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Hemovigilance in Hospital’s Blood Bank Dr Azita Chegini

hemovigilance in hospital'sblood bankiacld.ir/DL/co/14/transfusion/hemovigilancedrachegini.pdf · TRANSFUSION PROCESS SAFE BLOOD COMPONENT. Hemovigilance Total Health Care Vigilance

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Page 1: hemovigilance in hospital'sblood bankiacld.ir/DL/co/14/transfusion/hemovigilancedrachegini.pdf · TRANSFUSION PROCESS SAFE BLOOD COMPONENT. Hemovigilance Total Health Care Vigilance

Hemovigilance in Hospital’s Blood Bank

Dr Azita Chegini

Page 2: hemovigilance in hospital'sblood bankiacld.ir/DL/co/14/transfusion/hemovigilancedrachegini.pdf · TRANSFUSION PROCESS SAFE BLOOD COMPONENT. Hemovigilance Total Health Care Vigilance

History of transfusionsHistory of transfusions

• The first blood transfusions were attempts toThe first blood transfusions  were attempts to transfusion humans with animal blood

• The 18th century, it forbadeThe 18 century, it  forbade• The 19th century, Henri Leacock and James Blundell pioneered inter human transfusionBlundell  pioneered inter human transfusion as  a life saving therapy

• After the discovery of the ABO blood groupsAfter the discovery of the ABO blood groups by Landsteiner, blood transfusion became less dangerous but certainly still not without risk

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Introducing hemovigilanceIntroducing hemovigilance

• The word “hemovigilance” comes from theThe word  hemovigilance  comes from the French and is derived from Greek haemameaning blood and the latin vigilans meaningmeaning blood and the latin vigilans meaning watchful

• Pharmacovigilance (1970)• Pharmacovigilance (1970)• 1980‐1990s HIV• In France  in1994 was the start of hemovigilance

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IHNIHN

• IHN = International Hemovigilance NetworkIHN = International Hemovigilance Network• A set of surveillance  procedures covering the whole transfusion chainwhole transfusion chain

• From the collection blood to the follow‐up of i irecipients

• Unexpected or Undesirable effects resulting from transfusion

• Prevent their occurrence or recurrence 

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Quality systemQuality system

• Biovigilance• Calibration• Control of change• Control of procedures• Documentation• Near missC l f• Control of process

• Competence

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Blood safety/ Transfusion safetyBlood safety/ Transfusion safety

SAFE TRANSFUSION 

PROCESSPROCESS

SAFE BLOODSAFE BLOOD COMPONENT

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HemovigilanceHemovigilance

Total Health Care 

Vigilance

Vigilance on medical devices

pharmacovigilance

Hemovigilance

Rene R.Pde veries, Jean claude faber.HemovigilanceTextbook 2012p:6Textbook 2012p:6

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An Adverse Eventارتباط بين واکنش جانبی وحادثه

ق ال ق ث وحادثه قريب الوقوعا

Adverse reaction واکنش جانبی

)رخداد(حادثه IncidentIncident

خطاھا وانحراف از استاندارد روشھای

Near‐missحادثه قريب الوقوع

ر ی ھ رو

Rene R.Pde veries, Jean claude faber.Hemovigilance Textbook 2012p7-9

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SHOTSHOT

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Delayed17%

Acute10% Incorrect

component

Infections1%

p72%

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Incorrect componentIncorrect component

Prescription, Sampling &O Sampling &

Request27%

Other2%

Blood Bank28%28%

Collection & Administration

43%43%

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Modern Hemovigilance

Recipient Process  Donor

AE ER NM ID AE

Recipients Processes / Products DonorsRecipients Processes / Products Donors

collection / analysis of data

continuous improvement of transfusion safety 

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The local transfusion safety and h i il ihemovigilance committee 

Management, HO, prescribers, nurses, regional g p gcoordinator 

organization of transfusion

transfusion procedures

organization of transfusioninformation

traceability

transfusion reactions

training

traceability

16

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آيا حادثه بدليل کيفيت فرآورده نوع واکنش است؟

آيا حادثه بدليل اختلالی است؟ خون تزريق توسطدرروند پيشگيری قابل قابل پيشگيری توسطدرروند تزريق خون است؟است؟

ھموليزايمونولوژيک به دنبال ABOناسازگاری

-خيرخير

ھموليزايمونولوژيک به دنبال ديگر آلوآنتی باديھا

-بلهخير

ھموليز بدليل نگھداری ناصحيح

روند تزريق خون بلهخيرنظارت بر يخچال بانک خون وزنجيره سرما وحمل ونقل

عفونت ھای باکتریال قابل انتقال ازراه خون

احتمالا بدليل عدم ارزيابی بلهنکات فنی کيسه خون

وفرآورده قبل از تزريق است

ضدعفونی پوست اھداکننده-استفاده از کيسه جانبی -

عفونت ھای ويرال قابل انتقال ازراه خون

انتخاب اھداکننده سالم خيربلهآزمايشات خون اھداکننده

انتقال قابل انگل ھای سالخيربلهعفونت اھداکننده نتخاب عفونت ھای انگلی قابل انتقال...)مالاريا و(ازراه خون

نتخاب اھداکننده سالم خيربلهآزمايشات خون اھداکننده

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آيا حادثه بدليل کيفيت فرآورده نوع واکنش است؟

آيا حادثه بدليل اختلالی درروند است؟ خون تزريق

قابل پيشگيری توسطتزريق خون است؟است؟

غيرقابل پيش بينی وغيرقابل خيرخيرآنافيلاکسی يا حساسيت شديداجتناباجتناب

پورپورای پس از ترانسفيوژنPPT

غيرقابل پيش بينی وغيرقابل خيرخيرباجتناب ج

صدمه حادريه بدنبال تزريق TRALIخون

از FFPممکن است با گرفتن خيربلهاھداکنندگان مردکاھش يابد

بيماری پيوندعليه ميزبانGVHD

بلهبلهبدليل انتخاب نامناسب محصول خونی ياعدم تشخيص بيماری

استفاده از محصولات اشعه ديده برای بيماران درمعرض خطر

افزايش بارقلبی بدنبال تزريق TACOخون

بلهخيربدليل عدم تشخيص بيماردرمعرض خطر

پرھيز ازتزريق حجم زيادخون

واکنش تب زای غيرھموليتيکFNHTR

شيوع آن ممکن است با فرآورده خيربلهکم لکوسيت کاھش يابد

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EFSAFSSaPS

Medical &nursing team

R i lMedical &

i t RegionalcoordinatorTSHC Haemovigilance

officers (HO)

nursing team

officers (HO)

19

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Pick up Blood and other products

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Blood group serology‐compatibilityBlood group serology compatibility

• National guidelines for pre‐transfusion testingg p g• Protocols for ABO‐Rh• Ab‐screening• Group and sreen• Crossmatching• Sample validity• Selection of RBC and non_RBC productsE f i• Emergency transfusion

• Quality control

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RecommendationsRecommendations

• PregnancyPregnancy• Selection of blood & products in neonatal and infantsinfants

• Autologous transfusion

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Guidance on identificationGuidance on identification

• Standardization of patient identificationStandardization of patient identification• Standard Blood sampling• Sample collection• Sample collection• LabelingC tibilit t t• Compatibility tests

• Records• Ensure quality and safety in blood group serology and compatibility

Page 25: hemovigilance in hospital'sblood bankiacld.ir/DL/co/14/transfusion/hemovigilancedrachegini.pdf · TRANSFUSION PROCESS SAFE BLOOD COMPONENT. Hemovigilance Total Health Care Vigilance

Patient IdentificationPatient Identification

• Must confirmMust confirm recipient’s ID from bracelet ON the patient– Full patient name and hospital numberN f h i i– Name of physician

http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2006‐07‐17‐chips‐everywhere_x.htm

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Sample IdentificationSample Identification

• The sample should also phave the full patient name, hospital number, and physicianand physician

• Date and time of collection,collection, phlebotomist’s initials

• All of this should be on the request form and the sample

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Specimen TubesSpecimen Tubes

Pink Top ‐ EDTA Red Top – no additives

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samplingsampling

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Aim of transfusion laboratoryAim of transfusion laboratory

• Right testRight test• Right sample

i h l• Right results

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Quality assuranceQuality assurance

• PersonnelPersonnel• Records• Reagents• Equipment• Storage requirements• TransportTransport• Computer validation

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Incorrect blood component transfusedIncorrect blood component transfused

• IBCTIBCT

l i f d b• Analysis of data by category• Transfused with reaction• Transfused without reaction• Component not transfused(near miss)Component not transfused(near miss)

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Site of primary error

• Blood unit (wrong donor group label wrongBlood unit (wrong donor group label, wrong recipient identification on unit)

• Patient sample(wrong name of tube including• Patient sample(wrong name of tube, including wrong patient collected)T f i (ABO i ibl f i• Transfusion(ABO‐incompatible transfusion, wrong patient but ABO‐compatible, wrong 

d l l l )product type plasma versus platelet)

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Errors associated with blood group lserology

• Technical failure in testingTechnical failure in testing• Inadequate procedures

i id tifi ti f ti t d lmisidentification of patient or donor sampleTranscription errorsMisinterpretation of results

• Combination of factors with the original error being perpetuated or compounded by the lack of adequate checking procedures

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• The first step in the process of obtaining the sample is the request f t tifor testing.

• The laboratory must make available a test request form that specifies all the information that will be needed for proper handling and reportingand reporting.

• Essential information for the test request form includes:• • patient identification;• • tests requested;• • tests requested;• • time and date of the sample collection;• • source of the sample, when appropriate;• • clinical data when indicated;• • clinical data, when indicated;• • contact information for the health care provider requesting the 

test.

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Sample collection requirementsSample collection requirements• Sample collection and preservation will vary, depending on the test and the type of sample to be 

collected. The laboratory must carefully define a sample collection process for all tests it performs. The following should be considered when preparing instructions:The following should be considered when preparing instructions:

• • Patient preparation—Some tests require that the patient be fasting. There may also be special timing issues for tests such as blood glucose, drug levels, and hormone tests.

• • Patient identification—The person collecting the sample must accurately identify the patient. This might be done by questioning the patient, by questioning an accompanying family member, or by the use of an identifying wrist band or other deviceby the use of an identifying wrist band or other device.

• • Type of sample required—Blood tests might require serum, plasma, or whole blood. Other tests might require urine or saliva. Microbiology testing deals with a variety of sample types, so specific information as to what is required for the test is needed.

• • Type of container—The container for the sample is often very important, as it will affect volume d d d ddi i h i l d i If h i dand any needed additives such as anti‐coagulants and preservatives. If the container does not 

control volume, for example as with Vacutainer® tubes, this will need to be clearly specified. Some microbiology samples will require specific transport media to preserve microorganisms.

• • Sample labeling—All requirements for labeling of the sample at the time of collection will need to be explained in detail in the instructions for  collection.

• Special handling—Some samples may require special handling, such as immediate refrigeration, protection from light, or prompt delivery to the laboratory. Any important safety precautions should be explained.

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Samplel b llabeling

• Each sample should be clearly labeled with:ac sa p e s ou d be c ea y abe ed t :• • the patient’s first and last name;• • a unique identification number – this might be a unique identification number  this might be a hospital number or a

• number assigned by the laboratory;g y y;• Sample Management  • • the test that has been requested;q ;• • the time and date of collection;• • the initials of the person collecting the sample. the initials of the person collecting the sample.

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potential outcomes of collection potential outcomes of collection errors

• Proper sample collection is an important element for good laboratory practice.

• Improper collection of samples can lead to poor outcomes,Improper collection of samples can lead to poor outcomes, such as:

• • delays in reporting test results• • unnecessary re draws/re tests• • unnecessary re‐draws/re‐tests• • decreased customer satisfaction• • increased costs• • incorrect diagnosis / treatment• • injury• • death death.

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• The laboratory should keep a register (log) ofThe laboratory should keep a register (log) of all incoming samples. A master register may be kept, or each specialty laboratory may keep its own sample register.

• Assign the sample a laboratory identification number – write the number on the sample and the requisition form. If computers are 

d f h i f i iused for reports, enter the information into the computer.

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Overview of Sample ManagementOverview of Sample Management

• Sample management is a part of process control, Sa p e a age e t s a pa t o p ocess co t o ,one of the essentials of a quality management system.

• The quality of the work a laboratory produces is only as good as the quality of the samples it uses f t tifor testing. 

• The laboratory must be proactive in ensuring that the samples it receives meet all of thethe samples it receives meet all of the requirements needed to produce accurate test results.

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Samplemanagementmanagementcomponents

• Written policies for sample management must beWritten policies for sample management must be established and reflected in the Laboratory Handbook. Components to be addressed include:

• • information needed on requisitions or forms• • handling urgent requestsg g q• • collection, labeling, preservation and transport• • safety practices (leaking or broken containers, y p ( g ,contaminated forms, other biohazards)

• • evaluating, processing, and tracking samplesg p g g p• • storage, retention, and disposal.

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Getting the historyGetting the history

• Look at recipient’s records for any prior unexpected antibodiesp

• Previous transfusion reactions

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Error managementError management

• Up to half of all serious transfusion reactionsUp to half of all serious transfusion reactions are preventable

• With appropriate measurements• With appropriate measurements• Electronic system(  barcode)• Automated laboratory equipment• Process control• HTC

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AUDIT IN TEHRAN’S HOSPITALAUDIT IN TEHRAN S HOSPITAL

Improvementblood bank      

88 9%Refrigerator 88.9%Refrigerator                              

61%Freezer         

50%Shaker incubator                    

61%                              Calibration                            

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Audit in hospital blood banksAudit in hospital blood banks 

13851394

Cross match 44.4%100%

Ab‐screening           5.5%22.2%

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Percentage  changeBlood grouping

44.4%Slide to tube test 

11.1%Tube to slide test 

27.8%Tube to tube (without change)

16.7%Slide to slide (without change)  ( g )

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Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention