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Helping(language)learnerstochangetheirbehaviourandnottobetooauthen6c
ELTASStu8gart,18May2019 IanMcMaster,Editor-in-chief,BusinessSpotlight
• Bri6shandGerman,livinginMunichsince1989
• Studiedeconomicsforsixyears(Cambridge,BA;LondonSchoolofEconomics,MSc,PhD)
• QualifiedEnglishandBusinessEnglishteacher
• Journalist,author,editor,translator,trainer,speaker
• AtSpotlightPublishingsinceJuly1992
• Editor-in-chief,Spotlightmagazine1995-2003and2006-09;Editor-in-chief,BusinessSpotlight,2001–
• Co-authorwithBobDignen,Communica3onforInterna3onalBusiness(Collins)andotherpublica6ons
Me,myself,I:Dr.IanMcMaster
Magazinesandmore
• Magazineforbusinesscommunica6on• Language,BusinessSkills,InterculturalCommunica6on,
Management,Technology,Careers• Appears86mesayearplusspecialissues;print/digital• SpotlightPublishingbelongstotheZEITPublishingGroup
BusinessSpotlightmagazine
“Tothineownselfbetrue.”
Polonius in Shakepeare’s Hamlet
AShakespeareanview
“Whywouldonebeunabletochat,asopposedtowriteatthelevelofInSearchofLostTime?Inpart,becauseofthemind’sfunc6oning,itscondi6onasanintermi8entorgan,foreverliabletolosethethreadorbedistracted,genera6ngvitalthoughtsonlybetweenstretchesofinac6vityormediocrity,stretchesinwhichwearenotreally‘ourselves’,duringwhichitmaybenoexaggeraHontosaythatwearenotquiteallthere,aswegazeatpassingcloudswithavacantchildlikeexpression.”
Alain de Botton, How Proust Can Change Your Life. (Emphasis added)
MarcelProustviaAlaindeBoKon
“Beyourself.Everyoneelseisalreadytaken”
Whosaidthis?
Clemen6neChurchill:“Justbeyourself.” WinstonChurchill:“Yes,butwhichself?
Adifferent,Churchillianview
� SupporterofWestHamUnited
� Atheistinthebroadestsense
� Fanof:Motown,MusgravesandSpringsteen
� Joggerandhiker
� Poli6callyleg/green
� Drivenandlazy
� Modestandarrogant
� Co-composeroftheshould-have-been-monster-hit“MillenniumMadness”,thegreatest-never-heard-ofEurovisionsong,“SpoReHi,SpoReHo”andtheahead-of-its-6meenvironmentalballad“SavetheFuture”
Myself(2):Ian
“Inanagewherethereismuchtalkabout“beingyourself”,Ireservetomyselftherighttoforgetaboutbeingmyself,sinceinanycasethereisveryliKlechanceofmybeinganybodyelse.Ratheritseemstomethatwhenoneistoointenton‘beinghimself’herunstheriskofimpersona6ngashadow.”
Thomas Merton, “The Hudson Review”, 1967, (Emphasis added)
AnotheralternaHveview
“One’sreallifeissoogenthelifethatonedoesnotlead.”
Oscar Wilde, 1882, introduction to a collection of verse
AWildeanview
� “Ofundisputedoriginandnotacopy;genuine.”
� “Madeordoneinthetradi6onalororiginalway,orinawaythatfaithfullyresemblesanoriginal.”
� “Basedonfacts;accurateorreliable.”
� “(inexisten6alistphilosophy)rela6ngtoordeno6nganemo6onallyappropriate,significant,purposive,andresponsiblemodeofhumanlife.”
Origin:LateMiddleEnglish:viaOldFrenchfromlateLa6nauthen6cus,fromGreekauthen6kos‘principal,genuine’.
Meaningof“authenHc”(OED)
In our time: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m00035z4
“Infact,theexaggeratedscaleofProust’ssocialpolitenessshouldnotblindustothedegreeofinsincerityeveryfriendshipdemands,theever-presentrequirementtodeliveranaffablebuthollowwordtoafriendwhoproudlyshowsusavolumeoftheirpoetryornewbornbaby.TocallsuchpolitenesshypocrisyistoneglectthatwehaveliedinalocalwaynottoconcealfundamentallymalevolentintenHonsbutrathertoconfirmoursenseofaffecHon…”
Alain de Botton, How Proust Can Change Your Life (Emphasis added)
InauthenHcity?Hypocrisy?Politeness?
Oraswesaidlastyear…
• DoIknowwhatIpreferasalearner?• Domypreferencessupporteffec6velearning?
• DoIwanttodowhatIlikedoing?
• DoIperformbe8erwhenIamcomfortableor
challenged?
• Aremypreferencesstable?
HowcanIbeanauthenHclearner?
“Doingthesamethingoverandoveragainandexpec6ngdifferentresults.”
Butwhataboutcontext?
An“Einsteinian”definiHonofinsanity
Whatdoesthismeanforteaching?
� Star6ngamee6ng
� Askingforopinions
� Givingopinions
� Agreeing/Disagreeing
� Interrup6ng/Dealingwithinterrup6ons
� Takingdecisions
� Etc.
BusinessmeeHngs:typicalsituaHons
� “OK,shallwegetstarted?”
� “Thefirstpointontheagendais...”
� “Excusemeforinterrup6ng,but…”
� “Inmyopinion,…”
� “Idon’treallyagreewithyouthere…”
� “Sowhatwe’vedecidedis…”
MeeHngs:textbookphrases
• Na6vespeakersdon’tinprac6cetalkthewaythatpeopledointhetextbooks.
• Non-na6vespeakersdon’tinprac6cetalkthewaythat
peopledointhetextbooks(ELF)
• =>Inotherwords,textbooklanguageisn’t“authenHc”.
CriHcismsoftextbookEnglish
“LanguageTaughtforMee6ngsandLanguageUsedinMee6ngs:IsthereAnythinginCommon?”
Williams, M. 1988, Applied Linguistics, 9 (1), 45-58
Akeyresearchpaperfrom1988
• “Languageissocomplex,andourunderstandingofitissofarfromcomplete,thatperhapsauthen6clanguageistheonlysafestar6ngpointforteaching.”
Williams,M(1988)Op.cit.,p.53
AuthenHcasasafestarHngpoint?
LotsofposiHveaspectsofcorpusresearch:• Showsusvocabularyuse/colloca6onsthatwedidn’t
knoworhadn’tthoughtof• Showsuslanguageformsthatwehadn’tthoughtof(for
example,HRS)• Showsusstrategiesthatpeopleusethatwehadn’t
thoughtof(forexample,politenessstrategies)• Showsusthetasksthatpeopleactuallydo(butmaybe
theydon’tdoalltheonestheyshouldbedoing)
• =>ComplementsourintuiHon/experience
Studying“naturallyoccurringspeech”
“Onreadingthetranscripts,therealmeeHngswerealmostunintelligible.Thelanguagecontainedalargenumberofunfinishedsentences,falsestarts,overlappingu8erances,interrup6onsandfillers,suchasum,erandyouknow.Alargepropor6onofthelanguagecontainedcomments,jokes,quips,repe66ons,andasides.Someofthesentenceswerenotgramma6callycorrect.”
Williams, M (1988) Op. cit., p. 49, (Emphasis added)
ButtherealityofmeeHngs
“LanguageTaughtforMee6ngsandLanguageUsedinMee6ngs:ShouldTherebeAnythinginCommon?”
AnalternaHveHtle…
• “Ifauthen6c[communica6on]ismostlypoorcommunica6on,partofthemissionistoreformitandnotreplicateit.”
BobDignen,Director,YorkAssociates
Inotherwords…
• “Yes,but…”
• JUSTSPEAKINGOVERSOMEONEor:• “Thankyouforthatinput.CouldIjustsaysomethinghere…”
WhichisbeKer?
• Languagephrasesaretaughtinisola6on,notaspartofdiscourse
• Noaccountistakenofthecontext
• Textbooklanguageis“overlypolite”and“overlyexplicit”
• =>butthecomparisonisodenfalse!
• =>Badmodeldoesn’tbecomeagoodmodeljustbecauseitis“real”
OthercriHcismsoftextbooks
• “Onwhatdidtheauthorsbasetheirselec6onofformstoteach?Thesewriters,andnumerousothers,arenowaccountableforpupilsworld-widebeingtaughttosaysuchthingsasIdon’treallyagreewithyouthereorinmyopinion.”
Williams,M(1988)Op.cit.,p.51–52
AgoodquesHon,but…
Afewcriteriaforthephrasesweteach:• Theyshouldbeeasytoteachandlearn• Theyshouldbeeasytouseandunderstand• Theyshouldbeeasytoadapttocontext • Theyshouldappropriate(incertaincontexts)• Theyshouldcoverappropriateskill/taskareas:=>Doesn’tmaKeriftheyhaveneverbeensaidbefore,
althoughthisisunlikelytobethecase
Wedon’thavetobereal
• “BusinessEnglishtextbookwriters(na6veandnon-na6vespeakers)haveforyearsbeendeveloping(andrefining)alinguafrancaforinterna6onalbusinessthroughchoosingmoreandmorecarefullythesome6mesunrealbutcommunica6velyeffec6vephrasesthattheypresentandthatweteach”
McMaster,I(2015)“ThelanguageofmeeHngs:howauthenHcshouldwebe?”,modernenglishteacher,24(4),p.7
IntelligentarHficiality
• “Andaslearnersgooutintotherealworldandusethese
phrases,theyautoma6callycreateanew,reallinguafranca.Andhopefully,onethatismorecommunica6velyeffec6vethaninthepast.“
McMaster,I(2015)“ThelanguageofmeeHngs:howauthenHcshouldwebe?”,modernenglishteacher,24(4),p.7
WearecreaHngELF…
But choose the right self according to context(s) and try to improve it/them
CreaHnganeffecHvelearningcycle
Competent Confident
Curious
CulturallyflexibleCrea6ve
ContextuallyappropriateComplete
Constantlylookingtoimprove
TheC-Suite
ThequaliHesofgoodcommunicators
Coopera6ve
Clever
Curious
Keyevents
Socialsitua6ons
Nego6a6ons
Telephonecalls
Mee6ngs
Presenta6onsCorrespondence
TradiHonaldimensions
Speakingclearly Listeningeffec6vely
Buildingrapport
Influencing Decision-making
Managingconflict Handlingfeedback
Buildingtrust Key
communicaHonskills
AlternaHvedimensions
• Listening• Speaking • WriHng• Telephoning • MeeHngs• Contacts• NegoHaHng• Teamwork• PresentaHons• SolvingProblems
Thetenpartsoftheseries
Apply
Reflect
Adapt
Thelearningcycle
AcycleofadapHon/improvement
Observe
IanMcMasterEditor-in-chief,BusinessSpotlighti.mcmaster@spotlight-verlag.dewww.business-spotlight.dewww.facebook.com/BusinessSpotlight
Thankyou!Docontactme.