Heart Sounds and Measurement of Heart Sounds

8/10/2019 Heart Sounds and Measurement of Heart Sounds

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Heart Sounds

S1onset of the ventricular contraction

S2closure of the semilunar valves

S3 ventricular gallop

S4atrial gallop

Murmurs

The two major audible heart sounds in a normal cardiac cycle are the first and second heart

sound, S1and S2(lub-dub sound)

By: Asst.Prof.Harshul Thakur


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S1 , Lub is caused by closure of the Atrioventricular-valves(Tricuspid &

Mitral), which permit flow of blood from atria into ventricles. It contains a

series of low-frequency vibrations, and is usually the longest and loudest heart

sound. S2, dub is heard at the end of the ventricular systole, during the closure of the

semilunar valves. Typically, its frequency is higher than S1, and its duration is

shorter. It has aortic and pulmonary sub-components.

A third low-frequency sound (S3, ventricular gallop) may be heard at thebeginning of the diastole, during the rapid filling of the ventricles(rush of

blood from atria to ventricles, which cause turbulence or some vibration of the

ventricular walls).

A fourth heart sound (S4, atrial gallop) may be heard in late diastole duringatrial contraction.(squeezing the remainder of the blood to ventricles) ,not

audible but visible on the recorder.



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Abnormal hearts sounds , called Murmurs are high-frequency, noise-like

sounds that are heard between the two major heart sounds during systole or

diastole.

These murmurs are generally caused either by improper opening of valves.

May be due to some backward flow of blood.

Another cause may be due to high velocity of blood flow through small openings

Small opening of septum, which separates the left and right side of heart.



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Relation of HEART sounds to function of the cardiovascular system

TimeLUB DUBBy: Asst.Prof.Harshul Thakur


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Measurement of Heart Sounds

In earlier days a physician listened to heart sounds by placinghis ear on the chest of the patient directly over the heart.

But now days we are using stethoscope, (in greek words,

stetho means chest and scopein means examine)

This device carries sound energy from chest of the patient tothe ear of the physician.

Phonocardiogram is an instruments for graphically recordingheart sounds.



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Phonocardiogram

The basic transducer for the phonocardiogram is a microphone havingthe necessary frequency response, generally ranging from below 5 Hz

to above 1000Hz.



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Aorticvalve stenosis(AS) is adisease of the heart valves in whichthe opening of the aorticvalve isnarrowed.

Mitral regurgitationis a disorder

of the heart in which the mitralvalve does not close properly whenthe heart pumps out blood. It is theabnormal leaking of blood.

Aortic regurgitation(AR), is theleaking of the aortic valve ofthe heart that causes blood to flow inthe reverse direction duringventricular diastole, fromthe aorta into the left ventricle.

Mitral Stenosisis a valvular heartdisease characterized by thenarrowing of the orifice of the mitral

valve of the heart. Patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) is

ductus arteriosusfails to closeafter birth. Resulting in irregulartransmission of blood between two ofthe most important arteries close tothe heart, the aorta and the

pulmonary artery.By: Asst.Prof.Harshul Thakur


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Echocardiograph

Echocardiogram, often referred to as a cardiac

echo.

Echocardiography uses standard two-dimensional,

three-dimensional, and Doppler ultrasound to create

images of the heart.

It is one of the most widely used diagnostic tests in

cardiology. It can provide a wealth of helpful

information, including the size and shape of the heart

(internal chamber size quantification), pumping

capacity, and the location and extent of any tissuedamage. An Echocardiogram can also give physicians

other estimates of heart function such as a calculation

of the cardiac output,ejection fraction, and diastolic

function

Not only can an

echocardiogram create

ultrasound images of heart

structures, but it can also

produce accurate assessment ofthe blood flowing through the

heart, using pulsed or continuous

wave Doppler ultrasound. This

allows assessment of both normal

and abnormal blood flowthrough the heart.

3D echocardiography



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Cardiac Output Cardiac output(Qor or CO ) is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart,

in particular by a left or right ventricle in the time interval of one minute.

Stroke Volume (SV) = EDV ESVEnd Systolic Volume (ESV)

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Ejection fraction(EF) is the fraction of blood in the left and right ventricles that is

pumped out with each heartbeat or cardiac cycle. Prior to the start of Systole, the LV is filled with blood to the capacity known as End

Diastolic Volume (EDV) during the filling phase or diastole. During Systole, the LVcontracts and ejects blood until it reaches its minimum capacity known as End SystolicVolume (ESV), it does not empty completely.

Q= Stroke Volume Heart rate Cardiac Output (Q) = SV HR

HR can vary between 60 and 180 beats per minute, while stroke volume (SV) can varybetween 70 and 120 ml

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_Volume


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Cardiac Rate or Heart Rate

Heart rate,or heart pulse, is the speed ofthe heartbeat measured by the number of heartbeats per unit

of time -typically beats per minute (bpm).

The normal resting adult human heart rate ranges from 60

100 bpm.



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Thankyou


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Heart Sounds and Measurement of Heart Sounds