Heart RateHeart Rate You can measure it by taking your pulse (1 pulse= 1

heartbeat) Measure YOUR resting heart rate by counting pulse for

15 sec Multiply this by 4 to calc beats/minute Run in place for 30 seconds!! Do it! Sit down and determine your bpm again and compare

Why does it increase???

AthletesAthletes

Weightlifter 65bpmFootball player 55bpmSwimmer 40bpmMarathon Runner 40bpm

Why so low?

ADP, ATP and ADP, ATP and Cellular Cellular

RespirationRespiration

Where do organisms get Where do organisms get energy?energy?

Stored in food we eat in unit of caloriescalorie= amount of energy needed to raise

temp of 1g water by 1°CCalorie= 1000 calories

1 g protein=4Cal1 g fat= 9 Cal

What Is ATP?What Is ATP?

Energy used by all CellsEnergy used by all Cells

AAdenosine denosine TTriripphosphatehosphate

Organic molecule containing Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bondshigh-energy Phosphate bonds

Chemical Structure of Chemical Structure of ATPATP

3 Phosphates

Ribose Sugar

Adenine Base

What Does ATP Do for What Does ATP Do for You?You?

It supplies YOU withIt supplies YOU with ENERGY!ENERGY!

How Do We Get Energy How Do We Get Energy From ATP?From ATP?

By breaking By breaking the high- the high- energy energy bonds bonds between between the the last two last two phosphates phosphates in ATPin ATP

ADP ADP ATP ATP

This low energy ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) needs a 3rd phosphate to make ATP

Phosphorylation Requires energy

http://biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.html

When is ATP Made in When is ATP Made in the Body?the Body?

During a During a Process Process called called Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration that takes that takes place in both place in both Plants & Plants & AnimalsAnimals

Overall Equation for Overall Equation for Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O2 2 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + 0 +

energy energy

YIELDSYIELDS

Overall Equation for Overall Equation for Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O2 2 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + 0 +

energy energy

YIELDSYIELDS

1

1) Glucose will be broken down repeatedly, forming CO2

Overall Equation for Overall Equation for Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O2 2 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + 0 +

energy energy

YIELDSYIELDS

2

2) Hydrogen gets transferred to oxygen via NAD (hydrogen holder) forming H2O

3

3)

NAD

Overall Equation for Overall Equation for Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O2 2 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + 0 +

energy energy

YIELDSYIELDS

4

4) Breaking apart this one glucose can give 36 ATP

*40% of energy released is used to make ATP, 60% escapes as heat

What happens when you What happens when you workout?….workout?….

– Breaking down sugars you ate– Breathing more (O2)

– Exhaling more (CO2)

– Sweating more (H2O)

– Get hot!

CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O2 2 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + 0 +

energy energy

What Carries the What Carries the Electrons?Electrons?

NADNAD++ and FAD and FAD++ are are coenzymescoenzymes

NADHNADH and and FADHFADH22 serves as serves as carriers for H+ carriers for H+ ions and ions and electronselectrons

Mitochondria StructureMitochondria Structure

Folds increase S.A. for reaxns

What are the Stages of What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?

Glycolysis (cytoplasm)Glycolysis (cytoplasm)The Krebs Cycle (mitochondria The Krebs Cycle (mitochondria

matrix)matrix)The Electron Transport Chain (inner The Electron Transport Chain (inner

mitochondrial membrane)mitochondrial membrane)

Diagram of the Diagram of the ProcessProcess

Glycolysis: Sugar splittingGlycolysis: Sugar splitting

GLUCOSE C-C-C-C-C-C

2 PYRUVATE C-C-C + C-C-C

4 ATP

2 NADH

2 ATP invested

NET GAIN of 2 ATP

Glycolysis SummaryGlycolysis Summary

Anaerobic (doesn’t use oxygen)Happens in cytoplasm of cellGlucose splits into two pyruvate

moleculesProduces 2 NADH and 4 ATP (net 2ATP)Occurs very quickly

2 ATP

Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle

2 Pyruvate C-C-C + C-C-C

2Acetyl CoA C-C + C-C

C + C + C + C

2 ATP

6 NADH

2 FADH24 CO2

KREBSCYCLE

2 CO22 NADH

Krebs Cycle SummaryKrebs Cycle Summary

Aerobic Respiration (requires O2)Occurs in mitochondria matrix

(necessary enzymes there)

Pyruvate (3C) Acetyl CoA (2C) CO2

Glucose gets completely broken down

Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle

ATP

Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain Occurs Across Occurs Across Inner Inner

Mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial membrane (cristae)(cristae)

NADH and FADHNADH and FADH22 pass e- down pass e- down chain of coenzymes in chain of coenzymes in membranemembrane

(like hot potato)(like hot potato)

ETC continuedETC continuedAs e- travel, energy is released that As e- travel, energy is released that

pushes H+ across membrane pushes H+ across membrane H+ build up, and cross back through H+ build up, and cross back through

ATP synthase pumpATP synthase pump

H+ unite with O2 as it comes out pump to form H2O (THIS IS WHY WE BREATHE!!

32 ATP produced32 ATP produced

32 ATP

Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain

The TotalsThe TotalsTogether glycolysis, Krebs and ETC

produce per glucose molecule

36% of glucose energy is used to make ATP, 64% gets released as heat

Is this efficient?

36 ATP

Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration

GlycolysisIf O2 present Krebs ETC (aerobic)

If O2 is NOT present FERMENTATION– Lactic acid (muscles, cause fatigue)– Alcoholic (breads, yeast, beer) CO2 is

produced

2 ATP

Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic RespirationGLUCOSE

2 PYRUVATE

2 ATP

2 NADH

If O2 available

Aerobic Resp in mitochondria

-------------------------

Lactic Acid (muscles)

Alcohol (yeasts)

FERMENTATION

Lactic AcidLactic Acid O2 conditions like in heavy exercise (animals)

Muscle cells swap to anaerobic resp until O2

becomes available (reversible)Lactic acid builds up, cause muscle fatigue

Alcoholic FermentationAlcoholic FermentationPyruvates convert into ethanol and

CO2

Occurs in yeastsYeast produce CO2

bubbles

Beer alcohol and CO2 bubbles you see