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Donnia TrentIRSCMain Campus, Tomeu Center, GED, Lab 311Fort Pierce, FL

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Declaration of Independence

1) What is the Declaration of Independence2) Events Leading to the creation of the Declaration of

Independence3) Declaring Independence4) Text of the Declaration of Independence5) Meaning of Passages in the Declaration of

Independence6) Chronology Events7) Signers of the Declaration of Independence8) Outcomes/Impact of the Declaration of Independence9) Summary

What is the Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence is a document drafted by Thomas Jefferson declaring Americans freedom from Great Britain

Events Leading to the Declaration of Independence

• Great Britain started 13 American Colonies along the Atlantic Ocean.

• In 1754, Great Britain & France went to war to determine which country would rule America.– Desirable: gold & silver, raw materials

• In 1763, Great Britain won the war & decided that Americans should finance the losses from the war. King George exercised taxes.

Events Leading to the Declaration of Independence

• Many of those taxes included:– Sugar Act – said Americans had to pay taxes for

certain goods that were brought to the American Colonies

– Stamp Act – said that Americans had to pay taxes on newspapers and other printed items

• Eventually, the Stamp Act was removed but other taxes were imposed on items such as tea and paper.

Events Leading to the Declaration of Independence

• “Taxation without representation is tyranny”– Phase generally attributed to James Otis about 1761– American colonists were angry because they were being taxed by

Great Britain’s parliament (government)– American colonists were not able to vote for elected officials to

parliament – as a result, American colonists were not being represented fairly

• King George’s “absolute tyranny”– Willfully infringing up on the colonials’ rights– colonial patience had achieved nothing, therefore the colonists

found themselves forced to declare their independence.

Events Leading to the Declaration of Independence

• Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia behind a veil of Congressionally imposed secrecy in June 1776 for a country wracked by military and political uncertainties. In anticipation of a vote for independence, the Continental Congress on June 11 appointed Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston as a committee to draft a declaration of independence. The committee then delegated Thomas Jefferson to undertake the task. Jefferson worked diligently in private for days to compose a document. Proof of the arduous nature of the work can be seen in the fragment of the first known composition draft of the declaration, which is on public display here for the first time. Jefferson then made a clean or "fair" copy of the composition declaration, which became the foundation of the document, labeled by Jefferson as the "original Rough draught." Revised first by Adams, then by Franklin, and then by the full committee, a total of forty-seven alterations including the insertion of three complete paragraphs was made on the text before it was presented to Congress on June 28. After voting for independence on July 2, the Congress then continued to refine the document, making thirty-nine additional revisions to the committee draft before its final adoption on the morning of July 4. The "original Rough draught" embodies the multiplicity of corrections, additions and deletions that were made at each step. Although most of the alterations are in Jefferson's handwriting (Jefferson later indicated the changes he believed to have been made by Adams and Franklin), quite naturally he opposed many of the changes made to his document.

Thomas Jefferson

• Congress then ordered the Declaration of Independence printed and late on July 4, John Dunlap, a Philadelphia printer, produced the first printed text of the Declaration of Independence, now known as the "Dunlap Broadside." The next day John Hancock, the president of the Continental Congress, began dispatching copies of the Declaration to America's political and military leaders. On July 9, George Washington ordered that his personal copy of the "Dunlap Broadside," sent to him by John Hancock on July 6, be read to the assembled American army at New York. In 1783 at the war's end, General Washington brought his copy of the broadside home to Mount Vernon. This remarkable document, which has come down to us only partially intact, is accompanied in this exhibit by a complete "Dunlap Broadside" -- one of only twenty-four known to exist.

• On July 19, Congress ordered the production of an engrossed (officially inscribed) copy of the Declaration of Independence, which attending members of the Continental Congress, including some who had not voted for its adoption, began to sign on August 2, 1776. This document is on permanent display at the National Archives.

Text of Declaration of Independence

Read the Text of the Declaration of Independence

On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence gave America life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Drafted mainly by Thomas Jefferson and edited by Benjamin Franklin, it granted the American colonies freedom from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Some of its inspiration and wording was taken directly from the writings of English philosopher John Locke.

Meaning of Passages of theDeclaration of Independence

IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.• The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States

of America,• When in the Course of human events, it becomes

necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

• http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/print_friendly.html?page=declaration_transcript_content.html&title=NARA%20|%20The%20Declaration%20of%20Independence:%20A%20Transcription

• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

• http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/print_friendly.html?page=declaration_transcript_content.html&title=NARA%20|%20The%20Declaration%20of%20Independence:%20A%20Transcription

Meaning of Passages of theDeclaration of Independence

Chronology of Events

1776June 7Congress, meeting in Philadelphia, receives Richard Henry Lee's resolution urging Congress to declare independence.June 11Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston were appointed to a committee to draft a declaration of independence. June 12-27Jefferson, at the request of the committee, drafts a declaration, of which only a fragment exists. Jefferson's clean, or "fair" copy, the "original Rough draught," is reviewed by the committee. Both documents are in the manuscript collections of the Library of Congress.June 28A copy of the committee draft of the Declaration of Independence is read in Congress.July 1-4Congress debates and revises the Declaration of Independence.July 2Congress declares independence as the British fleet and army arrive at New York.July 4Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence in the morning of a bright, sunny, but cool Philadelphia day. John Dunlap prints the Declaration of Independence. These prints are now called "Dunlap Broadsides." Twenty-four copies are known to exist, two of which are in the Library of Congress. One of these was Washington's personal copy.

Chronology of Events - ContinuedJuly 5John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress, dispatches the first of the Declarationof Independence to the legislatures of New Jersey and Delaware.July 6Pennsylvania Evening Post of July 6 prints the first newspaper rendition of the DeclarationOf Independence.July 8The first public reading of the Declaration is in Philadelphia.July 9Washington orders that the Declaration of Independence be read before the American armyIn New York.July 19Congress orders the Declaration of Independence engrossed (officially inscribed) and signed By members.August 2Delegates begin to sign engrossed copy of the Declaration of Independence. A large British reinforcement arrives at New York after being repelled at Charleston, S.C.1777January 18Congress, now sitting in Baltimore, Maryland, orders that signed copies of the Declaration Of Independence printed by Mary Katherine Goddard of Baltimore be sent to the states.

Signers of the Document

There were 56 signers of theIndependence of Declaration

Mural of Signers

1. Robert Morris - Pennsylvania 2. Samuel Chase -Maryland 3. Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Maryland 4. Stephen Hopkins -Rhode Island 5. Samuel Adams - Massachusetts 6. Thomas McKean - Delaware 7. John Dickinson - Pennsylvania 8. Abraham Clark - New Jersey 9. William Ellery - Rhode Island 10.John Witherspoon - New Jersey 11. John Hancock - Massachusetts 12. Benjamin Harrison - Virginia 13. Samuel Huntington - Connecticut 14. Thomas Jefferson - Virginia 15. Roger Sherman - Connecticut 16. John Adams - Massachusetts 17. Robert R. Livingston - New York 18. Benjamin Franklin - Pennsylvania 19. Richard Henry Lee - Virginia 20. Thomas Nelson, Jr. - Virginia 21. Joseph Hewes - North Carolina 22. Edward Rutledge - South Carolina 23. Lyman Hall - Georgia 24. Josiah Bartlett - New Hampshire 25. Thomas Stone -Maryland 26. Francis Hopkinson - New Jersey 27. George Wythe - Virginia 28. William Floyd - New York

Mural by Barry Faulkner

Look closely to see that John Adams is standing on Thomas Jefferson's foot!

This depiction can also be found on the back of the U.S. $2 bill. (Adams's foot has been moved off of Jefferson's in the engraving!)

This painting shows the presentation of the Declaration of Independence in what is now called Independence Hall, Philadelphia. The painting features the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence — John Adams, Roger Sherman, Thomas Jefferson (presenting the document), and Benjamin Franklin — standing before John Hancock, the President of the Continental Congress. The painting includes portraits of 42 of the 56 signers and 5 other patriots. The artist sketched the individuals and the room from life.

You TOO Can Sign theDeclaration of Independence

– Join the Signers of the Declaration

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_sign.html

Outcomes/Impact of the Declaration of Independence

• In 1775, a war began between Great Britain and the American Colonists – American Revolution

• In 1776, Americans decided to tell the world that America was a free country– American Revolution began to be known as the “War of Independence”

• In 1781, Americans won the American Revolution and won their independence from Great Britain

• In 1783, Great Britain signed peace treaty acknowledges that Great Britain no longer ruled the American Colonies.

• The 13 colonies became the 13 states• In 1787, American leaders wrote laws and formed government and this

led to the writing of the U.S. Constitution• In 1789, George Washington began the 1st American President

Summary

• The rest is history• The forming of the United States, as we know it today, had began

– Challenge Questions:• Why did the Sugar Act & Stamp Act make Americans Angry?• What document declared that American colonies did not belong to Great Britain?

Elluminate – Social Studies

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