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HEBRON PROJECT Hebron Offshore Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Plan ExxonMobil Canada Properties Suite 1000, Cabot Place 100 New Gower Street St. John's, NL A1C 6K3 EMCP Ref: CAHE-EC-OOREF-01-006-5010-000 July 18, 2017

HEBRON PROJECT Hebron Offshore Environmental Effects ... · Petroleum Board, ExxonMobil Canada Properties (EMCP) has developed an Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Program

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Page 1: HEBRON PROJECT Hebron Offshore Environmental Effects ... · Petroleum Board, ExxonMobil Canada Properties (EMCP) has developed an Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Program

HEBRON PROJECT

Hebron Offshore Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Plan

ExxonMobil Canada Properties

Suite 1000, Cabot Place 100 New Gower Street

St. John's, NL A1C 6K3

EMCP Ref: CAHE-EC-OOREF-01-006-5010-000

July 18, 2017

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Hebron Offshore Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Plan

Date: 18-JUL-2017 Document Control Number: CAHE-EC-OOREF-01-006-5010-000 Page: 2 of 61 Rev.: D0

Executive Summary

As part of the planning for the production phase of the Hebron Project, and in accordance with Condition 2012.01.07 of the Hebron Development Application Decision Report 2012.01 for the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board, ExxonMobil Canada Properties (EMCP) has developed an Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Program.

The EEM program provides the means by which project-induced changes in the surrounding receiving environment are assessed and quantified. The Hebron EEM program is a fit-for-purpose, scientific approach that includes, but is not limited to:

• a review of the CSR to ensure that the EEM is designed to validate the CSR predictions that are relevant to effects related to marine discharges;

• a review of the EEM programs from the current three fields (Hibernia, Terra Nova, White Rose) focusing on the parameters and stations that showed evidence of project-induced changes to the receiving environment; and

• an analysis of the results of the environmental characterization surveys in 2014 (sediment and water) and 2015 (commercial fish).

The EEM program is also designed to capture any environmental effects on sediment quality if subsea infrastructure is developed in the future.

The design of EEM programs is an iterative process in which there is opportunity to review the design on an ongoing basis over the life of the project to address project changes, address regulatory revisions, and to reflect and incorporate new technologies and methodologies. Adaptive management and how the iterative process is built into the design is also presented in this report.

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Hebron Offshore Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Plan

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Acronym/Abbreviation List

ANOVA analysis of variance BACI Before-After-Control-Impact BTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes CI Control-Impact C-NLOPB Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board CNSOPB Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Board CSR Comprehensive Study Report EEM environmental effects monitoring EMCP ExxonMobil Canada Properties GBS gravity-base structure MFO mixed function oxygenase MODU Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit OGP International Association of Oil & Gas Producers PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon QA/QC quality assurance/quality control SBM synthetic-based drilling mud TPH total petroleum hydrocarbon WBM water-based drilling mud

Units of Measurement List

°C degrees celsius cm centimetre g gram km kilometre m metre m² square metre m³ cubic metre mg/kg milligram per kilogram mm millimetre ppm parts per million

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Hebron Offshore Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Plan

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 FOREWORD........................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Purpose .............................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Overview ............................................................................................................. 7

2.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 9

3.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ......................................................................... 10

3.1 Regulatory Requirements .................................................................................. 13 3.2 Environmental Assessment Predictions ............................................................ 14

3.2.1 Physical and Chemical Fate of Sediment.......................................... 15 3.2.2 Physical and Chemical Fate of Water ............................................... 17 3.2.3 Commercial Fisheries ....................................................................... 18

4.0 INTRODUCTION TO OFFSHORE EEM PROGRAMS ......................................... 19

4.1 Objectives and General Structure of Offshore Programs ................................... 19 4.2 Receiving Environment and Monitoring Compartments ..................................... 19

4.2.1 Sediment Quality .............................................................................. 21 4.2.2 Water Quality .................................................................................... 22 4.2.3 Commercial Fish ............................................................................... 22

4.3 Existing EEM Programs in the Newfoundland Offshore ..................................... 23 4.4 Statistical Study Designs for Offshore EEM Programs ...................................... 29

5.0 HEBRON EEM DESIGN ....................................................................................... 31

5.1 Sediment Quality Component ............................................................................ 31 5.1.1 Monitoring Variables ......................................................................... 31 5.1.2 Sediment Quality Monitoring Hypothesis .......................................... 33 5.1.3 Sampling Locations .......................................................................... 34 5.1.4 General Sampling Methods .............................................................. 38 5.1.5 General Laboratory Analysis............................................................. 38

5.2 Water Quality Component ................................................................................. 39 5.3 Commercial Fish Component ............................................................................ 41

5.3.1 Monitoring Variables ......................................................................... 41 5.3.2 Commercial Fish Monitoring Hypotheses.......................................... 43 5.3.3 Sampling Locations .......................................................................... 43 5.3.4 General Sampling ............................................................................. 43 5.3.5 General Laboratory Analysis............................................................. 44

5.4 Implementation Frequency ................................................................................ 45 5.5 Reporting .......................................................................................................... 46

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6.0 CONSULTATIONS ............................................................................................... 46

7.0 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... 47

8.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 52

Appendix A - PureDrill IA35-LV Fact Sheet ................................................................... 59 Appendix B - Statistical Analysis ................................................................................... 60 Appendix C - Sample Station Coordinates .................................................................... 61

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1 Location of Oil and Gas Operations on the Grand Banks ............................................ 9

Figure 3-1 Profile of Planned Hebron GBS with the Location of Various Discharges ................. 11

Figure 3-2 Cross-section of Planned Hebron GBS with the Location of Various Discharges;

platform north is 22.4° West of True North ................................................................ 12

Figure 3-3 Cutting Deposition Model Results Following Platform Drilling of 52 well; Model

results modified from Hebron CSR and associated EA Amendment ......................... 16

Figure 4-1 Generic Environmental Compartments Sampled in Offshore Environmental

Monitoring Programs ................................................................................................ 20

Figure 4-2 Components of EEM Programs in the Newfoundland Offshore ................................. 21

Figure 5-1 Primary and Supporting Monitoring Variables for Sediment Quality Component of

the Hebron EEM Program ......................................................................................... 31

Figure 5-2 Tentative Hebron EEM Sediment Sampling Locations .............................................. 36

Figure 5-3 Cutting Deposition Model Results Following Platform Drilling of 52 well (8-km view)

with sediment sampling stations overlaid. ................................................................. 37

Figure 5-4 Proposed water sampling stations surrounding Hebron GBS produced water

discharge point (outfall at 85 m depth). Samples will be collected from surface,

mid-depth and ~10 m off bottom. .............................................................................. 40

Figure 7-1 Re-evaluation Process for the Hebron EEM Program ............................................... 51

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Hebron EEM Plan and Supporting Documentation ..................................................... 8

Table 3-1 Regulatory Requirements for the Hebron EEM Program........................................... 13

Table 4-1 Monitoring Variables Measured in the Sediment Quality Component of the

Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose EEM Programs ............................................. 24

Table 4-2 Monitoring Variables Measured in the Water Quality Component of the Hibernia,

Terra Nova and White Rose EEM Programs ............................................................. 25

Table 4-3 Monitoring Variables Measured in the Commercial Fish Component of the

Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose EEM Programs ............................................. 26

Table 4-4 Spatial Extent of Alterations in Physical and Chemical Characteristics Relative to

Discharge Source ..................................................................................................... 27

Table 4-5 Spatial Extent of Biological Effects Relative to Discharge Source ............................. 28

Table 5-1 Hebron EEM Monitoring Schedule ............................................................................ 45

Table 7-1 Initial Monitoring Variables for Sediment Quality Component of the Hebron EEM

Program .................................................................................................................... 49

Table 7-2 List of parameters to be included in the initial water sampling ................................... 49

Table 7-3 Initial Monitoring Variables for the Commercial Fish Component of the Hebron

EEM Program ........................................................................................................... 50

Table 7-4 Initial Sampling Effort ................................................................................................ 51

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1.0 FOREWORD

1.1 Purpose This document describes the Hebron Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Program to be implemented. The ultimate purpose of this EEM is to validate the Hebron Comprehensive Study (CSR) predictions that are relevant to effects related to marine discharges. In addition and complementary to that purpose, the EEM Plan will serve to:

• fulfill Condition 2012.01.07 of the Hebron Development Application Decision Report 2012.01 (Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board (C-NLOPB) 2012) (listed in Section 3.2);

• fulfill the commitments regarding the offshore environmental effects monitoring plan made in Section 15 of the Hebron Comprehensive Study (CSR) report (ExxonMobil Canada Properties (EMCP 2011a); and

• comply with the follow-up requirements of the Canadian Environmental assessment Act (CEAA).

1.2 Overview Section 2 of this document provides general information on the Hebron Field. Section 3 provides regulatory requirements and relevant predictions from the Hebron Environmental Assessment Process. Section 4 provides a general introduction to offshore EEM programs for oil and gas operations. Section 5 is specific to the design and implementation of the Hebron EEM program. Section 6 describes the executed consultation process. Section 7 is a summary of the program.

Seabird monitoring is conducted under a study independent from this EEM Plan and has been approved by Environment and Climate Change Canada – Canadian Wildlife Services (LGL 2017).

Supporting documents to information provided in this document are provided separately. A synopsis of the contents of supporting documents is provided in Table 1-1.

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Table 1-1 Hebron EEM Plan and Supporting Documentation

Citation

(Reference #)

Report Title Description

EMCP 2017

(CAHE-EC-OOREF-01-006-5010-000)

*Hebron Offshore Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Plan

Sampling stations and parameters designed to detect effects from the Hebron Offshore Platform

Stantec 2016 Review of Grand Banks Environmental Effects Monitoring Programs In support of the Development of the Hebron Offshore

Environmental Effects Monitoring Program

Review of the publically available information from the three current offshore operational EEM programs including Hibernia, White Rose and Terra Nova.

EMCP 2016a

(CAHE-EC-OOREF-01-006-5012-000)

Hebron Environmental Characterization: 2014 Physical (Sediment and Water) Survey – Report to

Inform EEM Plan : Results and Analysis

Results and analysis of the data relating to the August-September 2014 water and sediment sampling. This includes power analysis assessing the number of sediment and water samples required to detect project-related effects for the EEM Plan going forward.

EMCP 2016b

(CAHE-EC-OOREF-01-006-5014-000)

Hebron Environmental Characterization: 2015 Biological (commercial fish) Survey - Report to

Inform EEM Plan : Results and Analysis

Results and analysis relating to the June 2015 trawling and scallop dredging survey. This includes power analysis assessing the number of fish samples required to detect project-related effects for the EEM Plan going forward.

*This report

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2.0 INTRODUCTION Three oil production operations, Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose are currently active on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland; and the Hebron asset is currently under development. Hebron is located approximately 9 km northwest of Terra Nova, 32 km southeast of Hibernia, and 46 km southwest of White Rose (Figure 2-1). EMCP is leading the Hebron development as Operator on behalf of itself and the other Proponents: Chevron Canada Limited; Petro-Canada Hebron Partnership through its managing partner Suncor Energy Inc.; Statoil Canada Ltd.; and Nalcor Energy - Oil and Gas Inc.

Note: The distances in the inset table above are in nautical miles (1 nautical mile = 1.85 km)

Figure 2-1 Location of Oil and Gas Operations on the Grand Banks

The Hebron asset will initially be developed using a gravity-based structure (GBS). There is also the potential to subsequently develop one drill centre1 that will be tied back to the GBS. There are 52 well slots available on the GBS.

1 Also referred to as Pool 3, excavated drill centre, drill centre tie-back or subsea infrastructure.

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3.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Details on the regulatory requirements and a summary of the Environmental Assessment and its relevant conclusions are presented here. The details for the waste streams and discharges are covered in this previous documentation and not presented here. The profile and orientations of the discharges, however are illustrated in Figure 3-1, and 3-2, respectively.

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Figure 3-1 Profile of Planned Hebron GBS with the Location of Various Discharges

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Note: OLS = offshore loading system

Figure 3-2 Cross-section of Planned Hebron GBS with the Location of Various Discharges; platform north is 22.4° West of True North

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3.1 Regulatory Requirements EEM is a condition required by the C-NLOPB for development of offshore oil and gas fields. EEM is also a required component of Environmental Protection Plans of offshore operators (EMCP 2017b). A baseline field program is required prior to the onset of development drilling in a field. The regulatory requirements associated with the design and implementation of the Hebron EEM program are listed in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1 Regulatory Requirements for the Hebron EEM Program

Title Reference Section Text Offshore EEM Program Design

Hebron Development Application Decision Report 2012.01 (C-NLOPB 2012)

2012.01.07 The Proponent include in the Environmental Protection Plan required by paragraph 6(d) of the Newfoundland Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production Regulations the EEM program described in subsections 15.1.1 and 15.1.2 of the September 2011 Hebron Project Comprehensive Study Report, and submit a draft of its EEM program no later than 12 months prior to the scheduled commencement of offshore drilling or production activities.

Environmental Field Data Collection

Hebron Development Application Decision Report 2012.01 (C-NLOPB 2012)

2012.01.08 Prior to commencement of offshore construction activities at the Hebron site, the Proponent collect any field data required to inform the design of its EEM program.

Environmental Protection Plan Guidelines

CNLOPB Environmental Protection Plan Guidelines (National Energy Board et al. 2011)

4.7.1.2 The environmental assessment of a planned drilling or production program may identify the need for an EEM program. For example, development-drilling and production projects in C-NLOPB and CNSOPB jurisdictions historically have required EEM programs. Where an EEM program is required, the program should adapt as necessary over time to ensure continued focus upon the potential environmental effects of the activity. An operator should review the outcomes of its EEM programs to determine if the outcomes match the expected outcomes in the environmental assessment. The outcomes may result in new hazards, risks or mitigations being identified in relation to environmental protection. This information should be fed into the operator’s program to ensure conformance to the Environmental Protection Plan and continual improvement in environmental performance.

Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA)

CEAA requirements for projects with comprehensive studies

53(4)1 Follow up requirement is mandatory with the purpose of (a) verifying the accuracy of the environmental assessment of a project, and (b) determining the effectiveness of any measures taken to mitigate the adverse environmental effects of the project.

1 CEAA (2012) has been revised since the Hebron Project was sanctioned. However, the follow-up requirements have remained consistent

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3.2 Environmental Assessment Predictions In 2009, the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act prescribed a comprehensive study-level environmental assessment for an offshore oil and gas development project. In addition, pursuant to the Development Plan Guidelines (C-NLOPB 2006), proponents of offshore oil development projects need to submit a Development Plan, which includes an Environmental Impact Statement. The Hebron Project CSR (EMCP 2011a) fulfilled both the requirement of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and the Development Plan Guidelines. The CSR and subsequent EA Amendment included an environmental assessment of potential effects on valued ecosystem components. Valued ecosystem components addressed within the context of the Hebron EEM program were Fish and Fish Habitat and Commercial Fisheries (EMCP 2011a). As such, predictions on alterations to physical and chemical characteristics of sediment and seawater (as components of fish habitat), and predictions on effects to benthos, fish and fisheries, apply to the EEM program.

In general, knowledge from other programs and modelling specific to Hebron indicate development operations at Hebron will alter near-field sediment physical and chemical characteristics through release of cuttings at the Hebron platform and (potentially) at the drill centre tie-back. Direct effects to fish populations as a result of drill cuttings discharge were expected to be unlikely, whereas effects most likely to occur would be to the benthic invertebrate communities (prey source for many species of fish).

Regular operations were expected to alter physical and chemical characteristics of seawater, through release of produced water in the immediate vicinity of the Hebron platform (at Hibernia, produced water constituents are only detected within 0.5 km from the platform, Section 4.3). Alterations to the receiving environment from other liquid waste streams (e.g., cooling water and storage displacement water; see Section 3.1.3) on physical and chemical characteristics of sediment and seawater were considered small relative to effects of drill cuttings and produced water discharge.

The predictions of Project effects (CSR Tables 7-12) are based upon generic EA categories and are necessarily coarse; particularly relative to the previously documented project effects observed by EEM programs at nearby production facilities. For example, operational activities are predicted to only affect less than 10% of animals within a very large Study Area that includes large portions of the Grand Bank and the Flemish Pass and Cap. Similarly, the area of effect for a variety of operational elements is predicted to be within 1-10km2.

Consequently, this EEM design is based on proven methods that will detect relatively fine spatial and temporal scale effects, provide useful feedback to be used toward adaptive management of operations and will generate conclusions that can subsequently address the coarse scale predictions from the Environmental Assessment. For example, if contaminants do not exceed baseline levels beyond 500 m of the facility, predictions that the Project affects fewer than 10% of the animals in the Study Area and an area smaller than 1 km2 will be validated.

The predictions and the rankings used to assess effects are described in greater detail in EMCP (2011a) with the key points as they relate to the EEM Plan reproduced below.

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3.2.1 Physical and Chemical Fate of Sediment Sediment Modelling

The distribution of drill cuttings to sediments and that of produced water in the water column around the Hebron Platform were modelled as part of the Hebron CSR and a subsequent EA Amendment because they will be the two largest waste streams. Depositional modeling of cumulative drill cuttings discharge over the lifecycle of the Hebron program was calculated according to characteristics of drill cutting particles, volume released, elevation from seabed, site specific bathymetry, and 5 years of current data including velocity and direction.

For drill cuttings, modelling predicted deposition of cuttings up to 1 mm thick to approximately 5.5 km to the southwest, 6 km to the northeast and 2 to 4 km to the north, west and southeast of the Hebron Platform (Figure 3-3). Cuttings 10 mm thick were only expected within 50 to 60 m of the Platform, with small pockets between 1 to 10 mm thick within 1 to 3 km. Therefore, minor alterations to sediments (0 to 1 mm thick) could extend to 6 km from source, with most of the alterations (1 to 10 mm thick ) limited to 1 to 3 km from source. It is important to note that this deposition of cuttings will occur over the lifetime of the platform.

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Figure 3-3 Cutting Deposition Model Results Following Platform Drilling of 52 well; Model results modified from Hebron CSR and

associated EA Amendment

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Sediment Quality Predictions and Assessment

The CSR and EA Amendment concluded that the potential geographical extent of effects for ‘operations and maintenance’ and ‘decommissioning and abandonment’ activities associated with sediment quality relating to fish and fish habitat are in the 1-10 km2 category (CSR; Table 7-12 and Table 7-13). This equates to a distance from the platform of <2 km where potential affects may occur.

It was further predicted, largely based on sediment dispersion modelling (detailed above) and review of drill cuttings effects from other projects, that the ~0.8 km2 of seafloor area around the platform could be affected by project activities (pg. 7-100 of CSR). This would translate to seafloor within ~500 m of the platform.

It is important to note that once planned mitigations were factored into the assessment, the actual effects (i.e., residual effects) were minimal and that ‘No significant adverse environmental effects on Fish and Fish Habitat are predicted that could affect renewable resources’ (CSR, Section 7.5.6).

The EEM sampling plan has taken these conclusions and predictions into consideration by emphasizing sediment sampling within 2 km from the platform (primary) with some farther afield stations included (>2km). The objective of the higher-density sampling within the 2 km radius from the Hebron platform is to validate the relevant CSR predictions as well as being robust enough to capture any potential effects outside the original predictions (i.e., > 2km from the platform). The exact parameters and locations of the Hebron EEM sediment sampling are detailed in Section 7.0 of this document.

3.2.2 Physical and Chemical Fate of Water Modelling

The produced water system for Hebron is designed to treat approximately 45,000 m³/d of produced water for discharge into the marine environment. However, produced water discharge was modelled at the higher rate of 56,000 m³/d. At this rate, a dilution factor of 300 (required to achieve an oil concentration of 0.1 ppm2 ) could be reached within a horizontal distance of 379 m from the GBS in February under average current speeds, and within a distance of 676 m from the GBS under low ambient current speeds. In August, the dilution factor of 300 could be achieved at distances of 74 m under average current speeds and out to 352 m under low current speeds3. Therefore, a worst-case assessment of the spatial extent of alterations to seawater (to more than 0.1 ppm oil-in-water) is 676 m from discharge source at a discharge rate of 56,000 m³/day.

2 The threshold of 0.1 ppm was selected based on 96-h LC50 toxicity tests on larvae of selected commercial fish and invertebrate species that may be sensitive to soluble aromatic hydrocarbons as low as 0.1 to 0.14 ppm (AMEC 2010, and references therein). 3 The 300 dilution factor distances are comparatively smaller at 30,000 m³/d and would also be smaller at the now planned maximum of 45,000 m³/day.

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Water Quality Assessment and Conclusions

The CSR concluded that the potential geographical extent of effects for ‘operations and maintenance’ and ‘decommissioning and abandonment’ activities associated with water quality relating to fish and fish habitat are in the 1-10 km2 category (CSR; Table 7-12 and Table 7-13). This equates to a distance from the platform of <2 km where potential effects may occur.

It was further predicted in the CSR, largely based on produced water modelling (detailed above) and review of effects from other projects (Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose) for other liquid discharges (list out), that chemistry changes in the water column would take place in up to 500m from discharge (pg. 7-100 of CSR).

It is important to note that once planned mitigations were factored into the assessment, the actual effects (i.e., residual effects) were minimal and the CSR predicted that ‘No significant adverse environmental effects on Fish and Fish Habitat are predicted that could affect renewable resources’ (CSR, Section 7.5.6).

The EEM sampling plan has taken these conclusions and predictions into consideration by focusing on monitoring for the potential effects of produced water once the produced water rates are large enough where changes to the receiving environment could be detected. The exact parameters and locations of the Hebron EEM water sampling is detailed in Section 7.0 of this document.

3.2.3 Commercial Fisheries The CSR predicted that there will be no significant effect on commercial fisheries (Section 8.5.5). Reduced access, i.e. associated with the Safety Zone, is fixed and therefore requires no monitoring. Predictions related to catchability will be assessed using commercial trawls on index species (i.e. American plaice). Other aspects related to commercial fish, but not specifically identified in the CSR, such as taint of flesh, contaminant loads and prevalence of disease are also included in this plan. All commercial fish elements of the program are based on comparisons to a reference area to identify effects that may be counter to the CSR prediction of no significant effect.

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4.0 INTRODUCTION TO OFFSHORE EEM PROGRAMS

4.1 Objectives and General Structure of Offshore Programs EEM identifies, quantifies, and compares predicted environmental effects of an industrial project to those observed during operations and decommissioning. The objective of EEM is to detect project-induced effects to enable an assessment of the need for additional mitigations.

Specifically, the objectives of EEM programs are to:

• assess the effectiveness of implemented mitigation measures;

• to validate the CSR and EA Amendment predictions that are relevant to effects related to marine discharges (EMCP 2011a);

• assess the spatial extent and magnitude of project-related effects to the receiving environment;

• provide an early warning of unacceptable changes in the environmental; and

• improve understanding of environmental cause-and-effect.

Here and in the text that follows, changes in physical or chemical characteristics are referred to as alterations; changes to biological variables are referred to as effects (i.e., biological effects). It is important to note that in many instances alterations to physical or chemical characteristics will not lead to biological effects.

4.2 Receiving Environment and Monitoring Compartments Although the main focus of this EEM is to verify the predictions from the Environmental Assessment, it is important to also incorporate the learnings of programs implemented at similar facilities worldwide, and nearby facilities in particular, to benefit from their collective experience.

Marine sediments are the primary receiving environment for drill cuttings and drill muds; the water column is the primary receiving environment for produced water. Hence, sediment analyses and water column analyses generally compose the basic elements of EEM programs worldwide (Glickman et al. 2012; International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (OGP) 2012; Figure 4-1).

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Source: OGP 2012

Figure 4-1 Generic Environmental Compartments Sampled in Offshore Environmental Monitoring Programs

Water column monitoring generally focuses on chemical and physical analyses of the receiving water and, in some cases includes sampling to assess bioaccumulation of contaminants and overall health. Sediment monitoring also focuses on chemical and physical analyses, and may include assessment of community structure and sediment toxicity. Although offshore EEM programs have these general elements in common, exact environmental monitoring data needs will be specific to the offshore oil and gas project.

In the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador offshore area, the established EEM programs at Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose have examined alteration in sediment quality and water quality (Figure 4-2). These programs also include examination of potential effects on selected commercial fish species. This last component is often included under the heading of water column monitoring in other EEM programs (for instance in Figure 4-1, and in the Norwegian offshore EEM program; Bakke et al. 2013)).

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Benthic Community Structure1

Particle Size and Chemistry

ToxicitySediment Quality

Water Quality

Commercial FishBody Burden

Taint

Health Indicators (bioindicators)

Produced Water Constituent Modelling2

Physical and Chemical Characteristics

Chlorophyll3

Notes: 1at Terra Nova and White Rose only; 2at White Rose only; 3at Terra Nova and Hibernia only

Figure 4-2 Components of EEM Programs in the Newfoundland Offshore

4.2.1 Sediment Quality The spatial extent of alterations to sediments from drill cuttings and mud discharge at offshore oil and gas operations has typically ranged from 1 to 5 km from the point of discharge. Spatial extent will depend on local oceanographic conditions, type and volumes of discharge, study designs and analytical techniques used in various locations (Melton et al. 2000, 2004; OGP 2003). Bottom type and current regime strongly influence the spread of drill cuttings and drill mud, and these differ widely among regions. Keeping in mind these differences among regions, Ellis et al. (2012) provide a review of results from a number of EEM programs and assess both the spatial extent of alterations to sediments from drilling discharges and the spatial extent of effects on benthic animals. In general, alterations to sediments resulting from the discharge of WBM cuttings extended from approximately 1 to 3 km from source; alterations resulting from the discharge of SBM cuttings generally extended from 0.2 to 2 km (Figure 2, Ellis et al. 2012). Effects on benthic organisms generally extended from 0.25 to 2 km for WBM cuttings and from 0.5 to 1 km for SMB cuttings (Figure 2 in Ellis et al. 2012), although effects on sensitive taxa can extend to greater distances (Paine et at. 2014a, and references therein).

Examination of data from EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore (more relevant to Hebron because of similarities in oceanographic conditions) indicate alterations to sediments to approximately 2 km for discharges of WBM cuttings4, and approximately 5 km for discharge of SBM cuttings discharge. At 5 km, sediment concentrations of the hydrocarbons used as a marker for PureDrill IA 35-LV (C10-C21 hydrocarbons) decreased to the low levels of approximately 3 mg/kg. Effects on benthic organisms

4 Barium is used as a tracer for WBM cuttings on the Grand Banks. However, barium is also present in SBMs. Therefore, barium within the noted 2 km could have originated from both WBMs and SBMs. Conversely, hydrocarbons are used as a tracer of SBMs only, and the 5 km noted above is specific to SBM discharge.

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generally extended to 1 km, with effects on sensitive taxa sometimes extending to 2 km (Stantec 2016; Section 4.3). The results of the sediment quality monitoring program will be analyzed and interpreted in relation to the CSR predictions described in section 3.2.1.

4.2.2 Water Quality The water column is the primary receiving environment for produced water and other liquid-based project discharges. However, harmful biological effects in the water-column near produced water discharges are expected to be minimal and localized because of rapid dilution, dispersion and transformation of most produced water chemicals (Neff et al. 2011). EEM results have generally confirmed that alterations to seawater physical or chemical characteristics from produced water discharge are spatially limited. In the Newfoundland offshore, produced water constituents generally have not been detected in seawater samples, except at the Hibernia Platform, where produced water constituents were detected within 50 m of discharge source (Section 4.3). The results of the water quality monitoring program will be analyzed and interpreted in relation to the CSR predictions described in section 3.2.2.

4.2.3 Commercial Fish Concerns associated with effects of offshore discharges on fisheries resources include potential tainting of human-use resources from offshore discharges, bioaccumulation of contaminants in fish tissue and associated effects on fish health.

The term taint refers to a detectable oily or “off taste” or odour in fish flesh. Organic compounds that can cause taint include phenols, dibenzothiophenes, napthenic acids, mercaptans, tetradecans and methylated naphthalenes (GESAMP 1977) and tainting of fish has been observed at some drilling sites using oil-based drilling muds (Gerrard et al. 1999). However, OGP (2003) noted that there is no evidence that SBMs, which are devoid or have low concentrations of these constituents, cause taint. Taint has not been detected for any of the species tested in EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore (DeBlois et al. 2014b; also see Section 5.3). Taint was noted for blue mussels at the COPAN field in the Nova Scotia offshore, where mineral oil-based drilling muds were used (Hurley and Ellis 2004).

The present review has found little information on bioaccumulation of contaminants in wild-caught fisheries resources around offshore oil and gas facilities, except for Bakke et al. (2013), who note that alkyl phenol concentrations in tissues were low and often below detection limit near platforms on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Contaminants uptake has seldom been noted in wild-caught fish in the Newfoundland offshore, although it has been noted for Iceland scallop (Section 4.3). In both Norwegian and Newfoundland EEM programs, tissue contamination (otherwise known as body burden) is primarily used as a support/explanatory variable for other test results.

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Biomarkers5 can be used in offshore environmental monitoring programs as measures of exposure to contaminants and, in turn, these can provide advance warning of potential effects on fish health. However, OGP (2012) note that biomarkers are considered experimental for offshore oil and gas assessments in many regions of the world.

When biomarker analyses are conducted, it is important that they be supported by a suite of complimentary methods along with a general assessment of fish health (e.g., condition, weight) (OGP 2012). In the Newfoundland offshore, biomarker analysis coupled with general fish health measurements have indicated that the health of fish sampled near platforms has been similar to that at more distant reference areas (Stantec 2016; Section 4.3). The results of the sediment quality monitoring program will be analyzed and interpreted in relation to the CSR predictions described in section 3.2.3.

4.3 Existing EEM Programs in the Newfoundland Offshore The general structure of EEM programs worldwide and, more specifically, EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore is provided in Figures 4-1 and 4-2, respectively (Section 4.2). These and the preceding sections indicate that the EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore are in line with programs elsewhere. Also, as noted above, exact environmental monitoring data needs will be specific to the offshore oil and gas project (OGP 2012), and will depend on local oceanographic conditions. Therefore, the most relevant programs to consider for the design of the Hebron EEM program are the other EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore.

In 2015, on behalf of EMCP, Stantec undertook a detailed consolidation and examination of publically available data from the EEM programs at Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose (Stantec 2016). Specific monitoring variables examined in the Sediment Quality, Water Quality and Commercial Fish components of the Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose EEM programs are listed in Tables 4-1 to 4-3.

Results from the EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore are summarized in Table 4-4, focusing on physical or chemical alterations, and Table 4-5, focusing on biological effects. Monitoring variables that have shown strong and consistent alterations or effects are highlighted in orange; monitoring variables that have shown subtle or transient alterations or effects are highlighted in blue. Spatial extent of alterations or effects is also provided.

5 National Research Council (1989) defines biomarker as "a change induced by a contaminant in the biochemical or cellular components of a process, structure or function that can be measured in a biological system".

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Table 4-1 Monitoring Variables Measured in the Sediment Quality Component of the Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose EEM Programs

Variable Type Variables Hibernia Terra Nova White Rose

Physical and Chemical

Barium • • •

BTEX and C6-C10 (less BTEX) • • •

>C10-C21 • • •

>C21-<C32 • • •

PAHs • • •

Alkyl PAHs •

Fines • • •

Organic Carbon • • •

Metals Other than Barium • • •

Sulphur

• •

Sulphide • • •

Ammonia • • •

Redox

• •

Biological Microtox • • •

Amphipod Toxicity • • •

Juvenile Polychaete Toxicity •

Benthic Community Structure

• •

Note: BTEX = benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene. Variables measured were those collected in 2009 for Hibernia, and in 2010 for Terra Nova and White Rose. A dot indicates that the variables are

measured at the site.

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Table 4-2 Monitoring Variables Measured in the Water Quality Component of the Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose EEM Programs

Variable Type Variables Hibernia Terra Nova White Rose

Physical and Chemical

Temperature, Salinity, Oxygen • • •

Total Suspended Solids • • •

BTEX & C6-C10 (less BTEX) • • •

>C10-C21 • • •

>C21-<C32 • • •

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons • • •

PAHs and Alkyl PAHs • • •

Phenols and Alkyl Phenols

Organic/Inorganic Carbon •

Ammonia •

Organic Acids

Phosphorus •

Metals • • •

Radionucliides •

Produced Water Process Chemicals

Biological Phytoplankton Pigments • •

Note: Variables measured were those collected in 2009 for Hibernia, and in 2010 for Terra Nova and White Rose. A dot indicates that the variables are measured from samples collected at the site.

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Table 4-3 Monitoring Variables Measured in the Commercial Fish Component of the Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose EEM Programs

Variable Type Variables Hibernia Terra Nova White Rose

Physical and Chemical

American Plaice Body Burden • • •

>C10-C21 • • •

>C21-<C32 • • •

PAHs • • •

Alkyl PAHs •

Metals • • •

Lipid and Moisture Content • • •

Iceland Scallop Body Burden

>C10-C21

>C21-<C32

PAHs

Metals

Lipid and Moisture Content

Snow Crab Body Burden

>C10-C21

>C21-<C32

PAHs

Metals

Lipid and Moisture Content

Biological American Plaice Taste Tests • • •

Iceland Scallop Test Tests

Snow Crab Taste Tests

American Plaice Health Indicators • • •

Note: Variables measured were those collected in 2009 for Hibernia, and in 2010 for Terra Nova and White Rose. A dot indicates that the variables are measured at the site.

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Table 4-4 Spatial Extent of Alterations in Physical and Chemical Characteristics Relative to Discharge Source

Sediment Quality Water Quality Commercial Fish

Variable Spatial

Extent (km) Variable Spatial

Extent (km) Variable Spatial

Extent (km) Barium ~2 Temperature, Salinity, Oxygen <0.05 Scallop Body Burden >C10-C21 ~5 BTEX & C6-C10 (less BTEX) <0.05 >C10-C21 ~0.5 to 1 Fines <1 PAHs and Alkyl PAHs <0.05 Metals (barium) ~0.5 to 1 Sulphur <1 Metals <0.05 >C21-<C32 - Sulphide <1 >C10-C21 <0.05 PAHs - Redox <1 >C21-<C32 <0.05 Lipid and Moisture content - BTEX and C6-C10 (less BTEX) - Total petroleum hydrocarbons <0.05 Plaice Body Burden >C21-<C32* - Total suspended Solids - >C10-C21 - PAHs - Phenols and Alkyl Phenols - >C21-<C32 - Alkyl PAHs - Organic/inorganic carbon - PAHs - Organic carbon - Ammonia - Alkyl PAHs - Metals other than barium - Organic Acids - Metals - Ammonia - Phosphorus - Lipid and Moisture content -

Radionucliides - Crab Body Burden

Produced water process chemicals - >C10-C21 -

>C21-<C32 -

PAHs -

Metals -

Lipid and Moisture content -

Consistent evidence of project-induced changes Weak occasional evidence of project-induced changes No evidence of project-induced change. Notes: Hydrocarbons in the >C10-C21 range in sediments collected as part of EEM programs on the Grand Banks have been shown match the gas chromatography-flame Ionization detector signature of the drill mud PureDrill IA 35-LV. Spatial extent for affected sediment quality variables is based on station locations relative to drill centre locations. Spatial extent for affected water quality variables is based on station locations relative to the location of the produced water discharge at Hibernia. Spatial extent for affected commercial fish variables is based on the approximate distances of between Study Area collection sites and drill centres. Differences in spatial extent noted above are related to differences in the distance between collected sites and drill centres at the three fields. Distance to drill centres for collection sites in the Study Areas are as follows: Hibernia - 0.5 to 2 km; Terra Nova - 0.5 to 1 km; White Rose - 1.5 to 3 km. *>C21-<C32 has been reported in sediment chemistry results, but evidence suggests that this has most often been an analytical artifact (Stantec 2016).

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Table 4-5 Spatial Extent of Biological Effects Relative to Discharge Source Sediment Quality Water Quality Commercial Fish

Variable Spatial

Extent (km) Variable Spatial

Extent (km) Variable Spatial

Extent (km) Amphipod Toxicity <2 Phytoplankton pigments - Plaice Taste Tests - PetroTox 0.5

Scallop Test Tests -

Major Indices of Community Structure < 1

Crab Taste Tests - Sensitive Taxa 1 - 2

Plaice Health Indicators

Juvenile Polychaete Toxicity -

Size and Condition 0.5 to 3 Microtox

Gross Pathology -

Haematology -

Liver MFO Induction 0.5 to 3

Liver Histopathology 0.5 to 2

Gill Histopathology -

Consistent evidence of project-induced changes Weak occasional evidence of project-induced changes No evidence of project-induced change. Notes: Spatial extent for affected sediment quality variables is based on station locations relative to drill centre locations. Spatial extent for affected water quality variables is based on station locations relative to the location of the produced water discharge at Hibernia. Spatial extent for affected commercial fish variables is based on the approximate distances of between Study Area collection sites and drill centres. Differences in spatial extent noted above are related to differences in the distance between collected sites and drill centres at the three fields. Distance to drill centres for collection sites in the Study Areas are as follows: Hibernia - 0.5 to 2 km; Terra Nova - 0.5 to 1 km; White Rose - 1.5 to 3 km. MFO = mixed function oxygenase.

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In addition to the EEM results summarized in Tables 4-4 and 4-5, HMDC undertook a detailed risk assessment of PureDrill IA 35-LV using the PetroTox model. In essence, rather than focusing on chemical alterations (which are any level above background), the exercise identified ecologically relevant concentrations of PureDrill IA 35-LV using acute and chronic toxicity test data for constituents of PureDrill IA 35-LV. Threshold concentrations below which effects would not be expected (i.e., no-effects concentrations) obtained via PetroTox equate to 'biological', rather than 'chemical' thresholds. The no-effects concentration obtained via PetroTox was 150 mg/kg, with a range of 115 to 190 mg/kg (Stantec 2013). Based on the 150 mg/kg threshold for PureDrill IA 35-LV and examination of data from the three existing EEM program in the Newfoundland offshore (Stantec 2016), the PetroTox model predicts that biological effects should be limited to approximately 0.5 km from source. Application of this Petrotox sediment quality guideline will enable sediment posing little or no risk from a hydrocarbon perspective to not be subject to further statistical and laboratory analysis.

Results from existing EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore are discussed in further detail in Stantec (2016) and in Section 5 with respect to relevant monitoring variables for the Hebron EEM program. In brief, alterations to sediment barium and >C10-C21 hydrocarbons (two constituents of drill muds used in the Newfoundland offshore) have been clear and consistent. Alterations in sediment % fines, sulphur and sulphide contents and sediment redox potential have been subtle, transient or spatially limited, as have effects on laboratory amphipods and benthic community structure. Evidence of produced water in seawater samples has only been detected at Hibernia, where sampling is possible within 50 m of the discharge (Stantec 2016). Alterations in temperature, salinity, oxygen, hydrocarbons and metals have been noted within 50 m of the produced water discharge at Hibernia. Alterations in commercial fish tissue body burden have only been noted at Terra Nova, where Iceland scallop are sampled.

4.4 Statistical Study Designs for Offshore EEM Programs A statistical study design generally involves positioning of sampling stations or sampling areas, assessing the required number of stations/areas and determining the analysis framework for the data. The selection of the most appropriate analysis framework involves consideration of the EEM program objectives, regulatory requirements, site-specific environmental characteristics, desired statistical power, logistical efficiency, environmental risk and costs.

The general theoretical framework for offshore oil and gas EEM programs revolves around attenuation with distance from the source of potential contaminants. Additionally, a temporal component examines change over time, as attributable to project activities.

With respect to the theoretical framework for detecting environmental changes spatially, two classes of study design options exist. The first class of options is known as Control-Impact (CI) study designs which assess conditions in one or more discrete “impact” areas (e.g., an offshore production platform) and one or more “control” or “reference” areas (Ellis and Schneider 1997). Various derivations on these CI study designs have been introduced over time including Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI; Green 1979), Before-After-Control-Impact Paired (Stewart-Oaten et al. 1986), Beyond-BACI (Underwood 1992), and Multiple BACI (Keough and Mapstone 1997), for example. In the Newfoundland offshore, CI study designs are used in the commercial fish component of all three EEM programs, and in the water quality components of the White Rose and Terra Nova programs. Data from CI designs are most often examined statistically via analysis of variance (ANOVA).

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The second class of study design options consists of gradient designs. Gradient study designs (i.e., “bullseye” study designs) are the most commonly used approach for sediment quality monitoring for point-source inputs at offshore oil and gas operations and serve as the underlying framework for the majority of international monitoring efforts (Green 2005, Ellis et al. 2012, Paine et al. 2014b). These study designs generally involve multiple radii extending from the point source of interest (e.g., a production platform), usually in some combination of cardinal directions and/or direction of predominant current or other gradient of potential interest. In the Newfoundland offshore, gradient designs are used for the sediment component of all three active EEM programs.

Within the gradient class of study designs, regression-based analyses and more traditional ANOVA may be used. In practical terms, the principal difference between an ANOVA and a regression analysis of gradient designs lies with the predictor variable (distance from source and/or change over time). For instance, the predictor variable "Distance' is classified as a categorical variable in ANOVA (i.e., using discrete distance groupings or levels – nearfield, midfield, farfield, etc.), whereas with regression analysis, the variable “Distance” is a continuous variable. As a result of this difference, the null hypotheses tested by ANOVA and regression analyses are slightly different. Regression analysis assumes in advance that an environmental gradient exists and tests whether this assumed gradient (e.g., sediment barium concentrations increase with proximity to drill centres) is significantly different from a situation with no gradient (e.g., sediment barium does not increase in concentration with proximity to drill centres). In contrast, ANOVA tests whether there is a difference among distance groups without assuming an underlying distribution of the individual data points/samples and irrespective of position along a gradient.

Because of the difference between the two analytical approaches, the power of ANOVA to detect gradient effects is severely limited relative to regression analyses, particularly in the presence of weak environmental gradients and/or low replication (Ellis and Schneider 1997; Somerfield et al. 2002). Repeated simulation of over 200 datasets with an underlying linear distribution demonstrated that regression analyses were more powerful and outperformed ANOVA analyses in 91% of cases (Maindonald and Braun 2010). Further, regression-based study designs offer additional efficiency and flexibility to the logistics of building on or modifying study designs for operationally dynamic project developments (e.g., addition or abandonment of drill centres, etc.). As a result of this flexibility, the more recently designed EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore have adopted a regression-based statistical model.

Although the regression-based design will be implemented and the sampling design is largely built on that approach, the statistical methods will continue to be modified. As more statistical methods are being implemented into widely used statistics software, the statistical methodology utilized in all four specific themes (sediment quality, commercial fish, water quality and toxicology) will undergo continued development. The goal of continued development is to ensure that the methodologies remain statistically adequate and that the predictive power of the data and method support a precautionary approach (i.e. the data and analysis are adequate to detect not only pre-defined significant effects levels as outlined in the hypotheses, but trends and/ or notes of change that can be detected and managed accordingly. In particular, assessment of possible expansion would include linear modelling frameworks involving the use of mixed effect linear models (if required), and the incorporation of spatio-temporal auto correlation in the error structure. Methodological development would be guided by extended residual analyses, which will highlight the potential need to adapt existing analysis procedures. Using a linear model framework would allow a determination of whether change has occurred due to anthropogenic activities as well as the rate of that change. A further advantage is the ability to estimate uncertainties around

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the parameter estimates which are important when making predictions regarding the future from already collected data (for further discussion please see Johnson & Omland, 2004; Bolker et al., 2008; and Betini et al., 2017).

5.0 HEBRON EEM DESIGN

5.1 Sediment Quality Component

5.1.1 Monitoring Variables The monitoring variable to be included in the sediment quality component are illustrated in Figure 5-1 with supporting information listed below.

Sediment Chemistry

Sediment Toxicity

Benthic Community Structure

Barium and >C10-C21 Hydrocarbons

Amphipod Toxicity

Total Abundance, Biomass, Richness and Diversity

Primary Variables Supporting VariablesVariable Type

Sediment Particle SizeSulphidesRedox Potential Organic carbonAmmoniaMetals Other Than Barium

Mulvariate Summary Measuresof Community Structure and/orAbundances of Individual Taxa

Figure 5-1 Primary and Supporting Monitoring Variables for Sediment Quality Component of the Hebron EEM Program

5.1.1.1 Sediment Chemistry

Sediment chemistry monitoring will include Barium and >C10-C21 Hydrocarbons, TPH, Metals other than Barium, Sediment Particle Size, Sulphides/Redox Potential/Ammonia and Sulphur.

Barium and >C10-C21 Hydrocarbons – Of the sediment quality variables measured in existing EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore, sediment barium and >C10-C21 hydrocarbon concentrations showed the most consistent and spatially extensive alterations. Project-induced alterations to sediment barium concentrations were apparent to approximately 2 km from drill centres. >C10-C21 hydrocarbon concentrations generally fell to low levels (3 mg/kg) at approximately 5 km from drill centres, with a substantially reduced hydrocarbon footprint at Hibernia after re-injection of SBM cuttings (Stantec 2016). Results from the three active EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore indicate that barium and >C10-C21 hydrocarbon concentrations are effective markers for drill cuttings in sediments. Therefore, both barium and >C10-C21 hydrocarbons will be measured at all Hebron EEM sediment stations. Based

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on the Hebron Environmental Characterization: 2014 Physical (Sediment and Water) Survey – Report to inform EEM Plan: Results and Analysis (EMCP 2016a), there was no evidence that SBM-cuttings or WBMs discharged at nearby fields or from previous Hebron exploration wells would confound interpretation of Hebron EEM results.

TPH – In addition to >C10-C21 hydrocarbons, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) will also be measured. Based upon the PetroTox risk assessment detailed in Section 4.3, TPH will be used as a screening tool for toxicity tests (see below) and data analysis (see Appendix B for details).

Metals other than Barium – Other constituents of drilling and drilling activity that have shown in laboratory studies to have effects on toxicity with most of the focus on metals (Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr) and hydrocarbons and other secondary indicators on enrichment such as ammonia and sulphide (Grant and Briggs 2002). Most of the results to date, however, indicate the strongest correlate of toxicity is PAHs/hydrocarbon concentrations. Metals, however, will be monitored at all sediment sampling stations.

Sediment Particle Size – Although the evidence for this from Newfoundland offshore EEM programs is not strong, sediment percent fines could increase as a result of deposition of finer drill cuttings and this, in turn, could result in changes to the benthic community. Also, metals concentrations (including that of barium) have a tendency to be higher in fine-grained sediments. Percent fines is therefore an important explanatory variable for changes in barium concentration in sediments. Beyond this, there can be natural differences in sediment particle size (percent fines, gravel and sand) at Hebron (Appendix A in EMCP 2016a) that could relate to differences in benthic communities. Sediment particle size will be measured at Hebron. However, given the minor project-induced alterations noted to date, the variable will be used as a supporting variable to explain variations in more robust indicators of project activity.

Sulphides, Redox Potential, Ammonia – Subtle alterations of sediment percent fines and concentrations of sulphide and redox potential have been noted in the active EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore and elsewhere. Alterations have been minor and highly localized at one or a few stations near drill centres. Sulphides and redox potential can be indices of decomposition and this, in turn, can affect marine sediment habitat. Like sediment particle size, these variables will be measured and used as supporting variables to explain variations in the more robust indicators of project activity. Organic carbon, natural or anthropogenic, also affects benthic communities and will, therefore, be measured. Ammonia can affect results of toxicity tests and will also be measured.

Sulphur – Sulphur is a constituent of drilling muds (as barium sulphate) and could be considered a secondary marker for drill muds. In addition to this, total sulphur measurements include sulphides. Therefore, sulphur levels could be higher where decomposition is occurring. Given results from Newfoundland offshore programs, barium is a better marker for drill muds and, since sulphides provide an index of decomposition. Therefore sulphur will be measured but only as a secondary marker for drill muds.

5.1.1.2 Toxicity Testing

Sediment toxicity will consist of Amphipod Toxicity Testing.

Results of amphipod sediment toxicity analyses from offshore programs in the same vicinity on the Grand Banks have indicated that sediments have been predominantly non-toxic.

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However, toxicity has occurred at some stations with high >C10-C21 hydrocarbons concentrations (Stantec 2016). Therefore, toxicity to laboratory amphipods will be measured in the Hebron program. Results from the PetroTox risk assessment exercise for PureDrill IA35-LV undertaken for the Hibernia project (Stantec 2013) will be used as a screening tool for toxicity testing. That exercise indicated a threshold for effects at TPH concentrations in sediments equal to or greater than 150 mg/kg. All stations 500m or less from the platform will be tested for toxicity. In addition, samples with sediment TPH concentrations equal to or greater than 150 mg/kg that are greater than 500m from the platform will be tested for toxicity.

5.1.1.3 Benthic Community Sampling

Benthic community monitoring will include abundance, biomass, species richness and benthic community structure analysis.

Whereas laboratory toxicity tests on amphipods provide a measure of acute toxicity, analysis of benthic invertebrate data provide an integrated in-situ measure of potential project-induced alterations at the community level; any response from the benthic invertebrate community would integrate both chronic and acute effects, as well as indirect effects (e.g., enrichment for some taxa, allowing these to outcompete other taxa).

Alterations in the main indices of benthic community composition (total abundance, biomass and richness) were noted at Terra Nova and White Rose (Stantec Consulting Ltd. 2015). Alterations in the abundances of some benthic invertebrate taxa were also noted, with these extending to further distances from drill centres than alterations in major indices. Alterations in total abundance, biomass and richness were noted at the station nearest to (0.14 km from) a drill centre at Terra Nova in some EEM years. Alterations in biomass were noted to approximately 1 km in some EEM years at White Rose. Alterations in the abundances of individual taxa were noted to 1 to 2 km.

An analysis of benthic community structure will be performed in the Hebron EEM program. Interpretation of benthic invertebrate data will focus on change in the main indices of community structure as a measure of habitat disruption. Indices of community composition are the main parameters determining community health (Gerrard et al. 1999; Environment Canada 2005). However, since more powerful multivariate statistics can provide advance warning of potential effects on indices, or provide insight into which taxa might be responsible for any general changes observed, these will be used to support data analysis and interpretation.

5.1.2 Sediment Quality Monitoring Hypothesis As a central component of EEM programs, generic monitoring hypotheses are established to assess predictions made in the CSR. Further elaboration on specific statistical null hypotheses is provided in Appendix B. Null hypotheses, whether for generic monitoring or statistical applications, always state “no change", even if change has been predicted. With respect to sediment quality, the generic monitoring hypothesis is:

• H0 = Approved discharges from the Project will not induce changes in the receiving environment that may be distinguished statistically, as being more sever in outcomes that predicted in the CSR.

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5.1.3 Sampling Locations

Sampling location coordinates for the Hebron EEM Plan are provided in Appendix C. More stations than necessary for the Hebron EEM program were sampled during the Environmental Characterization Survey to better assess environmental variability and identify potential confounding variables or specific sites that were natural outliers relative to the whole field (EMCP 2016a). A total of 95 stations were sampled: 86 stations were sampled as part of Environmental Characterization and 9 stations were sampled at a proposed ocean disposal site. The survey identified that sediment particle size and chemistry at most stations fell within two standard deviations of the mean (the metric used to assess 'normal' or background conditions). However, stations 5-4000, 6-5000, 1-3000 exceeded background variation for multiple variables and were avoided (EMCP 2016a for further details).

A subset of stations from the Environmental Characterization Survey was selected for the EEM program. Stations were selected so as to optimize the spatial layout for a gradient/ regression analysis (Section 4.4) and maintain sufficient statistical power to detect potential project-related alterations or effects (Appendix E in EMCP 2016a). Primary sampling stations (n = 28; Appendix B) were arranged on radii to assess potential effects around each of the GBS and drill centre tie-back individually, to a distance of 2 km from each (Figure 5-2). Figure 5-3 shows the sediment sampling stations with the modelling results overlaid.

The following lines of evidence indicate that most project-related alterations or effects are expected in the immediate vicinity of either the GBS or drill centre tie-back:

• Modelling of cuttings discharges at Hebron predicted that most of the alterations to sediment would occur within 1 to 3 km from the GBS (Section 3.2.1) (Figure 3-3);

• A substantial review of the literature (Ellis et al. 2012) indicated that WBM cuttings should extend to approximately 1 to 3 km from source (Section 4.2.1) and;

• A review of results from existing EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore indicated that alterations to sediments, as determined by concentration of barium in sediment, is generally limited to approximately 2 km from source (Section 4.3).

Therefore, the focus of sediment sampling is within the 2 km from source.

Secondary stations greater than 2 km from source (n = 8; Appendix B) were incorporated with the goals of assessing and interpreting potential:

• interactions between each of the GBS and drill centre tie-back;

• interactions with Terra Nova; and/or

• alterations or effects extending beyond 2 km from either of the GBS and drill centre tie-back.

Statistical analyses for the Hebron program and data screening incorporating results from the PetroTox risk assessment for PureDrill IA35-LV are described in Appendix B. An examination of statistical power for the proposed EEM program based on variance components estimated from the Hebron Environmental Characterization Survey is provided in Appendix E in EMCP (2016b). Power analysis was conducted for barium and >C10-C21 hydrocarbons, since they have been the most consistent markers of the presence of muds in

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sediments for existing EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore (Section 4.3). The power analysis demonstrated that the proposed statistical design has adequate power (>0.950) to detect a significant difference in sediment barium concentrations within 2 km of the Hebron GBS or drill centre tie-back and extending to just less than 4 km, based on the current number (n = 36) and distribution of samples. Similarly, the current number and distribution of sample stations has adequate power (>0.90) to detect a significant difference in >C10-C21 hydrocarbon concentrations within the expected zone of influence of 2 km of either of the Hebron Platform or Hebron drill centre and extending to just less than 4 km (0.77).

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Figure 5-2 Tentative Hebron EEM Sediment Sampling Locations Note: Station Coordinates provided in Appendix C.

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Figure 5-3 Cutting Deposition Model Results Following Platform Drilling of 52 well (8-km view) with sediment sampling stations overlaid.

Note: Station Coordinates provided in Appendix C.

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In addition to the above, the Hebron EEM design is intended to permit the addition, removal, or relocation of sampling stations in response to the operational and statistical requirements. The need for continued sampling of proposed primary or secondary EEM stations will be re-evaluated based on EEM results. Conversely, if results show that project-related change extends to the most distant secondary station sampled on a given radius, the survey grid will be expanded.

5.1.4 General Sampling Methods Sediment samples will be collected using a corer capable of mechanically collecting 0.1 m² of sediment. Before sample collection, sediment redox potential and temperature will be measured on each sediment core and a photograph of the core surface will be taken. All chemical samples for each station will be collected from the same core (except where field replicates are required; see below). If rocks or boulders prevent the collection of sufficient sediment for all tests, that core will be rejected and another core will be collected. Sediment samples for particle size and chemistry will be collected from the top 3 cm of the core. Sediment samples for toxicity will be collected from the top 7.5 cm of the first core. Sediment samples for benthic community analyses will be collected from the top 15 cm of the second core.

Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) applied for sediment collection will include: preparation of survey plan; use of equipment checklists; calibrated sampling, storage and analytical equipment; clean sampling areas and tools; proper storage conditions for various analytes; collection of chemistry field blanks and QA field duplicates for chemistry and particle size at 15% of stations; completion of data logs; proper labelling of all sample containers; photographs of all cores before subsampling; completed chain of custody forms for shipping of samples to the various laboratories or experts; proper shipping containers and conditions; and preparation of a survey report.

5.1.5 General Laboratory Analysis Sediment particle size will be determined by the pipette method (BS 1377: 1990: Part 2 - Methods of Tests for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes: Classification Tests) and reported as percent content of gravel, sand, silt and clay.

Volatile petroleum hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX)) and total extractable hydrocarbons will be analyzed following the latest version of Atlantic Risk-Based Corrective Action Guidelines for Laboratories. PAHs will be quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy.

Carbon content will be quantified using a LECO induction furnace with infrared detection.

Most metals will be quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Mercury will be quantified using Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.

Ammonia and sulphide will be quantified using an automated colorimetric analyzer. In addition, the methods of Hargrave et al. (1995) will be used to measure redox and sulphide.

The amphipod toxicity test will be performed according to the Environment Canada's latest reference method (currently Environment Canada 1998). Toxicity for the amphipod test will

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be assessed relative to laboratory controls and with reference to the most distant stations (which will act as reference stations for this test).

Benthic community samples will be collected and processed in accordance with the Standard Methods 10200 (APHA, 1995). Samples will be preserved in 11L buckets with 10% buffered formalin, then sieved with a 0.5 mm mesh screen for benthic community analysis to the lowest taxonomic confirmed taxonomic level.

Laboratories or consultants used to perform analyses will have recognized expertise or methods in the field with an acceptable quality assurance/ quality control program. Where applicable, analytical laboratories will be accredited to ISO/IEC 17025:2005 by a recognized accrediting body, such as the Standards Council of Canada or the Canadian Association for Laboratory Accreditation. The detection levels will be as low as practically possible.

5.2 Water Quality Component Water quality monitoring at Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose examine potential project-induced changes in seawater physical characteristics, seawater hydrocarbons and seawater metals. Project-induced changes to these variables have only been noted at Hibernia, where sampling is possible within 50 m of the platform.

All three monitoring programs in the Newfoundland offshore are currently geared toward assessing the potential effects of produced water and validating whole-effluent or constituent-based produced water dispersion models. As such, each program relies on a chemical characterization of produced water constituents to assess field results and/or better target sampling. Given that produced water is not yet being released, such a characterization is not possible at the moment.

Water sampling will commence when the produced water is continuous. Water sampling will be conducted along three radii from the produced water discharge point: directly in line with the discharge point projecting out from the GBS, one projecting perpendicular to the east of the discharge point, and the third projecting perpendicular to the west of the discharge point (Figure 5-4). Samples will be collected at three distances from the discharge point along each of these radii: <50 m, 100m and 500m at three depths (below surface, mid depth, and ~10 m above bottom). The actual depths sampled will be determined during the field program based on CTD profiles to best capture the plume extent (i.e., sharp reduction in dissolved oxygen and pH anomaly).In addition to complimentary sampling from the reference areas. Please refer to CSR Section 3.3.2 for context of distance selection.

Parameters for monitoring (depth profiles) will include salinity and temperature; parameters for sampling include hydrocarbons and metals. These parameters and station locations will be reviewed once the produced water stream is fully characterized.

The analytical methods will be suitable for marine environments and will be performed by Standards Council of Canada (SCC) accredited labs with detection levels as low as practically possible.

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Figure 5-4 Proposed water sampling stations surrounding Hebron GBS produced water

discharge point (outfall at 85 m depth). Samples will be collected from surface, mid-depth and ~10 m off bottom.

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5.3 Commercial Fish Component

5.3.1 Monitoring Variables As noted above, American plaice are monitored in all three EEM programs in the Newfoundland offshore. In addition to this, Iceland scallop are monitored at Terra Nova and snow crab are monitored at White Rose. These three species were originally considered for the Hebron EEM program.

From June 2 to 27, 2015, EMCP undertook several surveys of potential fisheries resources for EEM at the Hebron GBS location, at the planned location of the drill centre tie-back and in two reference areas (Figure 5-5). A Campelen trawl was used to catch a variety of species. A scallop dredge was used to specifically target Iceland scallop. Catch details are provided in EMCP (2016c). Of the commercial species caught using the Campelen trawl, American plaice was present in sufficient numbers in all areas to qualify as a monitoring species. Iceland scallop was caught at the planned location of the drill centre tie-back and its associated reference area. However, only one Iceland scallop was caught using the dredge at the Hebron location. Therefore, this species is not included in the Hebron EEM Plan.

American plaice will be examined to assess overall health and uptake of project discharges in tissues (fillet and liver). As is the case in other EEM programs, body burden will be used as a supporting variable for other tests on American plaice. Metals will be measured as some have the potential to bioaccumulate and metals can be toxic in high concentrations. Among the metals, barium is a marker for drilling fluids. >C10-C21 will be assessed because it is a marker for synthetic-based drilling fluids. Total petroleum hydrocarbons, PAHs and alkyl PAHs will be measured as some of these can be toxic, and they have the potential to cause taint.

Percent fat and moisture, and morphometrics (fish length, weight (whole and gutted), sex, maturity, liver weight and gonad weight) will be measured to support interpretation of body burden results as well as other tests on plaice.

Taste tests will be performed on edible tissue (fillet) to assess potential tainting of the resource.

Fish health assessment, including biomarkers, will be performed; these are measured at other Newfoundland offshore developments, and elsewhere (see Section 4).

A summary graphic of primary and supporting variables for the commercial fish component of the Hebron EEM program is provided in Figure 5-6.

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Figure 5-5 Location of Fisheries Resource Sampling Areas During the Hebron Baseline Characterization Program using Scallop Dredge (top) and Campelen Trawl (bottom)

Primary Variables Supporting VariablesVariable Type

Body Burden (metals and hydrocarbons)

Percent Fat

Percent Moisture

Triangle Test

Hedonic Scaling Test

Taste Tests

Health Indicators Biomarkers

General Health Assessment (e.g., condition, weight, etc.)

Figure 5-6 Primary and Supporting Monitoring Variables for the Commercial Fish Component of the Hebron EEM Program

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5.3.2 Commercial Fish Monitoring Hypotheses Generic monitoring hypotheses for the commercial fish component are:

• H0: Approved solid and liquid project discharges from Hebron’s production and drilling operations will not result in taint of American plaice resources at the Hebron Project area relative to Reference Area(s), as measured using taste panels.

• H0: Approved solid and liquid project discharges from Hebron’s production and drilling operations will not result in adverse effects to American plaice health at the Hebron Project area relative to Reference Area(s), as measured through assessment of biomarkers and general health indices.

5.3.3 Sampling Locations As was done in the Environmental Characterization survey, the commercial fish component of the Hebron EEM program will follow a control-impact design (Section 4.4 and Appendix B). Until development drilling begins at the drill centre tie-back, the focus of the survey will be on the Hebron GBS. Trawls will be collected near the Hebron GBS and at a Reference Area shared with Hibernia (EMCP 2016b). Examination of sediment characteristics and benthos at the Reference Area originally proposed for the Hebron GBS indicated that the area was dissimilar to that of the Hebron GBS (EMCP 2016a). The sediment characteristics between the Hebron GBS and the Hibernia Reference Area are similar.

Fish sampling will be delayed at the drill centre tie-back as no pathway of effect will be in place for that secondary facility. Baseline collections have been completed in advance in the unlikely event that spill-over effects from the drill centre alter the baseline condition of the tie-back facility.

With regards to the range of plaice, studies of plaice movements and distribution are limited but suggest that while plaice move seasonally (Morgan and Brodie 1991),tagged individuals on the Grand Bank are generally not found beyond 48 km from their release site (Pitt 1969). The reference area is 80 km from the platform. Given the observations of plaice movement documented by Pitt (1969), the spatial range of fish interacting with the platform drilling very likely includes the drill centre tie-back area and therefore the sampled fish from the current surveying around the platform would be expected to capture any changes in the interim.

5.3.4 General Sampling As is the case for the Terra Nova and White Rose programs, American plaice will be collected opportunistically (rather than at set transects) within each area. The number of transects required will not be fixed and, in the Study Area, efforts will be made to distribute transects evenly around the GBS. Sufficient tissue will be collected to generate a minimum of five tissue composites (liver and top fillet) per area for body burden analysis, each with a minimum of 10 fish; a minimum of 1,500 g of bottom fillet per area for taste test analyses; and a minimum of 50 fish per area for fish health analyses. For body burden composites, if ten fish are not obtained from any one transect, then fish from two or more transects will be combined to generate one composite. Conversely, catch from a single transect will not be used to generate more than one body burden composite.

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Each sampling transect will be described by start and end points. Positions for actual start and end points will be fixed and logged. These points will be entered as way points on the ship’s positioning system and the fishing captain will navigate using range and bearing to the end point. As much as is feasible, trawl duration will be adjusted to maximize sample distribution while still obtaining required numbers. Fifteen-minute trawls have been the norm for the existing Grand Banks commercial fish surveys over the years, except when numbers were low.

Onboard measurements on American plaice will include length, weight (whole and gutted), sex, maturity, liver weight and gonad weight.

QA/QC applied during the commercial fish collection will include the same general processes and procedures as used in the sediment survey (e.g., data logs will be used, but with different information recorded). One key difference is the use of personnel specifically trained in the handling and processing of fish. As the commercial fish survey is conducted independently from of the sediment and water survey, a separate survey plan and report will be prepared.

5.3.5 General Laboratory Analysis As much as feasible, the same individual fish will be used in all tests. This can be achieved if bottom fillets are used for body burden, top fillets are used for taste tests, and fish livers are split in half with one half used for body burden analysis and the other half used for fish health analysis. A minimum fish length of 30 cm is recommended to allow sufficient liver tissue for body burden and fish health analyses (liver weight is proportional to fish length).

Fillet and liver tissue body burden analyses will be reported as wet weight. Chemistry analysis methods for tissues generally are the same as sediments (Section 5.1.5). Volatile petroleum hydrocarbons (BTEX) and total petroleum hydrocarbons will be analyzed following the latest version of Atlantic Risk-Based Corrective Action Guidelines for Laboratories. PAHs and alkyl PAHs will be quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Percent fat will be analyzed using the latest reference method (currently AOAC948.15).

Samples for taste tests will be delivered frozen to the testing facility. The tests will be done using taste panels following the triangle and hedonic scaling procedures (Larmond 1977; Botta 1994). Frozen samples will be thawed for 24 hours at 2°C. Fillets from each Area will be homogenized, allocated to either the triangle taste test or the hedonic scaling test, cooked and served to panelists.

Fish health assessment will included counts of external and internal lesions, presence of parasites, examination of condition indices, aging structure analysis, liver mixed function oxygenase (MFO) induction, and a variety of liver and gill tissue (histopathology) indices. MFO induction will be measured according to the method of Pohl and Fouts (1980), as modified by Porter et al. (1989). Histopathology will follow standard methods (Lynch et al. 1969).

As was the case for sediments, laboratories or consultants used to perform analyses will have recognized expertise or methods in the field with an acceptable QA/QC program (see Section 5.1.5 for details).

The analytical methods will be suitable for marine environments and will be performed by Standards Council of Canada (SCC) accredited labs with detection levels as low as practically possible.

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5.4 Implementation Frequency The sediment and commercial fish components of the EEM program will be implemented every year for the first two years after the initiation of drilling. After this, and based on results, implementation frequency may decrease. Commercial fish sampling related to operations at the drill centre tie-back will begin after drilling commences at that drill centre. The water quality component of the EEM program will be implemented when the produced water release becomes continuous, at the frequency of the sediment and commercial fish components of the program. The commercial fish portion of the program will normally be implemented in Spring/Summer; the sediment and water quality portions of the program will normally be conducted in Summer/Fall (Table 5-1).

Although the EEM sampling is annual, there are other components of the Environmental Protection Plan that are more frequent and serve to complement the EEM dataset. As part of EMCP’s compliance monitoring plan, surveillance of produced water discharge volumes and concentrations are recorded daily. In addition, along with the EEM program in general, produced water testing parameters including oil, chemistry, metals, and toxicology are a component of Hebron’s overarching Environmental Protection Plan (EPP). This analysis of produced water will occur concurrently with the EEM Program. There are other components of the EPP (sampling and observations) that occur year round and serve to complement the EEM. The other EPP components provide a monitoring data time series that can provide useful insight into the interpretation of environmental effects monitoring (EEM) data. An EEM program examines short and long-term effects, if any, of platform operations on the surrounding marine ecosystem, whereas the other EPP components monitor overboard discharges, (i.e., end-of-pipe). For example, a sheen report will be submitted when sheens are observed and are known to be originating from an authorized release such as produced water.

Table 5-1 Hebron EEM Monitoring Schedule

Year Sediment Quality

Commercial Fish Water Quality

2015 Xa X 2016 Xa 2018 X X Xb 2019 X X Xb 2020 X X Xb 2022 X X Xb

aEnvironmental Characterization Surveys to collect baseline data prior to construction bWater Quality monitoring will be scheduled once produced water becomes continuous

Other adaptions to the EEM program may also be considered as the Hebron field matures. One variant may include proposing a reduction in sampling and reporting frequency for specific components of the program if a low rate of change is observed after multiple EEM programs. For example, the Metal Mining Effluent Regulations and the design of a national EEM program for metal mining requires EEM sampling to be conducted on 36-month cycles (Environment Canada 2012). For biological monitoring studies, if the two previous

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consecutive studies to assess effects to fish, fish tissue, and benthos found no effects, proponents may submit the next interpretive report in 72 months as opposed to the normal 36 months (Environment Canada 2012).

A similar approach is proposed for the Hebron EEM program. For example, upon confirmation of a low rate of change to sediment quality and/or commercial fish components after two such previous determinations of no effect, those components should not be required to be studied in the next planned EEM sampling event. This modification to the EEM program should be considered after the first three annual surveys and dependent on anticipated discharge patterns. Any changes to the EEM Program would be subject to approval.

5.5 Reporting A program report will be submitted to the C-NLOPB no later than three months prior to the next year’s field program. The EEM program report will contain the following basic elements:

• Executive Summary

• Introduction: project description, CSR predictions, EEM Program objectives, monitoring (null) hypotheses

• Project Discharges

• Results: analysis results, with raw data in Appendices

• Discussion: discussion of results relative to previous years, other EEM programs and available literature information

• Conclusions: Summary of project-effects relative to monitoring hypotheses, established monitoring thresholds (where applicable) and CSR predictions; and

• Recommendations: identification of opportunities for improvement.

6.0 CONSULTATIONS As part of the development of Hebron’s EEM plan, EMCP has had numerous communications including meetings, public sessions and written correspondence with interested individuals, groups and agencies related to the potential environmental effects of the Hebron Project and the most suitable methods to monitor those potential effects.

For engagement related to discussions with regulatory agencies, initial discussions with C-NLOPB on October 26 of 2015 were proceeded by a C-NLOPB organized follow-up meeting with the other relevant regulatory authorities including DFO, NL Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, and Environment and Climate Change Canada on November 19, 2015.

In addition, fisheries stakeholder have been engaged in the EEM planning. During the annual EA update discussions, EMCP also presented the fishers with information on the initial EEM sampling design and asked them if they require additional information or have additional input into the EEM design. The groups included the following:

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• Association of Seafood Producers (ASP) - January 16, 2017

• Ocean Choice International (OCI) - January 16, 2017

• Fish, Food and Allied Workers Union (FAW-Unifor) - February 3, 2017

• One Ocean - March 1, 2017

To date, these groups have not asked for additional information or provided any further input relating to the EEM. In addition, EMCP will continue to engage these organizations via One Ocean as the Hebron Project transitions into operations.

Other key stakeholder groups were engaged including:

• Nature NL

• Alder Institute

• Dr. William (Bill) Montevecchi, University Research Professor, Memorial University of Newfoundland

• NL Environmental Association

• Dr. Gail Fraser, Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University

These groups were contacted because of their role in the local conservation and environmental efforts as well as their previous involvement in the Hebron Public review process. The EEM summary document was submitted to these groups June 1, 2017 with a 30 day timeline to respond with comments. Those responses were incorporated into the design where appropriate.

All of these outreach efforts have worked towards developing a robust sampling program that will increase the likelihood of any project-related effects being detected.

7.0 SUMMARY Key points about the proposed Hebron EEM program are:

• A review of the CSR and EA Amendment to ensure that the EEM is designed to validate the predictions that are relevant to effects related to marine discharges;

• The proposed Hebron EEM program benefitted from knowledge gained through the EEM programs of other oil operations in the Newfoundland offshore.

• Through project design, efforts were made to eliminate or minimize major waste stream discharges, particularly SBM-cuttings re-injection and potential produced water re-injection.

• Results of the EEM Program will be used as a component of EMCP's Environmental Protection Plan (EMCP 2017c). The EEM Program will provide EMCP with the necessary information to make project-related decisions that will further reduce effects on the marine receiving environment.

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Table 7-1 summarizes initial parameters to be measured as part of the Hebron EEM sediment program, Table 7-2 summarizes the water sampling parameters and Table 7-3 provides the same for the commercial fish program. Initial sampling effort is provided in Table 7-4. This document will be revised to include commercial fish sampling and additional water sampling related to the drill centre tie-back after drilling operations begin at that drill centre.

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Table 7-1 Initial Monitoring Variables for Sediment Quality Component of the Hebron EEM Program

Variable Type Sediment Quality Component

Specific Constituents

Physical and Chemical

General Sediment Particle Size Sulphur Sulphide Redox

Organic Carbon Ammonia

Metals Arsenic Barium Cadmium Chromium Copper

Iron Lead Manganese Mercury Selenium Zinc

Hydrocarbons Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (C6 - C32) C10-C21 (Fuel Range) C21-C32 (Lube Range)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene Benz(a)anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Benzo(j)fluoranthene

Benzo(k)fluoranthene Chrysene Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Fluoranthene Fluorene Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Naphthalene Perylene Phenanthrene Pyrene

Biological Toxicity Amphipod Toxicity for all stations ≤ 500m from platform

Amphipod Toxicity for any other stations above Petrotox Sediment Quality Guideline (≥150 mg/kg)

Benthic Community Benthic community analysis of invertebrate taxa at all sediment sampling stations

Table 7-2 List of parameters to be included in the initial water sampling

Water Quality Parameters

BTEX

C6-C10,>C10-C21, >C21-C32

Metals

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons

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Table 7-3 Initial Monitoring Variables for the Commercial Fish Component of the Hebron EEM Program

Variable Type Component Specific Constituents Sensory

Evaluation Taste Tests Triangle Test

Hedonic Scaling Test

Fish Health General Total body weight Gutted body weight Length Liver weight Gonad weight Lipid and Moisture Content

Age/sex Condition index (gutted weight) Hepato-somatic index Gonado-somatic index

Stress Enzyme Activity Mixed Function Oxidase (MFO)

Gill Histopathology Epithelial lifting Hyperplasia (basal, distal, and tip) Telangiectasis Fusion

Thin lamellae Oedema condition

Liver Histopathology Nonspecific necrosis Nuclear pleomorphism Megalocytic hepatosis Eosinophilic foci Basophilic foci Clear cell foci Hepatocellular carcinoma

Cholangioma Cholangiofibrosis Mitotic activity increase Macrophage aggregates Hydropic vacuolation Hepatocellular vacuolation

Haemotology Lymphocytes Neutrophils Thrombocytes

Body Burden Metals Arsenic Barium Cadmium Chromium Copper

Iron Lead Manganese Mercury Selenium Zinc

Hydrocarbons Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (C6 - C32) C10-C21 (Fuel Range) C21-C32 (Lube Range)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene Benz(a)anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Benzo(j)fluoranthene

Benzo(k)fluoranthene Chrysene Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Fluoranthene Fluorene Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Naphthalene Perylene Phenanthrene Pyrene

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Table 7-4 Initial Sampling Effort

EEM Component Sample Type Number

Sediment Primary Stations 28

Secondary Stations 8

Sediment Cores per Station 1

Chemistry and toxicity samples per station 1

Commercial Fish Study Area 1

Reference Area 1

Body Burden composites per Area (liver and top fillet) 10

Taste Test Tissue Weight per Area 1,500 g

Fish for Health Assessment per Area 50

Three adaptive strategies for the Hebron EEM program have been proposed above:

• design modifications to accommodate operational changes;

• addition/removal of sediment stations (Section 5.1.3) and;

• modifications to reporting frequency (Section 5.4; to be considered as the Hebron field matures).

A summary of EMCP's re-evaluation process is provided in Figure 7-1. After each implementation cycle, recommendations on program modifications will be included in the discussion section of EEM reports (Section 4.5). Recommendations made by EMCP will be vetted by the regulatory community to assure general agreement before any modifications is implemented.

Approved Initial EEM

DesignReporting

Approved Design

Changes2

Operational ChangesPW rate estimate schedule

Updates on feasibility of PW ReinjectionChanges to Drill Mud Estimates

EEM ResultsSediment quality result within/outside of baseline

range1

Potential project effect (yes/no)Alteration or effect to sediment quality variable(s)

within/outside 2 kmField

ProgramsInitial Field Program

Figure 7-1 Re-evaluation Process for the Hebron EEM Program

Notes: 1Except for >C10-C21, as a component of TPH (see Appendix B) 2Design changes could include station addition/deletion, postponed field monitoring and/or addition of a new EEM component. See Sections 5.1.3, 5.3 and 5.4 for details.

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8.0 REFERENCES AMEC Earth and Environmental, Limited. 2010. Drill Cuttings Deposition and Produced

Waters and Storage Displacement Water Dispersion for Modelling for the Hebron Project. Prepared for Stantec Consulting Ltd., St. John’s, NL. v + 59 pp. + Appendices.

Bakke, T., J. Klungsøyr and S. Sanni. 2013. Environmental impacts of produced water and drilling waste discharges from the Norwegian offshore petroleum industry. Mar. Environ. Res., 92: 154-169.

Bellec, V., M. Dolan, R. Boe, L. Rise, D. Ottesen, T. Thorsnes, L. Buhl-Mortensen and P. Buhl-Mortensen. 2008. Sediment dynamics and distribution on the Norwegian continental shelf between the Lofoten Islands and the southern Barents Sea. Abstract, 33rd International Geological Congress, August 6-14th, 2008, Oslo, Norway. Available at: http://www.cprm.gov.br/33IGC/1338800.html

Botta, J.R. 1994. Sensory evaluation of tainted aquatic resources. In: J.W. Kiceniuk and S. Ray (eds.). Analysis of Contaminants in Edible Aquatic Resources. VCH Publishers, New York, NY. 551 pp.

Betini, G.S., Avgar, T. & Fryxell, J. M. (2017). Why are we not evaluating multiple competing hypotheses in ecology and evolution? Royal Society Open Science. 4: 160756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160756

Bolker, B. M., Brooks, M. E., Clark, C. J., Geange, S. W., Poulsen, J. R., Stevens, M. H. H., & White, J. S. S. (2008). Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in ecology & evolution, 24(3), 127-135.

Chapman, P.M., R.N. Dexter, H.A. Anderson and E.A. Power. 1991. Evaluation of effects associated with an oil platform, using the Sediment Quality Triad. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 10: 407-424.

C-NLOPB (Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board). 2006. Development Plan Guidelines. ii + 60 pp.

C-NLOPB (Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board). 2012. Hebron Development Application: Decision Report 2012.01. 6 pp.

DeBlois, E.M., E. Tracy, G.G. Janes, R.D. Crowley, T.A. Wells, U.P., Williams, M.D. Paine, A. Mathieu and B.W. Kilgour. 2014a. Environmental Effects Monitoring at the Terra Nova Offshore oil development (Newfoundland, Canada): Program Design and Overview. Deep-Sea Res. II, 110: 4-12.

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Hebron Offshore Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Plan

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DeBlois, E.M., J.W. Kiceniuk, M.D. Paine, B.W. Kilgour, E. Tracy, R.D. Crowley, U.P. Williams and G.G. Janes 2014b. Examination of Body Burden and Taint for Iceland Scallop (Chlamys islandica) and American Plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) Near the Terra Nova Offshore Oil Development Over Ten Years of Drilling on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada. Deep-Sea Res. II, 110: 65-83.

Ellis, J. and D. Schneider. 1997. Evaluation of a gradient sampling design for environmental impact assessment. Environ. Monit. Assess., 48: 1-16.

Ellis, J.I., G. Fraser and J. Russell. 2012. Discharge of drilling waste from oil and gas platforms and its effects on benthic communities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 456: 285-302.

EMCP (ExxonMobil Canada Properties). 2004. Sable Offshore Energy Project: 2003 Annual Report - Offshore Environmental Effects Monitoring Program. Report prepared by Jacques Whitford Environment Limited for ExxonMobil Canada Properties Limited, Halifax, NS. vi + 48 pp. + Appendices.

EMCP (ExxonMobil Canada Properties). 2011a. Hebron Project Comprehensive Study Report. Submitted to the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board, St. John’s, NL.

EMCP (ExxonMobil Canada Properties). 2011b. Hebron Project Development Plan. Submitted to the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board, St. John’s, NL.

EMCP (ExxonMobil Canada Properties). 2016a. Hebron Environmental Characterization: 2014 Physical (Sediment and Water) Survey – Report to inform EEM Plan: Results and Analysis. EMCP Document CAHE-EC-OOREF-01-006-5012-000. 79 pp.

EMCP (ExxonMobil Canada Properties). 2016b. Hebron Environmental Characterization: 2015 Biological (commercial fish) Survey - Report to Inform EEM Plan: Results and Analysis. EMCP Document CAHE-EC-OOREF-01-006-5014-000. 99 pp.

EMCP (ExxonMobil Canada Properties). 2017b. Hebron Project Environmental Protection Plan for Drilling and Production Operations. EMCP Document CAHE-EC-OOREF-01-006-5004-000.

EMCP (ExxonMobil Canada Properties). 2017c. Hebron Project Environmental Compliance Monitoring Plan for Drilling and Production Operations. EMCP Document CAHE-EC-OOREF-01-006-5004-000. Environment Canada. 1998. Reference Method for Determining Acute Lethality of Sediment to Marine or Estuarine Amphipods. Report EPS 1/RM/35. Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON.

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Environment Canada. 2010. 2010 Pulp and Paper Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Technical Guidance Document. Queen’s Printer, Ottawa, ON. 490 pp. Available at: http://www.ec.gc.ca/esee-eem/3E389BD4-E48E-4301-A740-171C7A887EE9/PP_full_versionENGLISH[1]-FINAL-2.0.pdf

Environment Canada. 2012. Metal Mining Technical Guidance for Environmental Effects Monitoring. Queen’s Printer, Ottawa, ON. 550 pp. Available at: https://ec.gc.ca/Publications/D175537B-24E3-46E8-9BB4-C3B0D0DA806D/COM-1434---Tec-Guide-for-Metal-Mining-Env-Effects-Monitoring_En_02.pdf

Gerrard, S., A. Grant, R. Marsh and C. London. 1999. Drill Cuttings Piles in the North Sea: Management Options During Platform Decommissioning. Centre for Environmental Risk Research Report No. 31. Available at: http://www.uea.ac.uk/~e130/cuttings.pdf

GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection). 1977. Impact of Oil on the Marine Environment. FAO Reports and Studies No. 6: 261 pp. Available at: http://www.gesamp.org/data/gesamp/files/media/ Publications/Reports_and_studies_06/gallery_1222/object_1223_large.pdf

GESAMP (United Nations Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection). 1993. Impact of Oil and Related Chemicals and Wastes on the Marine Environment. Reports and Studies. GESAMP No. 50: 180 pp.

Glickman, A., J. Mine, I. Nilssen, E. Lystad, A. Findlay and M. Buffagni. 2012. Offshore environmental monitoring: Evolving approaches and technologies to support the oil and gas industry. SPE 156701: 5 pp.

Grant and Briggs, 2002. Toxicity of sediments from around a North Sea oil platform: are metals or hydrocarbons responsible for ecological impacts? Mar. Envir. Res. 53:95-116.

Green, R. 1979. Sampling Design and Statistical Methods for Environmental Biologists. Wiley, New York.

Green, R. 2005. Marine coastal monitoring: designing an effective offshore oil and gas environmental monitoring program. Pp. 373-397. In: S.L. Armsworthy, P.J. Cranford and K. Lee (ed.). Offshore Oil and Gas Environmental Effects Monitoring: Approaches And Technologies. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.

Hargrave, B. T., G. A. Phillips, I. Doucette, M. J. Whaite, T. G. Milligan, D. J. Wildish and R. E. Cranston. 1995. Biogeochemical Observations to Assess Benthic Impacts of Organic Enrichment From Marine Aquaculture in the Western Isles Region of the Bay of Fundy, 1994. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2062.

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Hebron Offshore Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Plan

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Hurley, G.V. and J. Ellis. 2004. Environmental Effects of Exploratory Drilling Offshore Canada: Environmental Effects Monitoring Data and Literature Review. Prepared for the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Regulatory Advisory Committee. 115 pp.

Johnson, J. B., & Omland, K. S. (2004). Model selection in ecology and evolution. Trends in ecology & evolution, 19(2), 101-108.

Kennicutt II, M.C., R.H. Green, P. Montagan and P.F. Roscigno. 1996. Gulf of Mexico offshore operations monitoring experiment (GOOMEX), Phase 1: Sublethal response to contaminant exposure - introduction and overview. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 53: 2540-2553.

Keough, M. and B. Mapstone. 1997. Designing environmental monitoring for pulp mills in Australia. Water Sci. and Technol., 35: 397-404.

Khelifa, C., M. Pahlow, A. Vezina, K. Lee and C. Hannah. 2003. Numerical investigation of impact of nutrient inputs from produced water on the marine planktonic community. Pp. 323-334. In: Proceedings of the 26th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Victoria, BC, June 10-12, 2003.

Larmond, E. 1977. Laboratory Methods for Sensory Evaluation of Foods. Department of Agriculture Publication 1637. Ottawa, ON.

Lee, K., S.L. Armsworthy, S.E., Cobanli, N.A. Cochrane, P.J. Cranford, A. Drozdowski, D, Hamoutene, C.G. Hannah, E. Kennedy, T. King, H. Niu, B.A. Law, Z. Li, T. G. Milligan, J. Neff, J.F. Paine, B.J. Robinson, R. Romero and T. Worcester. 2011. Consideration of the potential impacts on the marine environment associated with offshore petroleum exploration and development activities. Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc., 2011/060: 146 pp.

LGL 2017. Study of Seabird Attraction to the Hebron Production Platform: A Proposed Study Approach. Prepared for Hebron Project. St. John’s, NL. 31 pp. + Appendices.

Long, E.R. and P.M. Chapman. 1985. A Sediment Quality Triad: Measures of sediment contamination, toxicity and infaunal community composition in Puget Sound. Mar. Poll. Bull., 16: 405-415.

Lynch, M., S. Raphael, L. Mellor, P. Spare and M. Inwood. 1969. Medical Laboratory Technology and Clinical Pathology. Saunders (W.B.) Co. Ltd., Philadelphia, PA. 1359 pp.

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Maindonald, J. and W.J. Braun. 2010. Data Analysis and Graphics Using R: An Example Based Approach (Cambridge Series in Statistical and Probabilistic Mathematics), Third Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York. 552 pp.

Melton, H.R., J.P. Smith, H.L. Mairs, R.F. Bernier, E. Garland, A.H. Glickman, F.V. Jones, J.P. Ray, D. Thomas, A. Hess and J.A. Campbell. 2004. Environmental aspects of the use and disposal of non-aqueous drilling fluids associated with offshore oil and gas operations. SPE 86696: 10 pp.

Melton, H.R., J.P. Smith, C.R. Martin, T.J. Nedwed, H.L. Mairs and D.L. Raught. 2000. Offshore discharge of drilling fluids and cuttings – A scientific perspective on public policy. Rio Oil & Gas Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 16-19 October, 2000. 13 pp. Available at: http://www.anp.gov.br/brasil-rounds/round8/round8/guias_r8/ perfuracao_r8/Bibliografia/IBP44900.PDF.

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Morgan, M.J. and W.B. Brodie. 1991. Seasonal distribution of American plaice on the northern Grand Banks. Marine Ecology Progress Series 75: 101-107. National Energy Board, Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board and Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Board. 2010. Offshore Waste Treatment Guidelines. vi + 28 pp.

National Energy Board, Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board and Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Board. 2011. Environmental Protection Plan Guidelines. viii + 20 pp.

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Neff, J.M., A.D. Hart, J.P. Ray, J.M. Limia and T.W. Purcell. 2005. An assessment of seabed impacts of synthetic-based drilling mud cuttings in the Gulf of Mexico. SPE 94086: 15 pp.

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Neff, J.M., K. Lee and E.M. DeBlois. 2011. Produced water: Overview of composition, fates, and effects. In: K. Lee and J.M. Neff (eds.). Produced Water: Environmental Risks and Advances in Mitigation Technologies, Springer Press, NY. 608 pp.

OGP (International Association of Oil & Gas Producers). 2003. Environmental Aspects of the Use and Disposal of Non-aqueous Drilling Fluids Associated with Offshore Oil and Gas Operations. Report No. 342: vi + 104 pp. Available at: http://www.ogp.org.uk/pubs/342.pdf.

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Paine, M.D., E.M. DeBlois, B.W. Kilgour, E. Tracy, P. Pocklington, R. Crowley, U.P. Williams and G.G. Janes. 2014a. Effects of the Terra Nova Offshore Oil Development on Benthic Macroinvertebrates Over Ten Years of Development Drilling on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada. Deep Sea Res. II, 110: 38-64.

Paine, M.D., M.A. Skinner, B.W. Kilgour, E.M. DeBlois, E. Tracy. 2014b. Repeated-measures regression designs and analysis for environmental effects monitoring programs. Deep-Sea Res. II, 110: 84-91.

Pitt, K.T. 1969. Migrations of American plaice on the Grand Bank and in St. Mary’s Bay, 1954, 1959, and 1961. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 26: 1301-1319.Pohl, R.J. and J.R. Fouts. 1980. A rapid method for assaying the metabolism of &-ethoxyresorufin by microsomal subcellular fractions. Analyt. Biochem., 107: 150-155.

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Hebron Offshore Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Plan

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Stantec Consulting Ltd. 2013. Development of a Marine Sediment Quality Guideline for Puredrill IA-35. Prepared for Hibernia Management and Development Company Limited, St. John’s, NL. ii + 15 pp.

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APPENDIX A - PUREDRILL IA35-LV FACT SHEET

Page 60: HEBRON PROJECT Hebron Offshore Environmental Effects ... · Petroleum Board, ExxonMobil Canada Properties (EMCP) has developed an Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Program

PureDrill* IA-35LV Drilling Mud Base Fluid

Pure Like Water. Unmatched Performance.

Specially developed for offshore, ultra-deep, cold-water drilling operations, Petro-Canada’s PureDrill IA-35LV is a low viscosity synthetic isoalkane drilling mud base fluid. It’s ideal for operators who want to maximize overall drilling productivity, while exercising the highest levels of environmental responsibility and worker health and safety.

Environmental, Health & Safety BenefitsPureDrill IA-35LV’s superiority starts with our pure, crystal-clear base fluid made from the patented HT purity process

combined with hydroisomerization. The result is a pure synthetic isoalkane drilling mud base fluid that’s clear like water, virtually non-toxic and environmentally-friendly. PureDrill IA-35LV meets the criteria of the United Kingdom’s

Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science for E Classification – the highest ranking achievable for offshore drilling mud fluids demonstrating the least environmental impact. Here are the advantages:

• Readily biodegradable

• Virtually non-toxic to humans, marine and wild life

• Approved for use offshore: Canadian East Coast

• Outstanding LC50 toxicity results

• Sheen free

• Meets the criteria for CEFAS E Classification (UK)

Facts about PureDrill IA-35LVPureDrill IA-35LV performance characteristics include:

• Low viscosity fluid provides enhanced low temperature fluidity in ultra-deep water drilling.

• Improved working conditions. PureDrill IA-35LV is odourless and is non-corrosive to skin and eyes.

• Reduced concerns about long-term environmental impact. On the sea floor, PureDrill IA-35LV’s excellent low temperature fluidity speeds dispersion to enhance its biodegradation.

• Reduced wear on equipment. PureDrill IA-35LV has a minimum impact on elastomers as it has a high aniline point and contains no polar compounds.

• It’s effective for use as a: - Heat string fluid - Diluent for liquid mud - Base gel fluid additives - Differential fluid - ROP Enhancer

Dependable Supply Today and Tomorrow • Delivery to where and when you need it

• Petro-Canada maintains inventories at its depots in Atlantic Canada

• Available only from Petro-Canada – one of the world’s most dependable producers of advanced fluids

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*Marque de commerce de Petro-Canada – Trademark.LUB 1482 (Rev. 06.10)

Health & SafetyTo obtain Material Safety Data Sheets, contact one of Petro-Canada’s TechData Info Lines. Our Customer Service Team is ready to respond quickly to any questions you may have.

Typical Performance Data

PROPERTY TEST METHOD PETRO-CAnADA PUREDRILL IA-35LV

Flash Point, °C ASTM D93 96

Hazardous Material Label Combustible Liquid (OSHA) No

Paraffin Content, weight % PCM 528 >99.9

BTEX, ppm Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene

<1<1<1<1

Polynuclear Aromatics, ppm HRMS EPA Method <10

Visual Pollution, Sheen No

Density @ 60°F (15°C), kg/L ASTM D4052 0.82

Viscosity, cSt @ 104°F (40°C) ASTM D445 2.6

Colour ASTM D1500 <1 Water White

Aniline Point, °F (°C) ASTM D611 180 (82)

Pour Point, °F (°C) ASTM D97 <-76 (<-60)

Base Oil Toxicological Summary

Trout Toxicity, % Mortality, 96 hour EPS 1/RM/13 0

Marine Amphipod Toxicity, LC50 mg/kg EPS 1/RM/26 1472

Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) OECD 305AE 2.85 (dry wt)

Microtox* EPS 1/RM/24 Pass

Biodegradability, % OECD 306 @ 28 days >60 (Readily Biodegradable)

Meets UK CEFAS Offshore “E” Classification Criteria Yes

Human Health & Safety

Meets USFDA White Oil Criteria Yes

Chemical Abstract Service Number (CAS #) 445411-73-4

Primary Dermal Irritation/Corrosion OECD 404 Dermal irritant but not corrosive

Acute Inhalation Toxicity, LC50 mg/L OECD 403 >5 mg/L

Mutagenicity Modified Ames Negative

Potential Carcinogenic Label No

The values quoted above are typical of normal production. They do not constitute a specification.*Microtox is a registered trademark of Microbics Corp.

PureDrill*

DrillingMudBaseFluids.The One That Saves You Money.

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Hebron Offshore Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Plan

Date: 18-JUL-2017 Document Control Number: CAHE-EC-OOREF-01-006-5010-000 Page: 60 of 61 Rev.: D0

APPENDIX B - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

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Acronym/Abbreviation List

SAMPLE LIST

AIC Akaike Information Criterion ANOVA analysis of variance ANCOVA analysis of covariance

CI control-impact DISTLM distance-based linear models EEM environmental effects monitoring

EMCP ExxonMobil Canada Properties GBS gravity-base structure nMDS non-metric multidimensional scaling RDL reportable detection limit

TPH total petroleum hydrocarbon

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Appendix B - TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 4

2.0 SEDIMENT QUALITY COMPONENT ................................................................. 4

2.1 Sediment Physical/Chemical Data .......................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Individual Year ........................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Multi-year ................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Toxicity ..................................................................................................................... 7

3.0 WATER QUALITY COMPONENT ...................................................................... 8

4.0 COMMERCIAL FISH COMPONENT ................................................................... 8

4.1 Individual Year ......................................................................................................... 8 4.1.1 Biological Characteristics ............................................................................................ 8 4.1.2 Body Burden .............................................................................................................. 8 4.1.3 Taste Tests ................................................................................................................ 9 4.1.4 Fish Health................................................................................................................. 9 4.2 Multi-year ................................................................................................................. 9

5.0 ADAPTIVE COMPONENT .................................................................................. 9

6.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 10

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1 Theoretical Threshold Relationships between Analyte Concentrations and Distance

from Source .....................................................................................................................6

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1.0 INTRODUCTION The following sections detail the statistical theory and specific analyses for the sediment quality and commercial fish components of the Hebron environmental effects monitoring (EEM) program. Statistical analyses are discussed in terms of intra-annual spatial trend detection and assessment of intra-annual trends in subsequent years. A flexible study design is proposed allowing for the modification of sampling efforts to expand or contract based on operational and scientific efficiency.

2.0 SEDIMENT QUALITY COMPONENT

2.1 Sediment Physical/Chemical Data

2.1.1 Individual Year Statistical analyses of the sediment quality component of the Hebron EEM program will generally follow the methodologies used for statistical analyses for sediment quality data collected during the Hebron environmental characterization program (EMCP2016b).

The first step in the analyses will be to conduct visual screenings of the sediment quality data. These screenings will be conducted to select chemical constituents for further analysis if:

• a suitable proportion of data values (75 percent or more) are above the reportable detection limit (RDL); or

• parameters are likely to be observed in the future from drilling operations or produced water releases (percent fines, >C10-C21 hydrocarbons1, >C21-C32 hydrocarbons, barium; EEM Design Document Section 4.1); or

• a suitable proportion of data values (75 percent or more) were not above the RDL, but a meaningful result may still be obtained if the analyte is one that could potentially be affected by the Hebron GBS, Hebron drill centre tie-back, Hebron exploration wells, or nearby Terra Nova operations (e.g., sulphides).

Both parametric and non-parametric statistics will be used to examine the data. For parametric analyses, all analyte concentrations less than the RDL will be set at ½ of the RDL for that particular analyte. All univariate data will be assumed to be independent and normality assumptions will be assessed by visual inspection of residual plots, density plots, and/or quantile-quantile plots. Homogeneity of variances will be assessed using Levene’s test and examination of residual plots (Zar 1999), and response variables will be transformed to meet these assumptions where required (Draper and Smith 1998). Outliers

1Results from the PetroTox risk assessment exercise for PureDrill IA35-LV undertaken for the Hibernia project (Stantec 2013) will be used as a screening for >C10-C21 hydrocarbons. That exercise indicated a threshold for effects at TPH concentrations in sediments equal to or greater than 150 mg/kg. If no samples within 3 km of either the GBS or Pool 3 (once operational) have sediment TPH concentrations equal to or greater than 150 mg/kg, no further statistical comparisons of TPH will be implemented.

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will be assessed for ecological significance for potential removal from analyses. Analyses on such analytes will be conducted with and without these potential outliers and the results compared. If analyses result in no significant change (α = 0.05) to data interpretation, the outliers will be retained. If significant alterations to data interpretation occur, the statistical and biological significance of outlier removal will be discussed.

Spatial trends will be assessed as follows:

1. Maps of the layout of sampling stations will be plotted for analytes based on their likelihood being linked to the Project and/or the magnitude of concentrations; and the screening criteria outlined above. Colour thresholds will be used to display sampling stations that have analyte concentrations greater than two standard deviations (2 SD; approximating significance at α = 0.05) from the mean of environmental characterization program data (i.e., used as a proxy to identify individual stations outside of “background” variation; thereby indicating potential effects). The spatial plotting of such maps will permit initial qualitative assessment of any potential effects.

2. Non-parametric Spearman rank correlations will be calculated to assess the significance of the relationships with distance from the following locations:

a. Hebron GBS;

b. Hebron drill centre tie-back;

c. Hebron exploration wells (I45, I13, B75, D94, L55, M04, H71); and

d. Terra Nova Floating Production Storage Offloading facility.

3. Scatterplots of individual analytes that are significantly correlated with distance from the above locations will be visually assessed to examine the nature of these relationships. To assess effects of the Hebron development, specifically, distance from the GBS (GBS D) and distance from the potential drill centre tie-back (DC D) are relevant. Once both areas are actively drilling or producing, and based on experience from other EEM programs on the Grand Banks, the distance measure tested may be simplified into a single variable: minimum distance from the nearest active drilling area (Min D)2. For example, if a sampling station was located 2,000 m from the GBS and 250 m from the drill centre tie-back, the MinD value for this station would be 250 m, as this station would most likely be influenced by activities at the drill centre tie-back as opposed to the GBS. Particular emphasis will be placed on analytes shown to vary with distance from the Hebron GBS and/or drill centre tie-back, especially those found to decrease in concentration with increasing distance from these locations of interest (i.e., attenuation with distance). Scatterplots will also permit examination of potential explanatory variables that also correlate with distance.

4. Previous experience from offshore EEM programs in Newfoundland has demonstrated that distance relationships are not always solely linear, and may exhibit either an increasing trend with distance (e.g., redox potential) or a decreasing trend with distance (e.g., sediment metal concentrations),reaching a plateau within “background” conditions at a particular distance from the source (Appendix B) (Figure 2-1). In these

2An active drilling area is an area that has had development drilling activity at any time in the past.

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cases, threshold regression models (Toms and Lesperance 2003) best describe the relationship of sediment response variables with increasing distance (i.e., minimizes unexplained variance). When linear relationships exist, threshold models will be assessed relative to bivariate linear regression models to assess if the addition of a threshold significantly reduces unexplained variance.

Note: Dashed vertical line represents theoretical threshold distance from source at which analyte concentrations reach “background” levels.

Figure 2-1 Theoretical Threshold Relationships between Analyte Concentrations and Distance from Source

2.1.2 Multi-year Given the flexible study design proposed allowing for the modification of sampling efforts to expand or contract based on operational and scientific efficiency, the use of a repeated-measures design to assess temporal trends is not feasible. Other Grand Banks EEM programs have demonstrated the logistical and statistical complications of retaining dedicated sampling stations through time (Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board 2015).

Further, the statistical logic of repeated-measures designs centres on the lack of independence (temporal autocorrelation) of subjects sampled successively (i.e., quadrats, experimental plots, etc.). Considering the known patchy distribution of marine sediment analytes and invertebrate communities on spatial scales from singe metres to tens of metres (Morrisey et al. 1992) combined with the positional accuracy of offshore benthic sampling being within a 50 m radius of provided coordinates, it may not realistic to assume successive sediment samples are not independent. For these reasons, the Hibernia EEM program does not use a repeated-measures design and assumes temporal replicates are independent. That same statistical logic will be applied to the Hebron EEM program.

As a regression-based design is being followed, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) will be employed for multi-year comparisons for the Hebron EEM program. Spatial trends related to differences between the GBS and drill centre tie-back (factor “Location”; fixed) can also be incorporated into the linear model as a categorical predictor. Temporal trends in analyte

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response variables will be assessed relative to the continuous covariate MinD3. Time (“Year”) will be considered a categorical predictor in the linear model. The overall Year × MinD term will test for differences in distance gradients (i.e., regression slopes) among years (Quinn and Keough 2002)4. Such a statistical design will remove the influence of MinD on the response variable from the unexplained variability by regression analysis permitting the assessment of temporal changes among factor level means (Years) after being adjusted for the effect of the MinD covariate. This will allow discussion of project related trends relative to these field-wide changes that may be reflective of ecosystem-level variation.

Temporal variation in regression slopes and threshold distances estimated from regression models, if applicable, will be visually assessed through plots.

The addition of subsequent data for each sampling year will substantially increase statistical power. The combined effect of addition of another factor level to partition the total variance in the regression/ANCOVA linear model, the increase in sample size, and the resulting reduction in sampling variance will increase statistical power. After a certain point, the total number of stations sampled within a given year may be reduced (following the criteria outlined in Section 5.1.3 of the main report) as the number of years sampled becomes more influential in increasing the statistical power.

2.2 Toxicity All stations at or within 500m of the platform will have their sediments tested for amphipod toxicity. In addition, results from the PetroTox risk assessment exercise for PureDrill IA35-LV undertaken for the Hibernia project (Stantec 2013) will be used as a screening tool for toxicity testing. That exercise indicated a threshold for effects at total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations in sediments equal to or greater than 150 mg/kg. Samples with sediment TPH concentrations equal to or greater than 150 mg/kg outside 500m will also be tested for amphipod toxicity.

If employed, the determination of sediment toxicity to amphipods would be based on the comparison of data from sediment sampling sites relative to laboratory controls and with reference to the most distant stations. For the Hebron EEM Program, the stations most distal to each of the GBS and drill centre tie-back (≥3 km MinD) would be used as Reference Stations5.

While the raw data are reported as percent survival, the resulting toxicity determination is a binary variable (toxic vs. non-toxic). As such, these toxicity data follow a binomial distribution and, when a sufficient number of toxic responses occur, are best statistically analyzed using a class of generalized linear models known as logistic regression (Quinn and Keough 2002).

3MinD will be the appropriate covariate if multiple drill centres are active. During the period with only the GBS being active, the variables MinD and GBS D will be equivalent. 4 Due to the potential for a loss of information in combining distance measures with the MinD term, distances from the GBS and drill centre tie back will also be assessed for contributions to explained variance. 5 Station FL-3000 will not be included as a Reference Station due to its location in a sediment transitory zone (sand/gravel mix) between the GBS and drill centre tie-back.

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3.0 WATER QUALITY COMPONENT The Water Quality component of this program will use a multiple-Reference (Reference Areas consistent with the Hibernia EEM program (1-16000 and 7-16000) and multiple Study Locations (GBS and drill centre tie-back accordingly when developed) design. Boxplots of variables that occurred above laboratory detection limit in all or most cases will be generated for each Location. Values below detection limit will be set to ½ detection limit for plotting purposes and consistent with sediment chemistry analysis. Overall Location differences will be tested on frequently detected variables using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Depth and Location as factors for the ANOVA. If no significant Location x Depth interaction is detected, the ANOVA will be repeated excluding the Location x Depth interaction term from the model, with levels of significance for the factors Location and Depth reported as such. If overall Location differences are significant, then planned contrasts will be examined for Location versus Reference (e.g.; GBS and drill centre tie-back vs Reference Areas 1-16000 and 7-16000), as well as between References Locations (1-1600 and 7-16000), and between Locations (GBS vs. drill centre tie-back when developed). The method of analyses will be further informed according to the location of the produced water plume once produced water discharge is continuous and the position of sampling stations can be optimized for monitoring.

4.0 COMMERCIAL FISH COMPONENT

4.1 Individual Year With the exception of taste tests, the commercial fish component of the Hebron EEM program employs a Control-Impact design as its basis. Such Control-Impact (CI) designs are common in environmental monitoring programs (Underwood 1992; Keough and Mapstone 1997). The goal of these designs is to assess for potential environmental effects relative to representative Reference Area(s). Until development drilling begins at the drill centre tie-back, the focus of the survey will be on the Hebron GBS. Trawls will be collected near the Hebron GBS and a reference area shared with Hibernia (EMCP 2016c). Examination of sediment characteristics and benthos at the Reference Area originally proposed for the Hebron GBS indicated that the area was dissimilar to that of the Hebron GBS (EMCP 2016b). The sediment characteristics between the Hebron GBS and the Hibernia Reference Area are similar.

4.1.1 Biological Characteristics Biological characteristics (morphometrics) of American plaice will be assessed for spatial differences amongst Areas using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

If significant differences are detected amongst the reference and treatment areas, these differences will be accounted for in body burden analyses as covariates using ANCOVA.

4.1.2 Body Burden ANOVA (or ANCOVA if morphometrics differ among areas) will be used to assess spatial differences among Areas for body burden analytes. Statistical assumptions and treatment of outliers will be conducted as outlined in Section 2.1.

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4.1.3 Taste Tests Triangle tests and hedonic scaling tests will compare Study Area samples to Reference Area samples. The triangle test datum is the number of correct sample identifications over the number of panelists. This value is calculated and compared to specific values (Larmond 1977) to determine statistical significance. Hedonic scaling results will be analyzed using ANOVA and presented graphically in frequency histograms.

4.1.4 Fish Health Sex ratio and maturity stages will be compared using log-likelihood ratio tests (Quinn and Keough 2002). Size, age and condition variables for each sex will be compared among Areas via ANOVA or ANCOVA, as appropriate. Mixed function oxygenase (MFO) activity as well as haematological cell counts will be compared among Areas via ANOVA. Histopathology will be compared among Areas using log-likelihood ratio tests.

4.2 Multi-year Temporal analyses of plaice body burden data will be conducted using a two-way ANOVA (or ANCOVA, if appropriate) with the fixed factors Area and Year. With successive EEM sampling years, tests for trends in group means (e.g., linear, quadratic, or cubic) can be more informative than tests about specific differences amongst these same means (Quinn and Keough 2002). Trends will be tested as more data become available. Additionally, planned contrasts between pre-operational and operational sampling events will be conducted.

Statistical assumptions and treatment of outliers for all tests related to the fish component of the EEM program will be conducted as outlined in Section 2.1. If assumptions for parametric statistics cannot be met, non-parametric equivalents will be used.

5.0 ADAPTIVE COMPONENT Sediment sampling stations for this proposed EEM program (Section 5.1.3 of main report) were selected based on the results of the Hebron Environmental Characterization Survey (EMCP 2016b) and the desire to produce an efficient and flexible study design. The Hebron Environmental Characterization Survey (EMCP 2016b) intentionally sampled more stations than necessary for the Hebron EEM program so as to better assess any potential confounding variables or specific sites that were natural outliers relative to the whole field.

Given the potential to subsequently develop one or more drill centres that will be tied back to the GBS, there is an additional operational and logical necessity to be able to add, remove, or modify the location of the current sampling station grid for the Hebron EEM program.

To facilitate this flexibility, sampling stations (total n = 36) were arranged according to a gradient regression-based design (Figure 5-2 of main report). Primary sampling stations (n = 28) were arranged on radii to best assess potential effects around each of the GBS and drill centre tie-back individually, to a distance of 2 km from each. Secondary stations (n = 8) were incorporated with the goals of assessing and interpreting potential:

• interactions between the GBS and drill centre tie-back;

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• interactions with Terra Nova; and/or

• effects extending beyond the anticipated maximum zone of influence of 2 km from either of the GBS and drill centre tie-back.

In addition to the above, the Hebron EEM design is intended to permit the addition, removal, or relocation of sampling stations in response to the operational and statistical requirements. The need for continued sampling proposed primary or secondary EEM stations will be re-evaluated based on EEM results. In Section 5.1.3 of the main report, we propose a framework to objectively assess removal of stations.

Conversely, if results show project-related change beyond the extent of the most distant stations sampled, consideration should be given to the addition of stations to expand the survey grid.

As the Hebron field matures, another adaptive component would be to modify the required sampling/reporting frequency of specific components if previous surveys have found no effect. For example, the Metal Mining Effluent Regulations and the design of a national EEM program for metal mining requires EEM sampling to be conducted on 36-month cycles (Environment Canada 2015). For biological monitoring studies, if the two previous consecutive studies on fish and benthos found no alterations or effects, proponents may submit the next interpretive report in 72 months as opposed to the normal 36 months (Environment Canada 2015).

After drilling is reduced at Hebron, and especially if produced water is re-injected, a similar approach should be considered for the Hebron field.

6.0 REFERENCES Anderson, M.J., R.N. Gorley and K.R. Clarke. 2008. PERMANOVA + for PRIMER: Guide to

Software and Statistical Methods. PRIMER-E Ltd., Plymouth, UK.

Clarke, K.R. and R.M. Warwick. 2001. Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation, second ed. Primer-E, Plymouth, UK.

Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board. 2015. Environmental Project Reports. http://www.cnlopb.ca/environment/projects.php, accessed December 12, 2015.

Draper, N.R. and H. Smith. 1998. Applied Regression Analysis. Wiley, New York.

EMCP (ExxonMobil Canada Properties). 2016b. Hebron Environmental Characterization: 2014 Physical (Sediment and Water) Survey – Report to inform EEM Plan: Results and Analysis. EMCP Document CAHE-EC-OOREF-01-006-5012-000. 79 pp.

EMCP (ExxonMobil Canada Properties). 2016c. Hebron Environmental Characterization: 2015 Biological (commercial fish) Survey - Report to Inform EEM Plan: Results and Analysis. EMCP Document CAHE-EC-OOREF-01-006-5014-000. 99 pp.

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Keough, M., Mapstone, B. 1997.Designing environmental monitoring for pulp mills in Australia. Water Sci. Technol., 35: 397-404.

Larmond, E. 1977.Laboratory Methods for Sensory Evaluation of Foods. Department of Agriculture Publication 1637. Ottawa, ON.

Morrisey, D.J., L. Howitt, A.J Underwood and J.S. Stark. 1992. Spatial variation in soft-sediment benthos. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 81: 197-204.

Quinn G.P. and M.J. Keough. 2002. Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 537 pp.

Stantec Consulting Ltd. 2013. Development of a Marine Sediment Quality Guideline for Puredrill IA-35. Prepared for Hibernia Management and Development Company Limited, St. John’s, NL. ii + 15 pp.

Toms, J.D., and M.L. Lesperance. 2003. Piecewise regression: a tool for identifying ecological thresholds. Ecology, 84:2034-2041.

Underwood, A. 1992. Beyond BACI: the detection of environmental impacts on populations in the real, but variable, world. J. Exper. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 161: 145-178.

Zar, J.H. 1999. Biostatistical Analysis, 4 ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

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APPENDIX C - SAMPLE STATION COORDINATES

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Appendix C - Distance to GBS or Drill Centre Tie-back

Station ID Station Type Longitude (DMS) Latitude (DMS) Longitude (DD) Latitude (DD) Nearest Asset

2-1250 Primary Station -48° 24' 5.246" 46° 34' 40.288" -48.40145711 46.57785776 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

2-2000 Primary Station -48° 23' 33.465" 46° 34' 51.073" -48.39262929 46.58085354 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

2-6000 Secondary Station -48° 20' 45.401" 46° 35' 48.784" -48.34594467 46.59688444 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

4-1250 Primary Station -48° 29' 43.089" 46° 31' 58.713" -48.49530239 46.53297574 Hebron GBS

4-2000 Primary Station -48° 29' 37.173" 46° 31' 34.743" -48.49365921 46.52631756 Hebron GBS

4-250 Primary Station -48° 29' 51.114" 46° 32' 30.772" -48.49753172 46.54188105 Hebron GBS

4-4000 Secondary Station -48° 29' 21.348" 46° 30' 30.908" -48.48926332 46.50858546 Hebron GBS

4-750 Primary Station -48° 29' 47.173" 46° 32' 14.790" -48.49643695 46.53744171 Hebron GBS

6-1000 Primary Station -48° 30' 35.084" 46° 32' 24.275" -48.50974551 46.54007642 Hebron GBS

6-1500 Primary Station -48° 30' 55.942" 46° 32' 16.972" -48.51553942 46.53804781 Hebron GBS

6-3000 Secondary Station -48° 31' 58.996" 46° 31' 55.363" -48.53305441 46.53204535 Hebron GBS

6-500 Primary Station -48° 30' 14.088" 46° 32' 31.267" -48.50391339 46.54201859 Hebron GBS

6-6000 Secondary Station -48° 34' 5.075" 46° 31' 12.053" -48.56807645 46.52001474 Hebron GBS

8-1250 Primary Station -48° 30' 32.901" 46° 33' 8.329" -48.50913905 46.55231374 Offshore Loading System Flowline

8-2000 Primary Station -48° 30' 56.707" 46° 33' 26.319" -48.51575198 46.55731074 Offshore Loading System Flowline

8-250 Primary Station -48° 30' 1.054" 46° 32' 44.556" -48.50029278 46.54571009 Offshore Loading System Flowline

8-6000 Secondary Station -48° 33' 3.957" 46° 35' 1.435" -48.55109915 46.58373203 Offshore Loading System Flowline

8-750 Primary Station -48° 30' 16.930" 46° 32' 56.646" -48.50470275 46.54906846 Offshore Loading System Flowline

A-1000 Primary Station -48° 24' 43.070" 46° 34' 53.339" -48.41196384 46.58148312 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

A-1500 Primary Station -48° 24' 35.505" 46° 35' 8.676" -48.40986245 46.58574325 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

A-500 Primary Station -48° 24' 50.470" 46° 34' 37.985" -48.41401945 46.57721795 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

B-1250 Primary Station -48° 24' 2.174" 46° 34' 9.584" -48.40060399 46.56932901 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

B-250 Primary Station -48° 24' 46.724" 46° 34' 19.998" -48.41297881 46.57222177 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

B-3000 Secondary Station -48° 22' 44.447" 46° 33' 51.597" -48.37901304 46.56433246 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

B-750 Primary Station -48° 24' 24.428" 46° 34' 15.000" -48.40678566 46.57083343 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

C-1000 Primary Station -48° 25' 12.617" 46° 33' 51.815" -48.42017143 46.56439299 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

C-3000 Secondary Station -48° 25' 42.823" 46° 32' 50.571" -48.42856208 46.54738097 Drill Centre Tie-in Flowline

C-500 Primary Station -48° 25' 5.486" 46° 34' 7.195" -48.41819062 46.56866528 Drill Centre Tie-in Flowline

D-1250 Primary Station -48° 25' 53.211" 46° 34' 35.407" -48.4314474 46.57650196 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

D-250 Primary Station -48° 25' 8.911" 46° 34' 25.107" -48.41914183 46.57364095 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

D-750 Primary Station -48° 25' 31.055" 46° 34' 30.421" -48.42529308 46.57511695 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

FL-1000 Primary Station -48° 29' 6.129" 46° 32' 36.622" -48.48503573 46.543506 Drill Centre Tie-in Flowline

FL-1250 Primary Station -48° 25' 50.265" 46° 34' 4.272" -48.43062904 46.56785336 Drill Centre Tie-in Anchor Infrastructure

FL-1500 Primary Station -48° 28' 42.651" 46° 32' 41.933" -48.47851426 46.54498125 Drill Centre Tie-in Flowline

FL-3000 Secondary Station -48° 27' 58.826" 46° 33' 35.399" -48.46634066 46.55983317 Drill Centre Tie-in Flowline

FL-500 Primary Station -48° 29' 32.052" 46° 32' 45.943" -48.49223654 46.54609534 Drill Centre Tie-in Flowline

NAD 1983 UTM Zone 22N