Heliocentric Model Sun-centered True, but not well

accepted at first.

Geocentric Model Earth-centered False, but assumed

true by many people initially.

1. ORBITS ARE 1. ORBITS ARE ELLIPTICAL (SUN @ ELLIPTICAL (SUN @ ONE FOCUS POINT)ONE FOCUS POINT)

2. DURING THE YEAR, 2. DURING THE YEAR, A PLANET MOVES A PLANET MOVES

FASTER WHEN IT’S FASTER WHEN IT’S CLOSER TO THE SUN.CLOSER TO THE SUN.

The planet sweep out the same area in

equal periods of time

3. PLANETS THAT ARE 3. PLANETS THAT ARE CLOSER TO THE SUN CLOSER TO THE SUN MOVE FASTER THAN MOVE FASTER THAN PLANETS FARTHER PLANETS FARTHER FROM THE SUNFROM THE SUN

…Mercury is faster than Uranus…

1. Inertia An object in motion will

continue to move at a constant speed and in a straight line,

unless acted upon by an outside force.

-Things keep doing what they do.

2. GravityAll objects attract all other

objects using gravity.- The larger the mass, the

stronger the gravitational pull.-The farther apart the two

objects are, the weaker the gravitational pull.

ROTATION= spinning on Earth’s axis. Creates day &

night. 24 hour period.

•List and describe the three motions of Earth.

Related Vocab: SPHEROID.…Earth is a bit wider @ equator than from pole-to-pole.

Revolution / Orbit = motion along a path around some point in space, such

as around the Sun. 1 Year Period.

Precession = Axis sweeps a cone-shaped area.

26,000 Year Period.

•List and describe the three motions of Earth.

Rotation

Precession

Nutation = due to tidal forces, the axis

“shimmies” between 23°-26° as it precesses. 18.6 Year Period.

•List and describe the three motions of Earth.

Today, Earth’s axis is

tilted @ roughly 23.5°

BARYCENTERCenter of mass

between two objects.

↑Click This Link ↑

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycentric_coordinates_(astronomy)

Galaxy, solar system, star, planet

Rotating nebula cooled and contracted to form the sun in the center…

this is 99% of the original nebular

material.

The remaining 1% continued orbiting the

new sun, and eventually clumped

together to form planets.

Basically, everything orbits everything else.

All objects rotate. Moons orbit planets. Planets orbit stars. (=solar

system) Solar systems orbit the center of

their galaxy. Galaxies orbit in groups. Galactic groups orbit the universe.

How does this picture relate?

Sun makes various forms of energy. (Gamma, X, UV, Visible, Infrared, Micro,

TV/Radio)All of these move at the speed of light,

but with different amounts of energy (related to wavelength).

All of these travel to Earth via RADIATION.

SHORT WAVES = HIGH FREQUENCY

= HIGH ENERGY

Gamma Rays X-ray Ultraviolet (UV) Visible Light Infrared (heat) Microwaves Radio/TV

LONG WAVES = LOW FREQUENCY

= LOW ENERGY

Frequency = number of waves passing a given point in a unit of time

Wavelength = length of space it takes for a wave to repeat itself.

Long Wavelength = ______frequency = ______ energyShort Wavelength = ______frequency = ______ energy

LOWHIGH

LOWHIGH

White light is a mixture of colors

Seven hues: red, orange, yellow green, blue, indigo & violet

Wavelength determines the color of a beam of light

Prism splits beam because light rays of different wavelengths are bent (refracted)

Red- Bent the least; Violet- Bent the most

Light behaves as a WAVE (discussed already) or as a PARTICLE (photon)

Photon = particles of light that can push matter

Force photons exert is called radiation pressure What the “solar wind” is made of.

Light given off by stars has many colors

The light appears white to us, but when a prism is used, the colors separate into a specific spectrum.

The spectrum shows what gases make up the star.

The apparent change in wavelength of light that occurs when the object is moving toward or away from the Earth.

Ambulance Siren:Approach observer: High pitch

Move away from observer: low pitch

BLUE SHIFT RED SHIFT

Object approaching earth Object moving away

from earth

Light waves are compressed (pushed

together)

Light waves are expanded

Wavelengths appear shorter (blue end of

spectrum)

Wavelengths appear longer (red end of

spectrum)

Using the spectroscope, astronomers can determine whether a particular

object is moving toward Earth or away from Earth

Larger Doppler shifts indicated higher speeds and smaller Doppler shifts indicate slower

speeds.

RB RB

Remember, the greater the amount of shift, the faster the star is moving!

Helium

Helium slightly red shifted. Moving away slowly.

Helium more red shifted. Moving away even faster!

FUSION: •happens on the sun & other stars•SMALL elements COMBINE to form large elements•Energy is released (heat, photons, light)

FISSION: •Happens in nuclear power reactors•LARGE elements BREAK UP form smaller atoms elements•Energy is released (heat)

brief outbursts of solar photons

release enormous amounts of photons & energy (UV, Radio, X-Ray radiation)

Ejects fast moving photons, strengthening the solar wind can endanger space crews &

satellites Can strengthen auroras on

Earth Earth’s magnetic field

protects us from the effects of these photons.

Earth's axis is tilted 23.5°.

-In the Northern Hemisphere's summer, we're tilted TOWARD the

sun (direct heating = hotter)

-In the Southern Hemisphere's summer, we're tilted AWAY from

the sun (indirect = colder)

Seasons are caused by the TILT OF EARTH’S AXIS, NOT by how close we are to the sun

SEASONS are all about how energy hits the Earth's surface...Is it efficiently heating our surface?

Or is it inefficiently heating our surface?

Our Atmosphere filters out

much of the dangerous

HIGH ENERGY

wavelengths

to protect us.

Caused by the gravitational pull of the MOON (and the sun).

SPRING TIDE = Earth-Moon-Sun are all lined up in a straight line, so Moon & Sun are both pulling oceans in same direction.

NEAP TIDE = E-M-S are at a 90° angle, so Moon & Sun are counteracting each other.

Magnetic field that surrounds

earth and protects us from a lot of the sun's harmful radiation-causes auroras!

VOCAB:aurora, solar wind, magnetic field

(magnetosphere), photons

Equator is hotter than the Poles because the sunlight is

more direct there.

1.Land heats & cools more rapidly than water.

2.Land gets to greater extremes in temperature than water.

…Which would be Wilmington, which would be Charlotte?

Photosynthesis is the basis for all life to exist.

The sun’s energy is

converted by plants into chemical

energy that other

organisms use for food.