Hebei Water Conservation Project II

Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,

Chinese Academy of Sciences

September 30, 2010

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 GENERALS ........................................................................................................................................1 

1.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................1 1.2 APPLICABLE EA REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS...........................................................................2 1.3 EIA CONTENT, ASSESSMENT KEY ASPECT, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION GOAL ..................3 1.4 ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES AND PLANING.......................................................................................4 

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................................6 

2.1 SITUATIONS.....................................................................................................................................6 2.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS ...................................................................................................................8 2.3 PROJECT ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................11 2.4 IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FACTORS................................................................13 

3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF PROJECT AREA ........................................................16 

3.1 GEOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................................16 3.1.1 TOPOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................16 3.2 SOCIO-ECONOMY..........................................................................................................................17 3.3 GENERALS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF WATER CONSERVANCY WORKS ........................................18 

4 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE....................................................................................................18 

4.1 POLLUTION SOURCES....................................................................................................................18 4.2 SOIL QUALITY...............................................................................................................................19 4.3 PRESENT SITUATION OF SURFACE WATER ENVIRONMENT QUALITY................................................20 4.4 PRESENT SITUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY .......................................................................20 4.5 PRESENT SITUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY .......................................................................21 4.6 PRESENT SITUATION OF SOUND ENVIRONMENT QUALITY .............................................................21 

5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT.............................................................................21 

5.1 PROJECT POSITIVE IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT.........................................................................21 5.2 IMPACT OF WATER SAVING IRRIGATION ON WATER UTILIZATION AND GROUNDWATER LEVEL .........22 5.3 IMPACT OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON SOIL AND WATER ENVIRONMENT......................................25 5.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION.......................................................................33 5.6 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT........................................................................................................34 

6 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS............................................................................................................36 

6.1 GENERAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WITH OR WITHOUT PROJECT...............................................36 6.2 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF IRRIGATION METHODS........................................................................36 

7 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS..................................................................................37 

7.1 PROJECT FINANCING .....................................................................................................................37 7.2 ECONOMIC BENEFIT ANALYSIS......................................................................................................38 7.3 SOCIAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS ...........................................................................................................38 7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS............................................................................................39 

8 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ...................................................................................40 

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8.1 GENERAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN...............................................................................40 8.2 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR DAMING COUNTY ...........................................................50 8.3 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SHE COUNTY..................................................................51 

9 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION .............................................................................................................54 

9.1 SURVEY OBJECTS AND METHOD ....................................................................................................54 9.2 SURVEY RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................55 

10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................................................57 

10.1 CONCLUSIONS OF CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION ASSESSMENT ......................................57 10.2 MAIN IMPACTS AND COUNTERMEASURES ....................................................................................57 10.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................................................................59 

ANNEX 1: GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT......................60 

ANNEX2 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN ...........................................................63 

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1 Generals

1.1 Background

China is an agricultural country with large populations and less cultivated lands which always restrict the development of the whole country. With the development of economy and the increase of populations, how to feed more than one billion population is always a matter of prime importance. China is also a country with frequent flood and drought disasters and short of water resources. Even though the total water resources volume takes the sixth place of the world, its per capita holding is only one fourth of that of the world level, making up the 110th place and was designated by the United Nations as one of the thirteen water lacking countries. Moreover, the limited water resources is distributed unevenly in terms of both space and time, which are more in the south and less in the north, more in the east and less in the west, more in summer and autumn and less in winter and spring. The composition of water and land resources is non-proportional. The water resources in North China where the land area constitutes 60% of the whole country accounts less than 20% of that of the whole country, and its seasonal and regional water shortage is very prominent. On the one hand, the water resources are very insufficent, and on the other hand, they are wasted seriously in agriculture sector. At present, the utilization factor of irrigation water in China is only 0.4, however, it can reach 0.8�0.9 in advanced countries, therefore, there are great potentials for water saving in agriculture in China. If the utilization factor of irrigation water in the constructed irrigated areas of China can be increased by 0.1�0.2, the annual water saving volume will reach 40�80 billion cubic meters calculated as 400 billion cubic meters water consumption in agriculture and this will play an important role in alleviating the contradictions between water resources supply and demand. At present, the water use efficiency of irrigation water in China is very low, the cereal production per cubic meter water can’t reach 1.0 kilogram which is less than 50% of that in developed countries. Developing water saving irrigation is an important way for increasing the utilization efficiency of irrigation water, the comprehensive agricultural productivity and farmer’s income and promoting the sustainable utilization of water resources and the sustainable development of agriculture, which is of great significance in water- lacking districts. In order to raise enough funds, the state planed to borrow loan from the World Bank to develop water saving irrigation projects in Hebei province, meanwhile, undertake the construction of agricultural modification projects.

1.1.1 Review of Hebei Water Conservation Project I

Hebei Water Conservation Project I, financed by the World Bank, covers a total 6 counties in two municipalities, Handan (Guantao, Feixiang, Linzhang, Chengan and She County), Shijiazhuang (Yuanshi county). The overall objectives of the project are

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� to increase the utilization factor of irrigation water; � to increase the capability of comprehensive production of agriculture and farmers’ income and � to promote the sustainable use of water resources and the sustainable development of agriculture. The report of the project shows its objectives were achieved:

· The water productivity of crop increased rapidly. The water productivity of wheat, maize, cotton, rice, ground vegetables, grape, fruit tree increased by 0.83, 1.01, 0.17, 0.55, 4.0, 9.47, 3.63, 3.53 on average.

· The income of farmers increased rapidly. The improving rate of annual income of 2001-2005 is between 9.5% 2001-2005 20.2%.

· water consumptation on the cultivated land reduced rapidly. The real water saving on the cultivated land in hebei province was 61.9mm.

· The objective of sustainable agricultural water management in the project areas was achieved . The dropping speed of the water table is relieved .

1.1.2 Compliance with Relevant Master Plan

Hebei Water Conservation Project II uses an integrated approach to support sustainable agricultural water management and irrigated agriculture development. It will finance three broad categories of water saving interventions: engineering (or physical) measures, agronomic measures, and management measures needed to achieve the project development objectives. The project Components is in compliacnce with the requirement of “The national water-saving irrigation plan” and “The Hebe integrated agriculture water-saving plan ”.

1.2 Applicable EA Regulations and Standards

(1) Some relevant laws and regulations of environmental protection “Environmental Impact Assessment Laws of PRC” (9th Sep. 2003) “Water Laws of PRC” (5th Sep. 1987) “Water Pollution Control Laws of PRC” (1th June 2008) No. (98) 253 of the State Council “Environmental Protection Rules for Construction Project” “Notice for Strengthening the Management of Environmental Impact Assessment in International Financial Organization Loan Project” 1993 324 issued by the State’s Environmental Protection Bureau, the Planning Commission, the Financial Ministry and the People’s Bank of China “The World Bank Operational Manual — Operation policies” OP4.01 ”“Instructions for Environmental Impact Assessment” (HJ/T 2.2~2.3-93) (2) Some relevant documents and reports The entrustment book of environmental impact assessment for the WB Financed Water Conservancy Project The Project Implementation Plan of the WB Financed Water Conservation Project II No. (2010) 630 of the state development and reform Committee“Reply of the project proposal of Water Conservation Project II”

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(3) Assessment standard

“Standard for Field Irrigation Water Quality” GB5084-92“Standard for Surface water quality”(GB3838-88)

“Standard for Groundwater Quality” (GB/T14848-93) “Standard for Soil Environment” (GB15618-95) The above standards can be carried out according to the zonation of environment role in different project areas (4) World Bank Safeguard Policies.

1.3 EIA Content, Assessment Key Aspect, and Environmental Protection Goal

1.3.1 EIA Content

•Environmental baseline •Impact of water resources utilization on water environment •Impact of pesticide and fertilizer on soil and water environment •Impacts in construction period •Impacts on social economic development •The public Consultation •Mitigation measures •Investment for environmental protection and profit analysis •EMP

1.3.2 Assessment scope and period

The construction scope of the project is the assessment scope, the assessment period is mainly the operation period of the project and brief assessment was made in the construction period of the project.

1.3.3 Assessment focal point

The project will mainly involve water body environment. It won’t have atmosphere and solid waste influence by and large except there are some on-site and periodic light machinery noises and dust. Therefore, the main impact the project involves is water environment. There are no sensitive environmental receptors in project areas according to the regional environmental function division and environmental protection planning, and field visits. These project areas are located in the water-lackiing areas of North China where groundwater has shown a tendency of overdraft, the continuous descent of groundwater level and the continuous expansion of funnel area are the main regional environmental problems. The assessment mainly is to determine whether the project will aggravate the shortage of water resources, especially in areas where groundwater

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is the main irrigation water sources, and whether the project will lead to or aggravate the continuous descent of groundwater level. In order to increase the yield of agricultural production, the application of pesticide and fertilizer may increase due to the change of crop planting structure. Whether pesticide and fertilizer will aggravate the pollution on soil and water environment is another assessment focal point. Because the project focuses on increasing the utilization factor of water resources, the project will bring positive impacts on the rational use of water resources and the socio-economic development in the beneficiary areas. The report will analyze the positive impact of the project on water resources, environment, society and economy.

1.3.4 Objectives of environmental protection

There is no special object for environmental protection in the project area. There is no irrigation return flow in the project area on the whole if water saving technologies are introduced. As such the main object for environmental protection is the groundwater which can be detailed as follows:

· The water saving irrigation should balance water resources supply and demand and should not result in the continuous descent of groundwater level and the continuous extension of funnel area.

· Adopting effective measures to apply pesticide and fertilizer rationally ensuring not to aggravate groundwater and other pollution.

There is no special object for environmental protection in the project area. There is also no return water of farmland irrigation in the project area on the whole under water saving conditions, the main object for environmental protection is the groundwater environment which can be detailed as follows:

· The implementation of water saving irrigation should balance water resources supply and demand and needn’t result in the continuous descent of groundwater level and the continuous extension of funnel area.

· Adopting effective measures to apply pesticide and fertilizer rationally and ensuring not to aggravate groundwater and other environmental pollution.

The environmental impact assessment of the project is in compliance with the relevant EA laws, regulations and standards, and the World Bank Safeguard Polices. The EIA is based on the feasibility study for each project area, field visit, analysis,. Detail analaysis, and then proposes the mitigation measures to reduce the adverse impact to acceptable level.

1.4 Assessment procedures and planing

The assessment planing and working procedures of the project is shown in chart 1.

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Investigation on the status of soil environment

Investigaion and assessment on the status of groundwater

Investigation and assessment on the status of surface water

Analysis on the influence of irrigation works to groundwater level

Analysis on the influence of irrigation works to groundwater quality

Analysis on the influence of pesticide and fertilizer to water

Analysis on the influence of the construction process to the

Analysis on the influence on social economic development

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2 Project Description

2.1 Situations

2.1.1 Project name, character and components

Project name: Hebei Water Conservation Project II Project character: agricultural infrastructure construction Project liable department: Hebei Water Conservation Project II Office Project components: the water conservation project includes the following components: · Irrigation: mainly include developing canal lining, low pressure pipe irrigation,

and irrigation works. · Agriculture: agricultural water saving measures, such as soil improvement,

quality seed production, extension of agricultural technology and training, pest and disease control and agro-machinery and service station etc. will be adopted.

· Wind Barriers and environmental protection: Wind Barriers and environmental protection works such as construction of tree shelter belts and monitoring of groundwater level, water quality and soil in order to improve the ecological environment.

· Institutional development and support: mainly include technical assistance, training, study tours, applied research, SIDD and MIS in order to coordinate with the water conservation and agricultural water saving measures, strengthen the water saving management measures in the project areas and improve the scientific irrigation management level.

2.1.2 Project scale and investment

The comparison of project area between Hebei Water Conservation Project I and

Hebei Water Conservation Project II is showed in table2.1-1.

Table 2.1-1 Comparison of project area between Project I and Project II

Hebei Water Conservation Project I

Hebei Water Conservation Project II

Handan city

Guantao, Feixiang, Linzhang, Chengan and She County

Handan city

Feixiang�Linzhang�She County�Guantao�daming�quzhou�qiu

county�jize

Shijiazhuang city

Yuanshi County

Tangshan city

luannan �leting

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chart2.1-1 The location map of project area Hebei Water Conservation Project II covers a total 10 counties in two municipalities, Handan (guantao,feixiang, linzhang, jize, quzhou, daming, shexian, qiu county), Tangshan (luannan, leting county).

Table 2.1-2 Planed Areas in the Project Areas No. project area Planed irrigation area (Ten thousand mu) 1 daming 3667 2 She County 2000 3 quzhou 2600 4 qiu county 2476 5 Linzhang 2667 6 jize 2800 7 Guantao 2333 8 Feixiang 2800 9 luannan 2333

10 leting 2267 Total 25943

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The total investment of the project is 272.11 million RMB yuan, of which, the World Bank loan is 20 million US dollars, and the counterpart funds from different levels of local government is 135.71million RMB yuan.

Table 2.1-3 Project investment Funds source Amount of money

(Ten thousand yuan) % of total invest

total 27211.4 100.0 1.WB Loan 13640 50.1 2.Counterpart Fund 13571 49.9

2.1.3 Project objectives

The overall objectives of the project are � to increase the utilization factor of irrigation water; � to increase the capability of comprehensive production of agriculture and farmers’ income and � to promote the sustainable use of water resources and the sustainable development of agriculture. The key technical indicators are as follows: · The utilization factor of irrigation water should be greater than 0.6, and the

utilization factor of canal water should be greater than 0.65. The utilization factor of water for irrigated area of rice should be greater than 0.95, and the utilization factor of water for irrigated area of drought crop should be greater than 0.90.

· The productivity of crop should be increased at least by 15% . The output raising of industrial crops reach 30% and the cereal productivity of water should be increased at least by 20%, per unit ET cereal productivity should be higher than 1.2 kg/m3.

· The target of revenue increase of farmers: The per capita average net revenue should be increased by 200 RMB Yuan.

· EIRR should be greater than 8%.

2.2 Project components

2.2.1 Irrigation component

The irrigation component is to conduct canal lining, pipe irrigation, etc. water saving irrigation. · Canal lining

Canal lining, integrating with technical rehabilitation is to be conducted in the project area to increase the water delivery efficiency of canal systems.

· Pipe line delivery Low-pressure pipeline delivery is one of the main technical measure for extending and applying water saving irrigation in well-irrigated areas, which is also one of the main works to be constructed in the project.

· Water measure facilities

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Water measure facilities are not only the basic facilities for strengthening irrigation water management, but also the key technology for rationing water supply, water measure irrigation and charging based on metric volume. The water measure facilities used in canals are Parshall flumes and wide crest weirs and in fields are triangular weirs or small sized sluice gate systems.

The project will include 10 counties, i.e. Guantao, Feixiang, Linzhang, Jizhe, Quzhou, Daming, Shexian, Qiuxian, Luannan,Leting. Water saving technologies will be developed in total 25,943 ha of irrigation area, including 3,333 ha of canaling ling,s 2,2610 ha of low pressure pipe(See Table2.1-2).

Table 2.2-1 Components and quantities of water delivery works Item unit quantitaes

1 .reconstruction well well 599 2. pump set set 1125 3. PVC pipe m 2645009 4 .plastic pipe m 214371 5. structures block 18547 6 .rural electricity km 7.7 7. power transformer set 12 8 .flow measurement set 1360 9 .earthwork M3 4518216 10. pumped well house monospace 500 11. water measurement set 425

Based on the ageed legal docuement, Daming County will extract water from the Yellow River via Xiaoyinghe Channel to Daming County. For irrgiatioin purpose, Daming plans to build a bridge acrros the Channel, and a regulating lock in the Channel.

2.2.2 Agriculture Intensification & Support

Relevant agricultural technologies are to be adopted according to natural features and crop types in different areas:

· Moisture retaining technology Deep ploughing or non-tillage technology is planed to be adopted timely according to the characteristics of crops and soil. Non-tillage in dry season can reduce the evaporation of soil and infiltration loss of irrigation water. Deep ploughing in rainy season can increase the infiltration of precipitation and the capability of soil moisture retaining. The lands should be ploughed deeply once every 3~5 years and the ploughing depth should reach 25~30 cm.

· Temperature increasing and moisture retaining technology such as wheat stalk shredding and plastic film covering

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The covering of stalk or plastic film can not only increase the ground temperature, but also greatly reduce the evaporation loss of soil and increase the utilization factor of water. Stalk covering can be completed together with field stalk shredding machine and harvester.

· Comprehensive management technology of water and fertilizer According to water and fertilizer demand, the method of applying fertilizer appropriately through soil measuring are to be adopted. Deep applying and increasing the utilization ratio of fertilizer are recommended.

· Rationally regulating the planting structures of crops According to the requirements of industrialized agriculture and in order to meet social demands and achieve the optimum economic and ecological benefits, planting structures of crops should be regulated rationally to increase multiple crop index. In the areas where advanced irrigation technologies have been adopted and the assurance coefficient of irrigation is higher, the planting proportion of cash crops should be enlarged to increase economic benefits and farmer’s revenue.

· Seed selection and cultivation technology of drought-resistance crops Seed base will be established to select and cultivate fine varieties of drought-resistance and high yield seeds and realize the ratio of fine varieties in the project areas reaching at least 95%. Advanced cultivation technology, in association with moisture retaining technology should be adopted to realize biological water saving.

Table 2.2-2 Agricultural components in the project area

Components Unit quantities 1.water-saving agriculture and soil improvement Land leveling hm2 15053 Wheat stalk shredding hm2 15449 Plastic film hm2 5769 Moisture retainer t 14Deep ploughing 1958

greenhouse block 487 Cold house block 277 6.Field road 210Tractor-ploughing road construction km 36815 Production road construction km buildings block

2.2.3 planting trees as wind barrier

In order to improve the ecological environment of farmlands, tree shelter belts are to be improved and completed in the project area and comprehensive management of water, soil, farmlands and tree will be conducted. The investment in Wind Barriers is mainly used for improving the existing shelter belts and planting a few fruit trees and

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nurseries.She County plan to plant 200hm2 walnut tree, 928hm2 farmland shelter tree network�200hm2 economic tree.

2.2.4 Management measures

The main management measures include establishment of SIDD and MIS and the design, extension and training of high-efficient water saving irrigation program. In order to change the management mode that the state construct water conservancy works and the masses can use water without payment under the planing economic system, SIDDs mode, including WUAs and WSOs, which manage by itself and assume sole responsibilities for its loss and profit to maintain and manage the operation of the irrigation system, are planed to be established in the project area. Their aims are carrying out management system reform, improving management of water resources, increasing irrigation costs recovery, autonomous management capacities of irrigated areas and irrigation efficiency of the whole project. MIS, which will produce various diagram reports for analysis and decision making, is mainly used in computer system for design, construction, management, supervision and assessment of the project, The design of high-efficient water saving irrigation program should be carried out according to the actual conditions of project area and the design of irrigation and the analysis of water balance should be performed with the theory of “real” water savings. Meanwhile, engineering water-saving measures and agricultural water-saving measures will be adopted to work out high-efficient water-saving irrigation program. Technical training should be carried out in the farmers to enable them to grasp the scientific irrigation technology.

2.3 Project analysis

Water saving irrigation is the center of the project and agricultural, wind barriers and management measures are also given consideration in order to achieve the goal of saving water, promoting the agricultural development, the sustainable utilization of water resources and increase the farmers’ revenue. It had been demonstrated from theories and practices that advanced water saving irrigation technologies and their relevant agricultural measures will exert an important impact on agricultural production in economic, social and environmental benefits. As to the water saving project itself, it won’t produce any waste gas, wastewater and waste residue during construction and belongs to non-pollution project. However, water resources reallocation process does exist in water saving irrigation and may produce certain impacts on the environment. Moreover, the improvement of irrigation conditions, regulation of planting structures of crops, increase of multiple crop index and pesticide and fertilizer application and the construction process for yield increase will also produce certain impacts on the environment.

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2.3.1 Analysis on the impact of irrigation component on environment

Irrigation components include water diversion and allocation works and field works etc. many parts, their main impacts on environment are as follows:

(1) Impact of water resources utilization on environment Water saving irrigation is a water resources utilization project, the change of irrigation patterns will influence the utilization efficiency of water resources and the works will influence the transformation of different water resources (surface water and groundwater, shallow water and confined water). The difference of irrigation water sources, irrigation patterns, irrigation volume, and local natural geography and water resources utilization will also produce different degrees of impacts on the environment. The project area of Hebei Province is located in the North China where water resources are short, groundwater is the main water sources for industrial and agricultural development and domestic water use, with the development of social economy, water demand will increase year by year. The continuous descent of groundwater level has occurred in some areas, whether the construction of the project will aggravate or alleviate the descent of groundwater level is the key point of the environmental impact assessment. The utilization factor of irrigation water will be increased from 0.4~0.65 to 0.7~0.85 under water saving irrigation conditions, the utilization factor of agricultural water resources will be increased remarkably and irrigation water demand will be reduced than the present. So it’s predicted that the contradictions between regional water resources demand and supply will be alleviated after the implementation of the project. (2). Impact of water saving irrigation on soil and groundwater quality According to the water environment zonation and the initial investigation on irrigation water quality, the irrigation water quality is up to the standard basically. And after the implementation of the project, the volume of water seepage will be reduced, so the anticipated impacts of irrigation water quality on soil environment and the quality of water body will be less.

2.3.2 Analysis on the impact of agricultural component on environment

Crop planting structures will be regulated and the multiple crop indexes will be changed in order to increase the yield of cereals. It’s anticipated that the applied quantity of fertilizer will be increased to a certain extent and the quantity of pesticide will be the same as the present or reduced a little. Fertilizer may pollute groundwater after being leached by irrigation water. Moreover, other agricultural measures will also produce certain impact on water environment, soil and ecology. The regulation of planting structures will be beneficial to developing high efficient agriculture and utilizing lands effectively, meanwhile, selecting less water consumption crops is also an agricultural measure. The use of fertilizer is an important method to increase soil fertility and crop yield, however, the impact of fertilizer on water environment is also a widespread concerned issue. The loss of

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nitrogen and phosphorous in field is the main factor in water environment pollution and it will result in the pollution of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, particularly result in the high nutrient content of lakes and reservoirs and NO3-N pollution of groundwater. Because the project is a water saving irrigation project, irrigation return flow won’t be produced, and the taking of appropriate fertilizing measure will be beneficial to increasing the utilization factor of fertilizer, it’s anticipated that the project will not aggravate the surface water pollution around. However, even though the seepage of irrigation water to groundwater will be reduced, there is still some infiltrating into groundwater. Whether the application of fertilizer will result in NO3-N pollution of groundwater or not is the main concerned issue after the implementation of the project.

2.3.3 Environmental impact of construction process

Water delivery works, construction of bridges, culverts and roads and land leveling etc. earthworks are involved in the construction period. These on-farm works, agricultural earthwork and mechanical construction will result in on-site and periodic pollution, such as spoil, noise and the loss of water and soil.

2.3.4 Project impacts on water resources utilization, social and economic development

The project anticipates to increase the utilization efficiency of water resources, reduce agricultural water waste, promote the regulation of planting structures for the improvement of irrigation conditions, increase the farmers’ revenue and accelerate the regional social economic development. It’s anticipated that the construction of SIDD will change the management patterns of water resources and raise the farmers’ management level.

2.4 Identification of environmental impact factors

Because the project areas is scattered, the impact of regional natural geographic conditions, irrigation water sources and irrigation patterns and according to the project component, character, scale, regional location and construction etc. characters, two series of matrixes should be listed in tables to differentiate and determine the environment impact factors. Then analyze these factors, prepare the main factors relevant with the project and determine the key points and scope of assessment. The purpose of the WB Water Conservation Project is to reduce the waste of water resources, it won’t discharge any pollutant and won’t give rise to any social issues. The project has huge social, economic and environmental benefits from a long-term point of view, however, it will exert some adverse impacts on the environment for the utilization of water resources, application of fertilizer and pesticide and the construction of the project.

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Based on the project components and consultation with some experts of water conservancy, agriculture and environment, we selected some environmental impact factors from its positive and adverse impacts on the environment and society, impact degree, impact time and impact scale during the construction and operation of the project. The project’s main adverse impacts were primarily determined as follows:

• ·soil and water loss and noises of machines etc. during the construction period of the project.

• ·whether the water diversion of the project will aggravate the continuous descent of groundwater level in project areas or not.

• ·whether the application of fertilizer and pesticide will aggravate soil and water pollution or not.

• ·Impact of other agricultural measures on the environment.

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Table 2.4-1 Determination of environmental impact factors

Natural level Social environment

Surfacevolume

Surface waterquality

Soil qualityGroundwater

volumeGroundwater

qualityTopography Economy

Landutilization

SocietyCrowd’shealth

Impact level

D D E S d D E S d D E S d D E S d D E S d D E S D D E S d D E S d D E S d D E S

Water source works � � � � O S L L O S L L � � � � � � � � O SL M

P S L L N L L L O S L M O S L L

Canal lining � � � � O S L L O S L L � � � � � � � � O SL M

P S L L O L L L O S L L O S L L

Irrigation facilities � � � � O S L L O S L L � � � � � � � � O SL L

P S L L O L L L O S L L O S L L

Constructionperiod

Land leveling O L L L O S L L P L L H O L L L O S L L P SL H

P S L L P L R H O S L L � � � �

Water savingirrigation

P L L H P L RL

P L R H O L L H P L R L � � � � P L R H P L R H O L R L O L R L

Pesticide � � � �L

L R L N L R H � � � � N L R H � � � � P L R M O S R H O S R L N L R L

Fertilizer � � � � N L R L O L R H � � � � N L R H � � � � P L R M O L R H O S R L N L R L

Regulation ofplanting structure

O L R M O L R L O L R M P L L M P L R L O L R M P L R H P L R M O S R L P L R L

works

Operation

period

Wind Barriers P L R M P L RL

P L R M P L L M P L R L P L L R P L R M P L R H O L R L P L R L

P-positiveS-short-term

L-partial H-high

Note: d role N-adverse D deadline E scope� S Serious degree� M*-medium

O-mediumL-long-term R-region L-low

“—”�no impact

16

3 Environmental conditions of project area

3.1 Geography

3.1.1 Topography

The project include hill area, alluvial plain and littoral plain. She County lies in the southwest corner of Hebei, belongs to the low mountain area, adjoins with Shanxi, Henan Province. The river valley is vertical-horizontal within the territory of the county, the middle part presents the basin state, called She County basin. Sub project district lie in edge, basin of She County and basin of Yangyi, height about 500m above sea level on average, the terrain is relatively smooth. The subproject (Guantao�Feixiang�Linzhang�jize�quzhou�daming�qiu county) is located in the south of Hebei, featuring alluvial plain.

3.1.2 Climate

Hebei is located in half a moist semi-arid region, belongs to the continental monsoon type climate in the temperate zone. The total climate characteristic is: It is cold in winter lacking of snow, it is arid and windy in spring, burning hot and rainy in summer, sunny and partly cloudy in autumn, make a clear distinction between the four seasons. Influenced by latitude and topography, the difference of the climate is relatively big, the temperature increases from the Northwest to southeast gradually. The project district lies in the southeast and the east of border of Hebei. average temperature of the whole year is 10-14 � in the area, The average sunshine time of the whole year is 2380-2650h. Average wind speed 1-3m/s of the whole year. The average precipitation 546.9mm for many years, among them the southeast is 537mm, the east is 585mm, average annual evaporation capacity is 1368 mm, the average relative humidity is in under 69%. Freeze the depth of soil layer the most largely, the southeast is 0.28m, the east is 0.52m.

3.1.3 Soil

The soil texture of northwestern area is sandsoil, and more loam in middle area, more heavy earth quality soil in the Coastal Regions . The soil of She County is mostly the light earth and hit the loam. Kind mainly has brown soil, lime soil, drenches and dissolves brown soil in the soil. The soil of subproject district(Guantao�Feixiang�Linzhang�jize�quzhou�daming�qiu county) includes 3 types of soil, 5 inferior kinds, 8 pieces of soil belonging to, 43 soil kinds, among them the damp soil accounts for 91.14%. The soil in luannan county and letting countyvarious textures from sand quality to heavy earth, the northwestern part is sand quality and sand area quality, east loam, the southeast black earth, southern Coastal Region serious earth quality soil in being.

17

3.1.4 River system

There is just one river(Zhang river) go throught the project area . The Zhang river lies within the boundaries of She County, its tributary are qingzhang river and zhuoZhang river.

3.1.5 Hodrogeography

In the project district, except that She County groundwater is the karst crevice water, the plain every county is a fluffy rock hole water. Among every project county, shallow layers of water, area of plain, include fresh water, little salt water and salt water. The plain event district is in the all light district of groundwater separately and there are salt water districts.

3.2 Socio-economy

3.2.1 Populations

According to the statistic data in 2006, the conditions of population in the project areas of 10 counties of the hebei province are detailed in table 3.2-1.

table3.2-1 Populations in project areas

item Total populations (ten thousand )

Agricultural populations

(ten thousand )

Ratio of agricultural populations

Number 322.2 322 99.9

3.2.2 National economy

The conditions of national economy in project areas are detailed in table 3-2.

table3.2-2 National economy in project areas

Item Total output value of

agriculture and industry (108 yuan)

Agricultural output value (108 yuan)

Net revenue per capita

Quantity 174.8836 74.8836 3886

3.2.3 Agricultural production

The whole area of land of the project district is 352.8km2, of which cultivated area is 25943 hm2. The cultivated land per capita is 0.113 hm2.The main cereal crops in the project area is wheat, maize,etc., the industrial crops are mainly cotton, vegetables, peanut and fruit tree. The project district relies mainly on cereal crops while making industrial crops such as the vegetables, peanut, cotton,etc. subsidiary, average multiple crop index .

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3.3 Generals for the construction of water conservancy works

3.3.1 Generals of constructed water conservancy works

The provinces and municipalities of the project area had invested many manpower and material resources to construct water conservancy works and irrigation and drainage works since 1950’s, these works had played an important role in resisting natural disasters and ensuring the high and stable yield of agriculture.

3.3.3 Problems in agricultural Irrigation

Agriculture depends on irrigation to a great extent in the project area for the uneven distribution of precipitation and it has become the biggest water demander and water consumer. At present, its water consumption makes up approximately 72% of the total amount. The main problems confronted during the development of irrigation are as follows: ·Irrigation water resources are scarce. With the development of industrialization and

urbanization, more and more irrigation water has been occupied by industrial and urban use and it’s difficult to reverse the tendency of changing agricultural water resources use to non-agricultural water resources use.

·Water storage and allocation works are inadequate. Most of the water sources for irrigation in the project area are not single one, they are not only surface water, but also groundwater and the surface water include the water in reservoirs, rivers, ponds and the sewage water drained from cities. Because the scarcity of water storage and water distribution works, many separate water sources can’t be utilized.

··The management level is low. They are lack of perfect management system for water resources and irrigation and some relevant policies, laws and regulations are not perfect.

4 Environmental Baseline

4.1 Pollution sources

Even though industrial and domestic pollution sources exist in some counties in view of administrative regions, most of the sub project areas are distributed in the extensive rural areas, the impact of the industrial and domestic pollution on these areas is very low. Moreover, pollution had also been controlled well with the state’s closing down, stopping, transforming and merging the “fifteen small industries”, therefore, there will be no large industrial pollution sources in the project areas, the industrial pollution sources in some project counties can’t produce any impact on the construction of the project area. The main impact on soil and water environment is agricultural pollution sources.

19

4.2 Soil quality

4.2.1 Soil fertility

The conditions of soil fertility is the basis for the improvement of low yield field, it’s an important component during the construction of the project and relates with the application of fertilizer, therefore, we assessed the soil fertility in various districts according to the reference index provided in table 4-1.

Table 4-1 Reference index of nutrient content for different soil fertility

Level of soil

fertility

Organic matter

%

Nitrogen %

Full Phosphorous

%

Effective Phosphorous

PPm

Effective Potassium

PPm

No2-N PPm

Hydro Nitrogen mmg/100g soil

First level >2.5 >0.2 >0.25 >50 >250 >20 >20 Second level

2.0-2.5 0.1-0.2 0.15-0.25 25-50 150-250 10 15

Third level

1.0-2.0 0.05-0.1 0.05-0.15 5-25 50-150 5 10

Fourth level

<1.0 <0.05 <0.05 <5 <50 <3 <5

The conditions of soil fertility in each project area are provided in table 4.2-2 table4.2-2 Conditions of soil fertility in the project areas

item Project area

Level of soil

fertility Nitrogen Effective Phosphorous

Effective Potassium

Organic matter Fluorine Hydro Nitrogen

Guantao IV 0.06% 6.8mg/kg 79mg/kg 0.92% Feixiang IV 0.08% 8.5mg/kg 95mg/kg 0.95% Linzhang IV 6.8mg/kg 798mg/kg 0.9% 0.06%

jize IV 0.4-2mg/kg 5-45mg/kg 60-170mg/kg quzhou III 0.07% 7.3ppm 133.9ppm 1.0239% 51.32ppm daming /

She County III 0.069% 10.5

mg/kg 128--158 mg/kg 1.2%

61.7 mg/kg

qiu county IV The soil fertility is bad, Organic matter content is low, nitrogen phosphorus potassium is imbalance leting III 0.07% 7.3ppm 133.9ppm 1.35� 51.32ppm

luannan III 0.07% 1.0239%

4.2.2 Soil heavy metal

According to the second general survey result of soil in Hebei, the background value of soil Cd, Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb is 0.075, 21.7, 63.90, 62.00, 20.00mg/kg respectively, and the background value of heavy metallic element of brown soil Cd ,Cu, Cr, Hg, As, Zn, Pb is 1.470, 18.4, 43.02, 0.042, 7.61, 82.66, 27.91mg/kg respectively. The measured contents of heavy metals of soil in Guantao county are shown in the following table. The table show it can be seen that the contents of Cr, Hg, As in the soil has not exceeded the soil quality standard type I of the state and they belong to the natural background.

table4.3-3 Content of soil heavy metal in Guantao county�Unit�mg/kg�

Sampling place Sampling

depth�cm� Pb Cr Hg As

shilidian 20 15 0.5 0.2 5 jiangzhuang 20 14 0.4 0.18 4.9

tatou 20 12 0.5 0.2 5

20

The measured contents of heavy metals of soil in tangsan city are shown in the following table. it can be seen that the contents of Cr, Hg, As in the soil has not exceeded the soil quality standard type I.

table4.3-4 Content of soil heavy metal in tangsan city Unit�Hg-

ng/g�other g/g� PH Cu Pb Zn Ni Cr Cd As Hg

>7.5 22.66 24.11 67.78 26.17 61.82 0.15 7.42 41.98

4.2.3 Soil salinization

The mineralization of groundwater in the range of irrigated area is below 1.0g/L . As the soil in the irrigated area is relatively thin, the groundwater is easy to excreted to the riverbed and low reaches. There is no salinization location in the project area at present.

4.3 Present situation of surface water environment quality

The surface water in the project area is belong to the upper and middle reaches of zhangwei and fuyang river . qingzhang river is the water source for irrigation use in the project area. The monitoring results of surface water quality of the project area shown in table 4.3-1 and table 4.3-2. According to the Quality Standard for Surface Water Environment (GB3838-2002), the water quality of surface water in project area can not reach the quality standard except those reservoir .

Table4.4-1 Present situation of surface water quality in project area

area river PH DO CODmn BOD

NH3-N Petroleum phenol Hg Pb Water class

luang river

8.3 8.6 3.4 1.3 0.21 0.01 0.001 0.016 0.001 �tangsan

dou river 8.0 8.9 5.4 3.3 0.86 0.01 0.001 0.012 0.001 �zhang river

8.0 9.3 1.9 2.1 0.30 0.03 0.001 0.02 0.003 �

wei river 7.8 2.8 14.5 15.6 8.09 0.03 0.007 0.02 0.003 Bad

than�fuyang river

7.8 2.2 10.5 6.8 8.60 0.05 0.002 0.011 0.002 Bad

than�

wei river 7.9 3.1 13.4 14.9 7.29 0.03 0.005 0.02 0.003 Bad

than�

Handan

zhang river

8.1 9.0 2.0 1.3 0.01 0.03 0.001 0.02 0.003 �

4.4 Present Situation of Groundwater Quality

The monitoring results of groundwater quality in Weining irrigation area and Qingtongxia irrigation area are shown in Table 4-8. The quality of groundwater quality in Weining irrigation area and Qingtongxia irrigation area can not meet the requirements of Class III of Groundwater Quality Criteria (GB/T14848-93) ..

21

4.5 Present Situation of Groundwater Quality

The project area is in the rural area, there are no enterprises with heavy pollution and intensive residential blocks around the project area, air quality is good.

4.6 Present Situation of sound environment Quality

The project area is in the rural area, there are no enterprises with heavy pollution and intensive residential blocks around the project area, acoustic environment is good.

table 4-8 groundwater quality in project area Unit�mg/l daming Guantao jize qiu county Letting county

1 PH 7.5 7.3 7.5 7.3 2 total hardness 858 1330 390.0 155 3 CL 386 893 67.4667 69.9 4 SO4

2- 687 454 256.6 45.85 5 salinity 2140 772.5 0 6 Fluorine 0.76 0.6267 0.18 7 As 0.019 0.0009 0.003 8 Cr <DL 0.0053 0 9 Fe <DL 0.05

10 dissolvediron <DL <DL 011 NO3

- 0.38 <DL 012 Hg <DL <DL 013 CODmn 1.6 <DL 0.9 14 Cd <DL <DL 015 Pb <DL 0.0005 0 16 Mn <DL <DL 0.05 17 Naked eye visible �� <DL 018 Phenol <DL 019 Cu 0.0115 0 20 Ca 217 0 21 Mg 192 0 22 K+Na 473 0 23 Total alkalinity 545 0 24 Carbonate 0 0 25 Heavy carbonate 665 0 26 Total dissolved solid 2870 362.5 27 NH4 0.10 1650 1530 28 NH3-N 0.01 29 NO3-N 0.19 0.465 30 NO2-N 0.003 0 31 color 2.5 32 Turbidity�NTU� 0.25 33 total bacterial count�cfu/mL� 190

5 Environmental impact assessment

5.1 Project positive impact on the environment

Increasing the utilization efficiency, improving the on-farm ecological environment, increasing the yield of cereals and promoting the coordinated development of agriculture, the utilization of water resources and environmental protection is the main

22

objectives of the project, so the project is an environmental improvement project to a great extent. The main positive impacts of irrigation, agriculture, Wind Barriers and management water saving measures of the project on water resources environment are shown in table5.1-1.

Table 5-1 Positive impacts on environment

Project Project components Environment impacts Water diversion

works: canal lining, piping

Reduce the seepage of canal, increase the utilization efficiency of water resources and alleviate the descent of groundwater level.

Irrigation component

Field works: water saving irrigation

Increase the utilization coefficient of irrigation water and the assurance rate of irrigation.

Wheat stalk shredding

Increase the content of organic matter of soil, improve the soil moisture, increase the soil capacity of water retention, water storage and water supply, reduce ineffective evaporation and regulate the field temperature.

Film covering Increase the land temperature, keep soil moisture, promote the growth of crops and reduce ineffective evaporation.

Deep plouing Increase the soil water storage capacity and the seepage depth of soil moisture, accept more precipitation and irrigation water, combining deep plouing and applying fertilizer in layers can improve the nutrient situations of root system.

Moisture retainer Keep water, save water and restrict the evaportransporation of crops. Pest Managment Restrict plant diseases and insect pests

Balancing Fertilizatioin

Improve the soil nutrient situations.

Agricultural component

Adjustment of Crop planting structure

Save waste, reduce land pollution and improve the field ecological environment.

Wind Barriers Tree shelter belts Prevent wind, stablize sand, conserve soil and water, improve field

microclimate and reduce soil evaporation and crop evaportransporation.

Combined dispatch of surface water and groundwater

Increase the utilization factor of precipitation and surface water and increase the recharge volume of groundwater.

SIDD Improve water resources management

Management component

MIS system Raise the management level of resources and environment.

5.2 Impact of water saving irrigation on water utilization and groundwater level

5.2.1 impact of water saving irrigation on water resource utilization

The supply and consumption analysis of water resource in Hebei irrigation area is showed in table 5.2-1. The annual water supply of every level in the whole project area has surpluses of 713×104m3, the water supply and consumption will reach balance in 2020 with the project and under water saving conditions.It shows the potential to increase water supply through adjusting the crop planting structure. The real water saving amount in each project area after the project is implemented is showed in table 5-2. The real water saving amount in whole Hebei project area will be 1347×104m3 in 2020 It is expected to relax the imbalance between supply and demand of regional water resource to some extent after the project is implemented. The project design adopted comprehensive and high efficient water saving measures, focusing on improvement of irrigation system and combining with counterparts of irrigation works/technology, agricultural cultivation mode, agricultural water saving technology, rainfall collection and water interception. It aims at reducing non-

23

efficiency ET and loss of local surface runoff to maximum extent subject to ensuring high-yield of crops, and intercepting and using passing runoff as much as possible. If the above-mentioned comprehensive and high efficient water saving measures are taken. 60 100mm non-efficient ET will be reduced calculated on land area in the project area. In full well irrigated areas of North China, usually only 10% 20% resource-type real water saving amount will be realized. table5.2-1 Balance of water resources supply and consumption in project counties

evapotranspiration ET�

Available water W��

Surplus shortage project counties

mm 104m3 mm 104m3 mm 104m3 mm

2006 687.4 2860 � 530.6 2207.8 -156.8 -652.5

2015 646.8 2691 � 722.9 3007.8 76.0 316.4 Daming County

2020 646.8 2691 � 722.9 3007.8 76.0 316.4

2006 614.2 1636 � 501.5 1359.1 -112.7 -277.1

2015 587.4 1565 � 687.2 1862.3 99.8 297.4 She

County

2020 580.3 1546 � 679.3 1840.8 98.9 294.8

2006 638.1 2370 � 525.4 1951.3 -112.7 -418.5

2015 579.2 2151 � 525.4 1951.3 -53.8 -199.8 quzhou County

2020 525.6 1952 � 525.4 1951.3 -0.2 -0.7

2006 580.8 1667 � 549.6 1577.4 -31.2 -89.5

2015 554.4 1591 � 549.6 1577.4 -4.8 -13.8 qiu

county

2020 543.0 1558 � 549.6 1577.4 6.6 19.1

2006 634.0 2510 � 529.7 2077.5 -104.3 -432.0

2015 580.3 2276 � 529.7 2077.5 -50.6 -198.6 Linzhang

2020 520.8 2043 � 529.7 2077.5 8.9 34.9

2006 638.4 2554 � 523.4 2093.6 -115.0 -460.2

2015 574.6 2298 � 523.4 2093.6 -51.2 -204.8 jize

2020 523.5 2094 � 523.4 2093.6 -0.1 -0.4

2006 581.5 1938 � 530.2 1767.2 -51.3 -171.0

2015 539.2 1797 � 530.2 1767.2 -9.0 -29.9 Guantao County

2020 530.2 1741 � 530.2 1767.2 0.0 26.4

2006 619.5 2478 � 530.7 2122.8 -88.8 -355.3

2015 554.4 2218 � 530.7 2122.8 -23.7 -94.8 Feixiang County

2020 531.1 2124 � 530.7 2122.8 -0.4 -1.5

2006 639.3 2131 � 623.2 2077.1 -16.1 -53.5

2015 634.7 2115 � 623.2 2077.1 -11.5 -38.2 luannan

2020 620.4 2068 � 623.2 2077.1 2.8 9.3

657.4 2129 � 547.7 1773.5 -109.7 -355.0

591.6 1916 � 547.7 1773.5 -43.9 -142.2 leting

546.5 1764 � 547.7 1773.5 1.2 9.4

24

table5.2-2 real water saving amount in each project area with project and without project

item unit Wheat spring maize

summer maize Soy cotton vegetable

fruit tree peanut

Total/ average

(1) planting

area ha 17252 17252 5899 740 1640 179 42962

(2) Cultivated

area ha 25943 25943 25943 25943

25943

25943 25943

(3) (1)/(2) % 66 66 23 3 6 1 166

(4) ETc mm 468 341 568 632 550 850 0

(5) (3)*(4) mm 311 227 129 18 35 6 726

Without project

(6) (2)*(5) 104m3 8077 5883 3351 468 902 152 18833

(1) planting

area �m3 14357 14457 8794 640 1840 179 40267

(2) Cultivated

area ha 25943 25943 25943 25943 2594

3 25943 25943

(3) (1)/(2) % 55 56 34 2 7 1 155

(4) ETc mm 468 341 490 559 550 850 0

(5) (3)*(4) mm 259 190 166 14 39 6 674

With project

(6) (2)*(5) 104m3 6722 4930 4313 357 1012 152 17486

ET reduction 104m3 1347

5.2.2 Impact of water saving irrigation on groundwater level

The continuous descent of groundwater level is one primary issue for groundwater environment in Hebei project areas . Although most project areas are not located in the center of the regional drawdown funnel, the descent of groundwater level is very evident. The depth of groundwater in the beginning of 1980’s was three to five meters, at present, it is about ten to thirty meters. Table5.2-3 and table 5.2-4 shows that the exploitation of groundwater will be reduced remarkably after the implementation of the project, it will not only further aggravate the descent of groundwater level, but will incrase the groundwater level to a certain extent.

The groundwater levels in full well irrigated area of Hebei province have the tends of obvious descent at present, in 2005 and 2010 without the project . It is steady in canal irrigated area and canal-well combined irrigated area. The mean annual groundwater level in all of the project areas will keep steady with the project.

Table5.2-3 Variation of mean annual groundwater level with or without the Project in

2015

Cultivated land

Area(km2 2008 water level

Change�m� 2015water level

cahnge�m� daming County 41.6 -0.6 -0.460

She County 27.1 quzhou County 37.1 -0.63 -0.424

qiu county 28.7 -0.6 -0.507 Linzhang 39.2 -1.26 -0.838

25

jize 40.0 -0.55 -0.326 Guantao 33.3 -0.65 -0.501 Feixiang 40.0 -0.907 -0.674 luannan 33.3 -0.29 -0.275 leting 32.4 -0.87 -0.637

Table5.2-4 Variation of mean annual groundwater level with or without the Project in

2020

Cultivated Land

Area(km2 2015water level

change�m� 2020water level

change�m� daming County 41.6 -0.460 -0.461

She County 27.1 quzhou County 37.1 -0.424 -0.358

qiu county 28.7 -0.507 -0.493 Linzhang 39.2 -0.838 -0.773

jize 40.0 -0.326 -0.264 Guantao 33.3 -0.501 -0.491 Feixiang 40.0 -0.674 -0.645 luannan 33.3 -0.275 -0.258 leting 32.4 -0.637 -0.583

5.3 Impact of fertilizer application on soil and water environment

There is little irrigation return flow after adopting water saving measures, the project impact on surface water environment is relatively little, and the main impact is pesticide and fertilizer on soil and groundwater.

Generally speaking, phosphorous is easily depositing in soil and not easily moving, and phosphorous pollution in groundwater is very little. The main pollution of fertilizer to groundwater is nitrate; therefore, the assessment will focus on the impact of nitrogenous fertilizer application on groundwater.

5.3.1 Impact of nitrogenous fertilizer on groundwater pollution under water saving irrigation

(1) Assessing theory and method

Stream is the carrier of nitrate in crop root zone moving to groundwater. It has been demonstrated from some researches that the leached loss of NO3-N has evident positive correlation with the quantity of seepage under certain soil quality. Water saving irrigation will increase the utilization factor of water resources and reduce the quantity of seepage. It’s predicted that the impact of the applied nitrogenous fertilizer on groundwater NO3-N pollution will be reduced under water saving irrigation. However, the natural conditions and nitrogen applied conditions differ much in different project area, the impact of these factors on groundwater NO3-N pollution must be taken into account during assessment.

There are many methods to assess the impact of nitrogenous fertilizer on groundwater NO3-N pollution, such as balance calculation, mathematic model, drawing with GIS, and etc. At present, there is no comprehensive assessing method at home that can be

26

referred on how to assess the impact of the application of fertilizer on groundwater NO3-N pollution in view of region zones and analyze these factors’ action on the moving and transforming of nitrate in groundwater. Therefore, we will refer to the nitrate pollution index assessing method put forward by American expert Ramolino on the basis of fully utilizing the present data. Nitrate pollution index was put forward by American expert on the basis of analyzing 22 different cropping conditions (including climate, soil type, planting structure, applied fertilizer type, applied quantity and time and the conditions of NO3-N in groundwater) and dividing into eight potential influencing factors, which are the applied intensity of fertilizer, volume of irrigation water, soil type, embedded depth of groundwater, crop type, depth of well, confined water or shallow water and aquifer environment etc. Four essential influencing factors was concluded after further synthesis, i.e. the applied intensity of nitrogenous fertilizer, soil structure, net recharging quantity from precipitation and irrigation water and the embedded depth of groundwater level. The nitrate pollution index was put forward finally. 269 field groundwater pilots had been tested, analyzed and demonstrated the relations between the groundwater nitrate pollution in field environment and pollution index and achieved good results in application. This method is easy, useful for assessing the possibility of potential pollution in field environment and suit for scattered pilot assessment.

Weight determination of influencing factors

The influencing degree of the above-mentioned four comprehensive factors to groundwater is not all the same, so the weight of each factor should be determined so as to assess its impact correctly. The weight is determined according to document data and profession and is giving risk mark to the potential impacts of the four factors on groundwater pollution, the given values are shown in table 5.3-1.

Table 5.3-1 Risk mark of the impact of the factors on groundwater pollution

Risk degree high high-

medium medium Medium-low low

Much lower

Given value 10 9 7 5 3 1 The risk analysis conditions of the impact of each factor to groundwater pollution is synthesized in table 5.3-2. The total mark indicates the relative importance of the impact of each factor on groundwater pollution in field environment. The weight of each influencing factor is allocated according to the risk marking results. The weight value of the maximum of the average of each factor is 5, the weight values of other factors can be allocated according to ratio of their average and the maximum average, the external weight results are shown in table 5.3-3.

Table 5.3-2 Risk analysis matrix

Fertilizer Net recharging

quantity Soil structure

Embedded depth of

groundwater

Total

mark Excessive fertilizer

Equivalent with crop demand

Greater than FC*

Equal to FC

Good draining

conditions

Poor draining

conditions shallow deep

Excessive fertilizer

-- 10 10 10 30 Fertilizer

Equivalent with crop demand

1 9 7 17

More than FC 10 -- 10 10 30

27

Net recharging

quantity

More than FC 10 -- 10 10 30

Net recharging

quantity Equal to FC 1 -- 5 5 11

Good draining conditions

9 10 -- 10 29 Soil

structure Poor draining conditions

1 1 -- 7 9

Shallow 9 10 9 -- 28

deep 1 1 5 -- 7

Note: FC is field capacity

Table 5.3-3 Weight determination of influencing factors

Factor Influencin

g mark Weight

* Description

Nitrogenous

fertilizer

17-30�23.5�

5.0 The application of nitrogenous fertilizer is the most important factor to NO3-N groundwater pollution in field environment.

Net recharging

11-30�20.5�

4.5

Irrigation and precipitation is the motive force for the movement of NO3-N, if there is no enough water volume, the capacity of NO3-N transforming from root zone is very weak.

Soil structure

9-29�19.0�

4.0

Soil structure not only influence the movement of soil moisture, it also influence the circle of soil gas and the chemical and biological transformation of nitrogen.

Embedded depth of

groundwater

7-28�17.5�

3.5

The embedded depth of groundwater indicates the spending time of pollutant entering into groundwater, the density of NO3-N has correlation with the moving and transforming of nitrogen in aeration zone.

Note: the figure in bracket in the average of the marks

Grade of influencing factors

Each index should be further graded in concrete project area, and the grading accordance and methods can be refereed to the relevant documents.

Table5.3-4 Applying scope and grading coefficient of nitrogenous fertilizer

Applying scope of fertilizer grade Excessive applying fertilizer Equivalent to crop demand

Not applying fertilizer

10 6 1

Table 5.3-5 Scope and grading coefficient of net recharging quantity

Scope of net recharging quantity (mm) Grade 0-50

51-75 76-100

101-125 126-150

1 2 3 4 5

28

151-175 176-200 201-250

>250

6 7 8

10

Table 5.3-6 Types and grading coefficient of soil structure Types Grade

Soil with good drainability�sand to loam sand� Soil with medium drainability (loam to loam silt

loam) Soil with poor drainability (silt clay to clay soils)

10 6 2

Table 5.3-7 Scope and grading coefficient of the embedded depth of

groundwater Scope of the embedded depth of groundwater

(m) Grade

0-1.5 1.5-4 5-9

10-15 16-22 23-30 >30

10 9 7 5 4 3 2

The grading method and accordance are mainly refereed to a large quantity of documents, e.g. the influence of net recharging quantity is according to the American DRSTIC method.

Nitrate pollution index

According to the above-mentioned method, the nitrate pollution index (NPI) is:

Of which, F, R, S, D is the weight of applied nitrogenous fertilizer, net recharging quantity, soil structure and embedded depth of groundwater respectively, fi ri si di is the grading index of the above-mentioned four influencing factors respectively.

The above-mentioned model can be used to determine the potential possibilities of groundwater NO3-N pollution under different geographical conditions, the more of the indexes, the more of the NO3-N polluting possibilities.

Even though we can’t get the one-by-one corresponding value between pollution index and NO3-N density through the above-mentioned relations, we can get the influencing scope of the applied fertilizer to groundwater pollution.

iiii DdRrSsFfNPI +++=

29

(2) Analysis on the impact of the implementation of the water saving irrigation

project on groundwater NO3-N pollution The applied quantity of nitrogenous fertilizer will be increased after the implementation of the project, however, the moving and transforming of nitrogenous fertilizer in soil–water–crop system depends on many factors. The change of soil moisture conditions and crop planting structure and the appropriate fertilizer have great relations with the utilization factor of nitrogenous fertilizer, the above-mentioned measures can all increase crop absorption to nitrogen. It’s difficult to determine the utilized quantity of nitrogenous fertilizer, the possibilities of the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to groundwater potential pollution are also considered in assessment under the disadvantageous conditions (i.e. excessive fertilizer) and adopting appropriate fertilizer applying measures and applying fertilizer according to the measurement of soil fertility.

The influencing characteristic factors and the seeping and recharging groundwater conditions of precipitation and irrigation return water are shown in table 5.3-8. It shows from table 5-9 that after the implementation of the project, because the evident reduce of field water duty, the seeping and recharging quantity of irrigation water to groundwater will also reduce with water saving both in surface water and groundwater irrigated area. As a result, the possibility of NO3-N infiltrating with water body will also reduce to a certain extent. The nitrate pollution index reduced remarkably after adopting water saving irrigation and appropriately applying fertilizer in comparison with before and after the implementation of the project, i.e. the possibility of groundwater pollution caused by fertilizer will be less than that of the present situation after the implementation of the project. Even though we can’t get the one-by-one corresponding value between the application of fertilizer and the groundwater NO3-N pollution, it’s clear that the implementation of the project will reduce the impact of fertilizer application on groundwater potential pollution. Appropriately applying fertilizer, applying fertilizer according to the measurement of soil fertility and the increase of the rational coordinating technology of water and fertilizer will all be beneficial to reduce the leached quantity of NO3-N.

table5.3-8 Grading assessment on groundwater NO3-N pollution in project area

Risk factor Feixiang Linzhang She County

Guantao jize quzhou daming qiu county

luannan leting

Net recharge by preciptation and irrigation�mm�

182 283 58 234 158 234 181 151 242 295

Grading 7 10 2 8 6 8 7 6 8 10

Soil drainability Loam�sub sand Loam Loam Loam �sub sand

Loam Loam Loam Loam Loam �sand

Loam �sand

Grading 10 6 6 10 6 6 6 6 10 10

Embedded depth groundwater

44.7 50.6 - 31.1 36.7 28.0 33.4 30.4 16.6 18.2

Without project

Grading 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 4

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Applied quantity of Nitrogenous

fertilizer Excessive equal � �

Grading 10 6 � �

Net recharge by preciptation and irrigation�mm�

168 265 58 220 155 222 170 141 237 283

Grading 6 10 2 8 6 8 6 5 8 10

Soil drainability Loam �sub sand Loam Loam Loam �sub sand

Loam Loam Loam Loam Loam �sand

Loam �sand

Grading 10 6 6 10 6 6 6 6 10 10

Embedded depth groundwater

43.4 48.2 - 30.3 35.3 26.7 32.7 29.9 16.4 16.7

Grading 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 4

Applied quantity of Nitrogenous

fertilizer Excessive equal the same as the left

With project

Grading 10 6 the same as the left

table 5.3-9 Index of the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to groundwater NO3-N pollution in project area before and after water saving irrigation

NPI Feixiang Linzhang She

County Guantao jize quzhou daming

qiu county

luannan leting

Excess fertil

113.5 35 111 75 118 93 105.5 97.5 93 125 Without project Appro

fertil 99.5 21 97 61 104 79 91.5 83.5 79 111

Excess fertil

109 35 111 75 118 93 105.5 93 88.5 125 With

project Appro fertil

95 21 97 61 104 79 91.5 79 74.5 111

5.4 Impacts of pesticide on soil and groundwater

Even though pesticide investment isn’t involved in the project, however, the applied amount of various pesticides have been increased in order to alleviate impacts and hazards of plant diseases and insect pests on crops and increase cereal yield, therefore, the impact of pesticide on environment is also a focal point of the assessment. A pesticide survey by American National Environment Protection Agency indicates that there are more than 100 types of pesticides and their derivatives. While studies in this field are not adequate and there are no detailed statistics available in China. Study on pesticide behavior to the environment is still in the theoretical stage at present due to the various types of pesticides and their complicated chemical compositions. Many aspects are still unknown. It is very difficult to accurately determine the impact of pesticide on environment when the results of theoretical study and survey are not perfect, and emphasis is on the prevention in the actual application. Therefore, macro-assessment of impacts of pesticides on environment is done with reference to theoretical study results of United States and European Union, and measures of pesticide application have been proposed in view of control of groundwater pollution.

5.4.1 Application of pesticides in project areas

Table 5.4-1 shows the application of pesticides in project areas. There are quite differences of pesticide application for different crops. As regard to application of

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pesticide, China has issued “Standard for Safety Application of Pesticide”(GB4245-89).

table5.4-1 Pesticide used for different crops in project areas Crop name pesticide

Paddy

Wheat Rogor oxide, triketone methamidophos, rogor, pyrethrin

Mazie Methyl-1605, methamidophos, pyrethrin

Bean Methyl-1605 Cotton Methamidophos, 1065

Vegetables Duojun Ling, Rogor oxide, Laifuling oxide, Kuaishaling oxide fruit

5.4.2 Behavior of pesticide in soil and groundwater

There are many factors affecting pesticide movement and inversion in soil, which is related not only to physical-chemical characteristics but also to soil characteristics. Generally speaking, the lower the soil moisture content, the stronger the adsorptive capacity, and the less the mobility; when temperature rises, the adsorptive capacity will decrease and the mobility will increase; the higher the clay soil content and organic content, the higher the adsorptive capacity. The change of pH value has much impact on mobility of pesticides, especially of organic phosphorus pesticide, whose mobility will remarkably increase in the soil with high pH value. High organic content in soil is helpful to the degradation of pesticides. All these features will affect velocity and residues of degradation, and behavior of pesticide in water and soil such as leaching, volatilizing and utilization of organisms. The key factor for assessing potential mobility of pesticide in soil is to assess the solid-liquid allocation in soil solution. Adsorptive coefficient, Kd, one of remarkable parameters, is the ratio of pesticide content adsorbed in soil to pesticide concentration in soil solution. Studies indicate that Kd is well correlated to organic content in soil, therefore Kd is the function of organic content (Kom) or organic carbon content (Koc)�

Kom=100Kd/(% organic content)�cm3g-1�

Koc=100Kd/(% organic carbon content) �cm3g-1�

It is usually expressed as Koc in references, known as adsorptive coefficient of organic

carbon. Studies indicate that it is regarded as strong mobility if the Koc is lower than

50�medium mobility if Koc among 150-500�mini-mobility if Koc higher than 2000.

Another parameter for pesticide degradation in soil is on-farm half-lift period (T0.5), which is a comprehensive index and includes all processes of degradation such as degradation of organisms and non-organisms, volatizing, leaching and plant adsorption. It is also related to soil, climate, activities of `microbes in soil.

Gustafson studied 22 pesticides and proposed mobility index GUS (Ground Ubiquity

Score) based on T0.5 and Koc.

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GUS = lg(T0.5)(4-lgKoc)

GUS can be used for classification of leaching probability. When GUS is higher than 2.8, this pesticide is leaching-prone; when 1.8�GUS�2.8, medium leaching pesticide; when GUS<1.8, low leaching pesticide.No adequate study on pesticide behavior in soil has been done in China and no conclusions have been drawn theoretically. The assessment will focus on prevention measures for controlling pesticide pollution to soil and groundwater after project, with reference to available studies abroad.

5.4.3 Impacts of pesticide on groundwater and its control after project

It can be known from above theoretical analysis that mobility of pesticide to groundwater relies on its physicochemical characteristics, soil and water flow. Pesticides used in China include weedicide and insecticide. Insecticide can be classified as four types of organic chlorine, organic phosphorus, carbamic acid ester and pyrethrin. Most of organic chlorine has been forbidden due to its very slow degradation in soil, for example DDT. Organic phosphorus is the most popular pesticide in Hebei project area, such as methamidophos, rogor, methyl-1056, 1065 etc. T0.5 of this kind of pesticides is short, and it is degradation-prone. So it is generally regarded as short detention period in soil and less probability of pollution to groundwater. Table 5.4-2 shows the chemical characteristics and mobility of some pesticides.

Table 5.4-2 Chemical characteristics and mobility of pesticides in soil

Pesticide solubility

(g/l)

Vapor pressure

(Pa)

Henry

constant T0.5(d)

KOC

(cm3/g)

GUS

Methamid-ophos 790 2.3e-4 5.2e-8 3 2 1.80

Rogor 0.023 1.1e-3 1.1e-4 7 20 0.83

Dibaichong 120 2.1e-4 1.7e-6 29 29 3.71

Duojunlin 0.008 9e-5 - 5.2 129 3.24

Long-effect

Phosphorous Liquefiable 2.9e-4 30 1 5.9

It can be seen that GUS of methamidophos and rogor are lower than 1.8, so they are difficult leaching pesticides. GUS of trichlorfon is 3.71 and that of Long-effect phosphorus is 5.9>2.8, which belongs to easy leaching pesticide. Trichlorfon has strong leaching feature and easy immigrating feature in soil, and its higher solubility which increased risk for groundwater polluted. However, the half-life of trichlorfon and Long-effect phosphorous is short, on the basis of strictly obey of Safety Standard of State Pesticide Application and irrigated water, it is possible to avoid or reduce pollution to groundwater through their own decay. GUS of methyl-1065 and 1065 are not known because of inadequate data, but studies show that half-life period of 1065 is 7.8 days in neutral to slight-alkalinity soil. It dissolves rather quickly in soil and will not be accumulated in soil. The content and To.5 of methyl-1065 in soil relies on pH of soil. In acid soil, methyl-1065 may remain more than five months in soil, while in alkalinity soil, it is unstable and will be degraded by 95% with the role of microbes within 7 days. Soil in northern regions of

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China is slightly alkalinity. It is expected that the use of above pesticides has small impacts to soil and groundwater. However, it is found in some studies that pesticide residue is high in irrigated cotton field. Therefore, residue of pesticide in soil is affected by many factors, and accurate conclusion is difficult to draw at present. Pyrethrin has been used in some project areas. Theoretically speaking, it has characteristics of more effectiveness, lower-poison and lower residue comparing to organic phosphorus. Impact of pyrethrin on environment is lower than that of organic phosphorus. It is difficult to assess the impact of Shennongdan pesticide used in the project areas since there are no reference materials available. The application of pesticides in the project areas will follow the principle of high efficiency, low poison and low residue. Efforts will be made to reduce the threat of pesticide to soil and groundwater. Adopting water-saving irrigation will reduce irrigation water volume, and groundwater recharge from irrigation return water will also be reduced at the same time. In particular when drip and micro irrigation is used, water will not seep into ground and basically no impact will be resulted in. Water flow is the power of pesticide mobility. Probability of pesticide movement into groundwater for sprinkler and surface irrigation is much smaller than that of traditional irrigation, but possibility still exists, especially in sandy soil. Measures such as stalk shredding in the project areas are good for pesticide degradation. The impact of stalk shredding is the increase of organic content in soil. As discussed above, high organic content is good for adsorption and degradation of pesticides. From the point view of water saving and agricultural measures, the project will reduce the potential pollution possibility to groundwater comparing to the traditional agricultural conditions without project, but behavior of pesticide to environment is still unknown in many aspects. The efforts in countries are focusing on the prevention of pesticide pollution. The whole process monitoring should be carried out in amount, methodology of application and residue of pesticide after project, strictly following the principle of high efficiency, low poison and low residue.

5.5 Environmental impact during construction

Some temporary and on-site environmental impacts will occure during construction . The main impacts are as follows. (1) Spoiled Spoiled materials are from civil works of water delivery canals, bridges and culverts, land leveling, rural roads, etc and concrete of canal lining. Average earth excavation per project area is relative small due to extensive distribution of project scopes. Many works, such as pipe laying, are excavated immediately followed by back filling, which produce less spoiled materials. Land leveling, water and soil conservation, and improvement of medium and low yield land belong to optimized use of land. (2) Dust Theoretically speaking, construction of the civil works may cause dust in local areas, especially in windy dry period of Spring. But the construction areas are located in less densely populated rural area, which has less impact on people. Construction in strong wind climate should be avoided. (3) Water and soil loss

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Most lining is implemented in the existing canals, and only small part of canal excavation will damage local vegetation. Construction in rainy season may cause some water and soil losses. Construction of rural roads may result in severe water and soil losses if in rainy season or improper construction method used. In rainy season, if drainage is not good, roads are prone to damage, which will have adverse impacts on nearby land in flood season. (4) Noise Machine excavation, aggregate processing and concrete mixing is the constant source of noise and vehicle causes temporary noises. Constant noise will not affect people’s life since the construction sites are far from densely-populated residential areas. Vehicles at night may produce small noises to residential areas.

5.6 Social impact assessment

5.6.1 Alleviation of regional conflicts between water supply and demand

The project is located in serious water shortage areas, water saving irrigation will not only improve the agricultural water efficiency but also alleviate the conflicts of agriculture water use and industrial and domestic water use to some extent.

5.6.2 Impact on rural production pattern after project

Impacts of the implementation of the project on rural production pattern are as follows: · Water saving irrigation promotes the adjustment of planting patterns

Construction of water conservancy works and improvement of medium and low yield farm land, turning flooding irrigation into advanced irrigation, are of advantages to the adjustment of planting patterns and farming system. The adjustment with the combination of local characteristics will make the planting structure more reasonable, increasing crops with low water consumption and high economic returns.

· Bases construction and extension of high quality seed The project areas have established high quality seed bases and seed companies of

main some crops, such as wheat, paddy, maize, cotton, soybean and rape, with the consideration of their own crop structures. Seed service systems at all levels will promote the use of high quality seeds. The coverage of high quality seeds of grain, cotton and rape seed will increase after project, and unified seed supply of the main crops will reach 85% from present 60%. Seed companies will guarantee the quality of seeds. All these have optimized planting patterns in the project areas and protected farmer’s benefits.

· Agricultural mechanization enhanced Agricultural machinery will be procured in the component of agricultural technology and machinery service systems in the project areas. These include large harvester, paddy planter, seeder, thresher, tractor, fertilizer deeper and stalk shredding machine, etc. the use of these machines will enhance agricultural mechanization, increase the productivity, reduce farmer’s labor forces and

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shorten working time in the project area. In particular, the use of stalk shredding machine and fertilizer deeper has changed the farming method in the project area.

· Improve scientific farming and on-farm management level The extension of agricultural technologies after the implementation of the project will improve scientific farming, which is of advantages to proper use of fertilizer, pesticide and agricultural film. In general, the project will improve the agricultural production conditions and enhance farming method, turning the individual contract economy to larger scale agricultural mechanization and improving from extensive on-farm management to scientific management. Yield and income increase is expected and project areas will become the production bases of cereal, cotton and oil.

5.6.3 Impact on agricultural economy

Output of grain, oil crops, vegetable, cotton and fruit is expected to be increased in varying degrees due to the improvement of irrigation facilities and adjustment of planting patterns after the implementation of the project, which will promote the development of agricultural economy.

5.6.4 Women’s role in project

At present, most of rural women in the project areas receive low education and possess little agricultural techniques. Most of them engage in agricultural planting, some of small portions of surplus labors are household wives, some go outside looking for causal work. Most of rural women engage in heavy labor work with low income. The project will not only improve the rural social environment but also enable women play more important role in agricultural economy. First, the project will provide women with more employment opportunities. For instance, women after training from local agricultural technology centers can engage in extension, seed service and plant protection as well as rural project management. Second, the project enhances agricultural mechanization and thus reduces the work strength of women, shortening working time. Third, some women attend agricultural machinery and technology training programs and they will learn some skills of modern technology and management, which also provide technical basis for development of diversified side business. In a word, the project will raise women’s scientific and cultural knowledge and their incomes. With women’s increase portion in household income, they positions will be raised and family life will also be improved.

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6 Alternative analysis

6.1 General comparative analysis of with or without project

The general environmental impact comparative analysis with or without project is showed in the table6-1. accorging to the table6-1 ,the adverse environmental effect with project is much smaller than that without project.

Table6-1 general environmental impact comparison with or without project item with project without project

positive impacts

Reduce the seepage of canal, increase the utilization efficiency of water resources and alleviate the descent of groundwater level. Increase the utilization coefficient of irrigation water and the assurance rate of irrigation.

·no impacts caused by project construction

negative impacts

·land occupied by construction temporarily ·temporary pollution caused by project construction

·low utilization efficiency of water resources,high ineffective evaporation ·descent of groundwater level. ·The ecological environment further degraded

impact comparison

The project can improve water and soil environment to a great extent with less negative environmental impacts. The adverse environmental effect with project is much smaller than that without project

6.2 comparative analysis of irrigation methods

In Hebei Province, well-irrigated areas take about 80% of the total irrigated area. Low-pressure pipe irrigation in well-irrigated areas have advantages of saving land, labor and energy, especially there is an obvious effect of enlargement of irrigated areas during the irrigation period. Low-pressure pipe irrigation adopt connecting way of fixed pipeline with hose generally, totally cancel the furrow, the well water irritates each farmland directly, its water-saving result is the best, and easy to manage with low cost, welcome extensively by peasants. It is generally welcomed and accepted by the farmers.

Water Saving Methods Pros&Cons

Canal - Rarely used in irrigatatoin area with borehoels beause of poor

wate-saving efficiency.

Low pressure Pipe - Good water saving efficiency

- Easy for maitances,

- Low capital investment as well as recruuing cost.

Drip Irrigaiton. - Suitable for greenhouse, but not for field crops,,

- High capital cost and recurring cost

- Difficult to manage the sparking facilities

Sparking Irrigation - High capital cost and recurring cost

- Difficult to manage the sparking facilities

- Suitable for sandy fields or slope area.

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7 Environmental benefit analysis

7.1 Project financing

In table 7.1-1, the investment of environmental protection include the cost of Wind Barriers measures implemented for ecological environment protection and the cost of monitoring equipment and monitoring cost carried out for environmental monitoring which are 4.751 million RMB yuan totally. Details on environmental protection investment are shown in table7.1-2.

table7.1-1 Investment statistics in the project areas total

Amount In total investment

item

104yuan

Irrigation component 17144 72.1

Agriculture component 3148 13.2

Management water saving 1830 7.7

Environmental protection and EMP 475 2.0

Survey, design & management (Independent expenses)

1178 5.0

Prepareation fee 2378 10.0

Bacsic Prepareation 2378 10.0

Price differential Prepareation 0 0.00

Interest in construction period 1059 4.5 Interest 1025 4.3

one time start fee 34 0.1

Total project costs 27211 100

Table7.1-2 Environmental protection investment Unit�104yuan item Amount

1. .Environmental protection and monitoring

425.7

2 .Environmental management plan (1) field tree 363.7 (2) Economic tree (3)other 59.1 3. Water and soil conservation 46.2

( (1) Water and soil conservation tree 41.2

( (2)other 5.0 4. Occupation of land and immigrants 6.15

total 475.1

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7.2 Economic benefit analysis

7.2.1 Adjusting planting structure

The irrigation conditions in the project area will be improved and the assurance rate of irrigation water will be increased after the implementation of the project. Meantime, multiple crop index will be increased through the establishment of agricultural support and service system and counterpart of Wind Barriers measures. Especially the enhancement of farmer’s cultural level and establishment of management system will be benefit for the adjustment of crop planting structure, increasing the harvested area of cash crops with high yield, good quality, high efficiency and high extra revenue.

7.2.2 Output of new-increased agriculture and Wind Barriers product

Yield increase level of cereals With the development of water saving irrigation works and in combination with agricultural and Wind Barriers measures, the yield of agricultural products in the project area will be increased year by year and reach steady production level within 2-3 years after the implementation of the project. Vegetable will reach steady production level in the same year. Cereals and cash crops will be increased by 15�20% and 10�15% respectively. The total yield increase of cereals is 72103 tons, oil crops is 3055 ton, cotton is 2685 tons and melons and vegetables is 898818 tons. Yield increase level of wood and fruit trees There is a longer cutting period for forest wood about 15 years with 120-130 square meters per ha. The normal cutting period for firewood is 10 years with 25-35 square meters per ha. There is great difference for different variety of fruit trees such as apple, peach and grape. The total incremental fruit products in this project are 48339 tons. Calculated with current financial price, the output value will be increased by 133.4694 million yuan and the net income will be increased by 660.8671 million yuan.

Typical Households and Income Impacts

In order to correctly inflect real information on household income and expense,

sampling method is adopted for investigation. Three kinds of households are selected

in each project area according to different irrigation ways as representative of various

income level. The items of investigation include population, labor force, cultivated

area, seeded area of various crops, income of agricultural by-products, income of

tertiary industry, input of production and worker payment.

7.3 Social benefit analysis

7.3.1 Disaster alleviation and prevention

Drought, flood and waterlogging are the main natural disasters affecting production in the project areas. The counterpart standard of on-farm irrigation and drainage works

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can be enhanced after the implementation of the project, the assurance factor of irrigation water can be improved and the impacts of drought and flood disasters on agricultural production can be alleviated after the implementation of the project. The implementation of comprehensive agricultural measures and the extension of drought resisting and wind resisting high quality varieties can enhance disaster resistance and prevention abilities of crops. Implementation of Wind Barriers components, such as tree shelter belt around farmlands, will reduce the damages of sandstorm, improve environment and preserve soil and water resources.

7.3.2 Mitigation of water right conflicts

The project will reduce water losses, enhance the effective use of water resources, easy up the conflicts among industrial, agricultural, domestic and different administrative regional water uses and promote social stability.

7.3.3 Accelerate regional economic development

The World Bank loan is used to develop water saving irrigation projects and improve agricultural productive level, which not only brings great development for agriculture but also promotes development of Wind Barriers, husbandry, sidelines and fishery. Development of these sectors offers large amount of raw materials for processing industries and promotes the development of transportation and township enterprises. Subsidize agriculture with industry and advance regional economic development through the value increase of processing industries. Economic development in the project areas will contribute a lot to the realization of local strategic goals.

7.3.4 Promote social stability

With the development of regional economy and decrease of water conflicts, the relationship between people, their living conditions, infrastructures and cultural and recreation facilities will be improved which can increase employment opportunities, enhance their cultural levels and promote social stability. Establishment of SIDD, WSO and WUA will change the management mechanism and improve water resources management. They are responsible for project construction, operation and management, supplying water according to the cost and recovering investment cost of water resources, preserve the value of fixed assets of water resources and promote sustainable development.

7.4 Environmental benefit analysis

7.4.1 Environmental benefit of Wind Barriers

Construction of tree shelter belt and development fruit trees can evidently achieve biological benefit of wind prevention, sand consolidation and climate improvement. According to data from Changli Agricultural Division Office, wind velocity with fruit trees is 25 35 lower than that without fruit trees, and temperature decreases in

40

summer and increases in winter by 1 2� evaporation decrease by about 20 . Tree shelter belts are the major component of bio-agriculture construction. Natural environment will be improved after completion of Wind Barriers components.

7.4.2 Environmental benefit of agriculture

Development of agriculture, Wind Barriers, husbandry, sidelines and fishery will enrich farmers choice for commodities, which can make full use of energy resources and make the recycle of energy and commodities more reasonable.

7.4.3 Environmental benefit of water conservancy

Water conservancy projects can make the development and utilization of water resources more reasonable, mitigate disasters of drought, flood and alkalinity and lead to many environmental benefits. Development of water saving irrigation projects can increase the utilization efficiency of regional water resources, reduce the volume of groundwater overdraft, ease up water conflicts among various water use departments, realize the good recycle of biological environment and achieving the maximum benefits of water resources. Implementation and extension of water saving irrigation turns the single household land irrigation into large-scale land irrigation, which makes the scientific and in time irrigation possible and is of advantages to scientific allocation of surface water and ground water and effectively control groundwater level, deterioration of soil phisicochemical character and the loss of fertilizer. All these not only saved valuable water resources, but also preserve the good bio-environment of farmlands.

8 Environment management plan

8.1 general environment management plan

The general environment management plan is prepared for all the Hebei project area except She county and daming county. The environment management plan specially prepared for She County and daming county is in Section 8.2.

8.1.1 Summary of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Summarized below in Table8.1-1 are the environmental impacts identified as part of the EA and the basic information for developing detailed environmental mitigation/offsetting measures.

8.1.1.1 Measures to alleviate impact during construction

The major environmental elements to be affected by construction will include: surface water, ambient air, acoustic environment, ecological environmental, solid waste and public health. A detailed guidelines for project construction has been developed by the provincial project management office and attached as Annex 1 of the EMP.

8.1.1.2 Measures to alleviate impact during operation period

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For the application of nitrogenous fertilizer, such measures as balancing , soil monitoring, and timing should be taken, which is good for alleviation of leaching.

· Application of pesticide should strictly follow the national standard “Standard for safety use of pesticide” as well as the Pest Mangement Plan.

· Application of pesticide should be under the guidance of experts, to ensure the application of safety, high efficient, low poison and low residue pesticides.

· Control of pesticide pollution to groundwater should focus on the prevention of pollution, which may refer to the study by EU. Careful application should be paid with understanding of basic features of pesticide.

· Typical areas should be selected to monitor amount, timing and residue in soil of pesticide application.

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Table 8.1-1 Summarized Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures Activities Identified Impacts Design Measures Construction measures Operational measures

Construction land-occupied

Impact on land utilization Reasonable site selection

not occupy farmland

Rebuild of pumped wells

Impact on land utilization and vegetation. unreasonable layout of pumped wells may result in descent of water level.

make reasonable layout

Constructing pumped wells in agricultural spare time

Major canal and pipeline

- General construction nuisances (noise, dust, waste). - Control of soil erosion.

Reasonable route selection

-General mitigation plan to reduce construction impacts(Refer to Annex I).

Irrigation component

Land leveling Destroy matured earth on soil surface and influence balance of water and heat.

Maintain matured earth to the best and recover it on the surface soil.

Construction land-occupied

Impact on land utilization Reasonable site selection

not occupy farmland

Land leveling Destroy matured earth on soil surface and influence balance of water and heat.

Maintain matured earth to the best and recover it on the surface soil.

Film residue Changing physical characteristics of soil, the white pollution will influence landscape view.

Clearing up in time and use easily decomposed film

Applicaion of agro-machinery

Mechanical noise and mechanical oil seepage will pollute soil.

Follow operation rules

Pesticide & fertlizers use

Agricultural area pollution source minimize pesticide use by promoting the IPM(see Annex II)

Agricultural component

water-retaining agent use

Non-appropriate choice of water-retaining agent

1.Through screening, purchase the water retaining agent of environmental friendly in unison. 2.Train peasants

Wind Barrier Tree planting and revegetation

Invasive species. Pest management.

Limiting species choice to local species.

Training on pest management.

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Table 8.1-2 Physicochemical characteristics of pesticides found in groundwater Characteristics Limit Solubility in water >300ppm Henry constant <10Pa(m-3)(mol-1) Hydrolytic half life period >25weeks Photosynthetic half life period >1week Adsorpability: Kd <1-5(usually<1-2) Adsorpability: Koc <300-500 Metabolism half life period >2-3weeks Field dissipation half life period >2-3weeks Depth of leaching in field dissipation >75-90cm

8.1.2 Monitoring plan

Because the project involve many components and they are all located in the widespread villages where the monitoring conditions are much poorer, typical project area in each county are selected to be monitored focally, and the monitoring focus on groundwater, surface water and soil monitoring, the purpose is to survey the applied quantity of fertilizer and pesticide is to strengthen management.

8.1.2.1 Principle of monitoring points selection Groundwater level: using subproject area as basic unit and selecting typical

observation well on the basis of hydrogeological conditions, regular monitoring points should be used as far as possible; Each county should has a monitoring point at least.

· Monitoring of water environment (water quality): using the regular sampling points as far as possible and properly adding some sampling points according to the conditions of pollution source;

· Soil monitoring: adding some new necessary points on the basis of the existing sampling points of agricultural environment at county level.

8.1.2.2 Environment monitoring plan Water environment monitoring plan includes the monitoring of surface water volume and quality, groundwater level, volume and quality and soil. · Surface water monitoring Monitoring points should be located in the main rivers and intakes of irrigation water of reservoirs in the project areas. Monitoring should be done Biannual during irrigation r. Monitoring on water quality is detailed in Table 8.1--3. · Ground water monitoring Monitoring points should be located in the intake wells of water saving irrigation system and observation well every 20 km2 in the project area. Monitoring should be done Biannual in flood and drought period of a year. Monitoring components are groundwater level, quality and volume and the monitoring of water quality should be carried out in accordance with the “Quality standard for groundwater” (GB/T14848-93) and “Quality standard for Irrigation Water” (GB5084�92).

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· Soil monitoring Monitor points should be located in the project every 10km2 and monitoring of 0�20cm surface soil is the focus. Sampling time: monitoring once at the end of planting period should be carried out and added properly according to requirement. Essential monitoring factors: detailed in table 8.1-3. The application of pesticide and fertilizer should be performed according to crops, and the monitoring of pesticide in soil should be carried out selecting representative pesticide. 8.1.2.3 monitoring method, sampling method The monitoring method, sampling method and monitoring analysis method of environment should be carried out according to the standard issued by the State Environmental Protection Agency. 8.1.2.4 Monitoring task undertaken

Monitoring task should be undertaken by special qualified units such as provincial hydrologic station, provincial or municipal water resources bureau and the Monitoring and Evaluation Center of Water Environment entrusted by provincial project office.

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Table8.1-3 Environmental Monitoring Program for the Project categary Monitoring item Parameters Frequencies Monitors Responsible Agency

Water level Groundwater level Groundwater level Biannual monitoring Monitoring institute City/county PMO

irrigation water quality Pb, Ca, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag, pH, CODmn Biannual during irrigation Monitoring institute City/county PMO

Return water quality Pb, Ca, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag,�ammonia-

nitrogen�pH�CODmn�NO2-N Biannual during irrigation

Monitoring institute City/county PMO water

quality

Groundwater quality Pb, Ca, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag, Full Phosphorous

,NH+4-N, pH�CODmn�NO2-N

Biannual during irrigation Monitoring institute City/county PMO

Soil pollution Pb, Ca, Hg, Ag,, pH Annual during irrigatinon Monitoring institute City/county PMO

soil quality Soil Fertility

pH�organic matter�Nitrogen�Hydro

Nitrogen

, Effective Phosphorous,Effective Potassium

Annual during irrigatinon

Monitoring institute City/county PMO

impact

during

construction

Air pollution, waste

water ,waste

solid,noise

Environmental protection measures required

in environmental reglation and law

environmental supervision and

management by ESE

ESE (Environmental

Supervision Engineer)

EMO(Environmental

Management Office)

46

table8.1-4 Environmental monitoring costs Unit�thousand yuan Soil monitoring 68.34 Surface water monitoring 51.1 Groundwater level and quality monitoring 70.28 total 189.72

8.1.3 Environmental management plan

8.1.3.1 Institutional Establishment and Responsibilities

Special unit of environment protection management should be set up and operates under the guidance of Provincial Water Resources Bureau during the construction and operation period of the Water Conservation Project. It should formulate implementation regulations on environmental protection and establish project management information system to monitor key environmental elements of project prefectures and counties. System management is used in data collection, compilation and report and all of the found issues should be solved in time to achieve the integration of the project’s social, economic and environmental benefits. Duties of environmental management institutions are as follows:Implementing the policies and regulations for environmental protection of the state; protecting water and soil environment cooperating with water resources and environmental protection sectors; spreading awareness among the masses in the construction areas on environmental protection to promote masses’ consciousness of environmental protection; being responsible for organizing and implementing environmental monitoring and records and analyzing the project impacts on environment; being responsible for the statistics and report to the higher level of report forms and managing archives of environmental protection. To effectively implement this EMP during implementation, the Project Office will provide an EMO to be exclusively responsible for implementing. The EMO will consist of 2 persons, including an engineer and a staff member.Each County Project Office will establish an Environmental Management Group (referred to the “EMG” hereinafter), to be exclusively responsible for implementing this EMP and the resettlement action plan within its jurisdiction. The EMG will comprise a director and a staff members to take charge of environmental management. When the EMO is in place, the ESE, environmental monitoring agencies and individual consultants will be engaged, on a contract basis, to undertake the environmental management work assigned by the EMO. The environmental management agencies and their counterpart contract parties will form an environmental management framework with the EMO as a key actor as shown in Chart 8-1 below.

47

Chart 8-1 Environmental Management Framework

8.1.3.2 Environmental management during construction

Attention should be paid to the management environmental behavior caused for production and living construction site, full-time environmental protection staff should be provided in the construction units participating in the project to be responsible for pollution control. The management and supervision departments in each project county should establish report system of environmental quality and establish environmental management and simultaneous examination and approval system, promote propaganda and education and strengthen the constructors’ consciousness of environmental protection. Of which, the important issues to be paid attention to are solid waste from construction, vegetation protection and noises of machines. A detailed guidelines for project construction has been developed by the provincial project management office and attached as Annex 1 of the EMP. In order to ensure actual implementation of the guidelines, based on successful practices in other World Bank financed projects in China, following steps are to be taken:

i) The guidelines will be translated into contractual clauses and form an “Environmental Management Rules in Project Construction Period (Rules)” ;

ii) The Rules will be formally put into effect by PMO before project bidding; iii) The Rules will be included in project bidding documents. Each construction

contractor shall promise through construction contracts to follow the Rules;

Provincial PMO

EMO Consultant

County EMG ESE

Construction Areas / Project Affected Areas

Monitoring Institutes

48

iv) An environmental professional team, environmental supervision engineers (ESE), shall be employed by the EMO to supervise on spot the implementation of the Rules (measures) by the contractors.

v) The management office of the project of city or county level should assign staff to the construction sites of the project for supervision and inspection irregularly.

8.1.3.3 Environmental management during operation

Each water supply department in the project area should ensure that the quality of water source conforms to the quality standard for relative functions of water body. It is forbidden to discharge waste water to the drainage system in the project area. When irrigation water is found polluted, it should be reported to environmental management department immediately and disposed in time. The main environmental issued to be paid attention to after the implementation of the project is the descent of groundwater level and the impacts of pesticide and fertilizer on water environment. Therefore, environmental protection departments should find these issues in time and put forward countermeasures to alleviate them on the basis of monitoring.

8.1.3.4 Establishment of environmental monitoring and reporting system

Environmental monitoring and reporting system is an effective measure for environmental management. · Monitoring stations at all levels compile environmental monitoring report according

to the monitoring plan. · All subproject areas collect the monitoring results to county project management

offices (PMOs), thus report to provincial PMO by county PMOs. · Environment protection bureaus at city level summarize the county environmental

monitoring reports, put forward proposals on environmental monitoring and management according to the state of local environmental protection laws and regulations and make them known to the environmental protection department at lower level.

· The above-mentioned monitoring report and proposals of environmental protection bureaus at city level will be reported to CPMO. PMOs at all levels should adjust and implement the monitoring plan under the guidance of CPMO.

· The central project management office( CPMO) reports the situation of carrying

out EMP wth relevant environmental monitoring data to the World Bank every year.

8.1.3.5 Environmental Management Training and Consulting Services

(1) Environmental Training

49

It is necessary to train the Project management staff, which is not familiar wiyh the World Bank’s environmental policies and the Project-specific environmental management requirements and management procedures.It is proposed to provide the following 2 types of training: environmental staff in provincial and counties (districts)level, ESE. (1) Training of environmental management in provincial and counties (districts)level This part of work will be performed by the PMO after the World Bank’s Project appraisal and before the Project implementation. It is expected to train 20-30 persons, including the PMO’s environmental officials, all EMO staff, county (district) EMG staff, and representatives of Project engineering management staff. The topics of training include: 1) China’s applicable environmental laws, regulations, standards and specifications; 2) Environmental management mode of World Bank-supported projects; 3) EMP; 4) Experience and lessons from other World Bank-supported projects in China; 5) Preparation of environmental management reports. In addition, the EMO will send chief environmental managers to other World Bank-supported projects in China, to learn from their experience in environmental management. (2) Training of ESE Training of the ESE will be arranged by the EMO prior to implementation of the Project, with an estimated number of about 15-20 persons, including the ESE’s total staff, PMO’s environmental officials, total EMO staff, county (district) EMG’s staff, representatives of project engineering management. and the Engineer’s representatives. They will be trained in the following topics: 1) China’s applicable environmental laws and regulations; 2) Environmental management mode of World Bank-supported projects; 3) The EMP; 4) Objectives, components, procedures and methods of environmental supervision; 5) Experience and lessons from other World Bank-supported projects in China; 6) Preparation of environmental supervision reports. (2) Consulting Services Environmental consultants will be invited as necessary by the EMO, regularly or irregularly, to provide technical support for environmental management under the Project. (3) Training for farmers to implement the mitigation measures in the EMP. In the project areas, it is the farmer who will implement the mitigation measures to reduce the use of pesticide and fertilizers. It is important to provide farmers with trainings on the following

- Training on the EA regulatons and policies; - Training on Annex I-General Guidelines for Construction. - Training on Annex II- Integrated Pest Management

50

- Training on use and recycle of mulch membrane; - Training on the screening of moisture preservation agents.

The training for farmers will be offed by the county PMOs, or be delivered by the Water User Association.

8.2 environment management plan for daming county

8.2.1 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The environmental impacts identified as part of the EA and the basic information for developing detailed environmental mitigation measures summarized is showed in Table8.2-1.

Table 8.2-1 Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures for daming county

item activities Impacts during construction

Construction measures

Impacts during Operation

Operational measures

Irrigation component

diverting Yellow River water from xiaoying river for irrigation

General construction nuisances (noise, dust, waste)

Same as table8.1-1

Water of the Yellow River contains more sand, it is apt to cause the river to deposit

After the operation of Xiao Langdi reservoir in 1997, the silt content of the Yellow River had already tended towards stability.According to channeling water amount, silt content and retaining time in the canal, it is estimated that the annual sand silt in channel is about 2000m3, the deposit thickness is about 0.03m every year, and needs to clear silt every 5 year.

8.2.2 Monitoring plan

The monitoring plan formulated for daming county is showed in table 8.2-1.

8.2.3 Institutional Establishment for environment

The same with the general environment management plan.

8.2.4 Training and Consulting Services

The same with the general environment management plan.

8.2.5 Budget for monitoring

The Budget for monitoring is showed in Table8.2-2�

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8.3 environment management plan for She county

8.3.1 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The environmental impacts identified as part of the EA and the basic information for developing detailed environmental mitigation measures summarized is showed in Table8.3-1.

8.3.2 Monitoring plan

The monitoring plan formulated for daming county is showed in table 8.3-2.

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Table8.2-1 Environmental Monitoring Program for Daming County and She County categary Monitoring item Parameters Frequencies Monitors Responsible Agency

Water level Groundwater level Groundwater level Biannual monitoring Monitoring institute City/County PMO

irrigation water quality Pb, Ca, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag, pH, CODmn Biannual during irrigation Monitoring institute City/County PMO

Return water quality Pb, Ca, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag,�ammonia-

nitrogen�pH�CODmn�NO2-N Biannual during irrigation

Monitoring institute City/County PMO water

quality

Groundwater quality Pb, Ca, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag, Full Phosphorous

,NH+4-N, pH�CODmn�NO2-N

Biannual during irrigation Monitoring institute City/County PMO

Soil pollution Pb, Ca, Hg, Ag,, pH Annual during irrigatino Monitoring institute City/County PMO

soil quality Soil Fertility

pH�organic matter�Nitrogen�Hydro

Nitrogen

, Effective Phosphorous,Effective Potassium

Annual during irrigatino

Monitoring institute City/County PMO

Air pollution, waste

water ,waste

solid,noise

Environmental protection measures required

in environmental reglation and law

environmental supervision and

management by ESE

ESE (Environmental

Supervision Engineer)

EMO(Environmental

Management Office) impact

during

construction dredged sediment Monitoring for Infusion toxicity Annual during construction Monitoring institute

53

54

table8.2-2 Environmental monitoring costs for Daming county Unit�thousand

yuan Soil monitoring 30 Surface water monitoring 25 Groundwater level and quality monitoring 30 total 85

table8.3-2 Environmental monitoring costs for She county Unit�thousand yuan Soil monitoring 30 Surface water monitoring 25 Groundwater level and quality monitoring 30 total 85

table8.3-3 Budget for Implementation of Environmental Management Plan Item Budget

Mitigation measures (e.g. Wind barrier, soil conservation)

475.1

Envionrmental Monitoirng 85 Capacity Builidng, inlcuidng envionrmental training* 49.24 Total 609.34

9 Public participation

Water saving irrigation will play a positive role in local rural social and economic development and the improvement of farmer’s living standard. The public participation is very necessary, we should give the public participation and supervision into full play, eliminate and alleviate the adverse impact during the construction and operation of the project, realize the coordinated development of economic construction and environmental protection and guarantee the numerous mass’s benefits.

9.1 Survey objects and method

Survey objects: include farmers in the project area, local governmental officials, administrative personnel of the project and water conservancy, agricultural, environmental and forest experts, etc., sex, age, educational level, occupation and revenue were all taken into account. Survey method: granting “questionnaire for the public participation” to the numerous farmers and carrying out sampling survey are the majority, and concurrently holding symposium and experts’ consultation.

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9.2 Survey results

It shows from the survey to experts that all of them think that water saving irrigation is the most important way to solve the water shortage in the Hebei plain of China. They also stressed that the state should devote great efforts to water saving irrigation and control the irrigation project that will exploit new water sources. As to environmental pollution issues, they think that the water environmental pollution will be alleviated after the implementation of the project, the pollutant entering into water body will be reduced than the present under water saving irrigation conditions. They recommend that appropriate fertilizer application, applying fertilizer according to the measurement of soil fertility and at proper time should be implemented in fertilizer use. High effective, low noxious and low left over pesticide type should be extended in use and meanwhile their manufacture should be supervised.

we conduct survey by the means of selecting representative masses, holding symposium and granting questionnaire for comments. We recovered 100 questionnaires from this survey.The results of survey shows the public support the project, over 90% of people who know about this project and they all think that it’s important or very important of irrigation development to agricultural development. 100% of them agree on the project construction and think that the project is beneficial to themselves.

chart9-1 project information disclosed in the internet

56

chart9-2 project information disclosed in the newspaper

57

10 Conclusion and recommendation

10.1 Conclusions of Current environmental situation assessment

· The nutrient content of soil in the project area is at the third level under the present applied quantity of fertilizer and cropping pattern. Content of heavy metal in soil belongs to Class I natural background value scope� The present quality of surface water environment in the project area is polluted mainly by organic matter and nitrogenous fertilizer basically and its quality can meet the demand for farmland. There is no large quantity of return water from farmland irrigation in the project area, so data on water quality from farmland drainage has not been collected.

· According to the classification standard for groundwater quality, the groundwater body can meet the water quality standard, its major influencing factors are hardness and NO3-. Generally groundwater in the project area is fresh water, only some saline water exists in Guantao of Hebei Province. The degree of groundwater mineralization is less than 2g/l that can meet the quality demand for farmland irrigation.

· The shortage of water resources in varying degrees exists both at present condition and in the future without the project.

10.2 Main impacts and countermeasures

Main positive impacts · Development of water saving irrigation, such as sprinkler, drip, pipe, chute irrigation

and canal lining, will raise water resources utilization efficiency from 0.4~0.65 with traditional flood irrigation to 0.70-0.85 and reduce crops’ irrigation quota.

· Water saving irrigation is implemented according to water demand of crops in different growth periods. It is uniformed and easy for crop adsorption. These techniques are more reasonable and scientific, while reducing losses of infiltration and evaporation.

· Water saving irrigation is good for easing up intense of water resources in project areas. It will not intensify the trend of groundwater level descent and on the contrary, it may enable groundwater level rise to some extend.

· Scientific irrigation method, together with such agricultural measures as appropriate fertilizer application, soil temperature and moisture preservation and stalk shredding is of advantageous to the evenly convey of moisture and nutrient into crop roots and improves soil structure and fertilizer efficiency.

· Water saving irrigation helps land leveling and reduces soil and water losses. Development of forestry and vegetation protects farmland. It is convenient for

58

machinery operation after land leveling and labor can be saved. All these are good to sustainable environment development.

· The Project accelerates extension and popularization of science and technology and enables farmers learn scientific production and management skills, which not only enhances farmers scientific and cultural level but also improves rural social environment.

· Water saving irrigation techniques promote extension of agriculture technology and increase per unit area yield. It also promotes economic development in the project areas.

· SIDD changes management mode and enhances farmers’ scientific use and management of water, which is favorable for increase of water resources utilization efficiency and maintenance of irrigation facilities.

Main adverse impacts and countermeasures · Water saving irrigation, together with agriculture and management meausres has

reduced potential adverse impacts of pesticide and fertilizer on soil and groundwater compared to traditional irrigation and farming method, but their impact still exist.

· Prevention of fertilizer and pesticide pollution is the focus of management. Measures

should be taken during their application.

-- For the application of nitrogenous fertilizer, such measures as balancing, soil monitoring, and timing should be taken, which is good for alleviation of leaching.

-- Application of pesticide should strictly follow the national standard “Standard for safety use of pesticide”.

-- Under the guidance of experts, to ensure the application of safety, high efficient, low poison and low residue pesticides.

-- Control of pesticide pollution to groundwater should focus on the prevention of pollution, which may refer to the study by EU. Careful application should be paid with understanding of basic features of pesticide.

-- Typical areas should be selected to monitor amount, timing and residue in soil of pesticide application.

· Earth excavation and use of machinery may result in noises, dust, soil and water

loss, which can be alleviated by strengthening environmental management. Measures are as follows:

-- Spoiled materials produced in construction should be cleared in time and transported to the specified places. -- Canal excavation and road construction should be avoided implementing in rainy season, and vegetation of both banks should be restored which is the effective measure to prevent soil and water loss. -- Construction vehicles should slow down when travel through residential areas, and no tooting is allowed. Try to avoid moving through residential areas at night.

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10.3 Conclusions and recommendations

In summary, the project is a project of improving irrigation systems, increasing water resources utilization efficiency, promoting local social and economic development and improving local environment. In general, the project is of advantage to environment, and its social, economic and environmental benefits are optimistic.

It is suggested to realize the balance between water supply and demand during project implementation. As regard to groundwater, the draft volume should not excess its mean annual replenishment, which is the guarantee to avoid continuous descent of groundwater level. Application of pesticide should follow the policy of high efficiency, low poison and low residue.

In general, this project is the one that will improve irrigation facilities, increase utilization rate of water resources, promote local social and economic development in village and improve environment. After implementation of the project, it will obtain great social, economic and environmental benefits.

It is suggested that, during implementation of the project, enabling balance between water resources supply and demand, especially to groundwater, the exploitation amount should not be greater than its mean annual recharge, which is safeguard to keep steady groundwater level continuously. The policy of high-efficiency, low poison and low residue should be carried out in application of pesticide.

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ANNEX 1: General Guidelines for Construction

Management

The major environmental elements to be affected by construction will include: surface water, ambient air, acoustic environment, ecological environmental, solid waste and public health. Specific mitigating measures are proposed as follows:

1) Surface water protection

(1) Drainage from foundation pits will be mostly underground seepage and rainfall. Such water relatively good in quality will be directly discharged after sedimentation, provided that it is not mixed with any other wastewater. This will not cause surface water pollution.

(2) The wastewater stemming from concrete mixing and curing systems and aggregate washing activities will be collected, mixed and sent to sedimentation tanks after the pH value is reduced. The size of tanks will be adequate to ensure a retention time longer than 6 hours. Treated wastewater will be totally used for aggregate washing or concrete mixing and curing purposes.

(3) Repair and washing of construction equipment and vehicles will be performed by taking advantage of the available repair plants nearby, with the replacement of parts considered in site. The oily wastewater resulting from equipment maintenance and washing will be treated by making use of the available oil separators installed in the repair plants, with treated wastewater reused wherever possible rather than drained.

(4) construcion management will be mostly performed in outskirts or rural areas, with camps established by taking advantage of the available amenities in neighboring villages. In consideration of the reality there, excreta will be used as manure. Camps not based on available living amenities will be furnished with simple latrines, with excreta regularly removed and used as manure.

(5) Camps will be equipped with sanitary sewage treatment facilities, with this part of sewage will be treated properly rather than drained into water courses directly.

(6) The Contractors must implement production/sanitary sewage treatment measures to ensure discharge up to standards.

(7) River diversion schemes shall be planned well in account of the receiving capacity of water courses, not to deteriorate the water environment in the surroundings. In the process of diversion, strict management and supervision of construction will be practised to prevent adverse impacts by willful diversion.

(8) Every effort will be tried to save water, which will be reused wherever

61

possible. (9) Construction management will be enhanced, with water leakage from

construction equipment controlled strictly. (10) Environmental education of construction workers will be strengthened to

raise their environmental awareness, without littering solid wastes and sewage.

2) Air protection (11) Raw materials will be piled properly in stockpile areas, to reduce the area

exposed to winds. Cement and other dust-prone materials, if kept temporarily, must be provided with windproof measures, e.g. wetting or covering with tarpaulin appropriately.

(12) Batching plants must be provided with dustproof measures, to meet the applicable environmental requirements.

(13) Houses being dismantled will be watered and covered properly. (14) Each construction area will be equipped with 1-2 spraying cars to meet the

need of dust removal. (15) Watering and other measures will be provided for stockpile areas when there

is gale or dry air, to reduce fugitive dust. (16) The surface of soil materials piled temporarily will be often watered to

maintain appropriate moisture. (17) Fuel equipment and vehicles must be operated in good conditions and

equipped with tail gas purifying, smoke/dust removing and other devices, as necessary, to ensure emission up to standards. Such devices will be tested and maintained regularly.

(18) Equipment management will be strengthened. (19) Soil, cement and other materials being transported will be covered with

boards and tarpaulins, and trucks will not be overloaded, so as to avoid falloff due to shocks.

(20) Operators will be equipped with necessary appliances for protection. (21) Attention will be paid to watering where construction is performed in urban

areas or outskirts and in towns or villages quite close to water courses.

3) Acoustic environmental protection

(22) The Contractors will properly arrange schedules, which will be submitted for registration, and provide necessary noise reduction measures.

(23) Rigid requirements will be provided for the management of work rates, equipment, operators and instructions, with mufflers provided for hauling trucks as necessary.

(24) Low-noise equipment will be used wherever it permits. Construction equipment will be maintained carefully to maintain them in good conditions and to reduce noise.

(25) Concrete vibrator noise will be reduced, with low-frequency vibrators applied in lieu of high-frequency ones to achieve noise reduction.

(26) Noise monitoring will be performed as planned in all work areas during

62

construction, to monitor noise levels day and night, and, on the basis of monitoring results, adjust construction schedules as necessary.

(27) Field workers, such as concrete mixer and other high-noise equipment operators, will be provided with necessary noise reduction appliances. Their work time will not be longer than 6 hours/day.

(28) Where work areas are located in the vicinity of towns and villages, work time will be arranged properly, with high-noise activities suspended from 21:00 pm to 7:00 am wherever possible.

(29) It is advisable to drive at a limited speed and forbid to use tweeters when passing through residential areas, to avoid disrupting residents.

(30) Temporary sound-proof walls will be provided where construction is performed in the range of 50 m away from villages.

4) Solid waste management

(31) Spoil soil and debris from demolition will be piled in spoil areas as planned. Spoils in piles will be watered regularly to prevent dust. Attention will be given to controlling the height of stockpiles, with fences and other measures provided to prevent loss due to erosion.

(32) Spoil areas complying with Level B of the “Standard of Soil Environmental Quality” (GB15618-1994) may be recultivated. It is recommended that restored spoil areas be monitored and then handed to farmers when confirmed free from damages to crops.

(33) Scrap iron and steel bar among other salvageable materials will be colleted for reuse.

(34) Debris from demolition will be piled by types, with salvageable parts recovered for reuse. Waste materials from reconstructed buildings will be crushed and incorporated into new buildings as fillers wherever possible, or used as road building materials.

(35) Dustbins will be provided in work areas and camps, often sprayed with aminocarb and other pesticides to prevent the breeding of flies and other vectors. Full-time jobs will be provided for cleaning and local sanitation authorities engaged in removing solid wastes regularly. Production and house refuse will be sent to landfills nearby.

(36) When construction is finished, site clearing will be arranged promptly for batching plants, laydown areas and warehouses, to remove debris from demolition and sorts of foreign materials. This will be done also for house refuse, latrines and sewage pits, which will be sterilized with quick lime and acidum to make ready for restoration.

5) Other aspects

Soil conservation, public health, cultural relic preservation and ecological protection measures are discussed separately as special topics.

The environmental protection measures mentioned above will be included as environmental clauses in the “Environmental Management Rules for Construction

63

Period”, which will be prepared as arranged by the EMO and published and put into force prior to the start of construction. The Contractors will promise in contracts to implement such measures.

Annex2� Integrated Pest Management Plan

It’s anticipated that the applied amount of pesticide and fertilizer will increase to

some extent for the regulation of planting structures to increase the yield of

agricultural production.In order to promote healthy development of the agriculture

ecosystem and safeguard ecological safety, an Integrated Pest Control Program has

been prepared, on the basis of the available pest control and management system in

the Project area, by the Project Office, who will be responsible for implementing this

Program.

1) Main Crop Diseases and Insect Pests in the Project Area

Main crop diseases and insect pests in the Project area are in 3 categories: crop

diseases, crop insects and crop smootherings.

Crop diseases: Common diseases mainly include wheat rust, full rot, root rot, snow

mold leaf blight; broad bean droop, red spot; pea downy mildew; head smut, potato

late blight, ring rot, black shank; cucumber downy mildew; and cabbage soft rot, etc.

Crops insects: Underground crop insects are wireworm, grub, cutworm, mole cricket

and rootworm, wheat head noctuid, hullsse barley spike fly, wheat-straw bee, wheat-

straw fly, malt aphid; rape stem Culculionid, yellow-stripe flea beetle; pea leaf miner,

broad bean aphid; apple yponomeutid, pear star caterpillar, diamondback moth and

cabbage caterpillar, etc.

Crop smootherings: Main crop smootherings are Avena fatua L., Chenopodium

serotinum L., wild mustard, potherb and other weeds.

2) Major Pests and damage degree

The new wheat pests have already become the obstacle of giving stable high yields

irrespective of drought or water logging. Seed-borne and Soil borne diseases are

major diseases threatening wheat production such as Wheat Take-all, sheath blight,

smut. Wheat midge is the important pest on wheat in Hebei project area, and it is also

one of important pests on threatening wheat production.

The crop diseases and insect pests are major disease threatening maize production

such as pineapple mealybug, Rhizoctonia solani, nematodosis. Crop smootherings is

64

getting serious, it show as the variety of grain field weeds is increasing, and it

increase the spread probability of weeds of quarantining etc., It have aggravated

emergence intensity and difficulty of weeding of the weeds. The crop diseases and

insect pests that occurred recently were mostly middle-leveled in the project area.

3) Status of Crop Disease & Pest Control

(1) Organizations and responsibilities for Crop Disease & Pest Control

The Bureau of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry of each project area has established

an Agrotechnology Popularizing Station, which includes a plant preservation team.

Each county has set up its own agrotechnology popularizing center, which includes a

plant preservation station.

The plant preservation team at Agrotechnology Popularizing Station takes the full

responsibility for crop disease & pest control, plant quarantine and pesticide market

administration in the whole city. The county plant preservation station is responsible

for such work within the boundary of the county.

(2) Main activities

z� Crop disease & pest monitoring

z� Routine quarantine

z� Crop disease & pest forecasting and warning

z� Dissemination and training

z� Prevention and control with pesticides

(3) Outstanding problems

z� Over-dependence upon chemical control, but less developed biological

and agricultural control measures;

z� Lack of necessary instruments and means of transport, making it difficult

to apply and spread up-to-date forecast, control and quarantine techniques;

z� Inadequacy of human resources;

z� Lack of timely and adequate access to information, resulting in improper

use of pesticides by farmers.

4) Pest Management Measures Design

(1) Principle

The pest resistance abides by the principle of “prevention preference and integrated

resistance.” The integrated resistance consists of agricultural, biological, physical and

chemical methods, with the aim to optimize agricultural ecological system and

promote agricultural sustainable development.

(2) Methods

� Wheat pests resistance

65

z� Strengthen quarantine and prohibit breeding seeds in areas with diseases or

pests. In recent years, wheat gaeumannomyces graminis has been becoming heavier.

The disease was caused by seeds. So, wheat from the fields in which wheat diseases

occurred in the last year can not be used as seeds. The diseases should be mitigated or

can disappear through irrigation and non-irrigation methods.

z� Agricultural resistance. Select seeds with high production and high disease

resistance; rotate seeds regularly; adopt better cultivation techniques and balanced

fertilizer; remove all weeds.

z� Biological resistance. Use middle- and low-poison chemical pesticide to avoid

that natural enemies, such as ladybug, syrphid flies and parasitic wasps to be killed by

them and thus to prevent aphid and wheat armyworm; and use biological pesticides to

resist gaeumannomyces graminis, jinggang mycin to resist sheath blight, Ningnan

mycin to resist powdery mildew, and Avermectins to resist gree wheat mite and

armyworm.

z� Physical resistance. A frequency trembler grid lamp pro three to four wheat

land.

�Vegetable pests resistance

z� Agricultural resistance. Rational rotation; healthy seedbed for seeds; resistant,

high-production seeds; sanitize seeds; remove weeds; reduce land humidity.

z� Physical resistance. Remove weeds by using plastic films; adjust temperature

and reduce humidity by using plastic canopy and daylight greenhouses; trap and kill

aphid by yellow board; Use frequency trembler grid lamps to trap and kill greenworm,

diamondback moth and Helicoverpaassulta.

z� Biological resistance. Protect ladybug, green lacewings, cabbage butterfly, and

Apantelesplutellae; use B.t emulsion, Avermectins, matrine, chaconine, Fructus

Cnidii.

z� Medicament resistance

Seedbed period. Mix copper sulfate with 2.5% Deltamethin and 1500 times water to

spray to resist seedling blight, anthracnose, cataplexy disease, and Agrotis ypsilon.

Seedling period. Use 5% metalaxgl mancozeb with 1000 times water to spray to resist

grey mould, frost mildew, early blight and late blight.

Bloom period. Mix Trichloroiso Cyanuric Acid with 5% fipgonil with an amount of

50 ml to spray to resist soft rot disease, anthracnose, grey mould, cotton bollworm,

Helicoverpaassulta and Bemisia tabaci.

Weed remove. Use plastic films or use 40% Hsrness with 800 times water to treat

soil.

� Potato pests resistance

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z� Agricultural resistance. Land management: much cultivation, deep cultivation,

high earth-up among individual potato, ridges after irrigation; discharge water in case

of furrow irrigation and low-lying land to reduce land humidity; resist late blight

disease. Remove of disease plant in time: examine to remove the plants with diseases.

z� Medicament resistance: when disease plants appear at Begin Bloom Day, use

Metalaxyl to spray to resist late blight disease, with 45 kg water by hand or 10 kg

water by machine, one time per seven to ten days and for two times.

5) Rational use and control of chemical pesticides

(1) Kinds of pesticides

It is prohibited in the project area to use the pesticides that are not allowed by the

state. The integrated resistance is preferred and the pesticides must be used safely.

High efficient, low-poison and low-remnant pesticides should be used, including the

following ones:

Insecticide: dimehypo, Monosultap, phentriazophos, Avermectin, B.t emulsion,

imidacloprid Regent, decis, high efficient cypermethrin.

Bactericide�validamycin A, Ningnanmycin, Trichloroisocyanuric Acid, triadimefon, Carbendazim, Metalaxyl, Tricycloazole, Shi Bai Keon, Mancozeb.

Herbicide: acetochlor, Paraquat, isoproturon, butachlor, bensulfuron methyl,

Pumasuper, tribenuion-methyl, Fluroxypyr Starane

(2) Amount control

Strengthen monitoring of plant diseases and insect pests, relax properly resistance

standards, improve medicament usage techniques, use pesticides rationally, enhance

efficiency, reduce use time and amount, prohibit to use pesticide at safety periods.

6) Disease & Pest Management Measures

(1) Management Measures

z�The amount of chemical fertilizers will be controlled, without applying

any high-toxic and high-persistent pesticides. Microorganism fertilizers

and no-tillage technologies will be spread for the purpose of better soil

quality.

z�Strengthen the capacity building of farmer groups and relevant

organizations in the Project area and ensure good quality of training, for

them to be capable of solving problems and organizing community

activities.

z�Adopt sustainable farming measures collectively by improving the know-

how and skills of farmers, to achieve the improvement of environment,

health and standard of living.

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z�Establish institutional linkage between local farmers and external

technical supporters, to ensure good quality of training and

implementation.

(2) Monitoring and Prediction

z�regularly monitoring the crop diseases and insect pests and field general

survey .

z�Launch the trend prediction, fully utilize medias such as the TV, message

of cell phone,etc. to release the information of crop diseases and insect

pests to the public in the project area. The prediction system of

agricultural crop diseases and insect pests of project area is sound, it will

offer basis for the integrated control of crop diseases and insect pests.

z�Routine quarantine work will be conducted.

z�Census of plant diseases & insects: Professional persons will be engaged

in a special census of Cydia pomonella L. and Leptinotarsa decemlineata

S. in the Project area each year.

z�Procedures will be established for inspecting and taking over by

sequences.

(3) Training

z�Training of technical and management staff

z�Training of farmers

7) Budget

The budget for Disease & Pest Management in Hebei project area is about

RMB 820000.

Budget for IPM Impelementaiton (ten thousand Yuan) Item Cost

IPM Promotion Measures. 55

Technical Services 20 Raise awareness(e.g. training) about Code of Coduct on pesticides

25

Total 100

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