What's new in ArcGIS 10.2.2ArcGIS 10.2.2 is predominately a quality improvement release.For a list of issues that are fixed in 10.2.2, see10.2.2 Issues Addressed List.There is some new functionality in ArcGIS for Server and Portal for ArcGIS. See the following topics for information on what's new in those products: What's new in ArcGIS 10.2.2 for Server What's new in Portal for ArcGIS 10.2.2

What's new in ArcGIS 10.2.1What's NewArcGIS 10.2.1 includes new functionality throughout the ArcGIS platform. That functionality is summarized in the following sections:GeoprocessingThere are a number of new tools, improvements to existing tools, and new ArcPy functions at ArcGIS 10.2.1.HighlightsFollowing are a few new tools and improvements of particular interest. Other new tools and improvements can be found in the toolbox sections below.Renaming fieldsThe newAlter Field Propertiestool allows you to rename a field and change its alias. The input table must be a geodatabase table or feature class; shapefiles and coverages cannot have their field properties altered.Near, Generate Near Table, and geodesic distanceTheGenerate Near TableandNeartools have been completely rewritten to be dramatically faster and they now have an optionalMethodparameter that determines how distances are computed. WhenMethodis set to GEODESIC, distances are calculated across the earth's surface. This is most accurate when the distance between features is large and you want to minimize the distortion Inherent in all projected coordinate systems, particularly in projections like Web Mercator. When PLANAR, Euclidean distances are calculated using the coordinates of the features and is appropriate for projections that minimize distance distortion or when the distance between features is small.The improvements made toGenerate Near Tablehave not yet been implemented for thePoint Distancetool. In most workflows, you can useGenerate Near Tablein place ofPoint Distance.New conflation toolsThe Editing toolbox now has a newConflation toolsetwith five new tools for edge matching and rubber sheeting.ToolsDescription

Edgematch FeaturesModifies input line features by spatially adjusting their shapes, guided by the specified edgematch links, so they become connected with the lines in the adjacent dataset.

Generate Edgematch LinksFinds matching but disconnected line features along the edges of the source data's area and its adjacent data's area, and generates edgematch links from the source lines to the matched adjacent lines.

Generate Rubbersheet LinksFinds where the source line features spatially match the target line features and generates lines representing links from source locations to corresponding target locations for rubbersheeting.

Rubbersheet FeaturesModifies input line features by spatially adjusting them through rubbersheeting, using the specified rubbersheet links, so they are better aligned with the intended target features.

Transfer AttributesFinds where the source line features spatially match the target line features and transfers specified attributes from source features to matched target features.

Tools in the Conflation toolsetIn addition to these five new tools, theData Comparison toolsetin the Data Management toolbox has a newDetect Feature Changestool that is useful in conflation workflows.Similarity SearchThe Spatial Statistics toolbox has one new tool,Similarity Searchthat identifies which candidate features are most similar or most dissimilar to one or more input features based on feature attributes.Add Geometry AttributesTheAdd Geometry Attributestool adds new attribute fields to the input features representing the spatial or geometric characteristics and location of each feature, such as length or area and x-, y-, z-, and m-coordinates.Geoprocessing servicesYou can find geoprocessing services when searching ArcGIS Online and open the link to the service. Opening the link will add the geoprocessing service as a toolbox to the ArcToolbox window.3D Analyst toolboxThe following tools now support the LAS dataset: Stack Profile Surface Aspect Surface Contour Surface SlopeThe default resampling technique for the following tools has been changed from Nearest Neighbor to Bilinear interpolation: Raster Surface toolset:Aspect,Contour,Contour List,Curvature,Cut Fill,Hillshade,Slope. Visibility toolset:Observer Points,Viewshed,VisibilityData Management toolboxNew toolsMigrate Relationship Classtool is used to prepare your relationship class or attachment to participate in feature services that will be used in offline editing workflows. SeeAuthoring feature servicesfor information on preparing data for offline use.TheData Comparison toolsethas one new tool: Detect Feature ChangesAs mentioned in thehighlights sectionabove: TheFields toolsethas the newAlter Field Propertiestool for renaming fields and their alias. TheFeatures toolsethas the newAdd Geometry Attributestool adds new attribute fields to the input features representing the spatial or geometric characteristics and location of each feature.TheGeometric network toolsethas three new tools:Find Disconnected Features In Geometric NetworkVerify And Repair Geometric Network ConnectivityRebuild Geometric NetworkTheVersions toolsethas two new tools for version conflict management:Add Field Conflict FilterRemove Field Conflict FilterTheRaster toolsethas two new tools:Export Mosaic Dataset GeometryExport Mosaic Dataset ItemsEditing toolboxNew toolsAs described in thehighlights sectionabove, there is a newConflation toolsetcontaining five new tools:Edgematch FeaturesGenerate Edgematch LinksGenerate Rubbersheet LinksRubbersheet FeaturesTransfer AttributesGeostatistical Analyst toolboxImprovements have been made to theEmpirical Bayesian Kriging, andGA Layer to Contourtools.For more information, see theExtensionssection below.Network Analyst toolboxNew toolsTheServer toolsethas a new tool:Find Closest FacilitiesTools with new parametersUpdate Traffic Datahas a newSpeed Unitparameter so you don't need to convert your traffic feed data into miles per hour.Spatial Statistics toolboxNew toolsAs described in thehighlights sectionabove, theMapping Clusterstoolset has one new tool:Similarity SearchSpatial Analyst toolboxA newRescale by Functiontool has been added to the Reclass toolset.Improvements have been made to theKernel DensityandPoint Densitytools.The default resampling technique for all theSurfacetools (except forContour with Barriers) has been changed from Nearest Neighbor to Bilinear interpolation.For more information, see theExtensionssection below.Python and ArcPyArcGIS 10.2.1 has been upgraded to include Python 2.7.5. Third-party Python libraries have also been upgraded: NumPy has been upgraded to 1.7.1 and matplotlib to 1.3.0.ArcPy geometry objects now supportcut,measureOnLine,snapToLine, andqueryPointAndDistancemethods. Previously existing geometry methodsgetAreaandgetLengthnow have an optional units argument to control the units the values will be calculated in.GeodataGeodatabases and databasesNew tools are available to work with geometric networksAs mentioned in the Geoprocessing section, three new tools have been added to help discover and correct invalid data within a geometric network: Find Disconnected Features In Geometric Network Verify And Repair Geometric Network Connectivity Rebuild Geometric NetworkAll three tools can be found in the Geometric Network toolset of the Data Management toolbox.In addition, theVerify ConnectivityandRepair Connectivitycommands on theGeometric Network Editingtoolbar in ArcMap now have the option to be run against the geometric network features within the current extent of the map to perform more exhaustive checks on those features. These checks are limited to an extent because they compare the geometric coincidence of network features with the logical connectivity and, therefore, take more time to complete.New version conflict management tools and functionality are availableButtons have been added to theConflict Managementdialog box that allow you to view only those fields in conflict. For more information, seeA quick tour of reviewing conflicts.Also new for version conflict management at ArcGIS 10.2.1 are the following two geoprocessing tools, which provide the ability to filter specific fields during conflict detection if theDefine Conflicts by Attributesetting is used during the reconcile process. These tools can be found in the Versions toolset of the Data Management toolbox. Add Field Conflict Filter Remove Field Conflict FilterYou can use the newListFieldConflictFiltersArcPy function to determine which fields have conflict filters.New database version and operating system supportSupport has been added to connect to new versions of IBM DB2, PostgreSQL, and Oracle from ArcGIS 10.2.1. For information on supported database versions, see the ArcGIS RDBMS system requirements pages.Also beginning with ArcGIS 10.2.1, you can connect fromArcGIS for Serveron a Linux box to a DB2 database on the z operating system.RasterYou can now view Landsat 8 data in its native format. TheLandsat 8 raster typeallows you to ingest Landsat 8 data into your mosaic dataset. The Landsat 8 raster product allows you add layers, that are processed on-the-fly, into the display.There two new raster geoprocessing tools:Tool nameDescription

Export Mosaic Dataset ItemsOutputs all or selected processed mosaic dataset items to a specified folder and format.

Export Mosaic Dataset GeometryOutputs the footprint, boundary, and seamlines of a mosaic dataset to feature classes.

Additionally, there are existing geoprocessing tools that have new parameters added:Tool nameNew parameters

Register RasterMaximum RMS

Split RasterSplit Polygon Feature Class, Clip Type, and Template Extent

There is a new raster function available:Function nameDescription

Binary thresholdingConvert your raster into foreground and background values, based on the Otsu algorithm.

Lidar - LAS Optimizer UtilityThe LAS Optimizer improves archiving, sharing, and use of LAS format lidar. This freely available utility provides compression and decompression capabilities, leading to significant reduction in LAS file size. Anyone, with or without ArcGIS, can take advantage of this technology. Licensed ArcGIS users have the added benefit of being able to work with Optimized LAS files (*.zlas) directly in ArcGIS without needing to decompress them first by adding them to a LAS Dataset. The optimized LAS files also include statistics and spatial indexes that regular LAS files don't have, so they're actually easier and more efficient to use. Since optimized LAS files are indexed, queries to retrieve data from them are significantly more efficient than regular LAS. The LAS Optimizer utility can be found on the3D GIS community gallery.CADDirect-read support has been certified for the AutoCAD 2014 DWG drawing file format, software version 19.1. This DWG file format was introduced by Autodesk for all AutoCAD 2013 and AutoCAD 2014 related products and is a critical format for customers who work with AutoCAD source data.MetadataA new ISO 19139 metadata style is available that exports XML files that reference the GML 3.2.1 namespace and validates with XML Schemas that also reference this namespace. For more information about this new style, seeSupport for ISO metadata standards.ShapefilesShapefiles created with ArcGIS 10.2.1 and subsequent releases use UTF-8 encoding. This allows you to share shapefiles across computers with different locale settings.GeocodingSingle-field batch geocodingIn addition to geocoding a table of addresses in multiple fields, you can geocode addresses that are stored in a single field. A single input field stores the complete address, for example,303 Peachtree St NE, Atlanta GA 30308. SeeGeocoding a table of addresses in ArcMaporGeocode Addresses geoprocessing tool.Zooming to found locationsZooming to the predefined area of the found location is supported in theFinddialog box,Geocodingtoolbar, orInteractive Rematchdialog box. This feature is possible when predefined x,y minimums and maximums exist for each feature from the reference data. SeeUnderstanding address locator styles.Local search on a specified proximityLocal search is enabled when you zoom in to the map on a radius that is less than 50,000 meters when using the ArcGIS Online World Geocoding service in ArcMap. ArcGIS sorts the candidates based on the proximity to the center of the map. The priority of candidates within this area is boosted relative to those outside the area. If no candidates are found in the area, candidates outside the area are searched.Locator asArcGIS RuntimecontentBy enabling the locator to work withArcGIS Runtime, your Runtime applications can geocode against the locator, including when disconnected from the Internet.ServicesFor a summary of what new and improved functionality is available in ArcGIS 10.2.1 for Server and ArcGIS 10.2.1 Web Adaptor, seeWhat's new in ArcGIS 10.2.1 for Server. For Portal for ArcGIS, seeWhat's new in Portal for ArcGIS 10.2.1.ExtensionsArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst extensionEmpirical Bayesian Kriging now supports additional semivariogram models. These additional models will allow more accurate modeling of data with different spatial properties.The performance ofGA Layer to Contourtool has been improved by utilizing multiple computer cores.The contouring algorithm for drawing geostatistical layers has been made parallel to utilize multiple computer cores. This will be most noticeable when using Empirical Bayesian Kriging.ArcGIS Network Analyst extensionArcGIS Online network servicesIf you don't have access to reliable street data or a Network Analyst license, or even to ArcGIS for Desktop, it's still possible to perform network analyses by using ArcGIS Online services.The ArcGIS Online network services reference a continually growing, worldwide dataset of streets, which Esri and its partners curate. Use an organizational account and theReady-To-Use Services in ArcMapto generate service areas, find closest facilities, route one vehicle at a time, or route an entire fleet of up to 100 vehicles to optimally service as many as 20,000 orders. (The Ready-To-Use Services are available in the Catalog window in ArcGIS 10.2 for Desktop and later releases.)If you seek a simple solution or don't have access to ArcMap, solve network problems in your web browser. With an organizational account, you canperform analysis in the ArcGIS.com Viewer, including generating drive-time areas and finding what's nearest in terms of driving time or driving distance.ArcGIS Runtimetransportation networksRoute vehicles on mobile devices, even when disconnected from the Internet, by usingArcGIS Runtimeand transportation networks. ArcGIS 10.2.1 lets you package a network dataset into a transportation network, which you can distribute with your Runtime application to support offline routing. By also including a Runtime-enabled locator, your offline users can find addresses or other locations and route between them.Network Analyst Tools ToolboxFind Closest Facilitieswas added to the Network Analyst Tool toolbox to make it easier to create services to find the nearest facilities, such as restaurants, hospitals, and ATMs.Generate Service AreasandFind Closest Facilitieshave a Time Zone Usage parameter that lets you choose between specifying UTC times or times based on the time zone in which the input points are located.Network Analyst Python moduleGenerateDirectionsFeatures, a new function in the Network Analyst Python module, produces text directions as a feature class that pairs each piece of the text direction with a corresponding line feature on the map. Use the output feature class to visualize turns and other maneuvers. Also,StreetDirectionPropertieslets you learn what languages, units, and so on are available for directions so it's easier to work with and generate language- and region-specific directions.ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extensionNew tools for Spatial AnalystThere is a new tool in the Reclass toolset for reclassification of continuous raster data. It rescales the input raster values by applying linear and nonlinear transformation functions and then transforming the resulting function values onto a specified continuous evaluation scale.Rescale by FunctionSpatial Analyst Python moduleA set of newTransformation FunctionArcPy classes has been added to support the newRescale by Functiontool.Improved Density toolsTheKernel DensityandPoint Densitytools have an improved method for calculating the default radius.Improved Surface toolsFor the tools in theSurface toolset, the default resampling method is changed from Nearest Neighbor to Bilinear. This is to give improved results when analyzing continuous raster surfaces.Data Interoperability extensionThe Data Interoperability Extension now supports Safe Softwares Feature Manipulation Engine 2013 SP1 (FME 2103 SP1). FME 2103 SP1 includes enhanced support for additional column types in Excel and reading and writing of the Salesforce data format.AppsSee these topics for new functionality in apps: Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS Collector for ArcGIS ArcGIS app for smartphones and tablets(Android, iOS, Windows Phone) ArcGIS for Windows Mobile ArcPadSDKs and APIs New software development kits (SDKs) released since ArcGIS 10.2 include: ArcGIS Runtime SDK for OS X ArcGIS Runtime SDK for .NET ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Qt See these topics for what's new in existing mobile and Runtime SDKs: ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Android ArcGIS Runtime SDK for iOS ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Java (Windows and Linux) ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Windows Mobile (previously ArcGIS Mobile SDK) ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Windows Phone ArcGIS Runtime SDK for WPF (for Windows) ArcPad (includes what's new for developers) See the following topics for information on what's new in Web APIs: ArcGIS API for Flex ArcGIS API for JavaScript ArcGIS API for Silverlight For information on changes and new features for REST developers, see: ArcGIS REST specification

I. INTRODUCTION1.Mapping and visualization in ArcGIS for DesktopDesktopMappingArcGIS for Desktophas three applications that can be used for mapping and visualization: ArcMapis the main application used inArcGIS for Desktopfor mapping, editing, analysis, and data management. ArcMap is used for all 2D mapping work and visualization.

SeeWhat is ArcMap?for more information. ArcGlobeis used for seamless 3D visualization of geographic data using a continuous global view. This application is generally designed to be used with very large datasets that are displayed using varying levels of detail. ArcGlobe is part of the optionalArcGIS 3D Analyst extension.

ArcSceneis used for 3D visualization of focused scenes or areas. It creates a 3D scene view that you can navigate and interact with for enclosed areas of interest. ArcScene is also part of theArcGIS 3D Analyst extension.

SeeWorking with ArcScene and ArcGlobeto learn more about theArcGIS for Desktopapplications which allow you to visualize data in a 3D environment.The remainder of this help book provides extensive documentation onusing ArcMap. The links above will take you to help for ArcScene and ArcGlobe.

2.What is ArcMap?DesktopMappingThis section provides an introduction and overview to ArcMap, which is the central application used in ArcGIS. ArcMap is where you display and explore GIS datasets for your study area, where you assign symbols, and where you create map layouts for printing or publication. ArcMap is also the application you use to create and edit datasets.ArcMap represents geographic information as a collection of layers and other elements in a map. Common map elements include the data frame containing map layers for a given extent plus a scale bar, north arrow, title, descriptive text, a symbol legend, and so on.Typical tasks performed in ArcMapArcMap is the primary application used in ArcGIS and is used to perform a wide range of common GIS tasks as well as specialized, user-specific tasks. Here is a list of some common workflows you can perform: Work with mapsYou can open and use ArcMap documents to explore information, navigate around your map documents, turn layers on and off, query features to access the rich attribute data that is behind the map, and to visualize geographic information. Print mapsYou canprint maps, from the simplest to very sophisticated cartography, using ArcMap. Compile and edit GIS datasetsArcMap provides one of the primary ways that users automate geodatabase datasets. ArcMap supports scalable full-functionediting. You select layers in the map document to edit and the new and updated features are saved in the layer's dataset. Use geoprocessing to automate work and perform analysisGIS is both visual and analytical. ArcMap has the ability to execute any geoprocessing model or script as well as to view and work with the results through map visualization.Geoprocessingcan be used for analysis as well as to automate many mundane tasks such as map book generation, repairing broken data links in a collection of map documents, and to perform GIS data processing. Organize and manage your geodatabases and ArcGIS documentsArcMap includes theCatalog windowthat enables you to organize all of your GIS datasets and geodatabases, your map documents and other ArcGIS files, your geoprocessing tools, and many other GIS information sets. You can also set up and manage geodatabase schemas in theCatalogwindow. Publish map documents as map services usingArcGIS for ServerArcGIS content is brought to life on the web by publishing geographic information as a series of map services. ArcMap provides a simple user experience forpublishing your map documents as map services. Share maps, layers, geoprocessing models, and geodatabases with other usersArcMap includes tools that make it easy topackageand share GIS datasets with other users. This includes the ability to share your GIS maps and data usingArcGIS Online. Document your geographic informationA key goal in GIS communities is to describe your geographic information sets to help you document your projects and for more effective search and data sharing. Using theCatalog window, you can document all of your GIS contents. For organizations who usestandards-based metadata, you can also document your datasets using the ArcGIS metadata editor. Customize the user experienceArcMap includes tools for customization, including the ability to writesoftware add-insto add new functionality, tosimplify and streamline the user interface, and to usegeoprocessingfor task automation.

3.A quick tour of ArcMapDesktopMappingArcMap represents geographic information as a collection of layers and other elements in a map view. There are two primary map views in ArcMap: the data view and the layout view.The data frame provides a geographic window, or map frame, in which you can display and work with geographic information as a series of map layers. The layout view provides a page view where map elements (such as the data frame, a scale bar, and a map title) are arranged on a page for map printing.ArcMap documentsWhen you save a map you have created in ArcMap, it will be saved as a file on disk. This is an ArcMap document and is referred to as a map document or mxd since the file name extension (.mxd) is automatically appended to your map document name. You can work with an existing .mxd file by double-clicking the document to open it. This will start an ArcMap session for that .mxd file.Map documents contain display properties of the geographic information that you work with in the mapsuch as the properties and definitions of your map layers, data frames, and the map layout for printingplus any optional customizations and macros that you add to your map.Views in ArcMapArcMap displays map contents in one of two views: Data view Layout viewEach view lets you look at and interact with the map in a specific way.In ArcMap data view, the map is the data frame. The active data frame is presented as a geographic window in which map layers are displayed and used. Within a data frame, you work with GIS information presented through map layers using geographic (real-world) coordinates. These will typically be ground measurements in units such as feet, meters, or measures of latitude-longitude (such as decimal degrees). The data view hides all the map elements on the layout, such as titles, north arrows, and scale bars, and lets you focus on the data in a single data frame, for instance, editing or analysis.

Learn more about using data framesWhen you're preparing your map's layout, you'll want to work with your map in page layout view. A page layout is a collection of map elements (such as a data frame, map title, scale bar, north arrow, and a symbol legend) arranged on a page. Layouts are used for composing maps for printing or export to formats such as Adobe PDF.

The Layout view is used to design and author a map for printing, exporting, or publishing. You can manage map elements within the page space (typically, in inches or centimeters), add new map elements, and preview what your map will look like before exporting or printing it. Common map elements include data frames with map layers, scale bars, north arrows, symbol legends, map titles, text, and other graphic elements.Learn more about page layoutsMap layersWithin the data frame, you display geographic datasets as layers, where each layer represents a particular dataset overlaid in the map. Map layers help convey information through: Discrete feature classes such as collections of points, lines, and polygons Continuous surfaces, such as elevation, which can be represented in a number of waysfor example, as a collection of contour lines and elevation points or as shaded relief Aerial photography or satellite imagery that covers the map extentExample map layers include streams and lakes, terrain, roads, political boundaries, parcels, building footprints, utility lines, and orthophoto imagery.

In addition to representing geographic information, each layer's map symbols, colors, and labels help describe the objects in the map. You can interact with the layers displayed in each data frame to query each feature and see its attributes, perform analytical operations, and to edit and add new features to each dataset.A layer doesn't store the actual geographic data. Instead, it references a dataset, such as a feature class, an image, a grid, and so on. Referencing data in this way allows the layers on a map to automatically reflect the most up-to-date information in your GIS database.In ArcMap, you specify properties for each map layer, such as its map symbols and labeling rules, by right-clicking the layer in the table of contents and clickingPropertiesor by double-clicking on the layer name.Learn more about map layersThe Table of ContentsThe table of contents lists all the layers on the map and shows what the features in each layer represent. The check box next to each layer indicates whether its display is currently turned on or off. The order of layers within the table of contents specifies their drawing order in the data frame.The map's table of contents helps you manage the display order of map layers and symbol assignment, as well as to set the display and other properties of each map layer.A typical map might have an image or a terrain base (such as shaded relief or elevation contours) near the bottom. Next comes basemap polygon features, followed by line and point features near the top, and then annotation and other reference information.

Learn more about using the table of contentsPage layoutsA page layout is the arrangement of map elements and their overall design on a printed page or a digital map display. It is one of the primary display views that you work with in ArcMapprimarily to create maps for printing or for export and sharing using PDF.Example map elements include a title, legend, north arrow, scale bar, and a data frame.

You can have more than one data frame in a map. This is often useful for map pages that contain multiple windows in your layouts (for example, to include a locator or index map that references the location of the primary data frame).Learn more about page layoutsSaving and opening a map documentWhen you save a map you have created in ArcMap, it will be saved as a file on disk. A file name extension (.mxd) will be automatically appended to your map document name. In later sessions, you can work with an existing .mxd file by double-clicking the document to open it. This will start an ArcMap session for that .mxd file.The Catalog WindowArcMap, ArcGlobe, and ArcScene include aCatalogwindow that is used to organize and manage various types of geographic information as logical collectionsfor example, the data, maps, and results of your current GIS projects that you work with in ArcGIS.TheCatalogwindow provides a tree view of file folders and geodatabases. File folders are used to organize your ArcGIS documents and files. Geodatabases are used to organize your GIS datasets.

Learn more about the Catalog windowThe Home folder for a mapOne of the key workspaces in ArcMap is each map document's home folder, which is the folder location where your map document is stored. TheHome folderis used by default in ArcMap to save results, store new datasets, and to access file-based information.

Learn more about the Home folderThe default geodatabase for a mapEach map document has a default geodatabase, which is the home location for the spatial content of your map. This location is used for adding datasets and for saving resulting datasets created by various editing and geoprocessing operations.Learn more about the default geodatabaseUsing search in ArcMapArcGIS includes the ability to search for GIS content and to put it work quicklyfor example, by adding a search result to your map or by inserting a result item into a geoprocessing operation.

4.Essential ArcMap vocabularyDesktopMappingMap document (.mxd)A map used in ArcMap that is stored as a file on disk. Each map document contains the specifications for the map layers, the page layout, and all other map properties. Map documents make it easy to save, reuse, and share your work in ArcMap. Double-clicking a map document opens it as a new ArcMap session.LayerA map layer defines how a GIS dataset is symbolized and labeled (i.e., portrayed) in your map views. Each layer represents geographic data in ArcMap such as a particular theme of data. Example map layers include streams and lakes, terrain, roads, political boundaries, parcels, building footprints, utility lines, and orthophoto imagery.Table of contentsThe table of contents lists all the layers on the map and shows what the features in each layer represent. The check box next to each layer indicates whether its display is currently turned on or off. The order of layers within the table of contents specifies their drawing order in the data frame from bottom to top.

The map's table of contents helps you manage the display order of map layers and symbol assignment, as well as to set the display and other properties of each map layer.Data frameThe data frame displays a collection of layers drawn in a particular order for a given map extent and map projection. The table of contents on the left side of the map window shows the list of layers in the data frame.

Page layoutsA layout is a collection of map elements laid out and organized on a page. Common map elements include one or more data frames (each containing an ordered set of map layers), a scale bar, north arrow, map title, descriptive text, and a symbol legend.

The Catalog WindowArcMap, ArcGlobe, and ArcScene include aCatalogwindow that is used to organize and manage various types of geographic information as logical collectionsfor example, the data, maps, and results of your current GIS projects that you work with in ArcGIS.TheCatalogwindow provides a tree view of file folders and geodatabases. File folders are used to organize your ArcGIS documents and files. Geodatabases are used to organize your GIS datasets.

LabelsLabels are text strings that are used to label features within map layers. Properties define the attribute column used as the source of the text string and how the label is portrayed in your map. Labels are dynamicLabel display is recomputed each time the map is redrawn (e.g., as you pan and zoom the map).AnnotationAnnotation is used to represent feature labels that are saved as graphic feature locations in the geodatabase. The text location is saved along with other text properties for each annotation feature. Annotation differs from labels because each annotation location and depiction is only computed once and saved. These are reused each time you redraw your map. Since the annotation position is preset, no label computation need be done each time the map is redrawn.SymbolsSymbols are graphic elements that are used in map displays. There are a number of symbol types, such as: Markers which are primarily used to display point locations Line symbols used to display linear features and boundaries Fill symbols used to fill in polygons Text symbols used to set the font, size, color, and other text properties.StylesA style is a collection of symbols, colors, and map elements that match a theme or application domainfor example, a style set for transportation maps or geology maps.Basemap layersA basemap is used for locational reference and provides a framework on which users overlay or mashup their operational layers, perform tasks, and visualize geographic information. In ArcMap, a basemap layer can be used to hold map layers that are more static and thus can be used to support high performance, dynamic map display.

II. WORKING WITH ArcMAP1.Starting ArcMapDesktopMappingYou can access ArcMap from theStartbutton on the Windows task bar. Alternatively, you can double-click an ArcMap document (.mxd file) to start ArcMap with the desired map.Selecting the map on startupWhen you start ArcMap from the Windows task bar, ArcMap will display aGetting Starteddialog box from which you can pick an existing map or choose to create a new map.

Double-click an existing map document to open it, or create a new one by clickingNew Maps.TheMy Templatescategory displays the map documents (.mxd files) in the Templates folder in your application settings folder. This gives you a place to put map documents for use as templates that doesn't require access to the ArcGIS software installation folder. Only you will be able to see templates you put in this folder. This folder is located at%APPDATA%\ESRI\Desktop10.2\ArcMap\Templates.Learn more about using map templatesWhen you are authoring a new map document, you can set its default geodatabase. Each map document has a default geodatabase, which is the home location for the spatial content of your map. This location is used for adding datasets and saving resulting datasets created through various editing and geoprocessing operations.Learn more about setting the default geodatabaseIf you open an existing map document, this field is read-only and shows you the default geodatabase of the map document you open. You can change its default geodatabase at any time via either theCatalogwindow (right-click the geodatabase you want to use as the default for your current document and chooseMake Default Geodatabase) or theMap Document Propertiesdialog box (clickFile>Map Document Properties).From within ArcMap, you can also create a new map by doing one of the following: Click theNewbuttonon the main menu. ClickFile>Newor pressCTRL+N.Tip:You can turn on or off the splash screen and theGetting Starteddialog box by clickingCustomize>ArcMap Optionsand toggling the options on theGeneraltab.

2.Opening a map documentDesktopMappingThere are a number of ways to open a map in ArcMap. You can: Double-click on a map document to open it. Select it in the ArcMapGetting Starteddialog box. Click theOpenbutton on theStandardtoolbar.This topic describes each of these alternativesDouble-click to open a map document1. In Windows Explorer, navigate to the map document's location.2. Double-click the document to open it.Select a map in the ArcMap Getting Started dialog box1. When you start ArcMap from the WindowsStartmenu, you'll see the ArcMapGetting Starteddialog box.

2. Select an existing map or browse to it to open it in ArcMap.Opening another map from an ArcMap sessionIf you are already working in ArcMap, you can choose to open another map document. This will close your existing map and open the new one in its place. There are three ways to change your map to another one: Click theOpenbuttonon theStandardtoolbar (or use the shortcutCTRL+O). Double-click on a map document in theCatalog window. Use theSearch windowto find a map and double-click to open it in ArcMap.Be sure to save your work in your existing map as it will be closed when the new map is opened.

3.Setting map document propertiesDesktopMappingTheMap Document Propertiesdialog box contains fields and options that help you make your map document more usable. This dialog box also displays times when the document was last saved, last printed, or last exported.

You can access this dialog box in two ways. From ArcMap, clickFile>Map Document Properties. From ArcCatalog or theCatalogwindow, right-click the map document in the tree view and clickProperties.Note:All the settings in this dialog box only apply to your current document.Entering information about your map documentThis dialog box includes fields where you can enter information describing your map. This includes TitleIn ArcMap, the contents of this field are used when you chooseInsert>Titleto add a title to your map layout, and if you update this field, it is automatically reflected in the title of your map the next time the map layout is redrawn. If this field is empty when you chooseInsert>Title, you'll be prompted by ArcMap to enter a title, and this field is automatically populated with the title you enter. SummaryContains brief information about your map document. When you share your map as a package or as a service, the text entered here will automatically be used by theSummaryin theItem Descriptiontab.Caution:You can change this text when setting the item descriptions for a map package or a map service. However, any changes you make will not be reflected in the map document properties. The changes you make will only be for the map package or for the map service.A summary is required when sharing a map as a package, publishing to ArcGIS Online or sharing a service withArcGIS Online. DescriptionCan contain more detailed information about your map document. When you share your map as a package or as a service, the text entered here will automatically be used by theDescriptionin theItem Descriptiontab.Caution:You can change this text when setting the item descriptions for a map package or a map service. However, any changes you make will not be reflected in the map document properties. The changes you make will only be for the map package or for the map service. AuthorAcknowledgment indicating who authored the map document. CreditsAcknowledgment indicating who contributed to the map document. When you share your map as a package or as a service, the text entered here will automatically be used by theCreditsin theItem Descriptiontab.Caution:You can change this text when setting the item descriptions for a map package or a map service. However, any changes you make will not be reflected in the map document properties. The changes you make will only be for the map package or for the map service. TagsSeparate tags with a single comma (,). Tags make it easier to find this document when you or someone elsesearchesfor it.Caution:You can change this text when setting the item descriptions for a map package or a map service. However, any changes you make will not be reflected in the map document properties. The changes you make will only be for the map package or for the map service.Tags are required when sharing a map as a package, publishing to or sharing a service withArcGIS Online.Setting a hyperlink basePaths or URLs for field-based hyperlinks accessed from this document will be preceded by this base. For example, if the hyperlink base is set toD:\Data, then the values in the field or fields used as hyperlinks to documents don't have to contain D:\Data. They can just contain the name of the file.Using this property makes it easier to manage hyperlinks, because if the location of the targets changes, you can simply edit this one setting instead of having to edit each value of the field providing the hyperlink targets. TheHyperlink Basesetting has no effect on dynamic hyperlinks or on field-based hyperlinks to macros.You don't need to add a slash separator to the end of the hyperlink base you specify. By default, ArcGIS automatically adds a slash to the end of the hyperlink basea forward slash (/) in the case of a hyperlink to a URL and a backward slash (\) in the case of a hyperlink to a document.Learn more about using hyperlinksSetting a default geodatabaseEach map document has a default geodatabase, which is the home location for the spatial content of your map. This location is used for adding datasets and for saving resultant datasets created by various editing and geoprocessing operations. For example, when you export features from a layer, the data will be saved in the map's default geodatabase unless specified otherwise. The default geodatabase is synchronized with Current Workspace of Geoprocessing Environments; therefore, all output from tools or models will be saved to this default location.This property can't be changed if you accessed this dialog box by right-clicking a document in theCatalogwindow (unless the document you right-clicked is the current document you have open in the application) or in ArcCatalog.Legacy: If no default geodatabase is shown when you access this dialog box in theCatalogwindow or ArcCatalog, you are looking at the properties of an 8.x or 9.x document. Once that document has been saved using ArcGIS 10.0 or later, the default geodatabase that it uses will be shown here.Learn more about setting the Default GeodatabaseChanging how the document references dataYou can define how path references are maintained in your document by checking or uncheckingStore relative pathnames to data source. If this box is checked, paths are stored as incomplete paths that are relative to the current location of this document on disk. Using relative paths makes the map document more easily portable because ArcGIS will resolve the paths to the document's data sources relative to the document's current location in the file system rather than by full paths that include a drive letter or machine name.Using relative paths doesn't mean that the layers in your document will never need repairing. Even with relative paths, it is still possible for a document to be unable to find its data sources if the document or the data sources are moved to a different location relative to each other, such as to a different part of the folder hierarchy or to a different disk.This setting only applies to how the document references file-based data (such as file geodatabases, shapefiles, coverages, and raster files) and data in personal geodatabases. It has no effect on how the document references data on servers. Layers representing data and services on these servers reference them directly by server name rather than via paths.This property can't be changed if you accessed this dialog box by right-clicking a document in theCatalogwindow (unless the document you right-clicked is the current document you have open in the application) or in ArcCatalog.Learn more about referencing data in the mapTip:If you want all your new maps to be stored with relative paths, you will need to specify relative paths as the default. ClickCustomize>ArcMap Optionsto open theArcMap Optionsdialog box, then click theGeneraltab. Check the option toMake relative paths the default for new map documents. This setting is stored in the registry.Making a thumbnail of your mapA thumbnail is a graphic illustrating the data an item contains. Thumbnails can be particularly helpful when you are evaluating the items you've found with a search, especially when you are searching a geoportal or metadata catalog where you might not have access to the actual item and can't preview its data.The thumbnail is captured at the time you press the button, so changes you make to the contents of the document after you have pressed this button are not reflected. In ArcMap the thumbnail snapshot is a picture of your map's full layout page.Thumbnails are not dynamic, so once you create a thumbnail it won't reflect any changes you make in your map until you delete it and re-create it. To re-create the thumbnail for the document, clickDelete Thumbnailand clickMake Thumbnail.This property can't be changed if you accessed this dialog box by right-clicking a document in theCatalogwindow (unless the document you right-clicked is the current document you have open in the application) or in ArcCatalog.Learn more about creating a thumbnail for maps

4.Adding layers to a mapDesktopMappingEach layer references a dataset that is stored in a geodatabase, coverage, shapefile, raster, and so on. It's easy to add layers to a mapyou simply select a dataset and drag it from theCatalogorSearchwindow onto your map or add a dataset using theAdd Databutton.Once each layer is added to your map, you'll typically set the symbology and labeling properties and organize the drawing order of the layers in your table of contents to make your map work well.If your data is stored in a format supported by ArcMap, you can add it directly to your map as a layer. If your data isn't stored in a supported format, you can use the data conversion utilities in ArcToolbox or theData Interoperability extensionto convert practically any data and display it in your map.Adding map layersThere are a number of ways to add map layers. Each of them is covered here.Adding a datasetTo create a new map layer, simply add a dataset to your map, globe, or 3D scene. There are a few ways to add datasets: Using the Add Data buttonClick theAdd Databuttonand navigate to the desired dataset. Then select and add it to your map.

Tip: When you use theAdd Databutton in ArcMap for the first time in a new session, it automatically returns to the last location you added data from. By uncheckingReturn to last used location when Add Data dialog first usedon theGeneraltab of theArcMap Optionsdialog box, theAdd Datadialog box will instead default to the top level of the Catalog tree. This improves the performance of theAdd Datacommand because you don't have to wait while it reconnects to the network drive, database location, or GIS server that you accessed in your previous session. To open theArcMap Optionsdialog box, clickCustomize>ArcMap Options. Copying or dragging a layerYou can move layers between data frames or maps by copying and pasting or dragging the layer from one data frame to another. Dragging a dataset from the Catalog windowYou can navigate to datasets and add them directly in ArcMap. Using theCatalogwindow, navigate to the desired dataset. Drag the dataset into the map's data frame.

Dragging a dataset from the Search windowYou can add data to your map from theSearchwindow. ClickData, enter the search terms to find the desired dataset, then drag the dataset into the map's data frame.

SeeUsing search in ArcGISfor more information. Dragging a dataset from ArcCatalogYou can add data to your map from the ArcCatalog application. In ArcCatalog, navigate to the desired dataset. Then drag it onto the ArcMap data frame.

Adding multiple datasetsYou can select and add multiple datasets at one time by highlighting all of the desired datasets instead of a single one when adding.Tip:When you uncheck theMake newly added layers visible by defaultoption on theGeneraltab of theArcMap Optionsdialog box, new layers that you add will appear in the table of contents but not be automatically turned on (drawn on the map). For example, if you are working with large datasets that may take a long time to draw, it might be good to uncheck this box so you can set properties before turning on the layer in the table of contents. Open the dialog box by clickingCustomize>ArcMap Options.Adding data from ArcGIS OnlineYou can add data and layers that are published and shared online by the ArcGIS community. SeeAdding data from ArcGIS onlinefor more information.Setting layer symbologyWhen you create a new layer by adding a dataset, the layer will be drawn using a default set of drawing properties. So one of your first steps will be to set the layer's symbology and other display properties.

SeeAbout displaying layersfor more information.Setting the layer drawing orderWhen adding a new layer, it will automatically be placed above others of the same type. For example, a new line feature will be placed above other line features. Thus, you'll want to position layers appropriately. For example, you may want to place layers that form the background of your map, such as an ocean layer, at or near the bottom of the table of contents.The default layer drawing orderIf you simultaneously add a number of datasets to your map, the new layers in your map will be ordered as follows (raster on the bottom):1. Annotation2. Features Point Line Polygon TIN/Terrain RasterFor more information, seeListing by drawing order.

Common layer operationsOnce a layer is part of a map, you can do all of the following: Toggle the layer display on and off. Move layersfrom one data frame to another. Setscale-dependent drawingfor your layer. Choose whichfeatures or subset of features to display. Setlayer propertiesandsymbolizethe layer. Labelthe layer. Save layers and layer packagesfor sharing. Display and work withtabular informationabout a layer. Organize a logical collection of layers into agroup layerfor various purposes. Add the layer to abasemap layerfor increased display performance.When layers aren't being drawn on the mapWhen layers are turned on but are not being drawn on the map, the table of contents may provide some clues. In the table of contents below, all the layers are checked on for display, but the parks and lakes layers do not appear in the map display.In the example below, the parks layer is not drawing because the link to its data source is broken, indicated by the red exclamation point (!) beside the check box. The lakes layer is not drawing because the current display map scale of the data frame is outside the layer's visible scale range, indicated by the dimmed scale bar under the check box.

Seerepairing broken data linksanddisplaying layers at certain scalesfor more information.Removing layers from a mapWhen you no longer need a layer on your map, you can remove it. Select the layer, right-click, and chooseRemove.Removing a layer doesn't affect the underlying data source on which the layer is based. You can delete (and manage) data sources, such as a feature class, using theCatalog window.Adding layers to a map from Windows, e-mails, or Web pagesLayer files and layer packagesare registered to theArcGIS for Desktopapplications, allowing you to double-click them in Windows Explorer, Microsoft Outlook, the Windows Desktop, and so on, and add them directly to your current ArcMap or ArcGlobe session. Layer files will appear with the familiar yellow icon. Clicking layer files embedded in Web pages will also add them into your session.If you don't have anArcGIS for Desktopapplication running, opening a layer file will automatically start the appropriate application: ArcMap will start and add the layer into the empty map, or in the case of layer files containing 3D-only content, ArcGlobe will start and ad

5.Using data framesDesktopMappingThe data frame displays a collection of layers drawn in a particular order for a given map extent and map projection. The table of contents on the left side of the map window shows the list of layers in the data frame.Each layer in the data frame is used to display information from a dataset (such as a feature class or an image file). The table of contents lists the drawing order of each layer.

You work with features, rasters, and layers within the data frame in ground units (using feet, meters, and so on). When you create a map, it contains a default data frame listed in the table of contents as Layers (you can rename it if you want).In data view, the display window is the data frameshowing the map layers of the active data frame drawn according to their order in the table of contents from bottom to top.Tip: You can toggle the display of scroll bars in data view and layout view by clickingView>Scroll Bars. This setting is independent in each view, so to hide scroll bars in both views, you'll need to change the setting in both places.Working with additional data framesWhile in many maps, you'll only need one data frame, you can add more data frames by clickingInsert>Data Frameon the main menu. You can remove a data frame by right-clicking the data frame name in the table of contents and selectingRemove.Note: A map must have at least one data frame. You can't delete the last data frame on a map.

When a new data frame is added in ArcMap, it appears in the table of contents and is highlighted as the active data frame.

The active data frameWhen your map document contains more than one data frame, you will have one that is the active data frame; that is, the one you are actively working with. The active data frame name is shown in bold in the table of contents. To make a data frame active, right-click on its name in the table of contents and selectActivate.Moving layers between data framesWhen you have more than one data frame and add layers to the map, they're added to the active data frame. You can move layers from one data frame to another by selecting them and then dragging them into the target data frame.Navigating in the data frame and working with its layersTheToolstoolbar is one of the primary ways that you interact with geographic information displayed in the data frame. It contains tools for working with the contents within the active data frame, for example, to pan and zoom your map, to identify features, and to measure distances.

Functions on the Tools toolbarButtonNameFunction

Zoom InAllows you to zoom in to a geographic window by clicking a point or dragging a box.

Zoom OutAllows you to zoom out from a geographic window by clicking a point or dragging a box.

PanAllows you to pan the data frame.

Full ExtentAllows you to zoom to the full extent of your map.

Fixed Zoom InAllows you to zoom in on the center of your data frame.

Fixed Zoom OutAllows you to zoom out on the center of your data frame.

BackAllows you to go back to the previous extent.

ForwardAllows you to go forward to the next extent.

Select FeaturesAllows you to select features graphically, by clicking or dragging a box around them. You can also use the Select By Polygon, Lasso, Circle, and Line tools to select features using graphics drawn to the screen.

Clear SelectionUnselects all the currently selected features in the active data frame.

Select ElementsAllows you to select, resize, and move text, graphics, and other objects placed on the map.

IdentifyIdentifies the geographic feature or place on which you click.

HyperlinkTriggers hyperlinks from features.

HTML Pop-upTriggers HTML pop-up windows from features.

MeasureMeasures distances and areas on your map.

FindFinds features in the map.

Find RouteAllows you to calculate point-to-point routes and driving directions.

Go To XY LocationAllows you to type an x,y location and navigate to it.

Open Time Slider WindowOpens a time slider window for working with time-aware layers and tables.

Create Viewer WindowAllows you to create a new viewer window by dragging a rectangle.

In addition, right-clicking in the data frame displays a context menu of data navigation tools.

Right-clicking inside the data frame view displays this context menu.

Interactive panning and zooming using basemap layersSmooth, continuous panning and zoomingcan be turned on and are productive, especially when using basemap layers.Improving display performanceYou can use a number of approaches to ensure better drawing performance of your data frames. Here are a few of the approaches you can take: Analyzeyour map for drawing performance. Usebasemap layersto compute layer display once and reuse it during your ArcMap session. Usehardware accelerationfor basemap layers and accelerated raster layers to further improve interactive display performance.Data frame propertiesEach data frame is a geographic window for displaying GIS information. Data frames have properties that define the context for displaying and working with the data they contain. To view and set properties of a data frame, follow these steps:1. Right-click the data frame's name in the table of contents (or the data frame on the layout).2. ClickPropertiesand click the various tabs to view and set data frame properties. You can set and review various properties under each tab on this dialog box.The coordinate system is one of the most important properties because it defines the map projection for the data frame. Typically, the coordinate system of your data frame is determined by the coordinate system of the first dataset you add to your map. All other added datasets will be projected on the fly to match the coordinate system. You can review andset the data frame's coordinate systemfrom theCoordinate Systemtab on theData Frame Propertiesdialog box.

In addition, other properties can be set from this dialog box. These include adding grids and graticules; setting the full extent of your map window when you click theFull Extentbutton; creating and managing a feature cache to boost performance across a network; and setting appearance properties such as the position of the data frame on the page, borders, and background.SeeWorking with data frames in page layoutsfor how to use many of the tabs on theData Frame Propertiesdialog box.Setting the map scale of your data frame's map displayYou can set a specific map scale at which to view data in your map frame using theMap Scaledrop-down list on the main menu. Type in the desired map scale or choose one from the drop-down list.

SeeWorking with map scalesto learn more about working with map scales in ArcMap.Map navigation using bookmarksBookmarks provide a way to locate specific areas on your map that users can navigate to easily. When you are using ArcMap and find an extent that you want to mark, you can add a bookmark to your map that will make it easy for others to find it later on.

SeeUsing spatial bookmarksfor more information.Working with the data frame toolsTheData Frame Toolstoolbar is available for working with data frames. You can open this toolbar by clickingCustomize>Toolbars>Data Frame Toolson the main menu.

Using these tools, you can rotate your map contents in the data frame and use a collection of your own places (My Places) for map navigation. SeeUsing My Placesfor more information on using place-names to navigate around your maps.Common data frame tasksHere are some common operations and links to more information on performing each:Common tasksWhere to go for information

Setting or changing the coordinate system About coordinate systems and map projections for map display Setting the data frame's coordinate system

Controlling the map extent Customizing your map extent

Zooming and navigating a map Moving around the map Working with map scales in ArcMap Using keyboard shortcuts to navigate maps and page layouts

Creating an inset or reference map Creating an overview map using extent indicators

Customizing the appearance of a data frame on the layout page Clipping data framesto a custom shape

Changing the extent used by theFull Extentbutton Setting a custom extentfor the map's full extent

Improving the performance of map display Improving map performance

6. Coordinate systems for map displayDesktopMappingIn ArcMap, the map window is called theData Frame, which is where GIS datasets are symbolized and labeled within a layer-based map display. Each data frame has a particular extent representing part of the world. Hence, each data frame has a coordinate system for the map display.By default the data frame's coordinate system is set to the first layer added to your map. So most of the time, the map's coordinate system is the same as the coordinate system of your geographic data.However, many maps must use a specialized map projection in order to meet a particular requirement. Choosing an appropriate coordinate system for your map is often an important step to create a map display that will meet your needs.Considerations for choosing the coordinate systemVarious coordinate systems are designed to maintain certain properties, and you can often choose the coordinate system of your map and its purpose because of these properties. Here is a short overview of some key considerations.Map purposeMaps constructed for a special purpose should use a map projection that preserves important projection characteristics. For example, navigation maps often use the Mercator projection because this projection has the special property of representing a path of constant bearing as a straight line (called arhumb line). Thematic maps that symbolize an attribute of an area, such as population density, often use a equal-area projection. And so on.Map extentThe area covered by your map will affect your selection of map projection. Several dozen map projections have been designed specifically for maps of the world, such as the Winkel-Tripel and Robinson projections. Maps of continents often use conic projections such as the Albers equal area projection.Map orientationWhether you are mapping an area with an extent longer in the eastwest or northsouth orientation will influence your selection of map projection. Generally, conic projections are used for areas with a greater eastwest extent. Transverse cylindrical projections are commonly used for areas with a greater northsouth extent.Latitude rangeThe latitude range of your map influences the selection of a map projection. Cylindrical projections work well for mapping equatorial regions. For mid-latitudes, the map projections most often used are based on cylindrical and conic projections. Polar regions are usually mapped with planar projections.National coordinate systemsFrequently, you create general purpose maps that cover local areas such as cities, counties, states, or provinces. Especially if these maps are to be used by government agencies, using the map projection specified by a national or regional coordinate system is a good choice. Two examples are the State Plane Coordinate System in the United States and the Great Britain National Grid for the United Kingdom. For regions not covered by a national coordinate system, the Universal Transverse Mercator system (UTM) or Gauss-Krger (GK) is commonly used for large-scale maps. UTM zones are six degrees of longitude wide, about 660 kilometers at the equator or 330 kilometers at 60 north or south latitude.Maps for use on the WebOften, web maps define the coordinate system that will be used for making mashups. You'll need to match the coordinate system of the base map you choose to use, whether it is ArcGIS Online, Microsoft Bing Maps, or Google Maps. All of these online maps are stored with a continuous tiling system to support the seamless display of map data for large scale subareas (e.g., imagery and streets within a city). This requires a single map projection for the world. The spherical Mercator projection is used. This is often referred to as theWeb Mercatorprojection.Geographic databases are in latitudelongitude (geographic coordinates)Many datasets and whole databases are often collected and maintained in latitudelongitude. This is especially true of organizations who build and assemble data collections that span the globe. Latitudelongitude is a spherical (geographic) coordinate system and should always be projected in your map display. Maps created with data from these systems will cover any number of objectives. Use the same considerations described above for choosing a coordinate system.7. Specifying a coordinate systemDesktopMappingTo display your data correctly, each data frame uses a coordinate system. It determines the map projection for the map display in the data frame. The data frame's coordinate system need not be the same as the data you are using, although if ArcMap has to project your data on the fly, it can take longer to draw.When ArcMap is started with a new, empty map, the coordinate system for the default data frame is not defined. The first layer added to an empty data frame sets the coordinate system for the data frame, but you can change it if necessary. As you add subsequent layers, they are automatically displayed using the data frame's coordinate system as long as the data source's coordinate system is defined.If there isn't enough information, ArcMap will be unable to project the data in each layer and display it correctly. In this case, you'll have to supply the necessary coordinate system information yourself.Generally, if you have a layer whose dataset does not have a coordinate system defined and you know which coordinate system it is using, you should use theDefine Projectiontool in ArcToolbox to assign projection information to your data. This is required for working with that data in ArcGIS.Tip: To see if your data source has a coordinate system defined, right-click the layer in the ArcMap table of contents, and clickPropertiesto open theLayer Propertiesdialog box. Click theSourcetab, then look in theData Sourcebox. You can also use theCatalogwindow to see if your data has a coordinate system defined.You can review and set the data frame's coordinate system from theCoordinate Systemtab on theData Frame Propertiesdialog box.Changing the data frame's coordinate systemNote:To set the coordinate system of a data frame, you must not currently be editing. To end your editing session, clickStop Editingfrom theEditormenu.1. Right-click the data frame name and choosePropertiesto bring up theData Frame Propertiesdialog box.2. Click theCoordinate Systemtab and navigate to the desired coordinate system for your map display. You can filter the coordinate systems presented in the dialog box by performing aSpatial Filter, aString Filter, or a combination of the two.TheSpatial Filterfilters the list of coordinate systems based on the extent provided, whether it be theCurrent Visible Extent, anOutline of Features, anOutline of Selected Graphics, or aCustom Extent.TheString Filterfilters the list of coordinate systems based on folder names, coordinate system names, or well-known ids (WKID).When using the filter options to reduce the number of available coordinate systems, only the folders containing the matching coordinate systems will appear.Tip: Once you have located the coordinate system you can add it to yourFavoritesfolder by clicking theAdd To Favoritesbutton or right-clicking on it and selectingAdd To Favorites. The physical location of this folder is theApplication Data\ESRI\Desktop10.2\ArcMap\Coordinate Systemsfolder in your Windows profiles directory.

To set the data frame coordinate system to be the same as a particular layer in the data frame, open theLayersfolder and select the coordinate system. Once the coordinate system is expanded, you will see the layers that reference it.To set the data frame coordinate system to be the same as a layer that is not in the data frame, click theAdd Coordinate Systemdrop-down menu, selectImport, and browse to a data source that is defined with the coordinate system you want to use. UsingImportyou can also import previously saved .prj files.Note:You can create a new coordinate system by clicking theAdd Coordinate Systemdrop-down menu, and selectingNew. You can also modify parameters of an existing coordinate system by right-clicking it and selectingModify Item. Coordinate systems created with either of these methods will be displayed in the Custom folder.Changing the coordinate system of a data frame doesn't alter the coordinate systems of the source data in the data frame.Learn more about coordinate systems for map displayGeographic transformationsTo specify a geographic transformation for the data, click theTransformationsbutton and select the desired transformation, or create a custom or compound transformation.Converting correctly between two geographic coordinate systems requires ageographic or datum transformation. ArcMap doesn't automatically choose a transformation for you because there are often multiple transformation choices that could be applied between two geographic coordinate systems. The transformations presented in the drop-down menu are sorted by suitability for the layer's extent. Transformations can differ by method and parameters which affect their accuracy by area of use. It is up to you to decide which transformation is most appropriate for your data and your purposes. (There is one exception to this where ArcMap will automatically apply a transformation: If the two geographic coordinate systems are NAD 1927 and NAD 1983, and the data is determined by the application to be in the lower 48 US states, the NADCON transformation is used automatically.)Working with map and display unitsThe map units are the units in which the layers in the data frame are displayed and used. The map units are determined by the data frame's coordinate system. Once a coordinate system has been specified for the data frame, the map units cannot be changed unless you choose a different coordinate system for the data frame or modify the existing coordinate system's linear units.If the data frame is using a projected coordinate system, the map units will be the linear unit of the chosen projected coordinate system, such as feet or meters.If the data frame is using a geographic coordinate system (in other words, the data frame is not projected), the map units will be the angular (spherical) unit of the geographical coordinate system, usually Decimal Degrees.The map units will be shown as unknown until the coordinate system is specified for the data frame. If the data frame contains no data, add your first layer to the data frame, which will set the coordinate system automatically.The data frame's display units default to being the same as the map units but can be changed at any time. The display units are used by theMeasuretool, provide the default units used by scale bars, and are the units in which the map coordinate readout and the area and dimensions of graphics you draw are shown in the status bar.Note:The feet, miles, and yards listed here are US survey units, so they are US Survey Feet, US Survey Miles, and US Survey Yards. The imperial or international versions of these units are not supported as display units, although both versions of these units are supported in ArcGIS projected coordinate system definitions.You can change theMapandDisplayunits on theData Frame Propertiesdialog box.1. Right-click the data frame name in the table of contents and clickProperties.2. Click theGeneraltab. You can see the currentMapunits and also set theDisplayunits.

You can also set additional coordinate display properties for the status bar by clickingCustomize>ArcMap Optionson the main menu and clicking on theData Viewtab.Tip: You can also specify that the XY coordinate readout will be in different units than the display units. For example, if you want the length of graphic lines that you draw on your map to be shown in the status bar in miles, but you want the XY coordinate readout to be in decimal degrees, set the display units to be miles here, then go to theData Viewtab on theArcMap Optionsdialog box, and choose the option to use decimal degrees instead of display units for the coordinate display. Note that settings you make in theArcMap Optionsdialog box apply to all the data frames in your map document.8.The geographic coordinate systems warningDesktopMappingThe geographic coordinate systems warning appears whenever data you are adding uses a different geographic coordinate system than the one used in the map or globe you are adding it into. Why is this information important? ArcMap and ArcGlobe can convert data between coordinate systems. This is often called projecting the data. If the source and target coordinate system do not use the same geographic coordinate system, data can be shifted anywhere from a few meters to hundreds of meters from the correct locations.

The table lists any data sources that you are adding and their geographic coordinate systems. The coordinate system of the data or the map/globe may be a projected coordinate system like Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). Each projected coordinate system is based on a geographic one. The dialog box retrieves the geographic coordinate system information from the data sources and the map or globe.Converting correctly between two geographic coordinate systems requires a geographic, or datum, transformation. ArcMap doesn't automatically choose a transformation for you, because there are often multiple transformations that could be applied between two geographic coordinate systems. Transformations can differ by method and parameters that affect their accuracy, or by area of use. It is up to you to decide which transformation is most appropriate for your data and your purposes.Note: There is one exception to this rule where ArcMap will automatically apply a transformation: If the two geographic coordinate systems are NAD 1927 and NAD 1983 and the data is determined by the application to be in the lower 48 U.S. states, the NADCON transformation is used automatically.Learn more about map projectionsLearn more about geographic transformation methodsTheTransformationsbutton will open theGeographic Coordinate Systems Transformationsdialog box, where you can see what already defined transformations are available or define a custom or compound transformation. The transformations in the drop-down list are ordered with the best option first. Or, if you prefer, you can access theGeographic Coordinate Systems Transformationsdialog box via the data frame'sCoordinate Systemstab.ThisGeographic Coordinate Systems Warningdialog box will not appear if you add data later that does not have the map or globe's coordinate system if you have set a geographic transformation. If the transformation is between the same coordinate systems, it will treat the set one as the default.Note: If you check theDon't warn me again evercheck box, the dialog box will be turned off while this ArcGIS version is installed. If you later want to display it,start the AdvancedArcMapSettings.exe utilityand uncheck theSkip Datumcheck box on theMiscellaneoustab.9. Using the table of contentsDesktopMappingThe table of contents lists all the layers on the map and shows what the features in each layer represent. The map's table of contents helps you manage the display order of map layers and symbol assignment, as well as set the display and other properties of each map layer.The layers at the top of the table of contents draw on top of those below them. Thus, you'll put the layers that form the background of your map, such as the ocean or an image, near the bottom of the table of contents and the layers to which you want to draw the map reader's attention near the top. A typical map might have an image or a terrain base (such as shaded relief or elevation contours) near the bottom. Next, comes basemap polygon features, followed by line and point features near the top. And finally, you might typically see some reference layers, such as road names and place-names, that provide locational context.You use the check box or icon to the left of each map layer to turn it on or off. Holding down theCTRLkey and clicking turns all map layers on and off simultaneously.You can set the display properties for each map layer so that it draws within a specific range of map scales. When the map display is out of range for scale-dependent drawing, the layers will not be visible. Layers that are out of range of the current map scale are indicated in the table of contents by a gray check box with a scale bar under it.Ways to list layers in the table of contentsThe table of contents has several ways of listing layers: by drawing order, source, and whether layers are visible or selectable. Click the icon at the top of the tab to switch between these grouping methods. You can tell which mode is active by looking at the button (the active one is highlighted) and the organization of the items in the table of contents. The different ways of listing layers are simply methods of displaying information about the same layers.

The options include the following:Listing by drawing orderUseList By Drawing Orderto author the contents of your map, such as to change the display order of layers on the map, rename or remove layers, and create or manage group layers. All the data frames in your map are listed when the table of contents is sorted by drawing order. However, only the active data frameindicated by a bold data frame nameis shown in the map in data view.

The order of layers determines how layers are drawn on a map. Within a data frame, the layers listed at the top will draw over those in the list below them, and so on, down the list. You can easily drag and drop layers to adjust their drawing order or organize them in separate data frames.To turn on or off a layer, click the check box next to the layer's name. Right-clicking opens a menu containing many commands for working with layers, including accessing their properties, zooming to them, selecting from them, and opening their attribute tables.Listing by sourceClickList By Sourceto show the layers in each data frame with the layers organized by the folders or databases in which the data sources referenced by the layers can be found. This view will also list tables that have been added to the map document as data.

This view is very useful for managing and repairing each layer's path reference to its data source in your map document.Listing by visibilityClickList By Visibilityto see a dynamic listing of the layers currently displayed in the active data frame. The way layers are listed updates automatically as you pan and zoom, interact with the map, select features, and turn layers on and off.Listing layers by visibility helps you visually simplify and organize a detailed or complicated map with many layers. Since the organization of the table of contents visibility list is controlled automatically, you cannot change the order or groupings of layers manually. Layers within a group layer are listed individually, since each layer can have its own visibility and selection properties. You can choose to display the group layer's name beside the layer's entry on theTable Of Contents Optionsdialog box.

With List By Visibility, you have visual cues to indicate the layer's visibility. Each type of layer has its own icon, and the symbol is either colored to indicate the layer is on or gray when it is not, so you can quickly look at the icon to determine whether a layer is visible.When layers are listed by visibility, they are grouped into these categories: VisibleThe layer is turned on. Out of Scale RangeThe layer has a visible scale range and is not being displayed at the current map scale. To bring it back into view, right-click and clickZoom To Make Visible. Not VisibleThe layer is turned off. To turn it back on, click the icon to the left of the layer name.When you right-click a layer name, the menu that appears contains the same commands as the menu for listing layers by drawing order and selection.To turn a layer on or off, click the layer icon to the left of the layer name, such asfor a line layer orfor a polygon layer. To make a layer selectable or not selectable, click the selection icon to the right of the layer name. If that icon is colored, the layer is selectable; if it is gray, the layer is not selectable.Listing by selectionClickList By Selectionto group layers automatically by whether or not they are selectable and have selected features. A selectable layer means that features in the layer can be selected using the interactive selection tools, such as those on theToolstoolbar or theEdittool, when in an edit session.

When layers are listed by selection, they are grouped into these categories: SelectedThe layer has features selected. Selectable (no features selected)The layer is selectable, but it has no features currently selected. Not SelectableThe layer is not selectable, and you cannot use the interactive selection tools to select features in it.Similar to listing layers by visibility, you can turn a layer on or off using the layer icons to the left of the layer name, such asfor a line layer orfor a polygon layer, and make a layer selectableor not selectableusing the icon to the right of the layer name. In addition, the number of selected features is listed next to the selection icon. When there are selected features, you can clear the selection by clicking the white selection iconin the column between the selectable icon and number of selected features.When you right-click a layer name, the menu that appears contains commands that work with selections. You can navigate to selected features, clear the selection, create a selection layer, open the table showing the selection, and so on.When only a few features are currently selected, the selected features are listed individually under the layer name. The square iconnext to the feature ID allows you to refine which features are selected; clicking the box deselects that particular feature. With a large number of selected features, the layer's entry does not include this icon. You can turn off this setting altogether on theTable of Contents Optionsdialog box. The ID of the feature is obtained from the layer'sdisplay expression, which is set on theDisplaytab of theLayer Propertiesdialog box.Knowing whether layers are selectable or have selected features is particularly useful when editing, running geoprocessing tools (any tool that accepts layers considers the selected features), or performing other tasks that operate on selected features. For example, when copying features, both the editing environment and theCopy Featuresgeoprocessing tool will copy only the selected features. You can list the table of contents by selection and easily see which layers have a selection. Layers containing at least one selected feature are automatically promoted to the top of the window, so you can avoid scrolling or sifting through a long layer list looking for layers with selected features. In addition, even though a layer is designated as not selectable and you cannot use the interactive selection tools to select its features, it is still possible to select from that layer using other methods of selectionsuch as with the table window,Select By Location, orSelect By Attributes.Display options for the table of contentsYou can use theOptionsbuttonon the table of contents to set display properties.

This will display theTable of Contents Optionsdialog box.

The Preferences tabOn thePreferencestab, you can do the following: CheckShow selected features in selection listto list selected features individually when the table of contents items are grouped by selection. This allows you to refine the selection, since you can click a feature in the table of contents to deselect it. When unchecked, only layer names will appear in the table of contents. ClickSort layers byand click whether to sort them by the order layers are drawn or alphabetically by layer name. CheckShow group layer nameto include the name of a group layer next to the layer's name when the table of contents is listed by visibility or selection. Since each layer in a group layer can have its own visibility and selection statuses, layers are not listed with their parent group. When unchecked, the group layer's name will not appear next to any child layers. List the table of contents by drawing order to create and manage group layers.The Patches tabOn thePatchestab, you can change the patch size or shape as desired. Patches are the geometric shape that is used to represent a specific kind of feature in the table of contents. (The patches in a map legend are set separately when you create a legend.) Click theLineorAreasymbol and click the desired symbol from the list.

10. Using symbols and stylesA key aspect of creating a beautiful map is the choice of symbols, colors, and map elements that you will use. Not everyone in the GIS community has the design skills necessary to choose elegant symbols and color schemes on their own or apply them effectively. This is one of the big challenges faced by many ArcGIS users.Fortunately, there are highly skilled cartographers in the ArcGIS community who compile libraries of symbols, colors, and other related map elements. They share these as ArcGIS styles. In ArcGIS, a style is a library of symbol collections, color schemes, rendering rules, and related map elements that help users build better maps. Each style adds these graphic libraries to ArcMap, ArcGlobe, and ArcScene which you can tap into as a rich source for mapping and visualization.One of the fundamental capabilities of ArcMap is the ability to share these styles, which can be referenced in ArcMap. This enables all users to create consistent, attractive maps that make an impact. This topic introduces some of the key symbol terms and provides guidance on where to learn more.SymbolsSymbols are used to portray points, lines, polygons, and text in maps. This is similar to the mechanisms used in Microsoft Word documents and PowerPoint presentations. Here's a brief overview of symbol types used in maps and other GIS views (e.g., in 3D): Marker symbolsThese are point symbols used to portray points on maps and are often used in line patterns. For example: Well symbols

Tree symbols

A weather front line symbol built using a series of markers arrayed along the line in patterns.

Line symbolsThese are used to draw line features and polygon boundaries as well as to render other map lines. For example:

Fill symbolsThese are used for filling polygons and other solid map elements. For example:

Text symbolsText symbols include font, size, color, and other properties. They are used for feature labels, annotation, and other map text. For example:

StylesArcGIS supports the ability to produce a consistent set of cartography that adheres to an agreed upon standard by a workgroup, organization, or community. One of the ways that this is promoted is through the use of styles.A style is a collection of symbols, colors, map elements, and other graphical elements that enable a group of users to create and share consistent cartography. A style is a library of all of these elements that can be shared among a group of ArcGIS users.

There are many types of graphics elements that can be shared as part of a style. This example shows some of the colors that are part of the ESRI.style file. Notice all of the other categories of graphic elements.

Styles hold symbols, graphics, and colors that are used in ArcGIS. Each time you search for and pick a symbol for your map layout and map layers in ArcGIS, you are selecting the symbol from a style library.In ArcMap, ArcGlobe, and ArcScene, you can add styles and reference them in your map documents. This provides a consistent library of symbols to use in your maps, globes, and scenes.Using styles is one of the ways that organizations and communities share a standard. By sharing a style, all users reference the same symbols, labeling rules, borders, scale bars, and so on. This leads to a shared mapping standard and more consistent representations among a user group.Esri provides a series of styles for various user communities. Plus, users can build and share their own styles. In ArcMap, all of the users in a group can add shared styles to the collection of symbols and other elements that provide a library of graphics to add to their maps.

11. Referencing data in the mapData references used in map documents, globes, and 3D scenes are stored as map layer properties. Most layers reference data stored in geodatabases or as files on diskfor example, shapefiles, coverages, CAD files, imagery, and so on. Each data reference is a path, and there are a number of alternatives to store that path.Each time you add data to a map, the path to the data is stored in a layer in the map. When you open your map, ArcMap locates the data it needs using these stored paths. You can view the path of the data represented by a layer in your map by looking at theList by Sourceview of theTable of Contentsor by double-clicking the layer to open theLayer Propertiesdialog box, then clicking on theSourcetab.If ArcMap can't find the data for a particular layer, the layer will app