Emergency Autonomous to Manual Takeover in a Driving Simulator: Teens vs. Adults, Males vs. FemalesHelen Loeb, PhD1, Aditya Belwadi, PhD1, Saniyah Shaikh2, Michelle Shen2, Chelsea Ward McIntosh1

1Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 2University of Pennsylvania

POSTER 5 – contact LoebH@email.chop.edu

Do drivers trust self-driving?When can vehicle assume driver can resume control?:

Interacting with level 2 and 3 vehicles

Driving simulator - Eye tracker - HOD (60 participants)

Results

Need to train drivers

Acknowledgements

Driver focused? Hands on steering wheel? Foot on Pedal?

The authors would like to acknowledge the National Science Foundation (NSF Grant Number EEC-1062166) Center for Child Injury Prevention Studies IU/CRC at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and the Ohio State University (OSU) for sponsoring this study. The views presented here are solely those of the authors and not necessarily the views of CHOP, CIRP, OSU, or NSF.

Age/Gender Male Female Total16 to 19 9 10 1935 to 54 10 12 2265 to 84 10 9 19

Total 29 31 60

RTI HS Driving Simulator FOV 180 deg

ASL Eye Tracker

60 participants were recruited and asked• to share their opinion and knowledge about self-driving developments• to ride a simulator in self-driving (acclimation – blocked highway exit)• to assess the simulator experience

Simulator crash scenario Male (25) Female (22) Teen (19) Adults (17) Older (11)Hands on wheel 24% 5% 11% 29% 0%Foot near pedal 76% 50% 63% 65% 64%Crash 52% 50% 53% 47% 55%

Driving simulator experience boosts drivers confidence in self-driving (despite crash scenario)• Standardize nomenclature (Self-driving, Driverless, Autopilot, Active Lane keeping…)• Set reasonable expectations on vehicle capability• Train drivers to ADAS and automated features

Pre-drive survey Male Female Teen Adult OlderDo you use Cruise Control* 44% 25% 31% 37% 35%Should training be required? 86% 94% 84% 87% 100%

Post-drive survey Male Female Teen Adult OlderAre you more comfortable*with self-driving 42% 43% 42% 39% 50%

Are you less comfortable*with self-driving 26% 19% 26% 33% 30%

* Participants who don’t have the feature on their car were excluded

* Participants who experienced simulator sickness were excluded