http://www.mbg.cornell.edu/lis/views/images/rgb.jpg

Heat shock proteins HSF Spt6

FISH (Centromere repeat)

Indirect immunofluorescence

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/301/5634/793

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5573/1661

Est = Expression Sequence TagAnchor = homologous segments in unique sequence compared to human

SINES and LINES make up almost half the genome

phage λ gt11 cloning vector: expression of gene fragmentsin E. coli, identified by antibody staining

pRS316 a yeast/E.coli shuttle vector

http://www.atcc.org/images/vectors/gifs/77145.gif

F-factor-based BAC cloning vector

Insert here

http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/chromosomewalking.jpg

http://www.entu.cas.cz/fyziol/seminars/genome/walking.jpg

http://www.fgsc.net/fgn38/cabfig2.gif

medlib.med.utah.edu/block2/ biochem/Formosa/menu.html

RT-PCR AAAAAAAAAAAA mRNA

TTTTTTTTTT

http://www.dur.ac.uk/stefan.przyborski/images/

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5573/1661

Est = Expression Sequence TagAnchor = homologous segments in unique sequence compared to human

Ling V, Wu PW, Finnerty HF, Agostino MJ, Graham JR, Chen S, Jussiff JM, Fisk GJ, Miller CP, Collins M.Assembly and annotation of human chromosome 2q33 sequence containing the CD28, CTLA4, and ICOSgene cluster: analysis by computational, comparative, and microarray approaches.Genomics. 2001 Dec;78(3):155-68.

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/301/5634/793

Where sequences homologous to mouseare found on human chromosomes

what makes the X special?

Fig. 3. Alignment of the amino acid sequences encoded by the novel Fugu PG1 (fPG1), mousePG1(musPG1, conceptual translation of mouse cDNA sequence AK003782) and human C9orf21(HumC9orf21) genes. Intron positions (identical in Fugu and humans) are shown by arrowheads. Thehuman C9orf21 sequence has been submitted to GenBank under accession number BK000255.

evolution of Saccharomyces

S. bayanusS. mikatae

S. paradoxusS. cerevisiae

K. yarowii

S. pombe

20Myr

150Myr

500Myr

Manolis Kellis, Nick Patterson and Chad Nussbaum Whitehead Genome Center

S.cerevisiae

S.paradoxus

S.mikatae

S.bayanus

Saccharomyces genome alignment

•Local gene order conserved- easy to find orthology•Can study coding and non-coding regions separately

Where is the genome evolving rapidly?Evolutionary events cluster at

telomeres:

• Rearrangements• Diverged genes

• 80% of changes in 5% ofthe genome

Map rearrangements to cerevisiae genome

Telomeres: defined regions of rapid change

Spar

Smik

Sbay

Scer