Held vast power in many cities in the 1880s. Held vast power in many cities in the 1880s.

Local governments provided few services. Local governments provided few services. Political bossesPolitical bosses helped people find jobs, and helped people find jobs, and homes, built parks and constructed homes, built parks and constructed INFRASCTURCTURE and funded police, and INFRASCTURCTURE and funded police, and fire departments.fire departments.

In returnIn return, the bosses expected votes from , the bosses expected votes from citizens and" donations” from municipal citizens and" donations” from municipal governments. Many political bosses were governments. Many political bosses were affiliated with ORGANIZED CRIMEaffiliated with ORGANIZED CRIME; the ; the most most NOTORIOUSNOTORIOUS was News York City’s “ was News York City’s “BOSSBOSS” ” TWEEDTWEED

Held vast power in many cities in the 1880s. Held vast power in many cities in the 1880s.

Local governments provided few services. Local governments provided few services. Political bossesPolitical bosses helped people find jobs, and helped people find jobs, and homes, built parks and constructed homes, built parks and constructed INFRASCTURCTURE and funded police, and INFRASCTURCTURE and funded police, and fire departments.fire departments.

In returnIn return, the bosses expected votes from , the bosses expected votes from citizens and" donations” from municipal citizens and" donations” from municipal governments. Many political bosses were governments. Many political bosses were affiliated with ORGANIZED CRIMEaffiliated with ORGANIZED CRIME; the ; the most most NOTORIOUSNOTORIOUS was News York City’s “ was News York City’s “BOSSBOSS” ” TWEEDTWEED

Held vast power in many cities in the 1880s. Held vast power in many cities in the 1880s.

Local governments provided few services. Local governments provided few services. Political bossesPolitical bosses helped people find jobs, and helped people find jobs, and homes, built parks and constructed homes, built parks and constructed INFRASCTURCTURE and funded police, and INFRASCTURCTURE and funded police, and fire departments.fire departments.

In returnIn return, the bosses expected votes from , the bosses expected votes from citizens and" donations” from municipal citizens and" donations” from municipal governments. Many political bosses were governments. Many political bosses were affiliated with ORGANIZED CRIMEaffiliated with ORGANIZED CRIME; the ; the most most NOTORIOUSNOTORIOUS was News York City’s “ was News York City’s “BOSSBOSS” ” TWEEDTWEED

The term means The term means hatred hatred and fear of and fear of FOREIGNERSFOREIGNERS. Nativism . Nativism has a long history in has a long history in American politics. Nearly all American politics. Nearly all political parties have political parties have exploited it at one time or exploited it at one time or another for political another for political advantage.advantage.

The KNOW-NOTHING Party The KNOW-NOTHING Party was founded on NATIVISM; was founded on NATIVISM; its members were united by its members were united by their hatred for Irish, their hatred for Irish, German, and Catholic German, and Catholic immigrants.immigrants.

NATIVISM tends to be NATIVISM tends to be stronger in times of stronger in times of ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEPRESSION.DEPRESSION.

The demands of the platform included FREE and FREE and UNLIMITED Coinage of SILVER,UNLIMITED Coinage of SILVER, a graduated income tax, and government ownership of the telephone, telegraph, and railroad industries

Many of these ideas were later adopted by the adopted by the PROGRESSIVE PARTYPROGRESSIVE PARTY

This system had been in place long before Jackson, but This system had been in place long before Jackson, but his name is tied to its because he endorsed its usagehis name is tied to its because he endorsed its usage

In general, In general, officials were replaced by those officials were replaced by those loyal to the new administrationloyal to the new administration; they were not ; they were not always the most qualified for the positionsalways the most qualified for the positions

Over the span of several presidential terms, the system Over the span of several presidential terms, the system led to CORRUPTION & INEFFICIENCY; it was ended led to CORRUPTION & INEFFICIENCY; it was ended with the passage of the PENDLETON ACTwith the passage of the PENDLETON ACT

In general, was ended with the passage of the In general, was ended with the passage of the PENDLETON ACTPENDLETON ACT

Was passed to end the PERVASIVE practice of elected officials Was passed to end the PERVASIVE practice of elected officials awarding their financial or electoral supporters with government awarding their financial or electoral supporters with government jobs.jobs.

The Act created the The Act created the CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSIONCIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, which , which oversees examinations for governmental employees.oversees examinations for governmental employees.

MugwumpsMugwumps – Groups that left Republican Party to become Democrats; this group heavily favored civil service reform and mistrusted James Blaine as the presidential nominee, as the group suspected his involvement in past corruption

Election of 1880 united Garfield, a Half-Breed, and Vice President Chester Arthur, a Stawart.

Is considered the father of MODERN ARCHITECTURE. In the Is considered the father of MODERN ARCHITECTURE. In the late 1800s, he developed the STEEL FRAME that allowed late 1800s, he developed the STEEL FRAME that allowed buildings to be built higher and higher, creating the buildings to be built higher and higher, creating the SKYSCRAPER we know today.SKYSCRAPER we know today.

He is also credited with the phrase “form follows function”; the He is also credited with the phrase “form follows function”; the credo of modernist architecture and a rejection of the ornate credo of modernist architecture and a rejection of the ornate buildings of the past. Among his followers was Frank Lloyd buildings of the past. Among his followers was Frank Lloyd Wright.Wright.

The items listed would most likely be The items listed would most likely be referred to in reference to Progressive referred to in reference to Progressive Era Reforms (progress and safety for Era Reforms (progress and safety for people)----people)----

Democratic reforms were made Democratic reforms were made throughoutthroughout states, opposed monopolies and wanted a states, opposed monopolies and wanted a more “ACTIVIST” government and to more “ACTIVIST” government and to continued CAPITALISM.continued CAPITALISM.

Reforms helped develop the 16Reforms helped develop the 16thth, 17, 17thth, and , and 1919thth Amendments Amendments

Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American Democratic processthe American Democratic process

Assessed the American attempt to have Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equalityboth liberty and equality

Provided an outsider’s objective view of the AGE Provided an outsider’s objective view of the AGE ofof JACKSONJACKSON

Was written by the Was written by the Frenchman Frenchman Tocqueville, who traveled the USA in the Tocqueville, who traveled the USA in the 1830s. The Book is a 1830s. The Book is a studystudy of the of the American political cultureAmerican political culture..

In it, he expresses his admiration for the In it, he expresses his admiration for the lack of a PERMANENT ARISTORCRACY lack of a PERMANENT ARISTORCRACY in the USAin the USA, which, combined with , which, combined with untapped land and resources of the untapped land and resources of the West, provides Americans with West, provides Americans with numerous opportunities to better numerous opportunities to better themselves through hard work and themselves through hard work and education.education.