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Approved by theCurriculum Development Centre,Ministry of Education, Sano Thimi
Hello Grammar
Hello Grammar
Grade 6
© Kantipur Education Development Council 2058ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted in writing by the publisher.
Distributor: KEDCPrinted in Nepal
Written by:Amar Bahadur Sherma (M.A.) English
Advisor:Dave Mapalad (M.Ed) TESOLSubadra Shresta
Editor:Jerell Morales-Shrestha (M.Ed.) Education Management
Layout Artist:Hazel Joy Malagonio
About the Book
The revised Hello Grammar is written exactly how teachers and students should use grammar. During the first phases of a new unit or lesson when the students are trying to grasp an initial understanding of the form and meaning
of a structure clear and precise explanations are crucial, therefore this book is designed for that purpose. It uses a grammar-based approach integrated with easy to understand explanations with a variety of exercises. The book is practical and very useful for teachers as it also includes a separate class-
work and homework exercises. We hope that the book will help teachers and students enjoy learning the English Grammar.
Kantipur Education Development CouncilDhumbarahi, Chakrapath, Kathmandu, NepalPhone: 2151710Email: [email protected]: www.kedcnepal.com
TABlE of ConTEnTs
TABlE of ConTEnTsUniT 1lesson 1: sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1lesson 2: subjects and Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . 15lesson 3: synthesis of sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . 23lesson 4: Run-on sentences and sentence fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29lesson 5: Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
UniT 2lesson 6 : nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45lesson 7 : Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53lesson 8 : Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70lesson 9 : Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80lesson 10 : Connectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
UniT 3lesson 11: Action Verbs and state Verbs . . . . . . 93lesson 12: Transitive Verbs and intransitive Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98lesson 13: objects and Complements . . . . . . . . 102lesson 14: finite Verbs and non-finite Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106lesson 15: Auxiliary Verbs and Model Verbs . . 108
TABlE of ConTEnTsUniT 4lesson 16 : Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114lesson 17 : Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121lesson 18 : Active Voice and Passive Voice . . . . . . . 134lesson 19 : Direct speech and indirect speech . . . . 141lesson 20: Conditionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
UniT 5lesson 21: Gathering the subject Matter . . . . . . . . 156lesson 22: Choosing Right Describing Words . . . . 161lesson 23: Collocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167lesson 24: letter Writing, Paragraph Writing, story Writing, Composing limericks and story Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170lesson 25: idiomatic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194lesson 26: Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Hello Grammar 65
Lesson 1: SentencesRead the following.
UNIT 1
Now compare the two sentences above with the below sentences:
A Sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense as a whole. A sentence has a subject and a predicate.For example: Diya ran very fast to win the race.
Subject = Diya Predicate = ran very fast to win the race
The subject of a sentence is a person, thing or place the sentence tells about.For example: Rohini phoned me two hours ago.
Subject = ‘Rohini’
The predicate of a sentence is that part of a sentence which has a verb. It also provides information about the subject.For example: Children play soccer in the playground. (predicate)
All sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop (.), question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!).
Your is what name.Live in I Kathmandu.
What is your name?I live in Kathmandu.
These two groups of words don’t make sense.These words are not properly arranged.So, they are not sentences.
Both of these groups of words are meaningful.These words are in a proper order.So, they are sentences.
Hello Grammar 66
EXERCISES
A. Identify whether the following groups of words are a Subject or a
Predicate.
1. Rizma ____________________________
2. A tall man ____________________________
3. went out of the car ____________________________
4. are eaten by spiders ____________________________
5. is a dangerous task ____________________________
6. The boy in the red uniform ____________________________
7. Ananya with her friends ____________________________
8. were invited to his bachelor’s party ____________________________
B. Write ‘S’ if the underlined parts are Subjects and ‘P’ if they are
Predicates in the following sentences.
1. Gungun left the party quite early. ________
2. Ramesh works hard throughout the year. _______
3. A regular check-up can make us aware of our health. _________
4. Sumitra and her friends are going on a picnic to Nagarkot. ________
5. When will he come back? ________
6. Are you going anywhere? _________
7. Please take your seat. _________
8. What happened next? _________
9. There are two novels on my table. _________
10. Anuska yelled. ________
Classwork: Make students write at least 10 sentences about their favourite pets like a dog, cat, rabbit, etc. in their notebook.
Hello Grammar 67
C. Write the following groups of words in a proper order to make them
meaningful.
1. At the of all the the audiences end cheered show up.
___________________________________________________________
2. Scholarship won Aslesha has a .
___________________________________________________________
3. A sitting one-eyed log man on the.
___________________________________________________________
4. A restrictedtourists area for.
___________________________________________________________
5. slept Srijana earlier night last.
___________________________________________________________
Types of Sentences
Classwork: The teacher should divide the class into four groups first.
Then, group A should write 5 statements about their group, group
B should write 5 questions to be asked to the President, group C
should write 5 orders their parents give them every day and group
D should write 5 sentences that show wonder, surprise, anger, etc.
SENTENCES
1. Declarative
3. Imperative
2. Interrogative4. Exclamatory
Hello Grammar 68
A Declarative/Assertive sentence states, asserts or declares something. It is further divided into two kinds: Affirmative and Negative. It simply ends with a full stop. - (.)Examples: Amrita drew a map of Nepal. (affirmative/ positive) Amrita didn’t draw a map of Nepal. (negative)
Generally, auxiliary verbs or modals like is, am, are, was, were, can, do,
did, has, have, does, may, might, must, should, would, will, shall, etc. are immediately followed by ‘not’ in negative sentences.
EXERCISESA. Rearrange the jumbled words given below to make correct Declarative
Sentences. The underlined word is the first word of each sentence.
1. lion/ of /the king/ the/was/ the jungle.
___________________________________________________________
2. is/ Ramu/ not/ eating/ slice/ a/ cake/ of.
___________________________________________________________
3. Bikash/ Pokhara / visit/ will/ family/ his/ with/ month/ next.
___________________________________________________________
4. writing/ friend/ was/ letter/ my/ me/ to / a.
___________________________________________________________
5. we/ a lot of/ people/ talked / to.
___________________________________________________________
Affirmative/Positive Negative
a. Diya has played basketball.
b. Srijana may win a prize.
c. We shall sing a song tonight.
d. They met us last week.
e. Kripa works hard.
Diya has not played basketball.
Srijana may not win a prize.
We shall not (shan’t) sing a song
tonight.
They didn’t meet us last week.
Kripa does not work hard.
Hello Grammar 69
B. Change the following sentences into negative sentences.
1. Binu has watched many Hollywood movies.
___________________________________________________________
2. Dipakis swimming in the river.
___________________________________________________________
3. Keshav and his friends were playing the piano.
___________________________________________________________
4. Prem should write an e-mail to his employer.
___________________________________________________________
5. Dristi had her hair trimmed.
___________________________________________________________
An Interrogative sentence asks something. In interrogative sentences,
auxiliaries or modals normally come before the subject.
For example: Are you an intelligent girl?
(auxiliary verb) (subject)
Two kinds of Interrogative sentence: Wh-questions and Yes/no
questions. It ends with a question mark. - (?)
Examples: Are you fond of travelling?[auxiliary verb]
This sentence is a Yes/no question because it begins
with an auxiliary verb and the question is answerable
by yes or no.
When did you hit her in the head?
[Wh-word] [auxiliary]
This sentence begins with a Wh-word and requires new information.
Some examples of Wh-words are: what, when, where, how, whose, which, etc.
Hello Grammar 610
EXERCISESA. Write Interrogative Sentences using the following Declarative
Sentences.
1. We speak English at school.
___________________________________________________________
2. She hates junk food.
___________________________________________________________
3. My daughter likes drawing pictures in her free time.
___________________________________________________________
4. They won’t go horse-riding.
___________________________________________________________
5. He had a bike last year.
___________________________________________________________
B. Change the following Yes/No questions into Wh-questions.
1. Must I attend your party?
___________________________________________________________
2. Can you turn the lights off?
___________________________________________________________
3. Have you got your driver’s license?
___________________________________________________________
4. Will you befriend me?
___________________________________________________________
5. Are you classmates?
___________________________________________________________
Hello Grammar 611
An Imperative sentence expresses commands, orders, suggestions,
advice, request,etc.
The subject—you of imperative sentences is usually hidden.
Examples: (You)Lend me your car for a day, please. (request)
Please take off your shoes before you enter the room. (request)
Generally, the subject—you is mentioned if imperative sentences express
advice or suggestions.
Examples: You should sleep at least eight hours every day. (advice)
You’d better consult a dictionary. (advice)
Like declarative sentences, it also ends with a full stop. - (.)
Imperatives are a very direct way of telling people to do something.
Using do or please before an imperative is more polite.
C. Identify and underline imperative sentences in the following dialogue.
This is a dialogue between a teacher and a student who comes late to class.
Student: May I come in, Sir?Teacher: Yes, stand here. Why do you always come late?Student: It is the bus which makes me late.Teacher: What time do you leave home for school?Student: I always leave home at a quarter to eight.Teacher: How far is your home from here?Student: It’s about three kilometers from here.Teacher: That is why, you are late. You should leave your home earlier.Student: I get up at 7 o’clock.Teacher: Don’t you say your prayer?Student: Not regularly.Teacher: Oh my dear! Change your routine. Always get up early in the morning. Take your breakfast at the right time and then leave for school.Student: You are right, Sir. I shall never be late again.Teacher: That’s a good boy.
Hello Grammar 612
D. Label each sentence as command, advice and request.
1. Take off your shoes right away. ________________________________
2. Please turn the volume down. _________________________________
3. You ought to help the needy. _________________________________
4. You’d had better open a savings account. _______________________
5. Open your book to page no. 134. ______________________________
6. You should be kind to them. __________________________________
7. Please give me a call tomorrow. _______________________________
An Exclamatory sentence demonstrates a strong feeling and emotion.
An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark. – (!)
Examples: Alas! My dog is dead. (shock)
Wow! You look pretty in this dress. (admiration)
Oh my god! I can’t believe my eyes. (surprise)
Ouch! You stepped on my toe. (anger)
The words ‘what’ and ‘how’ intensify the expression.
Examples: Wow! The UK is a developed country. (mild admiration)
What a developed country the UK is! (extreme admiration)
What + (a/an) adjective + noun
If there is no article—a, an or the, the word ‘how’ must be used to
intensify the emotion.
For example: How talented Albert Einstein was!
How + adjective + noun
Hello Grammar 613
EXERCISESA. Rewrite the following sentences as exclamatory sentences.
1. You are a versatile person.
___________________________________________________________
2. Nepal is a multi-ethnic country.
____________________________________________________________
3. Aditya is a wonderful director.
____________________________________________________________
4. Our school has been a new champion.
___________________________________________________________
5. My grandmother is dead.
___________________________________________________________
B. Copy the following sentences onto your notebook, punctuate them
and identify the types of sentence.
1. Are those birds from North America
2. Kate and Sandra are at work today because it is a holiday
3. What a pretty girl Aslesha is
4. Bravo You did well
5. When are you getting married to each other
6. Have you read Shakespear’s King Lear
7. You ought to make an appointment
8. Sarala does not fly kites.
9. Goma watched a movie
10. Let the dog sleep for a while
Classwork: Get students to step into an imaginary world and they
are to use the four types of sentences in their essay.
Hello Grammar 614
C. If the following groups of words make sentences, leave them as it is.
If not, add more words to make a complete sentence.
1. He loves dancing to Western songs ____________________________
2. The bird __________________________________________________
3. Why can’t you _____________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________ sit on the fence.
5. _______________________________________________ new shoes?
6. Do not spit here ___________________________________________
7. Tokyo is the capital of Japan __________________________________
8. Students slept _____________________________________________
EXERCISESA. Look at the following jumbled sentences from an interview. Put the
words in the correct order to form interrogative sentences that the
journalist asked a celebrity.
1. last/ how long/ the acting course / did ?
____________________________________________________________
2. enjoy / the course/ did you ?
____________________________________________________________
3. would / you / the present film industry / how / in Nepal / describe ?
____________________________________________________________
4. is / your / who / role model / for acting ?
____________________________________________________________
5. for new comers / any advice / have / do you ?
____________________________________________________________
6. are / happy/ you / present/ situation/ your / with ?
____________________________________________________________
7. are / to / married / planning / you / get ?
____________________________________________________________
Hello Grammar 615
B. Change the following sentences as indicated in the parenthesis.
1. Jane is very nervous about going on holiday alone. (Yes/no Question)
2. Simon is late again. (Exclamatory)
3. Bill has the habit of borrowing money without hesitation. (Negative)
4. Martina studies seriously. (Imperative)
5. Suraj doesn’t have any aims either. (Affirmative)
6. Sushant shall climb Mt. Everest next year. (Negative)
7. Is Suraj editing an essay? (Assertive)
C. Read the following passage. Then write the correct sentences from
the passage in the boxes they belong to.
Types Examples
Assertive
Interrogative
Imperative
Exclamatory
Classwork: Teachers are required to read the exclamatory sentences aloud with expressions, especially bravo, wow, hurrah, ouch, gosh, fantastic, amazing, and unbelievable. Ask students to write at least a couple of sentences and read out the sentences the way you did.
A burglary took place in Ipswich sometime yesterday. The thieves
made a big hole in a wall when they entered. Oh my God! How could
they have done this! It seems a certain amount of money was
found and stolen. Police say they do not have any clue, but they
know these kinds of burglaries are quite common in the country.
Can the police make such an excuse? All the while, the police just
say, ‘Please don’t leave your home unattended”.
Hello Grammar 616
When it comes to changing Affirmative sentences into Negative ones, in
some situations, we have to change the words instead of adding ‘not’.
Examples: Lionel Messi always scores a goal in each match (Affirmative)
Lionel Messi never scores a goal in each match. (Negative)
He loves singing too.
He does not love singing either.
We haven’t played a match yet.
We have already played a match.
Remember the
opposite pairs:
When ‘have’, ‘has’, ‘had’, etc. is used as a main verb, questions and
negative statements can be formed with don’t, doesn’t, or didn’t + v1:
Example: Rita had a helicopter in 2011.
Rita has a helicopter now.
Rita and Dibya have a helicopter now.
Rita didn’t have a helicopter in 2011.
Rita doesn’t have a helicopter now.
Rita and Dibya don’t have a helicopter now.
If the word ‘had’ was used as an auxiliary verb, we would just add ‘not’.
And the sentence would be:
Example: Rita had had a helicopter in 2011.
had (not) + v3
too either
already yet
hardly usually; some any; either or neither nor;
all of none of; and so and neither, etc.
Hello Grammar 617
D. Transform the following sentences into Negative sentences.
1. They bought something yesterday for her birthday.
___________________________________________________________
2. Ram loves watching horror movies. And so do I.
___________________________________________________________
3. All of them passed the exam with flying colours.
___________________________________________________________
4. Bimal has already led the national football squad of Nepal.
___________________________________________________________
5. I also write with my left hand.
___________________________________________________________
6. My brother has a car in the UK.
___________________________________________________________
7. Let us play soccer now.
___________________________________________________________
Hello Grammar 618
E. Are the following sentences correct? If not, correct them.
1. What heart-rending story she narrated yesterday.
___________________________________________________________
2. How a young and brilliant is she!
___________________________________________________________
3. If only I had listened to my parents’ advice?
___________________________________________________________
4. She listened to my story very patiently!
___________________________________________________________
5. Ram didn’t informed me last week about it.
___________________________________________________________
6. Don’t do run that way on this slippery road.
___________________________________________________________
7. How tall is your friend! He must be above 6 ft.
___________________________________________________________
8. How they could have said so!
___________________________________________________________
9. You should takes of shoes.
___________________________________________________________
10. Are Bini and her friends helpful.
___________________________________________________________
Hello Grammar 619
Lesson 2: Subjects and PredicatesLook at the following groups of words.
They are not subjects. These words don’t tell who or what we are talking
about. Now, look at the following.
They are subjects. These words tell who we are talking about.
Any noun or pronoun that we talk about is known as the Subject
of a sentence. In Assertive sentences, the subject is usually placed
before the predicate.
Examples: Shyam is my friend. (subject)
A subject often is a doer or performer of an action in a sentence.
In a corner stood my friend Shyam. (subject)
the doer of this action.
A Complete Subject is comprised of more than one part of speech to
construct a subject.
Examples: A middle-aged wise man came up to me. (complete subject)
(a = article, middle-aged = adjective, wise = adjective and
man = noun)
is my friend
lives in Kathmandu.
Shyam
My friend Shyam
Do these words tell what or who we are
talking about?
Are they subjects?
Do these words tell what or who we are
talking about?
Are they subjects?
Hello Grammar 620
EXERCISESA. Use single or compound subjects to make the sentences below
more meaningful.
1. __________________ is indestructible.
2. __________________ lives in a hermit.
3. __________________ soon faded away.
4. __________________ should not be laughed at.
5. __________________ can make a great teacher in the days to come.
6. __________________ dragged me by my collar.
7. __________________ is a key to success.
8. __________________ love reciting poetry with gestures.
A Simple Subject includes either a noun or pronoun.
Example: Elena makes delicious cake. (simple subject)
(noun)
A Compound Subject has two or more nouns that serve as a single
subject.
Example: Mike’s and Alan’s father is same. (compound subject)
(nouns)
Three nouns: Mike’s, Alan’s and father.
Classwork: Let students write at least FIVE sentences in their
notebooks and ask them to exchange their notebooks with their
seat mates to identify the subjects of the sentences.
Hello Grammar 621
B. Pick subjects from the sentences in the table and write in the
subject column.
C. Write ‘T’ for true statements and ‘F’ for false statements.
1. Only adjectives can be subjects of sentences. _________________
2. Subjects are always placed before the predicate. _______________
3. Subjects often say who or what performs the action that the verb
refers to. ______________
4. A complete subject includes only one type of part of speech.
________________
5. A simple subject is comprised of a noun or pronoun. ____________
6. Subjects always begin with a capital letter. _________________
7. Subjects are not that important in sentences. ________________
Sentences Subject
1. The cracking of geese saved Rome.
2. Bad habits grow unconsciously.
3. We cannot pump the sea dry.
4. Is Roshni a beautiful lady?
5. What is Samikshya doing at the moment?
6. Tell me your name, please.
7. What happened next?
8. An expired medicine is being sold in the market.
9. Don’t spit here.
Hello Grammar 622
Look at the following groups of words
They are not predicates. These words don’t tell anything about anyone
or anything.
Now, look at the following groups of words.
They are predicates. These words tell something about the subjects like
‘Shyam’ and ‘My friend Shyam’.
The part which tells something about the subject
is called the Predicate of the sentence.
Example: Shyam is a good friend. (predicate)
A predicate gives information about the subject.
A Complete Predicate is comprised of all word classes like verbs,
prepositions, conjunctions, nouns, etc.
Example: Shyam fell off his bicycle. (complete predicate)
A Simple Predicate is the verb – both action and state verbs in the
Complete Predicate.
Examples: My friend Shyam catches the thief. (action verb)
(simple predicate)
My friend Shyam is a policeman. (state verb)
(simple predicate)
Shyam
My friend Shyam
is a good friend.
lives in Jhapa.
fell = verb, off = preposition, his = adjective and bicycle = noun
Do these words tell something about
someone or something?
Are they predicates?
Do these words tell something about
someone or something?
Are they predicates?
Hello Grammar 623
EXERCISESA. Write suitable predicates to make meaningful sentences. Use a wide
range of predicates to make the sentences more detailed.
1. The earth _________________________________________________
2. The man with long hair ______________________________________
3. The population of Nepal _____________________________________
4. My cousin wrote ___________________________________________
5. All roads __________________________________________________
6. The chirping of the birds at evening ____________________________
7. We want to ________________________________________________
8. Do you remember __________________________________________
A Compound Predicate has more than two verbs.
Example: Shyam in Kathmandu sings and dances on the stage.
(compound predicate)
Classwork: The teacher should make the students read the following story and circle the subject in each sentence.
Avoid Bad Company
Two friends bought a parrot each. The first parrot was in the habit of cursing and swearing. The second one recited verses from the Gita. The parrots had learnt these habits from their former owners. The owner of the first parrot was both annoyed and worried. Often the parrot used bad words in the presence of his friends and this made him feel ashamed. He sought the advice of his friend, the owner of the pious parrot. It was decided to put the two parrots in the same cage so that the foul-mouthed bird might learn some nice words. But after a few days, the friends were shocked to find that even the pious parrot had started using bad words. There is a saying that a person is known by the company he keeps.
Hello Grammar 624
Sentences Predicate
1. The dewdrops glitter in the
sunshine.
2. Run as quickly as possible.
3. A speeding bus went past us.
4. The meteorologist failed to
show up for the story.
5. The meaning of phrasal verbs is
not always literal.
6. English teachers need to be
linguistically aware.
7. Each module consists of a test
of 80 questions.
B. Pick Predicates and write in the Predicate Column.
The subject of a sentence usually comes first, but it is sometimes put
after the predicate to show more emphasis to the reader. This is called
Fronting. A subject and a verb usually change their position.
Examples: The garage was on the right of the house. (simple structure)
subject verb
A vase of flowers stood on the table. (simple structure)
(subject) (verb)
On the table stood a vase of flowers. (fronting)
(verb) ( subject)
Hello Grammar 625
EXERCISESA. Read these sentence fragments and turn them into complete
sentences by adding either a subject or predicate.
1. Oliver always ______________________________________________.
2. Liz ______________________________________________________.
3. ______________________________ remember to telephone you.
4. ______________felt ill last night because he had too many chocolates.
5. The streets ________________________________________________.
6. Ann _____________________________________________________.
7. ___________________________ happened to you last week?
B. Circle the subjects and underline the predicates in the following
sentences.
1. Schoolchildren don’t wear uniforms these days.
2. The New York subway usually works very well.
3. Most shops usually open at 8 am and closes at 6 pm in Nepal.
4. Write a letter to your friend abroad.
5. Here she comes.
6. On the top of the roof was a monkey.
In an Imperative sentence, a subject without a modal verb (like can,
should, must, ought to, etc.) is omitted. A modal verb is always used
with an auxiliary verb to express possibility, permission, etc.
Examples: Take your seat. (You take your seat.)
You ought to take this medicine thrice a day.
(subject) ( a modal verb)
You can buy me two tickets for tomorrow. (subject
and predicate)
Hello Grammar 626
C. Write the Subject and Predicate in each sentence below.
1. Tim is a good photographer.Simple Subject: ______________________________________________.Complete Predicate: __________________________________________.
2. A mighty earthquake struck the eastern part of Nepal and claimed many lives.Simple Subject: ______________________________________________.Compound Predicate: _________________________________________.
3. Lilies and lotuses are really beautiful.Compound Subject: __________________________________________.Simple Predicate: ____________________________________________.
4. Kate is going to the dentist this evening.Simple Subject: ______________________________________________.Complete Predicate: __________________________________________.
5. Madan is 30 and he comes from Nepal.Simple Subject: ______________________________________________.Compound Predicate: _________________________________________.
D. Rearrange the following sentences placing subjects either in the
middle or at the end of sentences for special emphasis.
1. Ram comes here.
____________________________________________________________
2. Yesterday we had a very special time.
____________________________________________________________
3. She is lovely!
____________________________________________________________
4. A large cat sat in the middle of the bed.
____________________________________________________________
5. The robbers ran out of the bank.
____________________________________________________________
6. There is a store room next to the kitchen.
____________________________________________________________
Hello Grammar 627
Synthesis is the combination of many simple sentences into one new sentence.
Types of sentences:
A Simple Sentence has one subject and one verb construction. It can also be a compound subject and a compound verb construction.
Examples: Dixit wins the match. (subject) + (predicate)
Nribesh and his friend work and earn a lot of money. (compound subject) (compound verb)
A Compound Sentence contains two clauses joined by a conjunction like and, or, but, or so.
Example: John is good at English, but he is not very good at maths.clause 1 clause 2
These two clauses do not depend on each other and are joined by the conjunction ‘but’.
Conjunctions are words used to link words, phrases or clauses.
A Complex Sentence is comprised of one Principal Clause and at least one Subordinate/Dependent Clauses. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone independently.
Example: Akhil went to Nagarkot because he was on holiday.clause 1 clause 2
Lesson: 3 Synthesis of Sentences
Hello Grammar 628
Clause 1 is a principal clause that forms a complete sentence standing alone, having a subject and a predicate. ‘Akhil went to Nagarkot’. This clause makes sense.
But clause 2 is entirely dependent on the first clause for its existence. If we write only clause 2, it doesn’t make sense.
Because he was on holiday.
Dependent clauses begin with a conjunction like if, because, when, since, though, unless, while, in case, after, as soon as, so that, etc. Principal clauses are joined by but, and, so, for, or, nor, etc.
EXERCISESA. Identify and write Simple Sentence, Compound Sentence or
Complex Sentence on the lines provided.
1. Rebecca went there because she was invited.
____________________________________________________________
2. The boatman has to swim or he has to die at sea.
____________________________________________________________
3. Everything comes if a person works sincerely.
____________________________________________________________
4. Listen carefully to your teacher for notes.
____________________________________________________________
5. The company agreed to my proposal, for it was watertight.
____________________________________________________________
6. Madan didn’t ask me although I was there.
____________________________________________________________
7. Looking at my wrist watch, I told him the time.
____________________________________________________________
8. We rode a bike very fast to attend an interview.
____________________________________________________________
Hello Grammar 629
B.Read the following sentences. Circle compound sentences and
underline complex sentences
1. Let us hear what the Prime Minister says.
2. My brother is afraid of darkness, so he refused to go alone through
the jungle.
3. Although it is a new car, it doesn’t run properly.
4. If more women join politics, the level of corruption will be low.
5. Some people wake up too early because they want to earn lots of money.
6. When my uncle was 15, he left home.
7. She is illiterate, but she pretends to be highly educated.
8. You can’t go home until you complete your school work.
9. My sister went to Hong Kong and she bought some clothes.
10. As soon as the earthquake struck, all the people ran to the open space.
Two or more Simple Sentences can be merged into one Compound
Sentence by using conjunctions.
Examples: Rabin is an author. Rabin is a journalist. (Separate)
Rabin is not only an author but also a journalist.
Rabin is both an author and a journalist.
Rabin is an author as well as a journalist.
C. Combine each pair of sentences into one Compound Sentence and
write in your notebook.
1. Phillip is versatile. He is also gentle.
2. The criminal was taken into police custody. He was taken to a gaol.
3. MrAgrawal is a renowned businessperson. He doesn’t give donations
to the old age homes.
4. My sister loves listening to music. She loves dancing too.
5. Sandex went out of the house. Then he sat by the seaside.
6. Govern your passions. They will govern you.
7. I thanked him. I awarded her.
Hello Grammar 630
E. Combine each pair of sentences into one with the help of given
clues and write in your notebook.
1. Sandra is popular among her friends. She is amiable and helpful.
(because)
2. We had to walk all day. Night fell. (until)
3. Ava was frightened. She fell to her knees. (so)
4. Sandy could not be a pilot. He had poor eyesight. (because of)
5. Paul was well off. He didn’t buy a tablet. (in spite of)
6. Naren went to a chemist’s. He
wanted to buy some medicine. (in
order to)
7. Reshu studied wisely. She finished
first in her Final Term Examination.
(so_that)
8. Tuleshwor may be innocent. I don’t
know. (whether)
9. Akshyata greeted me. She saw me
on the way to school. (as soon as)
10. Jibika was cooking dinner. I phoned her. (when)
D. Combine each pair of Simple Sentences into one Complex Sentence
and write in your notebook.
1. That is the place. We won a tournament there.
2. You stole the wallet. Do you deny it?
3. Two friends quarreled. I want to know the reason.
4. He was injured. He could not run.
5. We will win the match. We play more devotedly.
6. She waited for us. She waited till our arrival.
7. Devyani topped the university exam. She had been studying hard
Hello Grammar 631
G. Read the letter below. Draw a single line under a Simple Sentence,
double lines under a Compound Sentence and triple lines under a
Complex Sentence. And copy the letter with your answers onto your
notebook.
F. Read and enjoy the story. After that, identify underlined sentences
as a Simple Sentence, a Compound Sentence or Complex Sentence.
A merchant sold his goods in a fair. When it was evening, he set out for his home. He wanted his horse to carry him as fast as it could; for dark clouds had pervaded the sky. Soon it began to rain heavily and the merchant got wet. He cursed his bad luck. However, he continued his journey. A robber found him and pointed his gun at him, saying, ‘Give me all the money you have or I will shoot you.’ The merchant didn’t yield. At this, the robber pressed the trigger of the gun, but the gun didn’t fire. Why? The gun too was wet. The merchant whipped the horse and escaped. Once the merchant reached his home, he thanked the rain.
207Sajjan TollDamak 524 Jul 2017
Dear Siru
How are you and Aslesha? It seems ages since we saw each other. I hope you are enjoying the new place, friends and culture. Mummy and I are fine here, and David is getting on well at his new school.
I am writing now because I am coming to New York next Saturday for an international conference, and I am wondering if we could meet after the conference is over. I don’t have much time to spend in New York. If you give me proper directions, I think I can catch a train and come to your area. As it is my first visit to the US, I am not acquainted with anything over there. The conference should be over by Monday at the latest.
Let me know what suits you. It would be lovely to see you and Aslesha if you have time.
Love fromSuraj
Hello Grammar 632
H. Rewrite this paragraph using complex and compound sentences in
your notebook.
I am a book. My name is Hello Grammar 6. I was printed in Kathmandu.
I was packed with my sister books and sent away to a shop. I remained
in the bookshop for a few days. Then an adult came. He looked like an
educated, smart man. He bought me. He carried me home in his briefcase.
I felt absolutely delighted. He gave me to his son. He put a cover. He stuck
a name tag on me. He wrote his personal details on it. I became very
happy then.
I. The following is a draft of a student. Then answer the questions that
follow.
1. Which one of the following is an independent clause?
A. A stray dog finds a bone
B. As soon as a crow notices the dog with the bone
2. Which one of the following needs an indefinite article?
A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 2
3. Which has a dependent clause that needs a comma?
A. Sentence 3 B. Sentence 6
4. Which one of the following is a simple sentence?
A. The dog drops the bone and it turns around
B. One crow starts pulling the dog’s tail
(1) One sunny day, a stray dog finds a bone and it goes to safe place to
eat it. (2) As soon as a crow notices the dog with the bone, the crow’s
mouth starts to water. (3) Since the crow is weaker than the doge the
crow flies away. (4) After some time, the crow returns with another
crow and go near the dog. (5) One crow starts pulling the dog’s tail. (6)
The dog drops the bone and it turns around. (7) The other crow picks
up the bone and flies away.
Hello Grammar 633
Lesson 4: Run-on Sentences and Sentence FragmentsRead the following.
They are not a complete sentence. It is linguistically an error. Its meaning
is not clear. It is not punctuated. So, they are a run-on sentence.
Now, compare this to the one above.
They are a complete sentence. They are linguistically valid. It is now
meaningful. It is properly punctuated.
A run-on sentence joins two or more sentences that should be written
separately for clarity and meaningfulness.
Example: I have to go to the store I need to buy milk.
More than one independent clause cannot exist in a
sentence. So a run-on sentence can be corrected by
separating two complete ideas into two sentences. Each
sentence should have a subject and a predicate.
Example: I have to go to the store. I need to buy milk.
(subject) + (predicate) (subject) + (predicate)
I have to go to the
store I need to
buy milk.
I have to go to the
store I need to
buy milk.
Is it linguistically an error?
Is its meaning confusing?
Is it properly punctuated?
Are they a complete sentence?
Is it linguistically valid?
Is it meaningful?
Is it properly punctuated?
Are they a complete sentence?
Hello Grammar 634
You can correct a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound or a
complex sentence.
EXERCISESA. Correct the run-on sentences below by separating them into two
sentences. Each sentence should have a subject and predicate.
1. Bindu rushed to her friend’s home there was a carton of juice in the fridge.
___________________________________________________________
2. I hate smokes the smell puts me off.
___________________________________________________________
3. The meal was a disaster he is useless in the kitchen.
___________________________________________________________
4. Give me that pencil it’s mine.
___________________________________________________________
5. She found the wallet he found the money.
___________________________________________________________
6. I played with the international players they taught me many tactics.
___________________________________________________________
7. She loves painting she has drawn many paintings.
___________________________________________________________
8. I love the river I used to swim in the river.
___________________________________________________________
Examples:
I woke up I ate breakfast. (run-on sentence)
I woke up and I ate breakfast. (compound sentence)
After I woke up, I ate breakfast. (complex sentence)
Hello Grammar 635
B. Correct these run-on sentences by rewriting them in your notebook
as compound and complex sentences without changing their meaning.
1. I met him he scolded me.
2. I thought the trip would be exciting I felt bored.
3. She got training she would get a job.
4. The rabbit was trapped I set it free.
5. She looked at the paintings wondered who painted them.
6. We have to walk fast a bus is coming towards us.
7. You have to choose an Australian university you have to choose a
German university for higher studies.
You can correct a run-on sentence by connecting or separating its parts
correctly. There are several easy ways to connect independent clauses.
Use a full stop (.) to separate two clauses.
Example: She always goes to school. She tops exams every year.
Use a semicolon (;) to join two equally important clauses.
Example: She always goes to school; she tops exams every year.
Use a comma (,) to join independent clauses appropriately with
coordinating conjunctions like but, so, or, and, etc.
Example: She always goes to school, but she scores poor marks.
Use a subordinate conjunction like because, if, as,
when, since, etc. to create a complex sentence and to
improve the flow of clauses.
Example: If she always goes to school, she will top
exams every year.
Hello Grammar 636
C. Add capital letters, conjunctions, and punctuation
marks to turn each group of words into one or
two sentences.
1. tourists love climbing mountains
____________________________________________________________
2. it’s hard to catch eels their skin is slippery
____________________________________________________________
3. students will fail the exam they don’t study seriously
____________________________________________________________
4. most birds can fly some cannot
____________________________________________________________
5. birds fly away you go near them
____________________________________________________________
6. Make the campfire small sit close to it for warmth.
____________________________________________________________
7. We were worried about the water being cold it is only October.
____________________________________________________________
8. We passed the woods my brother saw a deer.
____________________________________________________________
9. We submitted application for a passport we started searching for a
university.
____________________________________________________________
Hello Grammar 637
D. Rewrite the notice below, correcting any punctuation and grammar
mistakes. Be sure to fix any run-on sentences.
BARCA International Academy, Kathmandu
November 5 2017
NOTICE
HAVE YOU LOST YOUR UMBRELLA?
Yesterday an umbrella was found in the library the owner of the umbrella can contact either the undersigned or MrsTimisina the class teacher of class VI section B. The umbrella can be collected during the lunch break after providing sufficient proof of ownership the umbrella will be deposited in the office after two days if no one claims it within that time
Meena KurungfangClass VI Section B
Hello Grammar 638
Look at these groups of words carefully.
A sentence fragment is a group of words that doesn’t express a
complete idea. In a sentence fragment the missing component may be
either a subject or a predicate.
The components subject and predicate are missing in each group of these words. They don’t give a complete idea. So, they are a sentence fragment.
Now look at these groups of words.
will walk into the room.shows no sign of improvement.some girls in the class
Does each of these groups ofwords have the componentssubjects and predicates?Do they give a complete idea?
These groups of words have the
components subjects and predicates.
They give a complete idea. They are
complete sentences.
Sital will walk into the room.
(subject) + (predicate)
The patient shows no sign of improvement.
(subject) + (predicate)
Some girls in the class are naughty.
(subject) + (predicate)
Hello Grammar 639
EXERCISES
A. Identify and tick a sentence fragment.
1. Mrs Smith gone to visit her mother.
Finding a parking space there is usually there is usually
easy during the week.
Driving in the city during the evening rush hour.
2. To apply for a job at a new school.
She asked the interviewer how often she would get a leave
of absence.
Shaking her new boss’s hand, she knew she would like
working there.
3. By the time you reach Beijing Ashok will have died.
After getting estimates from five contractors, you must
decide to do the work yourself.
Before picking out an interesting wallpaper pattern that
went well with your furniture.
4. Who stole Stephen’s car Sunday night?
An eight-year-old boy suddenly came out of the car and
ran away.
Which the salesman was surprised to find in such a good shape.
5. While waiting for her neighbour to move, the car that
blocked the driveway.
To avoid hitting the other car, Michael had to back across
the corner of the lawn.
By making sure that no one will park across the driveway
again.
Hello Grammar 640
B. Determine whether the following word groups are sentence
fragments or complete sentences. Write ‘C’ if the group of words is a
complete sentence and write ‘F’ if the group of words is a fragment.
1. ________ All rights reserved.
2. ________ If you think today’s fashion is weird.
3. ________ They should see the pictures of clothes people wore in the
Middle Ages.
4. _______ People often heavy leather belts decorated with metal and
jewels.
5. _______ Tights of velvet and silk for my daughter.
6. _______ Was a way of displaying wealth.
7. _______ The more clothes a person could afford to wear, the
wealthier that person was.
8. _______ The usual head covering for men in Europe a hood.
9. _______ In the later Middle Ages, women wore jeweled metal nets.
C. Correct the following sentence fragments to form a complete
sentence.
1. She a lot of things to do in her life.
___________________________________________________________
2. The staple diet of the Nepalese rice and curry.
___________________________________________________________
3. What most Asians want to do to go to Europe or America for a better
life.
___________________________________________________________
4. Sarita is one of the scholars who from Nepal.
___________________________________________________________
5. Is one of my best friends who always lends me money.
___________________________________________________________
6. What she is passionate about dancing to Nepali folk songs.
___________________________________________________________
Hello Grammar 641
Lesson 5: Clauses
Take a careful look at the following sentences:
a. My maternal uncle is a wealthy man. (adjective)
describes ‘uncle’.
b. My maternal uncle is a man of great wealth. (phrase)
describes ‘uncle’
c. My maternal uncle is a man who owns great wealth. (clause)
describes ‘uncle’
A Clause is a group of words that consists of a subject and a predicate
(one main verb + an object/words). A clause is just a part of a longer
sentence.
Example: Anu often visits the Netherlands because she likes the climate.
(main / independent clause) (dependent clause)
There are two subjects ‘Anu’ and ‘she’ and two predicates ‘often visits
the Netherlands ‘and ‘likes the climate’. But the combination of these
two clauses makes a sentence.
Main Clause/Principal Clause: She often visits the Netherlands.
This clause stands on its own.
Dependent Clause: Because she likes the climate.
This clause does not make complete sense unless it is combined with
an appropriate clause like the above one.
Hello Grammar 642
Main Clauses are joined by conjunctions like and, but, either_or, neither_
nor, so, as well as, not only_ but also, for, yet, etc.
Example: Sumit has earned lots of money, yet he works hard.
Dependent Clauses begin with conjunctions like that, when, as soon as,
until, who, because, which, when, if, although, so that, whose, etc.
Example: If you buy a book, your parents will be happy.
EXERCISESA. Identify whether the underlined clauses are Main Clauses or
Dependent Clauses.
1. The child has no brothers or sisters, so she often had to play herself.
______________________
2. Aunt Mary didn’t buy the dress because it was too expensive.
______________________
3. We are delighted to see you well dressed. ______________________
4. As they watched a documentary. ______________________
5. Rakesh is smart and he is hardworking too. ______________________
6. If I don’t go to London, I will invite my friends for dinner.
______________________
7. When I woke up, I saw a bird on the tree. ______________________
8. Ramesh works hard, yet he is poor. ______________________
Classwork: Have students carry flash cards that contain main clauses
and dependent clauses. Let students be paired with the flash cards
that go together or are matched and stand before the class.
Hello Grammar 643
The table below will help you avoid confusion between sentences and
clauses.
B. Join the following pairs of clauses using the given conjunctions in
your notebook.
1. I jammed on the brakes of my car. It did not stop. (but)
2. A wicked person does not study. He does not let others study either.
(neither_nor)
3. MrBasyal bought a ticket. He entered the theatre. (so)
4. I hate smoking. I hate alcohol also. (neither_nor)
5. The man looks innocent. He has committed several crimes. (although)
6. I met a woman at the bus stop. She was very frank. (who)
7. Fools rush in. Angels fear to go there. (where)
8. I always carry umbrella these days. I will not get wet. (so that)
9. I will not irritate you. You reply to my question. (if)
10. It started raining. We were returning at that time. (when)
Clauses Sentences
1. A clause has one finite verb.
E.g. He is not judgmental.
2. A clause may or mayn’t stand
on its own.
E.g. If you select me for the job...
3. A clause is part of a longer
sentence.
E.g. Hrishikesh can top the exam.
1. A sentence has at least one finite
verb. Some sentences have two or
more finite verbs.
E.g. He is not judgmental because
he listens to both parties.
2. A sentence always stands on its
own.
E.g. You select me for the job.
3. A sentence is a combination of
clauses.
E.g. Hrishikesh can top the exam if
he studies seriously.
Hello Grammar 644
D. Read each group of words. Write ‘I’ beside each independent clause
and ‘D’ beside each dependent clause. Then rewrite each dependent
clause so that it is part of a sentence. Independent clauses should not
be rewritten.
1. Whenever I read a story.
___________________________________________________________
2. Because I enjoy them very much.
___________________________________________________________
3. Jasmine is the most talented writer in our class.
___________________________________________________________
4. One reaching school, students started playing games.
___________________________________________________________
5. So that she could be a volunteer.
___________________________________________________________
C. Write ‘T’ for true statements and ‘F’ for false statements on the
lines provided.
1. Independent Clauses and Main Clauses are same. ______
2. A clause needs an infinite verb. ______
3. Clauses are as meaningful as sentences. ______
4. Conjunctions like ‘if, when, but, for, etc.’ are used to join main or
principal clauses. ______
5. Conjunctions like ‘although, who, after, since, as soon as, etc.’ are used
to join dependent clauses. ______
6. A sentence is made up of only two clauses. ______
7. A sentence may have more than one finite verb. ______
8. Some clauses may stand on its own. ______
9. ‘I am sad.’ is a conjunction. ______
10. As soon as I saw here. _______
Hello Grammar 645
6. In addition to singing, she loves skiing.
___________________________________________________________
7. If you have already received an email.
___________________________________________________________
8. As soon as Mr Gupta saw his wife come out of a restaurant.
___________________________________________________________
E. Read the following dialogue. Rewrite each line, adding commas to
the dialogue where they are necessary. Remove commas if they are
not needed.
Student : Good morning sir. How are you?
Teacher : I’m fine. How are you?
Student : When you were a child what was your opinion on English?
Teacher : I was bad at English.
Student : I could not do well in the examination in English. I want to
improve my English.
Teacher : If you want to do well in English at first you have to learn the
rules of English grammar and enrich vocabulary.
Student : I know some rules and have some vocabulary. Is it not
enough sir?
Teacher : No it is not enough. You have to read English books,
newspapers, magazines, listen to BBC radio, watch English movies etc
to develop your vocabulary.
Student : Why do some students speak a lot in the classroom but they
score poor marks?
Teacher : Well this happens, because students fail to balance between
speaking skills and writing skills. Only writing doesn’t improve
speaking skills. The more you speak the better your spoken English is.
Student : As we hesitate to converse in English we have been unable
to improve our spoken English.
Hello Grammar 646
REVIEW: UNIT ONEA. Look at the underlined parts carefully. What are they? Circle your
answers.
1. A man sat beside me and started taking biscuits from the packet of
my biscuits.
A. Subject B. Phrase C. Clause D. Sentence
2. A boy having a pointed noise befriended me yesterday.
A. Sentence B. Predicate C. Subject D. Verb
3. At the corner stood a policeman smoking a cigarette.He was arrested
A. Interrogative Sentence B. Declarative Sentence
C. Imperative D. Exclamatory
F. Rewrite the following paragraph about Aslesha using appropriate
conjunctions.
Aslesha is a little girl. She was born in Damak in 2015. Aslesha’s father
is a teacher. He teaches at a private school. Her grandparents are
alive. They are originally from the eastern part of Nepal. She
loves watching videos on YouTube. The videos are about insects,
fish, animals, children etc. Aslesha loves her father. He is very friendly
with her. Aslesha is a tall girl. Her hair is short. Aslesha
rides a small bicycle. The bicycle is new. Aslesha is lucky enough
to wear a wide range of clothes. The clothes are usually imported.
Aslesha has countless playthings at home. The playthings were
gifted by her near relatives.
Teacher : Yes that is the main reason.
Student : Thank you for your suggestions.
Teacher : Welcome.
Hello Grammar 647
4. They hardly danced at the wedding ceremony of mine. I didn’t like that.
A. Affirmative B. Negative C. Both D. None
5. Did Jibika play badminton last week and win the match? Win and loss
are part of a game.
A. Interrogative B. Assertive
C. Exclamatory D. Imperative
6. This book being boring. Don’t read this.
A. Interrogative B. Imperative
C. Exclamatory D. Affirmative
7. Sushant and Saroj are good friends.
A. Simple Subject B. Complete Subject
C. Compound Subject D. None
8. Alex didn’t go to Hong Kong, for he loves Nepal too much. He is a real
patriot.
A. Simple Sentence B. Complex Sentence
C. Compound Sentence D. All
9. Shreya got good marks because she worked hard.She deserved it,
indeed.
A. Simple Sentence B. Complex Sentence
C. Compound Sentence D. None
10. Rama has given birth to a daughter. She is very happy now.
A. Complex Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Simple Sentence D. Both A & B
11. They jumped into the swimming pool went across the pool.
A. Sentence Fragment B. Run-on Sentence
C. Complete Sentence D. All
12.A tall girlat a program.She did nothing there.
A. Run-on Sentence B. Sentence Fragment
C. Complete Sentence D. None
13. She went to an office to apply for a job.
A. Dependent Clause B. Independent Clause
C. Both D. None
Hello Grammar 648
14. We will not go there, as we are not invited.
A. Dependent Clause B. Principal Clause
C. None D. Both
15. This is the field where we used to catch fish.
A. Clause B. Sentence C. Sentence Fragment D. None
B. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
1. Subjects of a verb do not begin with a relative pronoun. __________
2. There is only one type of subject. ___________
3. Clauses have only a subject and a verb. _________
4. Dependent sentences begin with a conjunction. _________
5. Words like when, where, which, etc. are used as conjunctions. ________
6. This is an example of an independent clause. ‘Sujit saw what I didn’t
see.’ ________
7. ‘He walked as he was instructed’ is an example of a dependent clause.
_________
C. Complete the following clauses and write either dependent or
independent clause in the parenthesis.
1. They went ____________________ they were supposed to go.
(__________________)
2. How he went to a place _______________ our forefathers were raised.
(__________________)
3. This is ___________________ students are mentored here.
(__________________)
4. We will run _____________________ a shot gun is fired.
(__________________)
5. The man ____________________wife is dead is sad now.
(__________________)
6. I have rented a house ___________________ owner lives abroad.
(__________________)
Hello Grammar 649
UNIT 2
Lesson 6: Nouns
Nouns are names of a person, animal, thing, place or feeling.
Examples: doctor cow tree Ilam pity
Types of Nouns:
Proper Nouns are particular or specific names.
Examples: Anisha Nepal Ritesh
The first letter of a Proper Noun is written in capital letter.
Common Nouns refer to any member of a class of similar things.
Examples: book house dog
Abstract Nouns suggest quality, action or state. Generally, abstract
nouns are uncountable.
Examples: hardness theft boyhood
Collective Nouns suggest a singular word for a group.
Examples: family team herd
Collective nouns can be used either as a singular noun or a plural noun.
The family is/are going on a picnic next week.
When you look
around, what do
you see?
I see persons, books, desks, windows,
houses, vehicles, animals, water, stone,
sand, etc.
Hello Grammar 650
A. Underline nouns in each of the following sentences and write their types.
1. Lisa loves playing chess with her friends.
2. A bench of judges gave their verdict.
3. Frogmen dive deep into the river in search of fish.
4. Those glasses cost a lot of money.
5. The lawyer’s fee is rising every week.
6. Neither of the two doctors was nominated for the awards.
7. Henry and Dipak go on an excursion.
8. Some girls were playing in the park.
9. A movie crew escaped a danger.
10. I could not sleep last night due to a horde of noisy people in the street.
B. Read the list of nouns below. Decide whether each noun is Common
or Proper Nouns and write it in the correct column. Capitalize the
nouns in the Proper column.
Classwork: Have students go out of the classroom for 10 minutes
and list out everything they see around. Later, with the minimal
help of the teacher, they should categorise them according to the
types of Nouns.
school boy iran pacific
rugby sports lady river
hotel sunday autumn artiste
mteverest kiran chemjong stadium
asia
Hello Grammar 651
C. Rewrite the following letter below, correcting any punctuation
mistakes.
Common Nouns Proper Nouns
__________________________ ____________________________
__________________________ ____________________________
__________________________ ____________________________
__________________________ ____________________________
__________________________ ____________________________
__________________________ ____________________________
19 october 2017
The Information officer
welsh tourist Board
Brunel House
2 fitzalan
cardiff CF2 1UY
sir
i hope to have a holiday in north Wales this summer with my
family. Could you please send me a list of camp sites in the area
and information about the facilities they offer
My son and daughter would like to go pony trekking could you
therefore also send me a list of
riding centres that cater for children aged between 11 and 14.
Thank you very much!
Yours faithfully
jane watts
Hello Grammar 652
Generally Abstract Nouns and Proper Nouns are not followed by
articles—a, an or the.
The first letters of Proper Nouns are capitalized.
Examples: Ashmita the Netherlands (exceptional) Dharan
Abstract Nouns and Proper Nouns are not usually used in the plural.
Examples:
Abstract Nouns poverty, knowledge, love, passion, war,
fright, travel
Proper Nouns Ram, Bipin, Kathmandu, Singapore, New York
Some Abstract Nouns are countable:
Examples: an idea a joy a visit a pity
Collective Nouns can be followed by both singular verbs and plural verbs.
Example: Our family is/are vegetarian.
Some examples: army, school, parliament, herd, class, bunch, bundle,
crowd, bouquet, fleet, jury, committee, gang, crew, band, pack, choir,
bevy, set, pride, squad, etc.
C. Give the name for each of the following groups of persons, animals
or things of the same kind.
1. A group of fish _____________________________________________
2. A group of wolves __________________________________________
3. A group of ships ___________________________________________
4. A group of lions ____________________________________________
5. A group of sticks ___________________________________________
6. A group of MPs ____________________________________________
7. A group of sticks ___________________________________________
8. A group of singers __________________________________________
9. A group of soldiers _________________________________________
10. A group of judges _________________________________________
Hello Grammar 653
E. Form Abstract Nouns from the words given in parenthesis and fill in
the space provided.
1. He spent all his ____________________________ in abject poverty.
(boy)
2. The ____________________ of the proposal by them was shocking.
(refuse)
3. I could not bargain for ______________________________. (pay)
4. I like the ______________________ of her features. (delicate)
5. ___________________ is better than strength. (wise)
6. This school is under new _____________________. (own)
7. The _________________ was no longer regarded as a divine gift.
(king)
8. We must believe in his ___________________________. (innocent)
Abstract Nouns are formed from:
verbs abstract nouns
attend attendance
obey obedience
resign resignation
common nouns abstract nouns
child childhood
friend friendship
slave slavery
adjectives abstract nouns
kind kindness
honest honesty
poor poverty
Hello Grammar 654
F. Change the following nouns into Abstract Nouns.
live high
examine clever
angry feed
girl man
anxious neighbor
conquer inquire
scholar mature
G. Pick out the nouns in the following story and write in the right box of
the table. It is not compulsory to find all five types of Nouns.
Proper Noun Common Noun Collective Noun Abstract Noun
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
Gautam Buddha was a great religious teacher. His real name was
Siddhartha. He was born Lumbini. He was born almost 2700 years
ago. His father was the king of Kapilvastu. Instead of availing himself
of royal facilities and becoming a king, he wanted to find out the
real meaning of life. He left his palace at night to seek the truth. He
lived a poor life of a monk. At last he gained enlightenment when he
was meditating under a tree near Gaya. His followers are around the
world. He was a great man not a God. He is also known as ‘Light of
Asia’.
Hello Grammar 655
On the basis of forms, Nouns can be divided into two classes:
A. Countable Nouns are used in the plural.
Examples: marbles friends laptops
B. Uncountable Nouns are used only in the singular.
Examples: water news feedback
Changing Uncountable into Countable Nouns:
advice - a piece of advice bread – a loaf of bread
news – an item of news wood – a plank of wood
grass – a blade of grass hair – a strand of hair
thunder – a clap of thunder dust – a speck of dust
paper – a sheet of paper lightning – a flash of lightning
work – a stroke of work wind – a gust of wind
H. Choose the best option to make a complete sentence.
1. Merina is eating _____________. (egg/meat)
2. Can you give me a ___________? (rupee/ food)
3. I have got a _____________ (toad/water) in my cup.
4. I want some __________ (apple/rice),
5. Himant wants many __________ (oranges/juice).
6. Radhik is selling an __________ (ink/ apple).
Classwork: Teachers should divide students into 3/4 groups and
give them flash cards containing different types of Nouns. Students
should sort out Noun Cards according to its types.
Hello Grammar 656
J. Underline Nouns in the following story.
Once upon a time, there was a beautiful kingdom in the world. The
country was highly developed. There was a popular king who was very
much devoted and kind to the people of that kingdom. Other kings
were very much jealous of him. Once he was attacked by them and
defeated for many times. Then he hid himself in a cave. During that
time, he saw a spider climbing the wall but fell several times. Though
he fell many times, he did not leave his attempt and finally he got
succeeded at last. Seeing the patience of the spider, the king collected
enough courage, came out from the cave and attacked enemies. In that
way, he succeeded in getting his reign back.
I. Locate singular nouns in the following sentences and change them
into plural forms.
1. I drink coffee early in the morning. _____________________________
2. Won’t you share news? _____________________________
3. A cow is an animal. _____________________________
4. A bee is an insect. _____________________________
5. Cities are big town. _____________________________
6. I have lots of work to do. _____________________________
7. Write something on a sheet of paper. _____________________________
Hello Grammar 657
Lesson 7: PronounsPronouns replace nouns.
Example: The girl can speak Nepali. The girl lives in Nepal. She is a Nepalese. ‘She’ in the third sentence replaces the noun ‘girl’ in the first
two sentences.
Pronouns must be of the same number, gender and person as the noun stands for.
Example: Students are outside. They are playing.
The First Person and The Second Person Pronouns can be used by both male and female.
Example: The boy said, ‘I can speak English.’ The girl said, ‘I can write with both hands.’
Singular Pronouns are: I, you, he, she, it, me, him and her.Plural Pronouns are: we, you, they, us and them.
A. Underline the incorrect pronoun in each sentence. Then write the
correct pronoun on the line provided.
1. Bipana is discussing their plan with her professor. _________________
2. Birds build his nests in trees. __________________________________
3. The horse fell over a slippery stone and broke her leg. _____________
4. If the shoplift is caught, they will be punished. ___________________
5. There were many doors, but she was locked. _____________________
6. The presents are for I. _______________________________________
7. My uncle asked my sister and my to dinner. ______________________
8. He is absent from school because it is sick. ______________________
Hello Grammar 658
9. It is an ill wind who blows nobody good. ________________________
10. This book is my. ___________________________________________
11. The baby has torn their clothes. _______________________________
12. When I saw an insect, he was crawling. _________________________
B. Replace nouns by appropriate pronouns.
Classwork: Have students list out any ten sentences and make
some sentences using them either orally or in their notebooks.
Naresh : Hi, Shila, how are you?
Shila : I am good. Tell me about you.
Naresh : Not well.
Shila : Why?
Naresh : I could not do well in the first term exam in English,
particularly. I want to improve my English.
Shila : If that’s the case. No need to worry. You just have to
learn some rules of English grammar and enrich you
vocabulary to have command of it.
Naresh : I know some rules and have some vocabulary.
Shila : You have to read English books, magazines, newspapers,
etc. which will develop your vocabulary.
Naresh : Thanks. What about communicative skill?
Shila : You must practise speaking English with friends, teachers
or tourists. If possible, listen to English programs on the
radio, watch English movies, etc.
Naresh : Thank you very much for your suggestions.
Shila : Welcome.
Hello Grammar 659
Personal Pronouns refer to a specific person or thing.
Examples: Doren watched a movie. She didn’t like it.We will meet our friends soon.
In the examples above, the word ‘she’ refers to ‘Doren’; the word ‘it’ refers to ‘movie’ and ‘we’ refers to the speaker as well as his or her friends.
First Person Pronoun suggests the addresser. ‘I’, ‘me’, ‘we’ and ‘us’ are the examples.Examples: We go to school. They phoned me.
Second Person Pronoun suggests the addressee. ‘You’ is the only example of it.Example: You (singular/plural) should wash your clothes.
Third Person Pronoun suggests the person or thing spoken of. ‘He’, ‘she’, ‘it’, ‘they’, ‘him’, ‘her’, and ‘them’ are the examples.Example: They interviewed us last night.
B. Underline Personal Pronouns in the following sentences.
1. Dare I talk to her?
2. I used to play with my friends.
3. They invited us to the party.
4. You should not be hesitant to express your concern.
5. Saroj saw it last week.
6. It is necessary for us to work from morning through night.
7. We are delighted to make this announcement.
8. They threw a stone at it.
Hello Grammar 660
9. One of us has to be promoted.
10. This house is her.
11. We won it. So it is our.
D. Choose the best option.
1. ______________________ eyed my friend curiously.
A. He B. His C. Him
2. Two boys killed a scorpion. _____________ was dangerous.
A. Its B. It C. They
3. ________________ sat fanning herself.
A. Hers B. Hers C. She
4. __________________ is time we went on a trip.
A. Its B. It C.He
5. My courage failed _______________ at the last minute.
A. Me B. My C. Mine
6. _________________ had better see a doctor for that recent cut.
A. She B. You C. Her
One day Jessica Magar was travelling by train. Her entered the first
class compartment. The train started. Her removed she shoes and kept
they under the seat. Hers enjoyed watching the scenery outside. After
some time, the train reached the next station. Soon her fell asleep. A
few moments went by and him too felt sleepy. Just before his went to
sleep, him noticed she shoes. He threw they out of the window and
went to sleep. Next day, her woke up early in the morning. Hers looked
below she seat for hers shoes. But they were missing.
C. Read the following paragraph. Circle all the incorrect pronouns. Then
rewrite the paragraph in your notebook. Make sure all pronouns are
correct and match their nouns.
Hello Grammar 661
Look at these examples.
D. Underline the incorrect pronouns and write the correct pronouns on
the line.
1. All of we were present at the party. _____________________________
2. Many of my students thanked I for my success. ___________________
3. If it is urgent. Us have to leave for a hospital. _____________________
4. The bicycle wheels hurt its. ___________________________________
5. Me like only one of the two cars. _______________________________
6. Us talked to our president about our problems. __________________
I sang a song.We played volleyball.She sang a song.He danced.You phoned me last night.They wrote a letter.It barked all night.
She phoned me.They invited us.I will marry her.I hate him.I saw them.I want to help you.I will throw it.
Do the highlighted pronouns answer the question who or what?YESAre the words placed before verbs?YESAre the sentences about these pronouns?YESIf so, these words are Subjective
Pronouns.
Do these highlighted words answer the question whom?YESAre the words placed after main verbs?YESAre these pronouns affected by the verbs?YESIf so, these words are Objective Pronouns.
Hello Grammar 662
7. His looked at himself in the mirror. _____________________________
8. Her bit her nail herself. ______________________________________
9. A girl gave a five-rupee note to she. ___________________________
Ritzi fell over the stone and her leg was injured. She hurt herself.
Shanti span around and around and felt dizzy. She made herself dizzy.
Children went swimming and used a towel to get dried. They dried
themselves.
If the subject of the sentence does the action to herself or himself, use a
reflexive pronoun as an objective pronoun.
A reflexive pronoun cannot be used as the subject of the sentence.
I / Myself want to join the party.
Reflexive Pronouns refer to both subjects and objects of a verb. Subject
and Object are the same.
They hurt themselves. In the sentence, same people are hurt.
E. Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct reflexive
pronouns.
1. I looked at ______________________ in the mirror.
2. A tiger came running towards ___________. I could not kill ________.
3. Alice and Anushka are friends. ________ have opened a boutique at
Koupondole.
4. _________________ is my handkerchief. Is there any doubt?
5. _________________ is me, Amrita. You forgot?
Hello Grammar 663
F. Write SP for subject pronoun and OP for object pronoun to identify
each underlined word.
1. Does he wish to meet you? ___________________________________
2. Rohini asked us to invite them. ________________________________
3. Are you playing the piano? ___________________________________
4. He penned the best-selling novel. ______________________________
5. We paid Rs 5000 for it. ______________________________________
6. It shouldn’t have eaten it. ____________________________________
7. We wanted to talk to them. ___________________________________
8. She said that she wanted to help us. ____________________________
6. Cricket was boring. _____________________ was his opinion before
meeting Sachin Tendulkar.
7. These marbles are strong. _________________ cannot be easily
broken into pieces.
8. I taught twenty students yesterday. ____________________ of them
annoyed me.
9. Our Principal gave that medal to me yesterday. That is
___________________________.
Classwork: Have students write a paragraph on ‘My Sleepless
Dream’ in no less than 150 words using only Personal Pronouns.
Hello Grammar 664
Possessive Pronouns answer the question whose?
Some examples of possessive pronouns are: mine, yours, his, its,
hers, theirs etc.
The words highlighted in
red refer to possession or
ownership. They come
without nouns. They are
possessive pronouns.
G. Read the text below. Circle every pronoun that is not used correctly.
Rewrite the passage in your notebook.
Us need rest and entertainment in our daily life. We usually do the
recreational activities in our free time. Stamp collection, photography,
gardening, drawing, painting, etc are some of they. Any activity us enjoy
doing in our spare time is called a hobby.
Stamp collection and photography are my hobbies. Me buy new postal
stamps whenever I find they. I have many online friends from different
parts of the world. They write to I very often. I ask they to send I the
postal stamps available there. I have already collected stamps from
more than 20 countries and prepared my own stamp album. Most of
my friends are surprised with this strange type of hobby. Me love doing
this at my leisure. It is fun.
This bag was bought by my father. It is
now mine.
That kite was given to you. That is yours.
Our Principal gave him a diary. That
diary is his.
We won a trophy. So, the trophy is ours.
Hello Grammar 665
H. In each sentence, replace the underlined incorrect possessive
pronoun with the correct one on the line provided.
1. That book was gifted to them. So, the book is their’s. ______________
2. We are off today, and the whole day is our’s. ________________
3. Her dress is blue and my’s is white. _____________________
4. Ria is my daughter. Sunita is her’s. ______________________
5. Those pairs of shoes are he’s. __________________
6. That bicycle is my. ___________________
7. The fishing shack on the right is her’s. ___________________
8. The skin of it’s is very coarse, isn’t it? ________________
9. It’s handle is cracked. ________________
We add an apostrophe (‘) to make most plural nouns possessive.
Examples: bus -buses’
student -students’
teacher - teachers’, etc.
We add an apostrophe and –s to form the possessive of plural nouns
that do not end in –s.
Examples: children-children’s oxen – oxen’s,
Possessive pronouns do not have apostrophes.
Classwork: The teacher should write 5 questions beginning with
‘Whose…….? Then students should write 5 answers using pronouns
like mine, ours, his, hers, etc.
Hello Grammar 666
I. Rewrite the sentences below replacing the underlined possessive
nouns, using possessive pronouns.
1. My grandfather’s friend was a fisherman.
A friend of his was a fisherman.
2. The dog’s tail is very, very long.
___________________________________________________________
3. The captain’s crew must be strong.
___________________________________________________________
3. Atul’s friend andSohan’s friend are selfish.
___________________________________________________________
4.Preety’s pet is very obedient.
___________________________________________________________
5. The fish’s scales disappeared over a period of time.
___________________________________________________________
6. Suman’s one ear is very long.
___________________________________________________________
7. The cat’s eyes were very shiny.
___________________________________________________________
Hello Grammar 667
A present-tense verb must agree with its subjective pronoun.
Add –s to most of the action verbs when you use the following pronouns
as subjects:
Examples: She has a novel to read.
He drinks coffee every day.
It wags its tail frequently.
Do not add –s to an action verb in the present tense when you use the
following pronouns as subjects:
Examples: I feel lonely.
We respect each other.
You make a cup of coffee.
They live in the Netherlands.
J. Write the correct form of the verbs in the parenthesis to complete
each sentence.
1. She ___________________ (have) possessed many talents.
2. We ___________________ (have) two houses in Kathmandu.
3. They ___________________ (ride) a bike early in the morning.
4. We __________________ (need) to help the poor.
5. They _______________ (hike) in the mountains to enjoy their holiday.
6. We ____________________ (buy) a new pair of sandals.
7. He _______________ (devote) most of his time to inventions and
discoveries.
8. I ___________________ (sing) a song very confidently.
9. It ________________ (bark) and ___________________ (frighten) the
strangers.
10. I ___________________ (know) how to solve that problem.
11. She and I _______________ (play) together in the park.
12. It _________________________ (kill) tiny insects.
Hello Grammar 668
K. Wrong forms of the verbs have been crossed out. Write the correct
forms to complete each sentence.
1. It have _____________ been provided with many bones to eat.
2. You has ______________ many offers to take up.
3. I is ____________ one of the fans of Lionel Messi.
4. I think she have _____________ to apologize to her for her misconduct.
5. We be______________ constructing a stadium.
6. Now, you has _______________ been a good fashion designer.
7. She are _____________ good at mathematics.
8. I are ______________ doing my duties.
9.We is ___________ painting a wall.
10. You is _______________ a sensitive boy.
L. Write the correct forms of ‘have’ or ‘be’ to complete each sentence.
1. She __________ to help only those who are in need of support.
2. I ___________ such a student who has never obtained less than 80 per
cent in any test.
3. We ____________ been working in the garden since 6 am.
The verbs ‘Be’ and ‘Have’ special forms in the present tense.
Have: I have a book. We have
books.
You have many friends. (one or
more than one person)
He/She/It has a good habit.
They have a good habit.
Be: I am sad today. We are
naughty.
You are delighted. (one or more
than one person)
He/She/It is quick-tempered.
They are quarrelsome.
Hello Grammar 669
4. It _______ to run 5 miles today.
5. She and I ____________ the same aim.
6. They ___________ going to buy a new bus.
7. He ___________ many pen friends. He writes letters to them.
8. It ___________ me, Shakti.
9. They ________ playing the piano at the moment.
10. She and I ___________ best friends.
M. Now, look at the following family tree and describe it using
appropriate verbs that agree with their subjective pronouns.
I are Reena. I is the youngest member in my family. I has a grandfather.
He are 70 years old. His name is Laxman. I has a grandmother. She have
only 65 years old. Her name is Sarala. My father’s name is Umesh. He
has 35 years old. My mother’s name is Pushpa. She are 30 years old. I
has got two uncles. They isBimal and Prem. I are two aunts. They is Nita
and Ashmita. I has two cousins. They isAasha and Bikash. Aasha are
married to Kumar. Bikash am married to Rita. We am a happy family.
Laxman + Sarala
Umesh + Pushpa
Reena Aasha + Kumar Bikash + Rita
Bimal + Nita Prem + Ashmita
Hello Grammar 670
N. Read the story below and do the activities that follow.
1. List out all the pronouns mentioned in the story.
2. What do these pronouns replace?
a. It twisted round my hand.
b. I saw it go towards a big hole.
c. We carried our fish and returned home.
3. Pick any five sentences from the story above and write as
Subjective or Objective Pronouns.
Last Saturday, I got up late. I washed my face and went to the kitchen. Mother
had prepared breakfast and kept for me. I took my breakfast and went for fishing
in a nearby river. Two other friends were with me. We enjoyed fishing for an hour.
When we were about to return, I saw a big fish moving here and there. I followed
the fish. I saw it go towards a big hole. The fish disappeared all of a sudden. Since
it is natural to find fish in holes, I dared put my hand in holes. But unfortunately, I
caught a long snake. It twisted round my hand. My friends screamed loudly. I flung
the snake some meters away and my friends killed it with a brick. We carried our
fish and returned home.
Hello Grammar 671
Indefinite Pronouns do not state clearly any persons or things.
Example: Both are gullible. They need punishment.
Singular pronouns: somebody, nobody, something, anything, anyone,
anybody, etc.
Example: Somebody is calling us.
Plural pronouns: both, few, many, several, etc.
Example: Many were pleased to be with us.
Singular or plural: all, most, none, any, some, etc.
Example: They need some stamps. Have you got any?
O. Change the following Indefinite Adjectives into Indefinite Pronouns
and write the answers in your notebook.
1. One man is here.
2. All cattle are grazing on the meadow.
3. They slept without any pain.
4. Some students are naughty.
5. Few books are well maintained.
6. Don’t throw many pencils.
7. I have to phone other guests too.
8. Several attempts have been made to attain success.
Hello Grammar 672
P. Re-write the following story in your notebook. Be sure pronouns are
correctly used.
K. Circle the best option.
1. This house was bought by me. So, it is mine.
A. Demonstrative Pronoun B. Personal Pronoun
C. Relative Pronoun
2. That computer was given to us last week. That is ours.
A. Possessive B. Reflexive Pronoun
C. Emphatic Pronoun D. Indefinite Pronoun
3. None of them has written an essay on ‘Procrastination’.
A. Distributive Pronoun B. Indefinite Pronoun
C. Relative Pronoun
4. You saw a ghost few days ago.
A. Subjective Pronoun B. Emphatic Pronoun
C. Objective Pronoun
A Stupid MonkeyOne day a monkey went to the village. She climbed onto the
roof of a house. There was nobody in the house. He entered
the house and looked for somebody to eat. He found some
grains in a pot, who had a narrow neck. She thrust his hand
into the pot and grabbed a handful of them. When it tried to
withdraw his hand but could not because she was swollen. He
made several efforts to take out her hand but all in vain. He was
tired. In the meantime the owner of the house came and saw what was happening.
Deciding to teach the monkey a lesson, he took a strong stick and began thrashing
the monkey. When she was half dead, he broke the pot, and then the monkey was
free and ran away.
Hello Grammar 673
5. They phoned us at midnight.
A. Demonstrative Pronoun B. Relative Pronoun
C. Objective Pronoun
6. He and I ______________ good friends.
A. am B. Antecedent C. are
7. I _____________ going to meet my old friends.
A. is B. Emphatic Pronoun C. are
8. She ________________ many responsibilities to shoulder.
A. have B. Reciprocal Pronoun C. has
9. Priya has to help them with their assignment.
A. First Person Pronoun B. Second Person Pronoun
C. Third Person Pronoun
10. Will you go out?
A. Third Person Pronoun B. First Person Pronoun
C. Second Person Pronoun
L. Fill in the blanks with indefinite pronouns from the box below.
1. Jane didn’t see _________________wrong with what
she did.
2. _______________the tables were needed to
demonstrate our science project.
3. ________________of the roads appeared safe to
travel on.
4. After the party ended, ________________offered to
stay around and clean up the mess.
5. _____________members of my family have served in
the military.
6. There were __________________ road accidents
during the storm.
7. I think that _____________________took the slice of
pizza which should have been mine.
8. ________________Jyoti said, made any sense to me.
nothingsomeone
manyanythingseveralneithernobody
both
Hello Grammar 674
Lesson 8: Adjectivesa. Dikshya is a girl.
b. Suhani went to a market.
c. Bikesh has bought a house.
a. Dikshya is a beautiful girl.
b. Suhani went to a busy market.
c. Bikesh has bought a big house.
An Adjective is a describing word. It says something about a noun or a
pronoun.
Examples: I saw a long-haired girl. She is a tall girl.
Adjectives can be formed from nouns, verbs and adverbs.
Examples: hardly – hard (from an adverb)
use – useful (from a verb)
hair – hairy (from a noun)
Adjectives can be formed from proper nouns.
Examples: China – Chinese (from a proper noun)
Italy – Italian
Nepal – Nepalese
The words highlighted
in red are nouns.
There are no words to
describe them
The words highlighted
in red describe the
nouns: girl, market and
house. These words are
adjectives.
A. Locate adjectives in the following sentences and write them on the
line provided. Some sentences may contain more than one adjective.
1. These days messages are sent through cellphones.
_______________________
Hello Grammar 675
2. I have had a grueling day. ____________________________________
3. As a captain, I held our trophy proudly. _________________________
4. Our English teacher told us an implausible story last Friday. ________
_____________________________
5. Of course, everyone laughed at his silly appearance.
_____________________________
6. Keep working and be confident of your success.
______________________________
7. The bright rays of the sun dazzled our eyes. _____________________
8. A long-serving MP resigned yesterday. _________________________
9. Many passengers died in a deadly accident. _____________________
10. We live in a quite countrified part of Kathmandu.
______________________________
11. Don’t be too downhearted; things will get better. _________________
_______________________
12. I pity his long-suffering wife. _________________________________
Kinds of Adjectives:
a. Adjectives of quality: what kind?
They are hard-working.
b. Adjectives of quantity: how much?
He doesn’t much help.
c. Adjectives of number: how many?
Many children are naughty.
d. Demonstrative adjectives: to point out
Give me those books.
e. Interrogative adjectives: to ask questions
Which bag was stolen?
f. Possessive adjectives: whose?
We will meet at our home.
g. Distributive adjectives: referring to each
Every minister is same.
Hello Grammar 676
B. Complete the following sentences writing adjectives of the type
shown in the parenthesis.
1. The green apple is __________________. (quality)
2. ____________ student has done well in the exam. (distributive)
3. My friend is poor. He has ________________ money. (quantity)
4. My daughter is good at English. She usually watches __________________ films.
(proper noun)
5. There are _______________ students in my classroom. (number)
6. My pen friends do _________________ things in their countries. (demonstration)
7. ______________ novel are you reading at the moment? (interrogation)
8. We have to attend ____________ lecture somehow. (possession)
9. ___________________ flowers charmed me. (quality)
10. _________________ time was wasted unnecessarily. (quantity)
C. Read the following notice of congratulation and underline
adjectives.
Classwork: Fill a box with a number of flashcards of abstract
nouns. Ask each child to pick a word from the bag, show it to the
class and change it into an Adjective.
Congratulations
Feeling proud and delighted, we congratulateMr. Nribesh Tamang
Honorable Chairman of Nabil Bank Pvt Ltdon his being appointed to the prestigious position of Hon. Consul of the Republic of Guinea. We are confident that the friendship betweenNepal and the Republic of Guinea will bebetter during his tenure and we wish him well for his new adventure and success in his future endeavors.
Nabil Bank Family
Hello Grammar 677
D. Write a paragraph about your favourite player, actor, singer, or
anyone you like using adjectives. Then underline adjectives.
E. Re-write the following sentences with an adjective. One example is
done for you.
The cook has added lots of salt in the curry.
The cook has made a salty curry.
1. Glass breaks if it falls.
___________________________________________________________
2. Real friends console us in difficulties.
___________________________________________________________
3. It is wise to use waste products for recycling.
___________________________________________________________
4. My mum bakes a cake.
___________________________________________________________
5. The cook roasts peanuts.
___________________________________________________________
6. The waitress serves food with care.
___________________________________________________________
7. Rina talks too much.
___________________________________________________________
8. We tend to feel bored during long speeches.
___________________________________________________________
9. Sugar cube easily dissolves in water.
___________________________________________________________
Classwork: Ask children to bring a newspaper clipping each and
search for adjectives in them.
Hello Grammar 678
F. Match the following.
A
Adjective of quality
Adjective of quantity
Adjective of number
Demonstrative adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Possessive adjective
Attributive Adjectives are directly used before nouns.
Example: Please submit an authentic document.
Predicative Adjectives come after a verb and qualify nouns or pronouns.
Example: Shankar seems confident.
G. Make sentences using the following adjectives either as attributive
or predicative adjectives.
happy : _________________________________________________
tall : _________________________________________________
young : _________________________________________________
upset : _________________________________________________
interesting : _________________________________________________
boring : _________________________________________________
cowardly : _________________________________________________
B
fifth, sixth, seventh, four, five, etc.
those, such, that, etc.
each, every, etc.
little, some, much, etc.
slow, versatile, punctual, etc.
my, your, our, etc.
whose, which, what, etc.
Hello Grammar 679
H. Fill in the blanks with Abstract Nouns and Adjectives.
Nouns Adjectives Nouns Adjectives
cowardice
ability
____________
faith
accuracy
____________
bankruptcy
wind
timidity
____________
child
____________
anger
month
____________
quarrel
accident
____________
____________
gloomy
____________
popular
____________
____________
____________
truthful
____________
bookish
____________
____________
British
____________
____________
Hero
____________
science
____________
____________
____________
America
trouble
____________
____________
beauty
peace
____________
____________
express
flower
____________
____________
brilliant
____________
fertile
curious
talkative
____________
false
frequent
____________
____________
limitless
foolish
____________
____________
kingly
Hello Grammar 680
Degrees of Comparison
The Positive Degree is used when no comparison is made.Example: The first book is thick.(This book is not being compared with other books. Hence the positivedegree has been used.)
The Comparative Degree is used to compare two persons, things or groups.Example: The second book is thicker than the first book.(The first two books are being compared. Hence, the comparative degree has been used -er or more are used to compare two persons, things or groups..)
The Superlative Degree is used to compare more than two persons, things or groups.Example: The third book is the thickest of all.(More than two books are being compared; hence the superlative degree has been used -est or most are used to compare two persons, things or groups.)
We use ‘the’ with the double comparative (special expression) and superlative degrees.
a. She is the smartest girl.b. The harder she works, the more successful she can be.
a. The first book is thick.
b. The second book is thicker than the
first book.
c. The third book is the thickest of all.
Hello Grammar 681
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of Adjectives given in the
parenthesis.
1. Lucy is not so _________________ as her brother. (gentle)
2. I am _________________ than you. (thin)
3. Ashok had _______________ money than Carol. (much)
4. She is not so _______________________ as Mehek. (skillful)
5. Electricity is the ________________________ of all. (quickest)
6. The earth is ______________________ than the moon. (small)
7. Bhutan is not as _____________________ as Nepal.
8. Our school is ___________________________ than your school. (old)
9. You are as ________________________ Mahesh. (swift)
10. She shows me the ___________ love. (little)
Some words may be Adjectives and Pronouns.
Adjectives are followed by nouns immediately.
Examples: What papers do you read? (interrogative adjective)
His book is lost. (possessive adjective)
Pronouns are followed by verbs immediately.
Examples: What do you want to read? (interrogative pronoun)
The lost book is his. (possessive pronoun)
Some adjectives may be nouns with the definite article ‘the’.
Compare: Sheyash is a poor man. (adjective)
The poor are on strike. (plural noun)
We can raise our voice for the good. (abstract noun)
Hello Grammar 682
B. Underlined words are either Pronouns or Adjectives. Write what
type of Pronouns or Adjectives on the line provided.
1. What present did you give him? _______________________________
2. There is not enough wheat. __________________________________
3. Winter days are cold. _______________________________________
4. Neither of them could answer my question correctly. ______________
5.Our house is always clean. ____________________________________
6. This is a very strong table. ___________________________________
7. Call the third girl in the line. __________________________________
8. I met a Chinese at the airport. ________________________________
9. Every player is the ornament of a nation. ________________________
10. I want to watch a movie which is full of thrills. ___________________
C. Read the poem below and answer the questions that follow.
Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet brec
Therefore, on every marrow, are we wreathing
A flowery band to bind us to the earth,
Spite of despondence, of the inhuman dearth
Of noble natures, of the gloomy days,
Of all the unhealthy and o’er darkened ways
Made for our searching: yes, in spite of all,
Some shape of beauty moves away the pall
From our dark spirits.
-John Keats
Hello Grammar 683
1. How many adjectıves are on lıne 1?
A. 1 B. 3 C. 4 D. 2
2. The type of adjectives on line 1 is:
A. Quantity B. Quality C. Number D. Possessive
3. How many adjectives are in the poem?
A. 5 B. 9 C. 11 D. 14
4. Which line doesn’t contain adjectives?
A. 7 B. 8 C. 4 D. 6
5. What type of adjective is in the line ‘Therefore, on every marrow are
we wreathing?’
A. Possessive B. Distributive
C. Interrogative D. Quality
6. What is the adjective on line 8?
A. some B. beauty C. shape D. pall
D. Identify underlined words as Pronoun, Adjective and Noun in the
following sentences.
1. You can organize a meeting for the better. __________________
2. Akhil is friendly with the rich. __________________
3. That book is hers. __________________
4. What did you buy for Dashain? __________________
5. Where are you going now? __________________
6. Which song did you listen to? __________________
7. Are you his friend? __________________
8. How good friend is he? __________________
9. How is the latest album of SugamPokharel? __________________
10. The needy need to be helped. __________________
Hello Grammar 684
Lesson 9: AdverbsAdverbs modify a verb, adjective and another adverb itself.
Examples: The child was running slowly. (verb)
She is a very smart girl. (adjective)
He wrote quite fast. (adverb)
In the first sentence, the word ‘slowly’ tells how the child was running.
Similarly, in the second sentence, the word ‘very’ tells how beautiful she is
and in the last sentence, the word ‘quite’ tells how fast he wrote (modifies
another adverb).
Adverbs and Adjectives may be same in appearance but different in use.
Examples: Sumana worked hard. (adverb)
These nuts are very hard. (predicate adjective)
A. Identify the underlined words as an Adverb or an Adjective and
write on the line provided.
1. She speaks loud in the program. _______________________________
2. They are quick to take offence. ________________________________
3. I can ill afford to lose her. ____________________________________
4. He knows me better than you. ________________________________
5. Ram is a fast bowler. ________________________________________
6. Run quick or you will miss your flight. __________________________
7. Damar is better than his brother in terms of studies. _______________
8. You can only sing. __________________________________________
9. We have food enough to last a week. ___________________________
10. He is little known in Damak. __________________________________
Hello Grammar 685
Types of Adverbs
a. Adverbs of Time when? My friends came early. My uncle drove his care yesterday. Speak now.
b. Adverbs of Place where? She ran downstairs. He sat there.
c. Adverbs of Manner how? I spoke politely. He walked fast.
d. Adverbs of Frequency how often? Suman goes to school every day. We often attend the meeting.
e. Adverbs of Degree how much? I am totally full. She is quite sad.
f. Adverbs of Certainty how sure? He will surely help us. She is not ready to go there.
g. Adverbs of Interrogation questions? When do you come to my home?What are you doing now?
Sometimes, adverbs modify the whole sentence:
Example: Fortunately, nothing bad happened to us during our voyage.
Classwork: Organise students in pairs. Let one of them state
an adjective and the other provide a suitable adverb. Let them
exchange roles and continue the activity.
Hello Grammar 686
B. Read the poem and underline adverbs in the poem and write what
type of Adverbs they are.
C. Copy the following table onto your notebook and list the adverbs in
the box according to their type.
Time Place Manner Frequency Degree Certainty
backward yesterday now justly wisely faithfully boldly highly then indoors almost quite very gracefully too pretty in out lately often seldom certainly there high fast rather probably just partly randomly
My MotherI often remember my mother fondly,
She sang a lullaby very sweetly to me.
She would tiptoe softly when I was sleepy,
And look at me lovingly while rocking me to sleep.
It only seems like yesterday
When she went searching for me everywhere
Here and there she would rush about
Never rest till she found me out.
Today, mother I wish to tell you,
That none will take your place in my heart.
The love and blessings showered on me then
Has now made me enjoy life comfortably.
- Anonymous
Hello Grammar 687
Some Adverbs mean different when we add –ly.
Examples: Ritesh lives near. (place)
Ritesh nearly scored a goal. (degree)
Simriya is highly qualified for this post. (degree)
Simriya is flying her kite high. (place)
The judge has given his verdict justly. (rightly)
Our class teacher has just arrived. (time)
D. Choose the best option.
1. Sunita came to school very late.
A. delayed B. dead C. recently D. permission
2. Sujanbarely goes to the gym.
A. frequently B. hardly C. occasionally D. usually
3. Reshu works hard to earn money.
A. labour B. strong C. rarely D. punctual
4. We hardly beat students at school.
A. rarely B. severely C. lovingly D. always
5. We dived deep into the lake.
A. in B. extremely C. thoroughly D. greatly
6. She felt her mother’s death deeply.
A. in B. intensely C. really D. inside
7. The 11.30 train goes direct.
A. zigzag B. immediately C. lately D. slowly
8. She didn’t answer my question directly.
A. immediately B. frankly C. honestly D. sincerely
Hello Grammar 688
Like Adjectives, some Adverbs have three degrees of comparison.
Examples: Positive Comparative Superlative
late later latest
fast faster fastest
hard harder hardest
Adverbs ending in –ly form comparatives by adding ‘more’ and their
superlatives by adding ‘most’:
Politely more politely most politely
bravely more bravely most bravely
Some adverbs form the degrees of comparison in an irregular way.
badly worse worst
much more most
well better best
late later latest
9. Speak low or she will hear you!
A. noisily B. softly C. inferiorly D. respectfully
10. That shopkeeper spoke so lowly.
A. politely B. quietly C. stubbornly D. inferiorly
11. He mostly goes to church for prayer.
A. usually B. always C. hardly D. carefully
12. We differ widely in our personal views.
A. broadly B. largely C. clearly D. attentively
Hello Grammar 689
E. Write the correct degree of Adverbs on the line provided.
1. Hari ran ___________________ of all. (fast)
2. Nishant played ________________ than Sudhir. (hard)
3. Sudhacame _______________ of all. (early)
4. This is the __________________ handwriting I have ever seen. (bad)
5. Rajani has got ________________ shoes than me. (few)
6. Harka drinks ________________ than Bikash. (little)
7. Hrishikesh writes _______________ better than us. (well)
8. He went ______________. (far)
Homework: The teacher should draw a table with column A and
column B. In the column A, the teacher has to list out some action
verbs and in the column B students have to write appropriate adverbs
to modify the verbs.
Hello Grammar 690
Lesson 10: ConnectivesCompare:
1. The weather was fine. The sea was calm.2. The weather was fine and the sea was calm.
In number 1, there are two separate sentences. But in number 2, two independent clauses have been merged into one long sentence with the help of a joining word ‘and’.
Connectives/Conjunctions join words, phrases or clauses.Examples: Sugar and salt are part of our daily life. (two words are
joined) I do light exercise and eat heavy breakfast. (two phrases are
joined)Work hard or you will starve.(two independent clauses are joined)
There are two types of Conjunctions: Coordinating and Subordinating.
Coordinating Conjunctions join two independent clauses using and, but, so, for, or, no less than, not only _ but also, still, as well as, whereas, either _ or, else, etc.
Examples:
He is not only well-behaved but also sincere. (conjunction of addition)
I am no less grateful to your father than to you. (conjunction of addition)
Pasang L. Sherpa failed few times, yet she didn’t lose hope. (contrast)
I love singing English songs, whereas my friends love singing Nepali. (contrast)
He is neither dependent nor old. (conjunction of choice)
Hurry up, otherwise you will be late for the flight. (conjunction of choice)
She will earn name and fame, for she is very labourious and sincere (reason)
We studied wisely, so we got good marks in an exam. (conjunction of reason)
Hello Grammar 691
A. Identify and underline co-coordinating conjunctions and write
whether they indicate addition, contrast, choice or reasoning on the
lines given.
1. Both the chairman as well as the members is attending the meeting.
_______________
2. I am innocent, for I haven’t done anything wrong. _______________
3. This cloth is not only cheap but also durable. _______________
4. The weather was bad, but we continued our program.
_______________
5. I am all right, only I am tired. _________________________________
6. Do it, else you will get punished. _____________________________
B. Join the following pairs of clauses using the Coordinating
connectives in the parenthesis.
1. Birds fly high. Fish swim deep into the sea. (and)
2. My best friend is wise. He is very poor. (but)
3. He is not a lender. He is not a borrower. (neither_nor)
4. He is mad. He feigns madness. (either_or)
5. Fiza wrote a lengthy answer. She didn’t score good marks. (yet)
6. School remained closed. A political group demanded money from the
school. (for)
C. Fill in the blanks with appropriate coordinating conjunctions.
1. My ball has been _____________ lost ________ stolen.
2. You must report immediately, ________ you will lose it.
3. He shouted repeatedly, _________ there was no reply.
4. We went to Chitwan, ___________ our friends went to Ilam.
Classwork: Have students work in pair. Two students write two
sentences and find an appropriate conjunction to connect them.
Hello Grammar 692
Compare:
1. They are happy. They are bachelors.
2. They can be happy if they earn money.
independent dependent
In number 1, both are independent clauses or sentences. But in number
2, two clauses are joined by a connective. ‘They can be happy’ is an
independent clause, but ‘if they earn money’ is a dependent clause which
cannot stand on its own’. Therefore, the conjunction (if)
which joins one dependent clause with another independent clause is
called a subordinate conjunction.
Subordinating Conjunctions can be classified as time, reason, result,
purpose, condition, comparison, manner and concession.
Examples: I would have died before I lied. (time)
As Principal was absent, I talked to Vice-Principal. (reason)
He fed me lest I should die. (purpose)
She was so tired that she could not stand properly. (result)
Christiano Ronaldo is taller than Lionel Messi is. (comparison)
Though I smoke in the class, my teacher excused me.
(concession)
You will not be allowed to borrow a book unless you have
an identity card. (conditional)
Wherever he goes, he wins respect. (place)
He behaved as if he were angry. (manner)
Expressions like: ‘in order that’, ‘so that’, ‘even if’, ‘as if’, etc. are called
compound conjunctions.
Subordinating conjunctions introduce adverb clauses.
Hello Grammar 693
A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate Conjunctions to make meaningful
sentences.
1. Three ______________ three make six.
2. She lost her balance ________________ fell of the bicycle.
3. He tried hard __________________ did noy succeed.
4. Man proposes ___________ God disposes.
5. I wonder _____________________________________ come.
6. They left ____________________________ we returned.
7. The vase will break ____________________ you drop it.
8. Take a lamp ___________________________ the night is dark.
B. Combine each pair of clauses using Subordinating conjunctions in
the parenthesis.
1. James was rewarded. He was honest. (because of)
2. Gold is expensive. Silver is expensive. (as well as)
3. Saroj was not disheartened. He failed a test. (in spite of)
4. Wilson visited Indonesia. He visited Thailand also. (not only ____ but
also)
5. He started early. He could reach his destination on time. (as)
6. The earthquake struck. He ran out of home. (as soon as)
7. The weather was bad. We had a picnic. (though)
8. Principal spoke very rudely to us. We resigned from our post. (so__
that)
9. You can borrow some books. You should return them. (provided that)
10. The notice was published. All might know about the facts. (in order that)
11. He does not change his decision. It is unfair. (even if)
Classwork: Have students write about their friends in 100 words
using conjunctions in their notebook
Hello Grammar 694
C. Underline subordinating conjunctions and write ‘time’, ‘reason’,
‘concession’, ‘purpose’, etc.
1. I hear that your own brother is in Singapore. _____________________
2. We will stay here until you return. _____________________________
3. He deserved to succeed, for he worked hard. ____________________
4. My granddad passed away before I was born. ____________________
5. You will be popular if you post your pictures on Facebook.
___________________
6. I did not come because you did not call me. _____________________
7. Although a farmer worked hard, he lived a poor life.
___________________
8. He asked if he had been imprisoned. ___________________________
9. We ran home as soon as it rained. _____________________________
10. Since our exam was approaching, we stopped practising games.
___________________
REVIEW: UNIT TWOA. Look at the underlined part and choose the best option.
1. The play was very interesting.
A. Common Noun B. Proper Noun
C. Collective Noun D. Abstract Noun
2. They did not pay any attention.
A. Material Noun B. Abstract Noun
C. Common Noun D. Proper Noun
Hello Grammar 695
3. Do you know the basic of Maths?
A. Noun B. Pronoun C. Adjective D. Adverb
4. Learn about the pandemic of avian influenza.
A. Verb B. Adjective C. Adverb D. Noun
5. She has won many awards?
A. Personal Pronoun B. Interrogative Pro
C. Adjective D. Possessive Pronoun
6. The superlative degree of ‘well’ is:
A. worst B. good C. best D. worse
7. The comparative degree of ‘bad’ is:
A. best B. worse C. better D. further
8. This mansion is his.
A. Adjective B. Pronoun C. Adverb D. Conjunction
9. They didn’t attend the program, so they were not given certificates.
A. Coordinating Conjunction B. Pronoun
C. Adverb D. Subordinating Conj.
10. We cancelled our picnic inasmuch as the weather was bad.
A. Subordinating Conjunction B. Coordinating Conj.
C. Adjective D. Adverb
11. Our teacher beat us hard last week.
A. Adjective B. Noun C. Adverb D. Conjunction
Hello Grammar 696
C. State whether the following statements are ‘True’ or ‘False’.
1. ‘Wheat’ is a countable noun. ______________________2. ‘Army’ is a common noun. ________________________3. ‘His’ can be a possessive pronoun. _____________________4. ‘Tuleshwor’ is a proper noun. __________________5. ‘News’ is a countable noun. __________________6. ‘Simple’ is an adjective. _______________7. ‘Pride’ is an abstract noun. _______________8. ‘Further’ is the superlative degree of ‘far’. ________________9. ‘Worse’ is the comparative degree of ‘bad’. _______________10. ‘Because’ is a subordinate conjunction. _______________11. ‘Since’ is a coordinating conjunction. _________________12. ‘Gooder’ is a comparative degree of ‘well’. _______________13. ‘Lest’ is a superlative degree of ‘little’. ________________
D. Complete the following on the basis of given definition.
1. The abstract noun of ‘poor’ is p __ v __ __ t __
2. __ v __ r __ s __ is a proper noun of mountains.
3. A __ t __ o __ g h is an example of a subordinate conjunction.
4. W __ e r __ __ s is an example of a coordinating conjunction.
5. The abstract noun of ‘king’ is k __ n g __ ___ p.
6. The adverb of ‘good’ is w __ l __.
7. __ r __ s __ is an example of uncountable noun.
8. B __ __ is an example of a connective.
B. Match the following pairs.
1. those common noun2. mountains collective noun3. Mt K2 proper noun4. them objective pronoun5. honesty demonstrative pronoun6. bench of judges abstract noun7. if reciprocal pronoun8. each other coordinating conjunction9. for subordinating conjunction10. as soon as compound conjunction
Hello Grammar 697
Lesson 11: Action Verbs and State VerbsAction Verbs alone can express what subjects did or do. Action Verbs are also called as Main Verb and Ordinary Verbs.Examples: Saroj has a ball.
Saroj kicked a ball.In the first sentence, Saroj does not use any force. The verb ‘has’ shows no effect. But in the second sentence, Saroj applies some force and the effect of the force is directed to the ball. The verb ‘kicked’ is an action verb.
Action Verbs can determine Present Tense and Past Tense.Examples: Bishesta plays the piano. (Present)
Benish played the guitar. (Past)
Action Verbs must agree with subjects in Present Tense.Examples: They eat ice-cream.
My little sister eats many slices of cake.
‘They’ is a plural subject which agrees with the V1 ‘eat’ and ‘My little sister’ is a singular subject which agrees with the V5 ‘eats’ in the sentences.
A. Underline Action Verbs in each of the following sentences.
1. As you approach the town the first building you see is the university.
2. The wicked fairy bewitched the prince and turned him into a frog.
3. My aggressive brother clenched his teeth.
4. A woodcutter chopped the logs up into firewood.
UNIT 3
Hello Grammar 698
5. Why is the driver honking at me?
6. A burglar jumped out of the window.
7. We listened carefully but heard nothing.
8. Then we minced a kilo of lean beef.
B. Write the correct present-tense form of each underlined verb on the
lines provided. Some verbs need not be changed.
1. Children nestles in front of the fire in winter. ______________________
2. She peeks at her presents. ___________________________________
3. My auntflythe aeroplane. She is a pilot. _________________________
4. Eating too much sugar rot your teeth. __________________________
5. The poor live in a squat. _____________________________________
6. My father supervise the building work. __________________________
7. This signify a change of attitude. _______________________________
8. Hestockall sizes of batteries. __________________________________
9. The brass work needs polishing. _______________________________
10. Illiterate women usually suffers miscarriages. ____________________
-es must be added to the verbs ending in –s, -ch, -z, -x-sh if the
subject is singular.
-y is changed into –i and –es is added to the verbs ending with a
consonant sound of y.
Example: Anushka fries meat.
Singular subject = Anushka Singular action verb = fries (V5)
Classwork: Have students say at least five things they do every day
using Action Verbs in Present Tense.
Example: I always read a newspaper.
Hello Grammar 699
1. My dog ________________ its tails when it is happy.
2. Sumitra ________________ tea every morning.
3. I ____________ up at 5 am and go for a morning walk.
4. Our school ___________________ at 9 am every day.
5. Do you ___________ pets?
6. I ________________ travelling on holiday.
7. A bee ________________ around the flower.
State Verbs don’t give complete sense. State verbs express the idea of being, becoming, appearing or seeming.Examples: Arpan does work carefully.
Arpan seems to be careful.In the first sentence, the verb ‘does’ shows an action or activity. So, it is an action verb. It says what action Arpan does. But in the second sentence, the verb ‘seems’ shows no action. It says how Arpan is.
Auxiliary Verbs help to form tenses, negatives, interrogatives, question tags, etc.Examples: The little girl is walking to school. (present continuous)
The little girl isn’t walking to school. (negative)Is the little girl walking to school? (interrogative)
The little girl is walking to school, isn’t she? (question tag)The little girl is helpful. (state of the girl)
Unlike Action Verbs, state verbs are followed by complements to make a complete sentence.Example: Srijana seems tired.In the sentence, ‘tired’ is an adjective which is not affected by the verb ‘seems’.
Classwork: Have students make a list of 10 activities they do every day
in their notebook. After that, teachers have to tell students to underline
verbs. Later, the teachers will say why they are action verbs.
Hello Grammar 6100
A. Read the following sentences. Underline verbs and write whether
they are State Verbs or Auxiliary Verbs on the lines provided.
1. This tea tastes sweet. ________________________________________
2. The earth is round. __________________________________________
3. Arjun was looking for a cat. __________________________________
4. That house is to let. _________________________________________
5. He is not singing a song. _____________________________________
6. That friend appeared confident. _______________________________
7. Many students appeared in SEE last year. ________________________
8. The sky grew old. ___________________________________________
9. We grew many types of crops. ________________________________
10. Mrs. Limbu became president. ________________________________
B. Complete the sentences with the kind of verb shown in parenthesis.
1. I accidentally __________________ into a hole. (action verb)
2. They were ____________________ an article in the newspaper.
(action verb)
3. Each child _________ capable. (state verb)
4. She ______________ her ankle yesterday. (action verb)
5. She ________ shocked. (state verb)
6. They always _______________. They are singers. (auxiliary verb)
7. This cloth ____________ soft. (state verb)
8. What does this coffee ___________ like? (state verb)
9. We _____________ that coffee. It was sweet. (action verb)
10. A celebrity _____________ in yesterday’s show. (action verb)
Classwork: Have students write at least one sentence. Ask one to say
the sentence and the other will say whether the verb in the sentence
is Action or State Verb and they will swap the role.
Hello Grammar 6101
C. Identify verbs in the news report. Then, Action Verbs should be
underlined once, State Verbs should be underlined twice and Auxiliary
Verbs should be circled once.
MESSI Wins Ballon d’Or for Fifth Time
REUTERS
ZURICH, JAN 11, 2016
Lionel Messi reclaimed the FIFA Ballon d’Or Award for the word player of the year on Monday from his great rival Christiano Ronaldo who had walked off with the award for the previous two years. FifaBallon d’Or Award is globally popular. The Barcelona and Argentine forward took 41.33 percent of the votes followed by the Portuguese and Read Madrid forward (27. 76 percent), with Brazil and Barcelona forward Neymar third (7.86 per cent).
“It is a very special moment for me to be back here on this stage, winning again another Ballon d’Or after being there in the audience watching Christiano win,” said Messi as he accepted the award at the end of a drawn-out 90-minute ceremony. Messi, as all football lovers know appears best player in the soccer history. Initially started as the FIFA World Player of the Year Award in 1991, it became as the Ballon d’Or after merging with France Football’s European footballer of the year award in 2010.
Hello Grammar 6102
Lesson 12: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Transitive Verbs need an object to make sentences meaningful. Objects are nouns or pronouns that receive the effect of an action verb.Examples: We demanded many storybooks.
You threw a ball at me.The effect of the action verbs ‘demanded’ and ‘threw’ goes to the objects ‘many storybooks and ‘a ball’ in the sentences above.
Transitive Verbs are not followed by prepositions or adverbs except for the case of Phrasal Verbs.Examples: We took off our shoes. (removed)
I gave up smoking last week. (stopped)Generally, transitive verbs are not followed by prepositions. But ‘took off’ and ‘gave up’ are phrasal verbs. The combination of verbs and prepositions is a must for its meaning.
Phrasal Verbs are simple verbs combined with an adverb or a preposition, or sometimes both, to construct a new verb with an entirely new meaning.Examples: My apology application was turned down. (reject) The price of petrol is falling off in Europe. (decrease)
She can put up with such torture. (tolerate)
A. Underline Verbs in the following sentences and write Ordinary
Verbs or Phrasal Verbs on the lines provided.
1. For heaven’s sake shut her up. _________________________________
2. I look forward to seeing you soon. _____________________________
3. Look over the pen before buying. ______________________________
4. Sahil knocked a convict down in the court. ______________________
5. Time is passing. ____________________________________________
6. Rima ran very fast to school. __________________________________
Hello Grammar 6103
7. A farmer cut his leg by accident. ________________________
8. We continued our journey. ___________________________
B. Underline verbs in the following sentences and write Transitive Verb
or Ordinary Verb on the lines provided.
1. These shops have been constructed for ‘The City Book Fair’.
________________________
2. He daughter won the baby show. ____________________________
3. Your result was brilliant. ___________________________
4. Your dressed looked beautiful. ___________________________
5. We should spend our time in constructive and creative activities.
________________________
6. He has gone to his hometown. _________________________
7. Post your invitation card to my new address.
__________________________
8. She really liked the design of my dress. _________________________
9. She runs to a shelter. __________________________
Intransitive Verbs do not need objects to make sentences meaningful.Examples: A bus went.
Ram fell asleep.
Intransitive Verbs may be followed by adverbs or phrases.Example: They stood in a long, long queue in front of a petrol pump.
Phrasal verbs can also be Intransitive Verbs in the absence of objects.Examples: The plane took off easily.
Rhinos are dying out in Nepal.
Classwork: Have students bring cards with Phrasal Verbs and their
meanings. Shuffle the cards and let students match Phrasal Verbs
and Their Meanings.
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C. Look at the underlined verbs below and write whether they are
Transitive Verbs or Intransitive Verbs on the lines provided.
1. Who entered into an agreement and why? _______________________
2. The fox came out at first. ____________________________________
3. A plane flew higher and higher. _______________________________
4. A baby was smiling. _________________________________________
5. A writer made up his mind to write a book. ______________________
6. The lion wanted to kill the jackal. ______________________________
7. What time do you get up? ____________________________________
8. My uncle went downstairs. ___________________________________
Some Action Verbs can be both Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs.
Examples: My father runs a supermarket in Itahari. (transitive-followed
by an object ‘supermarket’)
My brother runs towards a river. (intransitive)
The plants may not survive the frost this winter. (transitive -
followed by an object ‘frost’)
An employee cannot survive on Rs 500 per day.intransitive)
D. Rewrite the following sentences changing Transitive Verbs into
Intransitive and Intransitive Verbs into Transitive Verbs.
1. Some ants fought the wasps.
___________________________________________________________.
2. The shot sank the ship.
___________________________________________________________.
3. The bell rang loudly at school.
___________________________________________________________.
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4. The train stopped suddenly.
___________________________________________________________.
5. We spoke the truth in front of our teachers.
___________________________________________________________.
6. This horse never kicks others.
___________________________________________________________.
7. We need to bathe our babies.
___________________________________________________________.
8. I am feeling a severe pain in my head.
___________________________________________________________.
9. We escaped a defeat narrowly.
___________________________________________________________.
E. Read a part of a story. Underline Transitive Verbs and Circle
Intransitive Verbs in the sentences.
Last week, I went to the theatre. I had a good seat. I was alone. Since
I am fond of watching plays, I don’t need company. The play was
very interesting. I didn’t enjoy it. A young man and a young woman
were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I
could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the
woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not
bear it. I turned round again. ‘I can’t hear a word! I said angrily. ‘It’s
none of your business,’ the young man said rudely. ‘This is a private
conversation!’ Then what? Was I supposed to argue further? Did I
have to leave the theatre?
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Lesson 13: Objects and ComplementsObjects are nouns or pronouns towards which the effect of the action
verb is directed.
Examples: Two woodcutters cut an old tree.
Sameer pushed me from behind.
Words ‘an old tree’ and ‘me’ are objects because they are affected
by the effect of the action verbs ‘fell’ and ‘pushed’. And the verbs are
transitive.
Objects are of two kinds:
Direct Objects reply to the question ‘what?’
Indirect Objects reply to the question ‘who or whom?’
Examples: My mom told us a story. (indirect object, direct object)
My friend lent a book to me. (direct object, indirect object)
In English Indirect Objects are placed before Direct Objects.
A. Read the following sentences and underline objects. Write whether
the objects are Direct Objects or Indirect Objects on the lines provided.
1. Don’t believe her. She tends to dramatize. _______________________
2. I can give you another slice of cake. ____________________________
3. The fire brigade answered the emergency call quickly. _____________
4. She can also drive. __________________________________________
5. My wife drives a fast care. ____________________________________
6. Don’t give your money to him. ________________________________
7. Biraj asked me two questions. _________________________________
8. I paid Manish his money. _____________________________________
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C. Rewrite the following sentences changing the positions of the Objects.
1. We can’t lend any neighbor our tarpaulin.
___________________________________________________________
2. Mr. Sherma teaches us English.
___________________________________________________________
3. Our guide showed the zoo to the visitors.
___________________________________________________________
4. My dad bought a bag for me.
___________________________________________________________
5. This university offers brilliant students scholarships.
___________________________________________________________
6. Customers paid the bill to the authorities.
___________________________________________________________
7. Don’t send me an e-mail today.
___________________________________________________________
8. They asked two questions to the interviewee.
____________________________________________________________
9. Our relatives gifted us some books.
___________________________________________________________
Classwork: Have students guess some verbs that are followed by
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects. First, the teacher has to begin
with an example. ‘Sita gifted her friend a bicycle’.
Indirect Object Direct Object
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Complements are the words just added to a verb to make complete sense.Example: Tabby is a cat.The phrase ‘a cat’ is needed to complete the meaning of ‘Tabby is…’
Predicative Nouns consist of a noun. Example: Mr. Gurung became mayor.
Predicative Adjectives consist of an adjective. Example: Roses smell sweet.
Subjective Complements describe subjects of verbs. Example: You look happy.
Object Complements describe objects of verbs. Example: We named her Gauri.
A. Read the following sentences. Write Objects or Complements on the
lines provided.
1. The report proved false. ______________________________________
2. The wind is cold ____________________________________________
3. We waited an hour. _________________________________________
4. The rumour seems quite true. _________________________________
5. The mason is building the wall. ________________________________
6. He will finish the work tonight. ________________________________
7. The results of SEE are out. ____________________________________
8. School children have fallen sick. _______________________________
9. She had a bad dream. _______________________________________
10. The poor woman went mad. _________________________________
11. Sumanverified the documents. ________________________________
12. Prem annoyed us repeatedly. _________________________________
13. Drishya sounds bold and confident. ____________________________
14. Fiza got a reward for noble work. _____________________________
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B. Identify the complements in the following sentences and write
under the right heading.
C. Identify and underline either objects or complements in each of the
following sentences.
1. Bimala met our friends.
2. Roshni bought a scooty last week.
3. Diya became famous.
4. Jyoti shall be an engineer.
5. Friends are looking excited today.
6. Ankush and his uncle were at the bus stop.
7. Sumana gives up hope.
8. History is the source of culture.
9. Bijendra is drawing a map.
SentencesSubject
Complement
Object
Complement
1. The students elected me head boy.
2. His parents named her Ritika.
3. Friends called him a liar.
4. We thought him a rascal.
5. They made her class captain.
6. He remained a clerk in office.
7. Anup became a policeman.
8. We painted our home blue.
9. We considered him to be a doctor.
10. She is honest.
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Lesson 14: Finite and Non-Finite VerbsFinite Verbs are affected by the number of Subject.
Examples: He is going to get his car fixed. (He – is)
I am going to get my car fixed.(I – am)
Be verbs: They are dancing. He is singing.
Have verbs: Anish has a swimming pool. We have a good plan.
Do verbs: I do my business. Romeo does his work sincerely.
Non-Finite Verbs remain intact. They are not affected by number of
subject, person and tense.
Examples: I heard such nonsense! (I – heard)
They heard such nonsense! (They – heard)
Present infinitive: He is to be a doctor.
Perfect infinitive: He seems to have been lazy.
Present participle: Having being informed, he went there.
Past participle: He has been awarded.
A. Underline verbs in each of the following sentences and write
whether they are Finite or Non-Finite on the lines provided.
1. Arjun wants to sing now.
Finite: ________________ Non-Finite: ________________
2. I heard him sing a song.
Finite: ________________ Non-Finite: ________________
3. We really felt our house shake.
Finite: ________________ Non-Finite: ________________
4. Mr Gupta is to leave for New Delhi.
Finite: ________________ Non-Finite: ________________
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5. Nobody likes staying at home on a public holiday.
Finite: ________________ Non-Finite: ________________
6. My niece studied and passed the SLC exam in 2060.
Finite: ________________ Non-Finite: ________________
7. My aunt has great devotion for my uncle.
Finite: ________________ Non-Finite: ________________
8. Ram makes Himesh laugh at the party.
Finite: ________________ Non-Finite: ________________
9. New brooms sweep clean.
Finite: ________________ Non-Finite: ________________
B. Choose the best option and circle with a pencil.
1. Eat this banana. It is good for health.
A. Finite Verb B. Non-Finite Verb
2. Some people are really kind to others.
A. Non-Finite verb B. Finite Verb
3. He told him to sing a song.
A. Finite verb B. Non-Finite verb
4. Recapping is a good way of revising lessons.
A. Non-Finite verb B. Finite verb
5. They seem to have already passed the exam.
A. Finite verb B. Non-Finite verb
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Lesson 15 : Auxiliary Verbs and Modal VerbsAuxiliary Verbs help form tenses, negatives, interrogatives, question
tags, passive, etc.
Examples: The little girl is writing poetry. (present continuous)
Manish doesn’t sing songs. (negative)
Are friends working together? (interrogative)
People are singing, aren’t they?(question tag)
Trees are being destroyed. (passive)
Auxiliary Verbs are as follows:
Be Verbs: is, am, are, was and were.
Do Verb: do, does and did.
Have Verb: has, have and had.
A. Underline auxiliary verbs in the sentences below and write their
types on the space below.
1. Do you want to travel abroad? __________________
2. How many children are smart in your class? __________________
3. Two boys with me were going on an excursion. __________________
4. I am to leave on Monday. __________________
5. As he was not there, I spoke to his brother. __________________
6. He is richer than I am. __________________
7. Do not go before I permit. __________________
8. Who didn’t attend the meeting? __________________
9. It has been raining for two hours. __________________
10. I had had my dinner before he come to my home. __________________
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