P MANRIQUEZ ET AL. SEP 84 HDL-TR-2@5i

UNCLASSIFIED MIPR-HCi00i-3-40i F/G 20/14 N

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Ronald J. Reyzer MIPR: H4CIOOI-3-401John F. Sweton

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HDL Project No. E313E3DCSCode: 33126K OOCT 1 01984

19. KEY WORDS (Cotinue an roere, lse It necosser aid DdentI& bY' black numiber)

HEMP }Distributed source, c,A7Transmitted E field below ground) LPN modelConductivity, REPS-Dielectric constant, CMtitrdanalization. A

211, AWThACI oCte M feeyeSao eNuuneo.oe, a e* b black eumulec)

- This paper documents the wcalculation of the current coupled to a long, buried, insulated cable excitedby a horizontally polarized plal~e-wave electromagnetic pulse (EMP) field. This result is compared to thecurrent measured on a similar long, buried cable located approximately 800 ft from a radiating, horizon-tally polarized EMP simulator h~aving the same driving horizontal field. (,- ~,..~ ~*.

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FOREWORD O

The National Communications System (NCS) in response to PresidentialDirective/NSC-53, ONational Security Telecommunications Policy," is funding acomprehensive program on the effects of nuclear weapons on selected - -telecommunications systems. A portion of this effort is directed atdetermining the high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (EMP) vulnerability of the ,.commercial Bell Telephone TI Carrier system, and at developing a Ti Carriersystem specifically engineered to be EMP hard. The work described in thisreport was performed in support of these efforts.

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CONTENTS* Page

* 1. INTRODUCTION ............. .* .***** ******** 7 -

2o* BURIED-CABLE RESPONSE ANALYSIS . .... .. .. ... **so . . .... . .. 9

*3. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS .... 12

4. CONCLUSION IS..... ... *. *..* . .... *. ...... .1

LITERATURE CITED .... o... 19

DISTRIBUTION * ********.................... .... . . ..... ... . .. .. 0 . . . . .. 21.

FIGURES

1.* Cross section of shielded cable ..... 8

2. Test configuration for IIDL cable coupling studies ............. 8

3. Incremental wi section of equivalent distributed-source lumped-parameter network model of buried cable ................ 10

4. Digitized waveforms of measured H Mt at TP1 to TI'S ................. 13x

5. Transmitted electric field at TP1 to TP5 with ar - 0.001 mho/m*and Cr = 15 ........ 13

* 6. Transmitted electric field at TP1 to TP5 with a =0.007 mho/m-* and Cr = i 15 .. ** * * * * * * * * * * * * . ... 14

7. Transmitted electric field at TP1 to TI'S with a -0.02 mho/mand Cr =15 ... ** ***...** ** *eo..... .o... 14

8. Soil conductivity with varying moisture content ....... .......... 15

9. Soil dielectric constant with varying moisture content ... ......... 15

10. Transmitted electric field at TPI to TP5 with 10-percentmoisture content * ** **** ** * .*.*.* .. .* ...... 16

11. Transmitted electric field at TP1 to TP5 with 25-percent

* 12. Comparison between measured and LPN data with varying moisture.content o ................ *..*........***... 17

* 13. Comparison between measured and LPN short-circuit current withrepresentative constant values of o and Cr ~1

* 14. Late-time measured short-circuit current Is............. 18%

5

1 e INTRODUCTION

Investigators have measured the current induced by an electromagneticpulse (EP), as produced by the repetitive EMP simulator (REPS), on a long,terminated, insulated cable buried at a shallow depth near the air-earthinterface. The measured current is compared with analytical predictions ofthe current induced on the same cable excited by an exoatmospheric EP. The -:main objectives of this paper are to evaluate the plane-wave electromagnetic .....-field propagation through a linear, isotropic, and homogeneous conductingmedium; to represent the EP coupling to the buried cable by the equivalentdistributed-source, lumped-parameter network (LPN) model; and to compare theresults to experimental measurements using an EMP simulator.

The reflection and transmission of electromagnetic waves at a planesurface between the air and earth media are familiar phenomena. It is assumedin this study that the incident wave, generated in free space, is a linearlypolarized plane wave (constant amplitude and phase), and the earth boundary istreated as a semi-infinite, linear, homogeneous, isotropic, and conductingmedium.

The incident electric field above the earth is computed based on themeasured magnetic field above ground. Subsequently, the transmitted electricfield below ground is computed through the use of Maxwell equations andFresnel coefficients. The procedure used to calculate the transmitted fieldsfrom measured magnetic field data is reported in a companion paper. 1 Thecable under study is a 1200-ft section of shielded cable that is terminated ina "short circuit" to ground at both ends of the cable. The cable is buried 18

. in. below the surface of the earth. A cross section of the shielded cable is"" shown in figure 1. The incident field is horizontally polarized and arrives

at the earth boundary at an elevation angle of 3 degrees. The earth'sparameters of conductivity, a, and dielectric permittivity, c, are derived asa function of frequency based upon the universal impedance for soils, gener-ated by Longmire and Smith, 2 and an assumed moisture content of 10 percent byvolume.

The cable has been arranged in an arc from the center of a point-source" P simulator, as shown in figure 2. Thus, the peak EMP signal arrives at all

-" points along the cable at the same time. The particular simulator being usedin the experiment is the rmy's REPS, a horizontally polarized dipole radiatordriven by a I-MV repetitive pulse generator. The current is sensed with aStoddard clip-on current probe (model 91550-3), and the data are recorded on afiber-optic system and transmitted to an instrument van, where they areconverted back to an electrical signal and monitored with a Tektronix 7912

*. oscilloscope. The data are also digitized, processed, and stored on disk forfuture use.

*:- IRolando P. fanriquez and John F. Sweton, An Indirect Measure of Below-Ground Electric Field, Conductivity, and Dielectric Constant, Harry Diamond

*'. Laboratories, HDL-TR-2052 (September 1984).2C. L. Longolre and K. S. Smith, A Universal Impedance for Soils, Mission

Research Corp., Santa Barbara, CA, Contract No. DNASOOI-75-CO094 (October* 1975).

7.- * .** *.. ** :.

... " . . "... . . . . . . . . .7. . .,**.-*..* . . . . . . . . . .

W'. • ... ..-.- ".....,

CAKE ".38 ML:<

(NA TOI.M AM

Figuro . Cro s section of shielded ngble.

NORTH mSOUTH

KIFAW158 3CABLE SECTIONS 25?LI: 1200 FT r[; -:.

REPS CENTER LINE.- ..

studies.

The electrical short circuit at the ends of the cable is achieved by theuse of a calcium chloride salt solution poured into a 3 x 3 x 3 ft pitcontaining a 6-ft grounding rod that is attached to the cable sheath by astandard telephone press-fit connector. The electric field incident on thecable is obtained by the use of the total magnetic field measured at fivepoints along the length of the cable. An attempt to monitor the electric

field at 18 in. below the surface of the earth is documented elsewhere.1

J.-

IRolando P. Manlriquez and John F. Sweton, An Indirect Measure of Below-Ground Electric Field, Conductivity, and Dielectric Constant, Harry Diamond

Laboratories, RDL-TR-2052 (September 1984).

84 -3-

. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .."* 8" *.--'..,. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-..-

,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ,

2. BURIED-CABLE RESPONSE ANALYSIS

The analytical method used to predict the response of the buried cable issimilar to the methods used in earlier work. 3 ' 4 The incremental section of 0the equivalent distributed-source LPN model is shown in figure 3. This modelincorporates frequency-dependent passive elements. The voltage, Vi, is thetransmitted E-field for each incremental section. The impedance for eachincremental section consists of the ground impedance (Zg), cable impedance(Zi), and the inductive reactance (ZL) of the insulation gap. The admittancefor each incremental section consists of the capacitive susceptance (Yd) ofthe insulation in series with the admittance (Yg) of the ground. Thus, thetransmission-line parameters are

3

W11h jWji lo

(1 + j)T/ o [oi .i)-/-]

Z (w) = 2 T coth [(1 + j)T/6c (2)

c

Z LM log (ka) (3)"' :£'-

2wo 2".y 152a 15 6 ()

log log , .- ..

d W~Td()Y dw(e) log(b) )og(.)

where. -..-

6= I/,/ofp 0 Og = skin depth in the ground,

ac 1//rftaoOc - skin depth in the shield,

g= conductivity of the ground,

c = conductivity of the shield,

od = conductivity of the dielectric,

3E. F. Vance, Coupling to Shielded Cables, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (1978).MHichael S. Bushell, Rolando P. Manriquez, George Merkel, and William D.

Scharf, Aurora Test Cell Electron Beam Environment--Response of Large Loop,IEEE Trans. Nucl. Scd. NS-30, No. 6 (December 1983), 4558-4563.

9

% .. ° .. '

eg dielectric constant of the ground,

Ed - dielectric constant of the protective jacket of the cable,

11 = 4W x 10 - 7 H/m,

Yo 1.781 = Euler's constant,

b = outer radius of the insulation,

a = outer radius of the cable shield, and

T thickness of the shield.

I AZ Iz

0- .--0 .

Figure 3. Incremental w section of equivalentdistributed-source lumped-parameternetwork model of buried cable.

The transmission-line response is obtained by the implicit method. 5 Ateach increment along the line, the current is determined by solving the matrixequation

(z) [I]= IV] (6) -

where [ is the impedance matrix, and [I and [V] are the vector forms of thecurrents and voltages, respectively. The impedance matrix is expressed as aset of (Z) coefficients and can be found by the application of Kirchoff'scurrent and voltage law to the equivalent transmission line. The elements ofthe voltage matrix [VI are the source terms for the transmission line, asshown in figure 3. Hence, equation (6) is expanded in the form5

5 B. Carnahan, H. A. Luther, and J. 0. Wilkes, Applied Numerical Methods,John Wiley and Sons (1969), 440-442.

10

." . *..,** .,.. *..;.* . . . . ....... .. . * .*o .. . *. .*. ..*. . . .. . -S

. ° .S ... . . .. ~ ~ *. . .

b11I + c11 I V1

a211 + b212 + 0213 V 2

a3 12 + b3 13 + c 3 1 4 -V 3

* . .(7)

al + bjj4cI+ Vi

an1In-2 + bn-IIn..I + cn-Iln =n

anin-1 + bnln Vn

vhere the (Z] coefficients are

b, Z1 +Z 2

cl - Z2

* an-I. -Z2n-2

bn-I - Z2n-I + Z2n-2 2n ' -

0n-1 - - 2n

an '2n-2

bn - Z2n-1 + Z2n-2 + Z2n

Note that Zodd -Z(W), Zee = /Y(W), V~ i E i(w)Az, and n =total number ofsections.

The set of the [Z) coefficients a, b, and c alone is called the tridi-aqonal matrix. The system matrix (eq (7)) is readily solved by a Gaussianelimination method with a maximum of three variables per equation, and thesolutions can be expressed very concisely. The recursion solutions ofequation (7) for each frequency yield the currents through each branch.

The cable response obtained with the frequency-domain LPN model used inthis study vas then compared to two solutions based on (1) Vance's approach

3

* . using constant or frequency-dependent a and e and (2) the time-domain LPN

3B F. Vance, Coupling to Shielded Cables, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (1978).

-~ -.. -- - - -- -- -- -

approach using constant a and e. The number of incremental sections wasincreased until good agreement between the results of the LPN models and theresults of Vance's approach was achieved for constant a and C. The advantagesof the frequency-domain LPN technique are that (1) o and C can be functions of 0frequency and moisture content and (2) different E-field values can be usedfor each incremental section. Finally, the solution of the short-circuitcurrent, I50 (w), at the last branch is inverse Fourier transformed

6 to yieldthe desired time response, Ic(t), at the end of the buried cable.

o.

3. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The magnetic field, Hx(t), was measured using an H-field sensor at aheight of 1 m above ground and located on one of the faces of the StanfordResearch Institute cubical sensor box.7 The digitized waveforms of measuredHx(t) at test points TP1 to TP5 (see fig. 2) are shown in figure 4. The Otransmitted electric fields, E(t), below ground at TP1 to TP5 are shown infigures 5 to 7 for constant values of conductivity a = 0.001, 0.007, and 0.02mho/m with dielectric constant Cr = 15. These figures show the early-timevariations of E(t) up to I is. Although the calculations were carried to5 us, all the E(t) beyond 1 ps are small. As shown in figures 5 to 7, bothamplitude and waveform are significantly affected by changes in conductivity .. 3but are relatively insensitive to changes in dielectric permittivity.

In reality, the conductivity and dielectric permittivity are functions offrequency and depend upon the moisture content of the soil. Longmire andSmith's universal formula2 is used to determine a and Cr for variation ofmoisture content. These are shown in figures 8 and 9. Figures 10 and 11 show 0the effects of these frequency functions for 10- and 25-percent moisturecontent, respectively, on Et) at TP1 and TP5.

The transmitted fields, conductivity, and dielectric permittivity areinput to the frequency-domain LPN computer program used to calculate theshort-circuit current response of the buried cable. The impedance andadmittance parameters were increased by a factor of 2 to obtain a better - -correlation between the measured and calculated short-circuit current at earlytimes.

2C. L. Longmire and K. S. Smith, A Universal Impedance for Soils, Mission

Research Corp., Santa Barbara, CA, Contract No. DNASOOI-75-C0094 (October* 1975).4 Michael S. Bushell, Rolando P. Manriquez, George Merkel, and William D.

Scharf, Aurora Test Cell Electron Beam Environment--Response of Large Loop,IEEE Trans. ucl. Si. NS-30, No. 6 (December 1983), 4558-4563.

6 Alfred G. Brandstein and Egon Marx, Numerical Fourier Transform, HarryDiamond Laboratories, HDL-TR-1748 (September 1976).

7B. C. Tupper, R. H. Stehle, and R. T. Wolfram, EMP InstrumentsitionDevelopment, Stanford Research Institute, report 7990, under contract to HDL, "-.-*."Contract DAAK02-69-C-0674 (June 1972).

12

,-~~.......-.-. . ....-.-...- ,,,.....-..... . ..--. .-.........--.-. ... -. .. . ..-.- • ....

50.~ T

I - -TP240 TP2

4- 0 - .. .. T N

30 SP

20

-290 60 120 180 240 0 360 A 42O 0 540 600

TIME(S) (Al 0)

Figure 4. Digitized waveforms of measured H,(t) at TP1 to TP5.

50 A-TPI. B-TP2, C.1P3, D-TP4, E-TP5

40 .

30 I.

20 0.

-s10

O 0 0 0 4 N S 0 60 g

and 1r 15.

0 Is 0 30 40 5 60 7 so-o9--

13

A.TP1, S.TP2, C-1P3. 6-.T, E-TP5

.4 246

4 4B

60

A-P* -- P2 C-P3 asP.300 ~..

240 ~*

6a12J

3661

3a 0.0 sh/ n-r 5

2464

- ---.. . . .. o . ,:

A-$%, B-19%. C-15%. 0-20%. E-25%

C

A

111 182 11 e 10 5 116 o1 11 IO in

FREUEY (Nz)

Figure 8. Soil conductivity with varying moisture content(5 to 25 percent).

log

A-5%, 3-10%, C-15%,0-20%. E-25%

165

104

A E

C0

PRE0UJIY (ME)

Figure 9. Soil dielectric constant with varying misture content .(5 to 25 percent).

15

. : . * .*.. ;. ... .- ,.-.................-.~...., ..-*... . ... ... , . - . .- .,- ,,-:-.-;', " - .. " --.- ' -.-. , .,-,, ........-..... .. ...............-....- ................... -.-...... ,....-,, .... ,

"'" " -:-"" "'"" "- "" "'-'" "' "" '-" -- '- ." "" """-" -" ", "- -" "" ". ".""." ." "" " "."" " " , "." " " . " ."." -.. . .... .".. . . .""-".-.."".. ..... ,.. . . . . . . . . . .-.. .',,

36A-Wi. I.1P2. C.1P3, &M,4 E-TP5

24018A1160

0 No

-60 .f

-120 I6 10 26 30 46 so 60 76 $i so 189

TM IS) (XIO-Figure 10. Transmitted electric field at TP1 to TPS with 1 0-percent

moisture content.

125 A.MP. I.1P2. C.1P3. D-TP4. U.PS

106

75 j

5

-25 Wi

1 19 20 26 46 U6 6 76 a6 In16TIM* (u) (510)S

figure 11. Transmitted electric field at TPI to TP5 with 25-percentmoisture content.

* 16

a .. -........................

Figure 12 compares the measured and calculated E(t) with a and er varyingwith frequency at 5-, 10-, and 25-percent moisture content. Values of a =0.007 mho/m, Cr = 15, and 10-percent moisture content yield close agreementbetween the measured and LPN data at early times. These values were alsodetermined empirically from correlation between the measured and calculated .transmitted electric fields below ground, as cited elsewhere.1 The comparisonbetween the measured and calculated Isc(t) with a = 0.001, 0.007, and 0.02mho/m and Cr = 15 are shown in figure 13. Figure 14 shows the late-timemeasured short-circuit current.

200

-MEASURED DATA

IILPN (1e%) ; -

-" 1011 - -- LPN (1S%)-""' :"

66

6 200 400 530 ISW teo 10-e)

Figure 12. Comparison between measured

and LPN data with varyingmoisture content (a and Crboth functions of frequency).

400 r- MEASIRE DATA

.PN (a - 0.001 MBOt. -15). .----- LPN (o - 0.007 MNM, -r 15)

420 -LPN (a = 0.12 MR, -15)

100. 29 ." on m

Figure 13. Comparison between measured 200 40 166 mand LPN short-circuit current "( )(x 10)

with representative constantvalues of a and er"

lRolando P. Nanriquez and John F. Sweton, An Indirect Measure of Below-Ground Electric Field, Conductivity, and Dielectric Constant, Harry DiamondLaboratories, HDL-TR-2052 (September 1984).

17

........... ° 'o '. *. °o . • .......o°-.. .o°.o ,.-°°°°...°o °° -. °- °,.-°o oO, .- . . . . .° - °.. ,... ° °. . o.. . . °,..... .- • - - . . . -.- * * . ., -,* ° •

150

100-. -

" 50

-50 ...0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175

TOM (us)

Figure 14. Late-time measured short-circuit .current.

4. CONCLUSION -L

It can be seen from the data (fig. 12) that the risetime and amplitude ofthe calculated and measured currents are in good agreement. However, for thelate-time waveshape (fig. 12 and 14), there is a significant divergence -between the measured and calculated data. The reason or reasons for thisdisagreement are not known, but it is clear that if this discrepancy results

!. from the (near-field) proximity of the cable to the simulator (a likelypossibility), then the result to distributed system testing could besignificant. On the other hand, if this discrepancy is the result of some

.- factor not adequately accounted for in the analytic calculation, the result to*" distributed system analysis would be similarly significant.

18

P W.

1 . ..

LITERATURE CITED

1. Rolando P. Manriquez and John F. Sveton, An Indirect Measure of Below-Ground Electric Field, Conductivity, and Dielectric Constant, HarryDiamond Laboratories, HDL-TR-2052 (September 1984).

2. C. L. Longaire and K. S. Smith, A Universal Impedance for Soils, MissionResearch Corp., Santa Barbara, CA, Contract No. DNASOOI-75-C0094 (October1975).

3. E. F. Vance, Coupling to Shielded Cables, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.(1978).

*4. Michael S. Bushell, Rolando P. Nanriquez, George M~erkel, and William D.Scharf, Aurora Test Cell Electron Beam Environment--Response of LargeLoop, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-30, No. 6 (December 1983), 4558-4563.

5. B. Carnahan, H. A. Luther, and J. 0. Wilkes, Applied Numerical methods,John Wiley and Sons (1969), 440-442.

*6. Alf red G. Brandatein and Egon Marx, Numerical Fourier Transform, HarryDiamond Laboratories, HDL-TR-1748 (September 1976).

7. B. C. Tupper, R. H. Stehle, and R. T. Wolfram, 34P InstrumentationDevelopment, Stanford Research Institute, report 7990, under contract toHDL, Contract DAAKO2-69-C-0674 (June 1972).

19

*. .

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