Heart of the Imprisoned Loser by U Wirathu

8/3/2019 Heart of the Imprisoned Loser by U Wirathu

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atmfvfbHk;&J U bk&ifpdwfqif;&Jatmif aoG;cGJoyfvQKd zsufvdkzsufqD; vkyfaqmifrIawGaMumif hpHtdrfwpfckvH k;[m axmifBuD;wpfckvd k jyóemrsKd;pH k tedXm½H kBuD;awGeJ YyJ jynf hESufaeawmhw,f/

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awG &zd k YtwGuf qufNyD; wd kufyG J0ifw,f/ 'Dvd kZGJowå drsKd; ol Yb0rS m 'DwpfcgyJ toHk;cszl;w,fvd k Yawmifqd k&r,f/ 'gaMumifh pHtdrfawmfud k ud k,fyd kiftkyfcsKyfcGif h&zdk Y? ol Yvcudk olud k,fwdkif oH k;yd kifcGif h&zd k YtwGufa&SUaeeJ Y bH kabbk&ifcH eJ Yr&&if bk&ifcHcsKyfxd wufwd kifzd k Y qufwkdifyifw,f/

ol Ya&S Uae emrnfu z&uf'&pftufcsfavmif;wJ h/ 'Da&S Uaeu t*FvdyfvlrsKd;vnf;jzpf? Oya'vnf;uRrf;usif? olwd k YvlrsKd;taMumif;vnf; aemaMu? olwd k Ytpd k;&&J Utxmud kvnf; odavawmh &J&J0H h0H h jywfjywfom;om;yJ vkyfp&m &S dwm vkyfw,f/ 0ifp&m&S dwm0if? xGufp&m&S dwmxGuf? awG Up&m&S dwmawG UeJ Y tawmf hud k

tm;ud k;&wJha&S Uaeaumif; wpfa,mufjzpfw,f/ 'gayrJh 'Da&SUaeud kvnf; oDaygrif;eJY tvG,fwulawG UcGif hray;bl;/ oDaygrif;eJ YawG Uzd k Y tBudrfBudrfpmwif&w,f/ cGif hawmif;&w,f/ wpfBudrfwpfav awG Uzd k Yud k(6)vtxd apmif h&wJhtcg awmif&S dw,f/

oDaygrif;u a&S Uae tufcsfavimf;&J UtultnDeJy bk&ifcHcsKyfxH pmwifw,f/ bk&ifcHcsKyfuvnf;bH kab bk&ifcHvd kyJ y,fcsvd kufjyefw,f/ oDaygrif;twGuf 'kwd,tBudrf ½H I;edrf hjcif;aygh/ bk&ifcHcsKyfu



- 6 -

oDaygrif;ud k ud k,fyd kiftkyfcsKyfcGif h ray;jcif;&J Ut"dutaMumif;&if;u pHtdrfawmfud k ud k,fyd kiftkyfcsKyfcGif h&oG m;&if oDaygrif;[m t&yfol t&yfom;awGeJ Y &if;&if;ES D;ES D; xdawG UqufqH&awmhr,f/ 'gqd k&if tcsdefra&G;

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vkyfay;r,fqd k&if ½lyD;aiGwpfodef;xd ay;r,fvd k Y a&S Uaeud k uwday;vdkufw,f/ a&S Uaeuvnf; pdwfa&mud k,fyg tifwd kuf tm;wd kuf BudK;pm;w,f/

'Dawmh tdE´ d,tpdk;&&J U oHo,u yd kBuD;vmNyD; oDaygrif;ud k wjcm;NrdKUud k a&TUypfzd k Y jyifqifvmMuw,f/ tusOf;axmif tkyfcsKyfa&;pum;eJYajym&&if rdom;pkeJYeD;wJh axmifrSmxm;&wm vHkNcHKa&;pdwfrcs&vd k Y e,faxmif wpfckckud k ajymif;ypfcsifwJ hoabmaygh/ wifjyxm;wJ h tcuftcJud k ajz&Sif;ray;wJ htjyif a0;wJ hae&mud kawmif yd k Yawmhr,fqd kawmh oDaygrif;taeeJ Y yd kNyD;rcHcsifpdwfawG jyif;jyvmwmaygh/

aemufqH k;awmh &wem*D&dxuf vH kNcHKwJ hae&m rawG U&vd k Y e,fajymif;r,f htpDtpOf ysufoG m;w,f/tJ'DawmhrS oDaygrif; pdwfat;&awmhw,f/ a&S Uae tufcsfavmif;&J UtBudrfBudrf tvDvD rem;wrf;?ravQmhwrf; tpDt&ifcHrIaMumif h atmfvfbH k;ud k ajymif;a&T Uay;vd kufw,f/ 'gayrJ h ud k,fyd kiftkyfcsKyfpDrHcGif hray;ao;bl;/ 'gaMumif h a&S Uaeu qufBudK;pm;w,f/

a&S Uae&J U Bud K;pm;rIaMumif h 1895 ck atmufwdkbmvrS m tpd k;&u udk,fyd kiftkyfcsKyfcGif hay;zk dY ckvd kqH k;jzwfvdkuf&awmhw,f/

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&wem*D&d ed'gef; (64)

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'DyG JrS m oDaygbk&if[m atmifEd kifjcif;&JUcsKdNrdefwJ h t&omudk Nrdef&nf,Suf&nfeJ Y tawmfBuD;ud k

ESpfESpf NcdKufNcdKuf cHpm;rdvd kufrSmyJaemf/'Dvd kusawmhvnf; 'd k Ybk&ifu awmfom;yJvd kY qd k&rSmayghaemf/



- 7 -

&efol YxH vuf0g;jzef Y awmif;cHae&aom oDaygbk&if

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tvd kvd kufxm;rS maygh/



- 8 -

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- 9 -

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,ckxuf yd krk daxmufyh HrS awmfayvdrf hrnf/}}

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awG UqH k&ef tNrJjiif;qefvsuf&S donf/ bk&iftwGuf &wem*D&dNrdKUESif h cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif tdrfawmfopf

wpfaqmif aqmufvkyfay;oif hygonf/ ESpfaygif; (20)twGif; bk&ifjyKrlaexd kifcJhyH kud k axmufxm;í

tpd k;&u &ufa&mpG m axmufyH hoif honf[k ,lqygonf/}}aumvdyfawmft&m&S d tdEd ,vlrsdK; bd kref*sD (&wem*D&d ed'gef; 71)

]]rdzk&m;BuD;onf vGefcJ honf h ESpfESpfrSpí usef;rma&;csdKUwJ hvmonf/ þok d Y rusef;rrmjzpfvm

onfrSm aiGaMu;rjynfpH krltwGuf ylyifaomu a&muf&aomaMumif h jzpfonf/ bk&ifESif hrdom;pkwd k Yonf

,ckuJ hod k Y aiGaMu;&S m;yg;onf h 'ku©rsdK;,cifu wpfBudrfrQ BuHKawG Uzl;[ef rwlay/ aiGaMu; vd ktyfvmvQif

&wemypönf;rsm;ud k a&mif;csNyD;ajzEd kifcJ hMuonf/ ,ckrl þenf;jzif h r&awmhyg/ olwd k Y\ pm;0wfaea&;onf

tpd k;&tay:wGif vH k;0rS Dcd ktm;xm; ae&onf hb0ud k a&mufaeonfud kvnf; em;vnfMuygonf/ tpd k;&uaiGaMu;ydkrd kaxmufyH hrnf qd kygu olwd k Ytaejzif h aus;Zl;wifMurnfom jzpfonf/}}

pHtdrfawmft&m&S d uGrfbm (&wem*D&d ed'gef; (71-72)

]]bk&if\ pHtdrfawmfrS m usef ;rma&;ESif h rnDnGwfyg/ bk&ifESif h rdom;pk tajcGt&Hrsm; aexd kif&ef

ESpfxyfpHtdrfawmfBuD;wpfaqmif aqmufvkyfay;oifhonf/ tdrfESifh0if;NcHudk us,fus,f0ef;0ef;

xm;&S doif honf/ 0if;NcHywfvnfwGif ajruGufvyfrsm;xm;&S doif honf/ yvdyfa&m*gaMumif h a&S mifajy;vmolrsm;tm;vnf; xdkajruGufvyfrsm;ay:wGif tdrfvmaqmufcGifhrjyKoifhyg/ odk YrSom bk&iftaejzif h

usef;rma&;ESif h nDnGwfNyD; pdwfcsrf;omrI &S dEdkifayawmhrnf/}} c½d kif0efBuD; (&wem*D&d ed'gef; -72)

'Dvd k t&m&S dBuD;awGuawmif axmufcHwifjyvmawmh tdE´ d,tpd k;&u oDaygrif;ud k ypfy,fxm;vd k Y

r&awmhbl;/ 'ghaMumif h wpfESpfud k ½lyD;wpfodef; axmufyHhrnfhtaMumif;ESif h usef;rma&;ESif hnDnGwfrnf h

ESpfxyfpHtdrfBuD;wpfckud k wnfaqmufay;rnf h taMumif;yguwdjyK&awmhw,f/

t&ifwkef;u ud k,fuyJ ay;cJ hauR;cJ h&ol a&Teef;&Sif tvSLU'g,um tckawmh olwpfyg;ay;pmurf;pmud kyJ tm;xm;ae&wJ h tdrfedrf HpH tvSLcHt&SifESpfyg;awmh b,favmuftm;i,f&S maervJrodbl;aemf/



- 10 -

ta<u;bk&ifoDayg

tdE´ d, tpd k;&uvnf; uwdtwk dif; t&SifESpfyg;ESif h xd kufwefwJ h pHtdrfawmfopfBuD;ud k wnfaxmif

ay;w,f/ pHtdrfawmfopfBuD;ud k ESpfESpfcefY tcsdef,lNyD; pepfwus wnfaqmufay;w,f/ ukefusaiG½lyD; (125ç711) oH k;pG J wnfaqmufay;cJ hw,f/ a&Twpfusyfom;rS ½lyD; (25)ay;&csdefrS m ½lyD;wpfodef;ausmfwJ h

pHtdrfawmfopfBuD; qdkawmh tifrwef crf;em;xnf0grS maygh/pHtdrfawmfopfBuD;[m ESpfxyfwd kufjzpfw,f/ tcef; (15)cef; yg0ifw,f/ taptyg; (60)ausmfaeEdkifwJh jyifytaqmufttH ki,fav;rsm; 0ef;&Hxm;w,f/ um;ygcf (Car Park ) jrif;aZmif;yg0ifw,f/0if;us,fw,f/ tma&AD;,ef;yifv,fud k rsufES mrlxm;w,f/ ay:wDawG? vomaqmifawGeJ Y tkwfwd kufteDa&mifBuD; jzpfw,f/ jrefrmjynfu tmZmenfaeYay:xGef;&m 0efBuD;rsm;½H k;vd kyJ odyfud kcrf;em;xnf0gw,f/

bk&if hrdom;pk[m 1910-ckESpfrS m pHtdrfawmfopfBuD;ud k zGif hyG Jtcrf;tem;awG tBuD;tus,fvkyfNyD;ajymif;a&TUpHawmfrlMuw,f/ 'gayrJh olwdk Yb0uawmh a&Tausmif;ajymifajymif 0rf;acgifacgifyJ/pHtdrfawmfopfBuD;eJ Y ae&ayrJ h pm;a&;0wfa&; aiGaMu;udpötwGuf &wwfrat;&&S mbl;? taMumif;uawmhtdE´ d,tpd k;&u wpfESpf oHk;aiG½lyD; wpfodef;axmufyH hr,fqdkNyD; tjynf ht0 ray;vd k Yyg/

wpfvud k ½lyD; (5500)yJ axmufyH hw,f/ tJ'DxJu ½lyD; (500)u orD;awmfav;yg;twGufjzpfNyD;?t&SifESpfyg;eJY taxGaxGp&dwftwGufu ½lyD; (5000)yJ jzpfw,f/ wpfv (5500)qd kawmh wpfESpf

(66000)aygh/ bk&if hvufud k (66000)yJ tyfNyD;? (44000)ud k aumvdyfawmft&m&S dxH &efyH kaiGtajzpfvT Jtyfxm;w,f/ oabmuawmh bk&if hvufud k wpfodef;vHk; tyfvd kuf&if twd kif;tqr&S d oH k;pGJypfrS mpd k;vd k YwJ h/ 'gaMumif h wpfESpfwmywfvH k; usif;yr,f h bmoma&;? vlrIa&; tcrf;tem;awGtwGuf &efyH kaiG(44000)csefxm;wm jzpfw,f/

usm;BuD;ajc&mBuD; qd kovd kaygh? pHtdrfa[mif;wkef;u taptyg;eJ Y ravmufiawmhbl;/ taptyg;ud k xd k;cef Yxm;&w,f/ pHtdrfa[mif;wkef;u taptyg;twGuf wpfv ½lyD; (1800)yJ ukefusw,f/

ckr&awmhbl;/ bk&if htaeeJ Yuawmh xd kufwefwJ h pHtdrfawmfeJ Y pHawmrl&&if xd kufwefwJ h taptyg;awGxm;&rS myJ/ xd kufwef wJ h aiGaMu;awG oH k;pG J&rS myJav/ 'gaMumifh oDaygbk&ifu bk&ifcHcsKyfxH tckvd kpma&;vdkufw,f/

]]vpOf &du© mawmf (5500)½lyD; ay;jcif;ESif h ywfoufírl avmufirI r&S dyg/ ,ckuJ hod k Y crf;em;onf hpHtdrfawmfwGif pH&ojzifh taptyg;rsm;udk ydkrdkcefYxm;&onfhtwGuf ravmufijcif; jzpfygonf/]]&efyH kaiG}}[k xm;jcif;ud k em;rvnfyg}} &wem*D&d ed'gef; (214)

'DpmxJu ]]&efyHkaiG}}qdkwm wpfESpfaxmufyHhaiG wpfodef; tjynfht0 ay;&rSmudk ray;bJta&;ay: vd ktyfcsuftwGuf csefxm;wJ h ½lyD; (44000)ud k qdkvd kwmyg/

txufyg oDaygbk&if&J U pmeJ YywfoufNyD; bH kabbk&ifcHu rSwfcsufay;yH kuuvnf; t&SifESpfyg;ud kydkNyD; pdwfqif;&JaprSmyg/

]]oDaygrif;\ cHpm;cGif haiGaMu;ESif h ywfoufírl ½lyD; (5500)onf vd ktyfonfxufyif yd kíaeaMumif;? ol\jzKef;wD;rIaMumif h ravmufrijcif;om jzpfaMumif;? &efyH kaiGESif hywfoufí em;rvnfyg[kqd konf htwGuf aumvdyfawmft&m&S dtaejzif h ESpfpOfpm&if;csKyfud k &Sif;jyoifhygaMumif;}}

&wem*D&d (215)



- 11 -

tckvdk bHkabbk&ifcH udk,fwdkifu oDaygbk&ifbufrSm r&Sdavawmh bk&ifcHcsKyfuvnf;b,fxkwfay;csif awmhrvJ/ 'gaMumif h oDaygrif;&J U awmif;qdkcsufud k y,fcsypfvdkufw,f/

oDaygrif;&J U aiGaMu;oH k;pG JrIESif hywfoufNyD; t*Fvdyft&m&S dawG&J U xif jrifcsufawGuvnf; wu,f haMumufp&mygyJ/

NAdwdoQtpd k;&uqd k&if tckvd k tn§ mrwm rSwfcsufcsoG m;w,f/

]]bk&iftm; rnfrQyif ay;apumrl b,ftcgrQ avmufivdrf hrnf r[kwf}}&wem*D&d (212)

]]tdE´ d,a&muf jrefrmeef;usbk&if oDayg (1885-1916)}}pmtkyf a&;om;wJ h ygarmu©a'qd kif;qd kolu oDaygrif;eJ YywfoufNyD; tckvd k xnf ha&;cJ hw,f/

]]olonf aeYpOfaiGud k rnfod k Y oH k;pGJ&rnf[laom pdwfjzifhyif tcsdefudk ukefvGefapcJ honf}}&wem*D&d (212)

txufyg rSwfcsufawG[m oDaygbk&iftwGufawmh ajredrf h&mtpdkufcH&wJh ]]vSH}}awGjzpfvmcJhwmaygh/ aiGr&wJhtjyif vlqdk;pm&if; toGif;cHcJh&w,f/ aiGr&wJhtjyif t&Suf&oGm;wJhoDaygbk&iftwGufawmh pdwftawmf xdcdkufoGm;rSmyJ/ qdkif&mwm0efcH yk*¾dKvfawGuvnf;aemfolwdk YtdwfuyfxJu pd kufxkwfay;&wm usaewmyJ/ wpfEdkifiHvH k;u xGufwJ h oH,HZmwawGud kawmhukef;wpfwef? a&wpfwef? avwpfwefeJ Y pdwfwd kif;us oJ h,laeNyD;awmh olwd k YvufxJrS m&S dwJ h Ed kifiHtnTef Ytzl;bk&ifwpfyg;ud kawmh xd kufxd kufwefwef auR;arG;rxm;csif bl;/ yyf&S0gbk&ifud kawmh wpfESpf &Spfodef;

axmufNyD; oDaygbk&ifud kusawmh wpfESpf wpfodef;ud kawmif cG Jjcm; cG Jjcm; vkyfaewm[m &nf&G,fcsuf&S d&S deJ YoufouftnTef YcsKd;aewm aerS m/

wu,fawmh oDaygbk&if[m bk&ifwpfyg;vd kaeayr,f h ol YrS m yd kufeuf e,fy,fvnf; r&S dawmhbl;/xD;eef;taqmifta,mifvnf; r&S dawmhbl;/ wd kif;jynfeJ YvlrsKd;vnf; r&S dawmhbl;/ tcsKyftjcmtmPmwd k YMoZm yg0gwdk Yvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;/ bk&ifeJYywfoufwmqdkvdk Y a0g[m&avmufyJ usefawmhw,f/

ckvuf&S db0rS mawmh ol[m a&ajrU&Sif? a&ajrUocif bk&ifwpfql r[kwfawmhbJ/ ta<u;awG wifaewJ h]]ta<u;bk&if}}jzpfae awmhw,f/

eif;jym;bk&ifoDayg

aiGur&S d? ta<u;uyd? aiGawmif;vdk Yvnf; r&eJ Y ol Ub0ol tvd krus jzpfaecsdefrS m Ek&m0JpG JvJ&m olcd k;axmif; oabmrsKd;vd k Y qd k&r,f/ jAKef;qd k ol Utpfrawmf&if; aoqH k;wJ howif;u a&mufvmw,f/

uHawGuvnf; aMumufp&maumif;w,faemf/ vlrS m pm;0wfaea&;twGuf ravmufri jyóemeJ Y&ifqdkifae&ygw,fqdkrS tpfrt&if;u aumufaoawmh romtulaiGxnfhzd k Y b,foGm;&Smvdk Ybmvkyf&rSef;rodeJ Y tawmfBuD;ud k pdwf"gwfusawmhayrS maygh/

ykcef;BuD; pkzk&m;BuD;[m oDaygrif;&J U tpfrawmft&if; jzpfw,f/ 1921-ck rwfv (1)&ufaeYrS muHukef oG m;w,f/ oufawmf (56)ESpft&G,frS m rEÅ av; qd kif;wef;&yf tpfrawmfbk&m;0if; wd kuftdrfrS muHukefwm/

oDaygrif;u tpfrawmfema&;ud k vludk,fwd kif roG m;Ed kifayrJ h aiGawmh ulcsifwmaygh/ 'gaMumif h&efyH kaiG av;aomif;av;axmifxJu ½lyD;aiG (5000)xkwfay;zd k Y bH kabbk&ifcHqD wifjyw,f/ bk&ifcHu



- 12 -

aiGawmh xkwfay;r,f/ 'gayrJh vpOfaxmufyH haiG (5500)xJu t&pfus pepfeJ Y (5000)jynf haatmifjzwfcsoG m;r,fvd k Y taMumif;jyef w,f/

olYuRefb0rSm udk,fhb0udkawmif udk,frydkifbl;qdkawmh udk,foHk;zdk Y tyfESHxm;wJh &efyHkaiG(ud k,f haiG)ud kvnf; ud k,fryd kifawmhbl;aygh/ bH kabbk&ifcH&JU vkyf&yf[m oDaygrif;&J U tusOf;om;b0ud ktyDtjyif ½kyfvH k;ay: apw,faemf/

oDaygrif;uvnf; bH kabbk&ifcH&J Utrdef Yud k rauseyfawmh tdE´ d,bk&ifcHcsKyfxH wpfqif hwufNyD;pma&; wifjyw,f/

]]uREf kyf\ tpfrawmf&if;onf rEÅ av;wGif rwfv(1)&ufaeYü uHukefí rwfv(15)&ufaeYwGifoN*dK[f rnf jzpfonf/ olonf uREf kyf\ wpfyg;wnf;aom tpfrawmf&if; jzpfonf/ uREf kyf olUtm;

jrifEd kifawmhrnf r[kwfouJ hod k Y ol\romawmfud kvnf; oG m;a&mufEd kifrnf r[kwfyg/ xd kYaMumif h yd kí0rf;enf;&ygonf/ jrefrm wdkY\ bmoma&;xHk;wrf;t& aoqHk;olwpfOD;onf csrf;omonfjzpfap?qif;&Jonfjzpfap 4if;\romud k tvSLaiG ul&ygonf/ uREf kyf\ ud k,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;xHrS oHBudK;pm& aiGvd ktyfaMumif;vnf; od&ygonf/ romawmf tulaiGudpöonf aemufqH k;tcGif hta&;wpfckjzpfíuREf kyf\ uef Yowf&efyH kaiGrS xkwf,lay;vd kygonf/ uREf kyf\ vpOfaxmufyH haiGrS jzwfawmufrnfqd kyguroif hyg/ e*d kurS ravmufi&onf htwGuf ,ckuJ hod k Y jzwfawmufae vQif yd kí ravmufi½H kom jzpfonf/uREf kyfonf aiGaMu;tusyftwnf;ESifhBuHK&NyD; ta<u;wifygvdrfhrnf/ od k Yjzpfí romawmftulaiG ½lyD;

(5000)ud k vpOfaxmufyH haiGrS jzwfawmufjcif; rjyKbJ oH k;pG JcGifhjyK&ef trdef Ycsay; apvd kygonf/&wem*D&d (215-6)tdE´d,bk&ifcHcsKyfu oDaygrif;&JUpmudk zwf&wJhtcg bHkabbk&ifcH&JU trdefYudk y,fcsNyD;

txl;tcGif hta&; wpf&yftaeeJ Y cGifhjyKvd kufvd k Y oDaygrif; oufjyif;csEdkifoGm;cJ hw,f/wu,fawmh txufvlawGu 'Davmufr[kwfygbl;/ atmufvlawGu tmPmjyaewm jzpfyg

w,f/ bH kabbk&ifcHu oDaygrif; xkwf,lwJ haiGud k t&pfus jyefqyf&r,fvd k Y trdef Ycswm vlrqefbl;aemf/

rw&m; vkyforQud k iH k UcHae&&S mwJ h ]]eif;jym;bk&if oDaygb0u}}wu,fawmh &ifeifhp&myg/bk&ifh*kPfyk'f ½kyfodrf;cHvd kuf&aom oDayg

aiGa&;aMu;a&; rajyvnfvdkY pdwfqif;&Jaeygw,fqdkrS trdefYwpfcku usvmao;w,f/tJ'guawmh oDaygrif;ud k w&m;0if &mxl;jzKwfwJ htrdef Yyg/ tpd k;&u pmwifwJ htcg tpd k;&ESif hqufqHwJ htcgrSm bk&ifrif;jrwf qdkwJh *kPfyk'fudk roHk;EIef;zdk Y xGufvmwJhtrdefYyg/ t*Fvdyftpdk;&uawmh

pum;tjzpfud k toHk;pG JrcHEdkifawmhbl;/ w&m;0if oH k;pG JcGif hjyKxm;&if bk&ifESpfql jzpfaerS m/ *lwpf*lxJrSmjcaoF hESpfaumif atmif;avhr&S dbl; qd kwJ hoabm aygh/ olwd k Yud k,folwd k Y aer0iftifyg,mBuD;&J U t&Sifocifaer0ifbk&ifrif;jrwfvd k Y txifa&mufaewJ h tcsdefud k;/ 'gaMumif h eef;usbk&ifwpfyg;ud k bk&ifrif;jrwfvd k Yac:a0:wm rBudKufEd kifbl;aygh/

t&ifuawmh oDaygrif;udk (His Majesty ) ]]t&Sifrif;jrwf}} ]]t&Sifrif;jrwf}}vd kY oH k;EIef;ac:a0:a&;om;cJh w,f/ ck tJvd k rac:&vd kY trdefYxkwfw,f/ tJ'Dtpm; (His Highness ) ]]jrif hjrwfaom}}qk dwJ h

0daooe txl;jyK *kPfyk'fud kyJ oH k;pG Jcd kif;w,f/



- 13 -

t*Fvdyfuawmh oDaygrif;&J U tonf;udk wpfvTmcsif;cGmNyD; wpfppDcGJxkwfaewJ h oabmyJ/eef;usbk&if awG&JU tonf;ESvHk;udk EkwfEkwfpOf;NyD; pGyfjyKwfvkyfaomufrS aer0iftifyg,mBuD;

wnfNrJr,fvd kY ,H kMunfaevdk Y rsm; tckvd k pdwf&Sdvuf&S d n§Of;qJaewmvm; rqd kEd kifaybl;/bk&ifqd kwJ h a0g[m&wpfvH k; ol Ytbd"mwfrS m xkwfy,fcHvd kuf&wJ h oDaygrif;awmh t&Sifvwfvwf

ta&cG m ovd k cHpm;&rSmyJaemf/ [d kt&if xD;eef;pHaepOfwkef;uawmh txl;jyK*kPfyk'fawG aygrSaygyJ/

bkef;awmfbG J U? *kPfawmf bG J UawGvnf; enf;rSrenf;yJ/ csD;jr§if hajr§ mufpm;Mu? csOf;uyftm;xm;MueJ Y wu,f hud k*kPf,l0if h<um;cJ hol r[kwfvm;/

bkef;awmf tvGefBuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom a&ajrUt&Sif.. wd k Y/ aexGufbk&ifvd k Y? okemyeEÅ ? wrÜ'Dytp&S daom wd kif;BuD;jynfBuD;? xD;aqmif;eef;ae? ya'o&mZf? {u&mZf tp&Sdaom ta&S Ubufrif;rsm;ocifwd k Y/ZrÁLoeif; trif;rif;wd kY t&Sifwd kY?qifjzLrsm;&Sifwd k Y?vufeufpMum ocifwd k Y?tm'dpö AEKaerif; tquftEG,f rif;acgifrif;zsm;? b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;wdk Y td k...pH kaewmygyJ/

ckawmh bk&ifrif;jrwfqd kwJ h *kPfyk'fud k pum;tjzpfawmif roH k;pG J& qd kNyD; t*Fvdyfu trdef Yxkwfwm[m twdwfarhaq; wd kufauR;cHvd kuf&ovd k jzpfaeawmh tawmfcufaeawmhwmaygh/ twdwfqdkwmarhcsifvd k Yawmif arhvd kY r&bl;r[kwfvm;/ 'gaMumif h oDaygrif;u tJ'Dtrdef Y[m a0'ema[mif;awGud k

a0'emopfjzpfatmif zefwD;wJhtrdef YyJ qd kwJ h t"dyÜ g,feJ Y bk&ifcHcsKyfxH ckvd k pmjyefa&;vd kufygw,f/]]twdwfrS Mur®mqdk;cJh&onfh uREfkyfwdkYtay: NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ apwemaMumifh pHtdrfawmf

aqmufay;jcif;? yifpifvpmawmf wd k;jr§ifhay;jcif;wd k Yud k aus;Zl;wif&SdcJ h&ygonf/ ]]jrif hjrwfaom}}[lonf htmvkyfbG J UemrESif h ywfoufí wifjyvd kygonf/ uREf kyfonf wpfcgu ,d k;',m;? w½kwf? *syefbk&ifrsm;ESif hwef;wl&nfwl jzpfcJ hyg onf/ od k Yjzpfí rl&if;oHk;pG JcJhonf h ]]t&Sifrif;jrwf}}[laom tac:ta0:rsKd;ESif h

qufvufoHk;pG Japvd kygonf/ ud k,fa&;udk,fwmt& ajym&vQif uREf kyftay: rnfuJ hod k Yyif ac:apumrlonf;cHEd kifygonf/ twdwfu xD;jzL aqmif;cJ honfud k jyefvnfwrf;wrSef;qaejcif; r[kwfyg/ od k Y&mwGif,ckrS ESdrfhcsí ]]jrifhjrwfaom}}[lonfh tmvkyfbGJUemrESifh ac:a0:rIudk Mum;&onfhtcg twdwfrSeef;usonf hcHpm;&rIudk topfjzpfapygonf}} &wem*D&d ed'gef; (214)

bk&ifcHcsKyfESif h oDaygrif;tMum;rS m bH kabbk&ifcHu Mum;0ifn§ dEd Iif;ay;wm[m rQww,fvdk Yqd k&r,f/ bH kabbk&ifcHu bk&ifcHcsKyfxH ckvdktBuHKjyKpm yl;wG Jwifjyvd kufygw,f/

bk&ifa[mif;ESifh &wem*D&daumvdyfawmft&m&Sd? wm0efcH t&m&S dwd k YMum;wGif (His Majestythe Ex-King ) ]]t&Sifrif;jrwf}}[k ac:qd kapNyD; ]]jrif hjrwfaom}}[laom tmvkyfbG J Uemr toH k;tEIef;ud krlbk&ifa[mif;\ w&m;0ifpmESif h tcrf;tem;rsm;wGif oH k;pG Joif haMumif; jzpfayonf/

&wem*D&d (215)'gayrJ h r&cJ hygbl;/ tdE´ d,bk&ifcHcsKyfu vH k;0wpfcsufvTwfud k y,fcsypfvd kufw,f/ ol Uoabmu

NAdwdoQ tifyg,mrSm (His Majesty ) ]]t&Sifrif;jrwf}}*kPfyk'feJ Y xdkufwefol[m NAdwdefbk&ifrif;jrwf

wpfyg;wnf; jzpfw,f/oDaygrif;ud k ]]t&Sifrif;jrwf}}vd k Y ac:&if tdE´ d,bk&ifcHcsKyfxufawmif tqif hjrif haevdrf hr,f/ tdE´ d,r[m&mZm (apmfbG m;)awGxJrS m t<u,f0qH k;eJ Y tqif hjrif hqH k;jzpfwJ h [d kuf'&mbufrS



- 14 -

EdkifZHr[m&mZmud kawmif (His Highness ) ]]jrifhjrwfaom}}qd kwJ h *kPfyk'favmufyJ oH k;pG JcGif hjyKcJhw,f/'gaMumif h oDaygrif;twGuf ]]t&Sifrif;jrwf}}*kPfyk'fud k oH k;pG JcGif hrjyKEd kifbl;qd kNyD; y,fcsvd kufwmyg/ tJ'Dtpm;

]]jrif hjrwfaom}}qd kwJ h omref*kPfyk'fud kyJ oH k;pG J&r,fvd k Y rn§ mrwm trdef Yxyfcsjyefw,f/bk&ifeJYapmfbG m; wef;n§dvdk Y b,fjzpfrvJaemf/ apmfbG m;qdkwm xD;&Heef;&Htqif hyJ &S dygw,f/

jynfe,frSL;? wd kif;rSL;avmufyJ vkyfyd kifcGif h&Sdwmyg/ 'DapmfbG m;awGeJ Y wd kif;NyD; 'DapmfbG m;awGud k ac:a0:wJ h

]]jrihfjrwfaom}}qdkwJh *kPfyk'fudkyJ oHk;pGJcGifhjyKwm[m rw&m;ygbl;/ aemufNyD; ]]t&Sifrif;jrwf}}vdkYoHk;pGJwmudkvnf; bk&ifcHcsKyfu remvdk[ef &Sdygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh ]]bk&ifcHcsKyf}}qdkwmvufatmufcH bk&iftqifhyJ &Sdw,f/ ]]t&Sifrif;jrwf}}u a&ajrUt&Sif bk&ifrif;w&m; jzpfw,f/bk&ifcHcsKyfxufomw,f/ vuf&SdtajctaerS mawmh oDaygrif;u bk&ifcHcsKyfxH vufjzefYawmif;&wJ htusOf;om;jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumif h ol Yatmufuvlud k ol YxufomwJ h *kPfyk'f oH k;pG JcGif hrjyKEd kifjcif; jzpfw,f/

bk&ifrif;jrwfyJjzpfjzpf? t&Sifrif;jrwfyJjzpfjzpf? jrif hjrwfaom *kPfyk'fyJjzpfjzpf w&m;oabmt& qd k&ifawmh 'gawGtm;vH k;[m ynwfawGyJjzpfw,fqd kwmud k ESvH k;oGif;Edkif&if oDaygrif;crsm odyfcHpm;& awmhrS m r[kwfygbl;/ 'gayrJ h vufatmufcH tusOf;om;&J U ywf0ef;usifrS m aeYpOfawG UBuHKae&wmawG[mtedXm½H kawGcsnf;jzpfvd k Y oDaygrif;crsm w&m;ESvHk;oGif;Ed kifzd k Y b,fvG,fulyghrvJaemf/

oDaygrif;[m bk&if&mxl;ud k jrefrmjynfrSm jzKwfcscHvd kuf&NyD; bk&if h*kPfyk'fud kawmh tdE´ d,rS m½kyfodrf; cHvk duf&wmyg/ bk&if&mxl;ud k jzKwfcsol[mvnf; t*FvdyfyJ/ bk&if*kPfyk'fud k ½kyfodrf;ol[mvnf;t*FvdyfyJ/ ,Ofaus;vSygw,fqd kwJ h vlrsKd;BuD;awG[m &ufpufwJ hae&mrSmvnf; r,Ofaus;olawGxuf

omMuw,faemf/

"g;jy olcd k; vlrsKd;BuD;awG&JU ajAmifvdrfajAmifpm; ywåjrm; ajz&Sif;csuf

aiGaMu;ravmufri jyóemeJ Y &ifqdkifae&vd k Yrsm;vm; rodbl;/ eef;usNyD; ygawmfrlwJ haeYutyfcJ hwJ h iarmufywåjrm;BuD;eJ Y tjcm;eef;pOf&wemawGud k oDaygrif;u jyefNyD;owd&vmw,f/ iarmuf

ywåjrm;BuD;[m b,fa&G Ub,frQ xdkufwefw,fvd kY wefzdk;jzwfvd k Y r&avmufatmifudk wefzd k;BuD;w,f/pHrDw,f? *Grf;zwfawG xnf hxm;wJ h awmif ;xJud k iarmufywåjrm;BuD; xnf hvd kuf&if tJ'D*Grf;zwfawG[myef;awmif;BuD; jzpfoGm;avmufatmif t&nftaoG; jrifhw,fvdkY qdkMuw,f/ tJh'Dywåjrm;BuD;udkoDaygrif;ud k,fwd kif ume,fpav'ifud k tyfcJ hwm/ ckcsdefrS m 'Dywåjrm;BuD;ud komjyef&&if olrsm;qD vufjzef Yawmif;aep&m rvd kawmhbl;aygh/ wu,fawmh awmif;w,fqd kwm id kwmyJaemf/ 'ghaMumifh id kjyaep&mrvd kawmhbl;aygh/ olUwpfoufwif r[kwfbJ olUrsKd;qufawGtxdyg ZdrfeJ Y xd kifpm;ae½k HyJ r[kwfvm;/

'gqdk&if oDaygrif;[m taoajzmif hNyDaygh/'DoabmeJY oDaygrif;[m aiGaMu;? &du© meJ Y ywåjrm;ud k yOörajrmuf a*smhbk&ifxH ckvd k wifjy

vd kufw,f/

]]rEÅ av; aejynfawmfwGif uREk fyfyd kif tzd k;wefpdefESif h eef;pOf&wemrsm;udk ume,fpav'ifuvH kNcHKrItwGufqd kum odrf;,loG m;cJ hygonf/ xd k&wemrsm;xJwGif uREf kyf\ wefzd k;rjzwfEd kifaom ]]iarmufywåjrm;}}vnf; yg0ifonf/ uREk fyftm; xd k&wemrsm;ud k jyefay;rnf[k uwdjyKcJ haomfvnf; ,aeYxd

r&&Sdao;yg/}}



- 15 -

]]þae&mwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pG m aevmcJ honf htwGif; uREk fyftm; axmufyH haiGonf ukefaps;EIef;BuD;jrif hrI YaMumif h ravmuficJ hygojzif h uREk fyf\ vuf0wf&wemrsm;ud k xkcG Ja&mif;cs pd kufxkwfpm;aomufcJ h

onfrS m ,cktcg tm;vHk;ukefNyD jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\ vpOfaxmufyHhaMu;&aiG ½lyD; (5500)onfbk&ifwpfyg;taeESifh oifhavsmfatmifaecJh&onfh taetxm;twGuf oHk;pGJ&ef ravmufiEdkifyg/,cifESpfu eef;awmfopf aqmufvkyfay;aomfvnf; uREk fyfrS m ESpfodrf hrIr&Ek difyg/ ,cktcg uREk fyfonf

tdkrif;rpGrf;&SdvmygNyD/ uREkfyf\ orD;av;yg;onfvnf; t&G,fa&mufNyD jzpfygonf/ rnfolrQvufrxyf&ao;yg/}}

]]uREf kyfonf tmPm&S d r[kwfawmhaomfvnf; wpfcsdefaom umvu bk&ifwpfyg;jzpfcJ haomuREk fyftwGuf axmufyh HaiGudpöESif h ywfoufí oufñS mpG mpOf;pm;ay;&ef tMunfawmf t&Sifrif;jrwfxHyefMum;vd kygonf/ &wem*D&d ed'gef; (231^233)

ywåjrm;udpörS m aiGaMu;udpöyg xnf hNyD; vcwd k;ay;zd k Y awmif;qd kwifjywJ h oDaygbk&if&J U ZG JeJ Y pdwf"gwfud kawmh csD;usL;&rS m jzpfygw,f/

a*smhbk&ifu aiGaMu;udpöud k vH k;0xnf hpOf;pm;raeawmhbJ ywåjrm;udpöud k tckvd k taMumif;jyefvd kufw,f/

]]bk&ifa[mif;\ ud k,fpm; bk&ifyd kifypönf;rsm;udk ume,fpav'ifvufwGif xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;r&Sdyg/ xd k Yjyif bk&ifa[mif;ESif h ygoG m;onf h ypönf;rSvGJí rnfonfh&wemypönf;udkrQ bk&ifa[mif;tm;jyefvnf ay;tyfEd kifrnf r[kwf}} &wem*D&d ed'gef; (233)

a*smhbk&if&J U jyefpmud kMunf h k&if ]]r&S dbl;}}vd k Y yxrjiif;xm;NyD; 'kwd,taeeJ Y ]]&S dvnf; jyefray;bl;}}vd k Yolwd kY oabmxm;udk azmfjyaewm awGY&w,f/

]]bk&ifa[mif;ESifh ygoGm;onf h ypönf;rsm;rSvG Jí rnfonfh&wemypönf;udkrQ bk&ifa[mif;tm;jyefvnfay;tyfEdkifrnfr[kwf}} qdkwJh pum;[m iarmufywåjrm;BuD;udkvnf; jyefray;Edkifbl;qdkwJhoabmyJ/ 'gud kaxmuf&if ywåjrm;BuD;[m olwd k YvufxJrS m &SdEd kifavmufw,fqd kwm cef YrSef;vd k Y&w,f/

'gayr,f h oDaygrif; auseyfatmifqd kwJ h oabmyJvm;? olwd k Yodu© mq,fwJ hoabmyJvm; rajymwufbl;/ywåjrm;BuD; udpötwGuf pH kprf;a&;aumfrwDzG J UNyD; pH kprf;ay;w,f/ywåjrm;BuD;ud k oDaygrif;ud k,fwd kif pav'ifxH tyfES HcJ hwmfud k jrefrma&Twd kuf twGif;0efud k,fwd kif

tckvd k tmrcH twnfjyKay;cJ hw,f/]]1885-ck Ed k0ifbmv (29) &ufaeY eHeufwGif bk&ifrif;jrwfud k,fyd kif ausmufrsuf&wemrsm;ud k

pav'iftm; pma&;awmfBuD; epfud kvwfESifh wdkif;wm;rif;BuD;a&SUwGif tyfES HcJhygonf/ tyfESHcJ honf h

ypönf;pm&if;udk uREfkyfud k,fwd kif yk&ydkufwGif a&;í pma&;awmfBuD;epfudkvwfudk ay;tyfcJhygonf/pav'ifonf eef;pOfypönf;rsm; ESif hywfoufí t*Fvdyft&m&S d wpfOD;a&S UarS mufwGif tapmif hwpfOD;tm;wm0efay;tyfaeonfud k awG Uch J&ygonf/}} &wem*D&d ed'gef; (234^235)

'gayr,f h ume,fpav'ifuawmh tyfxm;wJ h ypönf;pm&if;yg yk&yd kufud k rrSwfrdawmhbl;/ bk&if hypönf;awGud k xdef;odrf;apmifha&S mufzdk Y zGJ UwJ haumufrwDrS mvnf; olrygbl;/ rif;wkef;rif;&J U rdzk&m;rsm;eJ YorD;awmfrsm;tygt0if tysdKawmf (300)cefY eef;wGif;rS xGufcG gpOfu ,loG m;Ed kifw,fvd kY jzpfEd kifacsud k

ajymjyw,f/



- 16 -

pav'if&J U ajyjycsufudkMunf h&if pav'if[m yk&yd kufud k tpazsmufypfNyD; ajAmifjiif;vd kufwJ hoabmyJ/ aemufNyD;awmh aumfrwDud k vT Jcsvd kufao;w,f/ rdzk&m;rsm;? orD;awmfrsm;? tysdKawmfrsm;

ud kvnf; olcdk;pGyfpG Jvd kufao;w,f/ol YvufxJrS m&S dwJ h ywåjrm;BuD;ud k rdzk&m;awG? orD;awmfawG? tysdKawmfawGu b,f,l&rvJaemf/

pOf;pOf;pm;pm;vJ vkyfygOD; Ad kvfrI;BuD;&,fvd k YyJ ajymvk dufcsifw,f/

'geJYwif tm;r&ao;bl;/ xdktcsdefu t&SifESpfyg;rSm aMuuGJ0rf;enf;aeí t&SifESpfyg;&JUa&S UarS mufrS myJ olwumvma&mufNyD; awG U&mypönf;rsm;ud k ,laqmifaeMuwmud k awG UcJ h&w,fvd k Y qifajcay;vdkufjyefao;w,f/

aemufwpfckvnf;&S dao;w,f/ 0d"l& ocifcspfarmifa&;wJ h urÇ mvSnf hocifud k,fawmfrd Iif; pmtkyf(pm-90)rS m ocifud k,fawmfrd Iif;BuD;u ckvd kajymwmudk awGU&w,f/

]]wpfcgawmh pum;pyfrdNyD; tJ h'D ausmuf? oH? ywåjrm;? eef;wGif;ypönf;awG taMumif;a&mufoG m;awmh rdzk&m;BuD;[m rsufES mawmfñSKd;NyD;.....'Dwkef;u pav'if[m eef;awmfxJvufeufudkiftNcHt&HawGeJ Y 0ifvmNyD;? eef;wGif;ypönf;pm&if;awG awmif;awmhwmyJwJ h/ tJh'Dpm&if;t& ol UvufwGif;0uGufNyD; vT Jtyfjcif; jyKvd kuf&wmyJwJhuG/ rdzk&m;BuD;u ajymao;w,fuG/ igwd k YrS m wd kif;jynfxD;eef;BuD;wpfckvH k;awmif qH k;½I H;&NyD uHyJqd kNyD; tJ h'Dypönf;awGvJ ESajrmpHkruf iJ huGufcsefcRif;jcif;r&S dbJ tukefyJay;tyfvd kufygowJh...wJ huG/ 'gudkaxmuf&if aocsmaygufvd k Yawmif ajymEdkifao;w,f/ pav'ifrSpav'ifyJ/

'Dvk deJ YyJ iarmufywåjrm;BuD;[m vrf;paysmufoG m;cJ hw,f/ oDaygrif;vnf; cJavorQ? oJa&usjzpfcJ h&awmhw,f/ twkta,mif pH kprf;ppfaq;a&; aumfrwD&J U [efaqmifppfaq;rI? tpd k;&eJ Y pav'ifwd k Y&J Urm,m<u,fwJ h tpD&ifcHrIawGeJ YyJ auseyfvd kuf&awmhw,f/ ysm;&nfeJ Y 0rf;cswmud kyJ vufcHvk duf&w,f/

oDaygrif;wifr[kwfygbl;/ tdE´d,r*dkbk&ifeJY rdzk&m;BuD;Zdeyfr[mvfwdkYvnf; t*FvdyfwdkYwpfywf½d kufwmud k cHcJ&wmyJ/

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vlrsdK;BuD;yJjzpfjzpf? vlrsdK;av;yJjzpfjzpfaygh/ vlom;rSeforQrS m avmb&S dwmyJr[kwfvm;/ 'ghaMumif hvlrsdK;BuD;qd kolrsm;vnf; cd k;wwfMuwmaygh/

yG JMunf hyk&dwfowfwpfa,mufbufu Munf h&ifawmh eef;vkwm[m "g;jywdkufwmyJ/ 'ghaMumif ht*FvdyfvlrsdK;awG[m "g;jytBuD;pm;awGvdkY jrif&awmhrSmaygh/ "g;jyrS EdkifiHawmfwpfckvHk;wdkuf,lwJh"g;jytBuD;pm;aygh/ eef;pOf&wemawGud k tpazsmufwm[m cd k;wmyjaygh/ 'gaMumifh t*FvdyfvlrsdK;[molcdk;tBuD;pm;awGvdk YyJ jrifawmhrSmaygh/ tif;.....'DtcGifhta&;BuD;udk b,fvdkykxkZOfrsdK;uvufvTwfcHrvJaemf/

aMomf.......olvnf;av avmuDom;ayyJ/



- 17 -

&Sifbk&ifud k &mZ0wfom;vdk Y oabmxm;csifol

oDaygrif;[m a&Tausmif;ajymifajymif 0rf;acgifacgif tjzpfrsKd;ESih BuHKawG Uae&vd k Y aiGaMu;ravmufriwJ h 'Pfud k cg;qD;cHae&ygw,fqd kumrS bl;av;&m z½H kqif hqd kovd k vlrIa&;jyóemu xyfwd k;vmcJ hw,f/

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t&m&S d tifrif;efeJ Yjzpf&wJ h jyóemav;wpfckyg/ jyóemav;qd kayr,f h aomua[mif;eJ Y pdwfemusifcJ hwJ h'Pf&ma[mif;tay: usa&mufvmwmjzpfvd kY wpfylay: ESpfylqif hovd k ydkNyD;cHpm;&awmhw,f/tifrif;efu bk&if hrdom;pkudk qufqH&mrS m axmifrSL;eJ Y tusOf;om; yH kpHrsKd; ykvdyft&m&S deJ Y

&mZ0wfom; yH kpHrsKd; csKd;vmw,f/ atmfvfbH k;wkef;uvd kyJ bk&iftjyifxGufcsif&if ol YcGif hjyKcsuf&rS xGuf&wJ htxd jzpfvmw,f/

txufu jzpfapcsifwmu bk&iftay: em;vnfrI&S dzd k Y bk&if hud k rdwfaqG&if;csmvd k tultnDay;zd k Y?

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txuf t&m&SdawGu oDaygrif;bufrSm &yfwnfay;MuvdkY ykvdyft&m&Sd tifrif;ef[m csufcsif;EkwfxGufoG m;awmhw,f/

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tEd kif&vd kufwJ h yGJvnf; &S dcJ hw,f/ tJ'gu pHtdrfawmfopfBuD;eJ Y ywfoufw,f/pHtdrawmfBuD; wnfaqmufNyD;pD;wJhtcg t*Fvdyfu olwdk Ytxdrf;trSwf oauFwwpfckckud k

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- 18 -

a&TavS miftdrfrS m aysmfvd kY r&ol

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yifv,fjyifBuD;ud k jrifuGif;us,f jrif&w,f/ nnqd k yifv,fbufu vd Iif;ykwfoHawmif Mum;&w,fvd k Yqd kw,f/

eef;wGif;ol tysKdawmf txdef;awmfawGeJ Y pHtdrfawmf0efxrf;tm;vH k; (100)ausmf &S dw,f/ vH kNcHKa&;tapmifhwyfom;awGuvnf; (100)ausmf&Sdw,f/ reufvif;wmeJY wpfNydKifeuf vl (200)ausmfvIyf&S m;oG m;vm wmawGudkMunf h&if odyfpnfum;r,f h pHtdrfawmfBuD; jzpfrS myJ/

'gayrJ h a&TavS miftdrfrS m b,faysmfEd kifyghrvJaemf/ pHtdrfawmf0efxrf;ukvm;awGud k awG Ujrif&wd kif;ud k,fwd kif;jynfeJ Y ud k,f hvlrsKd;ud k owd&aerdrS maygh/ vH kNcHKa&;wyfawGud k jrif&wJ htcgwd kif;rS mvnf; rw&m;eef;cscH&yH k/ ygawmfrlcJhyH k/ tdrfedrf hpH tusOf;om;b0awGud k jyefjrifa,mifrdNyD; tcsKyftjcmtmPmeJ Y

vGwfvyfrI&JU t&om #DumcsJUaerdrS maygh/ eef;wGif;ol? eef;wGif;om; tenf;tyg;eJ Y cyfajcmufajcmufyG Jawmfwnf&wdkif;vnf; a&TxD;aqmif;cJ hwJ h a&Teef;&Sifb0udk jrifNyD; w&m;cHtppfud k jyefwGufMunfhaerdrS maygh/ pHtdrfawmfopfBuD;ay:rS m us,fus,f0if h0if h? crf;crf;em;em;? oufaomif houfom ae&ayr,f hvufatmufcHtusOf;om;qd kwJ h todu vTrf;NcHKaeawmh b,faysmfEdkifyghrvJ/

vlrvGwfvyfayr,f h pdwfvGwfvyf&ifvnf; awmfao;w,f/ t*Fvdyfu pdwfygrvGwfvyfatmifcsKyfud kifxm;avawmh yd kusOf;usyf&S mayrSmaygh/ 'ghaMumifhvnf;

]]t*Fvdyf[m igwdk Y&efolyJ/ olwd k YaMumifh aqGrsdK;? pnf;pdrf? Opö meJY wd kif;jynfudk ypfcJ h&w,f}} vdk Y

bk&ifud k,fwd kif rdef YawmfrlcJ hwm aerS maygh/ &wem*D&d ed'gef; (130)

rsuf&nfawmf acsmif;pnf;wJ hyGJ

pHtdrfawmfBuD;ud k ajymif;a&T UMuawmh Ak'bmom0if jrefrmvlrsKd;wk d Y&J U xH k;wrf;tpOftvmtwd kif;

tdrfwuf r*Fvm jyKvkyfw,f/ jrefrmjynfu oHCmig;yg; tygt0if eD;pyf&m vl (80)ausmfud k yif hzdwfNyD;tauR;tarG;? aysmfyG J&TifyG J? tcrf;tem;eJ Y tBuD;tus,f jyKvkyfw,f/'DyGJrS m t&SifESpfyg; tBuD;tus,f pdwfxdcdkuf&w,f/ trdajrud kvnf;vGrf;? ud k,f hb0ud kvnf;

rauseyf/ t*Fvdyfudkvnf; pdwfem? jrefrmjynfolawGudkvnf; oem;eJYtawmfhudk xdcdkufaMuuGJawmfrlMuw,f/

Ed kifiHjcm;ud k tvkyfoG m;vkyfaewJ h olawGawmif ESpfuav; tenf;i,fMumvm&if rdcifwd kif;jynfud k

owd&vmMuwmyJ r[kwfvm;/ wpfcgwpfav tdrfupmvm&if pmzwfNyD; idkMu? vlBuHKeJ Yydk YvdkufwJ h ½d k;&mtpm;tpmav; awG a&mufvm&if &G mud kvGrf;vd k Y rsuf&nfqdk YMueJ Y olpdrf;awGMum; tm;i,fae&csdefrS m



- 19 -

jrefrmjynfu tEkynm&SifawG? omoemjyKq&mawmfawG a&muf&S dvmNyD; azsmfajzMu? a[majymMuwmud kem;axmifMunf h½I&? em,lrSwfom; &wJ htcsdefawGrS m ajzrqnfEd kifatmif rsuf&nfNzdKifNzdKif uscJhMuwmyJ

r[kwfvm;/wd kufwufr*Fvm jyKvkyfcsdefrS m t&SifESpfyg; ygawmfrlwm (25)ESpf&SdNyD;? olwd k YwawGqd k wrf;csif;?

vGrf;csif;awG zG JUEGJ Uvd kYudk ukefEd kifr,f rxifbl;aemf/

wd kufwufr*FvmyG Jud k jrefrmjynfu rd k;aumif;q&mawmf? ab;rJ hq&mawmf? ukvm;usKd;q&mawmfpwJh oHCmOD;aoQmif q&mawmfBuD;ig;yg; <ua&mufcsD;jr§ifhw,f/ ukvm;awmxJrSm (25)ESpfawmifausmfNyDqdkawmh oHCmiwfrGwfvd k YaerS maygh/ 'gaMumif h t&SifESpfyg;[m q&mawmfBuD;awGud k zl ;jrifvd kuf&wmeJY wpfNydKifeuf xdjcif;ig;yg;eJY aowkyf0yf &Sdckd;OD;cs&if; rsuf&nfNzdKifNzdKif usae&Smawmhw,f/q&mawmfBuD;rsm;vnf; t&SifESpfyg;ud k Munf hNyD; u½kPmoufvGef;vd k Y pum;ud k ajymvd kYrxGufbl;wJ h/tJ'Dvdk q&m'umawG 0rf;enf;aMuuGJaewm em&D0ufawmif Mumw,fqdkyJ/ bk&ifeJYrdzk&m;ESpfyg;½dIufzdkid ka<u;aeMuwmud k jrif&awmh tyg;awmfNrJwd kY? tysKdawmf? txdef;awmfwd k YeJY jrefrm trIawmfxrf;awG[m uav;awGvd k atmfrid krdatmif wif;xm;&if; tHBudwfid kae&awmh w,fwJ h/

wd kufwufyG JrS m ab;rJ hq&mawmfBuD;u jzpfjyefysufjyef avmu"HyH kpHtaeeJ Y a0óEÅ &mZmwfawmfBuD;udk a[mMum;awmfrlw,f/ ]]'umawmf a&ajrU&Sifvnf; w&m;ud k em;vnfodNyD; jzpfonf htwd kif;w&m;ESif hqifjcifí csrf;jrat;Munfaom pdwf"gwfud k arG;jrLygav}}vd k Y ESpfodrf htm;ay;vd k Y aomuNidrf;at;oG m;awmhw,f/ &Sifr[m arm*¾vef i&Jjynf<uwJ htcg i&JrD;awG Nidrf;oG m;vd k Y i&Jvm;awG wpf'*Foufom

&m &ovdkaerS myJaemf/wdkufwufr*Fvm tcrf;tem;tNyD;rSm pdefaA'gwdkYtzGJUu awmf0ifrdom;pkudk azsmfajz&mrSm

t&SifESpfyg;&J U ESvH k;om;ud k wd kuf½d kufxdapwJ h aw;xyfwpfyk'fud k xnf hoGif;qd kvd kufw,f/ aw;xyfxJrS mol YuRefb0 usa&mufaewJ h tEkynm&Sifwd k Y&JU cHpm;csufawG tjynfht0 azmfusL;xm;w,f/

tJ'Daw;xyfxJu obifonfrsm;taejzif h ud k,f ht&Sif? ud k,fhocifESif h vGwfvyfpG m ae&pOfu

rif;nD rif;om;wrQ aea&;pm;a&; rylryif &S dcJ haMumif;? ,ck ud k,f hbk&if r&S donf htcsdefwGif rif;om;b0rSeif;jym;b0od k Y a&mufoG m;&aMumif;? tEkynmonfawGrS m t&Sifocifr&S dí aomifjyifvTwfonf h acG;yrmroGm;wwf? rpm;wwf jzpfae&ygaMumif;}}pwJh pmom;awGud k em;qif&wJhtcgrSmawmh t&SifESpfyg;tygt0if awmf0ifrdom;pkrsm;? &wem*D&da&muf jrefrmrdom;pkrsm;tm;vH k; &mZtdaÈawmif rqnfEd kifawmhbJ ½d Iufiifidka<u;Muawmhw,f/

aMomf . . . olvnf;av avmuDom; r[kwfvm;/

olwd k Yb0u tckacwf Ed kifiHjcm;a&muf a&TjrefrmawGxuf trsm;BuD; qd k;w,fav/ Ed kifiHjcm;a&mufa&TjrefrmawGu ta0;rS mae&mwmuvG Jvd k Y olpdrf;awGMum;rS m ae&wmuvG Jvd k Y usefwmtm;vH k; vGwfvyfrI&S dw,f/ vl UtcGif hta&; tjynf ht0&w,f/ tdrfud kvGrf;&if w,fvDzkef;qufOD;rvm;/ wjcm;tifwmeuf

awG? tD;ar;vfawG? *D sar;vfawG? tGefvdkif;awGeJ Y csdwfqufMuOD;rvm;/ tcsdefra&G; awG UEdkifjrifEd kif?ajymEd kifMum;Ed kif? rS mEd kifjyKEd kif qufoG,fEd kifMuw,fav/ 'ghtjyif aysmfyG J&TifyG JrsdK;pH k? ZdrfcH[d kw,frsdK;pH k? urÇ m½Icif;rsdK;pH k? BudKufovd kwG J? BudKovd kaysmf? BudKufoavmufpm;? BudKufovd kaecGif h&Muw,fav/ olwd k YwawG

awmif jrefrmjynfu tqd kawmfvmvdk Y em;axmifvdkuf&wmeJ Y id kMuao;&if? q&mawmf awG<uvmvd k Yw&m;emvd kuf&wmeJY id krdMuao;&if oDaygrif;wd kYb0 tawmifyHhusdK;wJ h iSufi,fvd k? ajcaxmufusdK;wJ h



- 20 -

BudK;Mumvd k? 0dnmofr&S dawmhwJ h vlom;vd k jzpfaeavawmh 'Dvd ktcsdefrsdK;rS m ydkcHpm;&rSmayrS maygh/

wu,fawmh tusOf;pH t½I H;orm;&Jh tñSOf;cH ESvH k;om;[m aMuuGJp&mtwdygyJ/

yifv,fjyifBuD;eJ Y pum;ajymol

bk&ifrif;jrwf&JU edpö"l0 awGUBuHKae&orQ[m bkef;bkef;wd k Y tusOf;om;awGeJ Y bmxl;vk d YvJ/reuf (8)em&D tdyf&mx? aexGuf&m t&yfud k rsufES mrlNyD; arm&okwf y&dwfawmfud k ygVda&mteufyg &Gwfqd kw,f/ tJ h'Daemuf rdzk&m;rsm;? orD;awmfrsm; 0ifa&muf tcpm;cHw,f/ reuf (9)em&DrS myGJawmfwnf? reuf (10)em&DrS m qGrf;awmf? yef;awmf? a&csrf;awmfuyf? bk&m;0wfwuf? *kPfawmfyG m;?ykwD;pdyf? rGef;vGJ (1)em&DrS m pmzwftem;,l? nae (3)em&D tyg;awmfjrJ twGif;0efpma&;awmfBuD;rsm;eJ YnDvmcHwuf? pHtdrfawmfta&;eJ Y tjcm;ud k,fa&;ud k,fwm udpörsm;aqG;aEG;? nae (5)em&DrS m yG Jawmfwnf?

nae(6)em&DrS m yifv,f½Icif;awG½Ipm;&if; ae0if&mt&yfud k rsufES mrlNyD; arm&okwf? Oa'gif;rif;y&dwfud kygVdteuf &Gufzwf o&Zö sm,f?nOf hOD;,HrS m rdom;pkawG UqH k tyef;ajz? n (9)em&DrS m yG Jawmfwnf? n (10)em&DrS m bk&m;0wfjyK?

ykwD;pdyf? y&dwf&Gwf? n (12)em&DrSm tdyf&m0if/aeYpOfvnfywfaewJ h ol Ub0rS m 'DrsufES mawGud kyJ aeYwd kif;jrifawG Uae&vd k Y Mumawmh tvGwf&rSwfrd

aeNyD/ ysif;&dNiD;aiGUvmrSmyJ/ 'D½Icif;awGyJ/ aeYpOfjrifawGU&orQawG[m ta[mif;tjrifcsnf;ygyJ/

tjyifavmuBuD;eJYvnf; bmrSrywfouf? urÇmBuD;bmawGjzpfaew,f qdkwmvnf; bmrSrod/pdwfvIyf&Sm;aysmf&Tifp&mqdkvdkY bmrSr&Sdawmh wpfcgw&H yifv,f½Icif;awGudk rSefbDvl;eJYMunfh&if;]]b,foabF mjyefvmNyD? b,foabF mxGufoG m;wm ESpf&uf&S dNyD? ckxd jyefrvmao;bl;? 'Dwpfywf aemufusw,f/}} vd kYrSwfcsufcs ajymqdkyHkaxmufawmh yifv,foabFm c&D;pOfawGudkawmif tvGwf&vmwJhoabm&S dw,f/ ol Ucrsm tyef;ajzp&m ½Icif;aumif;qdkvd kY 'Dyifv,fjyifBuD; yJ&S dw,f r[kwfvm;/

tdyf&m0if tdyf&mxrS m azsmfajzwJ h bifwD;0d kif;awGuvnf; ukvm;awGyJ wD;Mu qd kMuqdkawmh

'DtoHawGuvnf; Mumvmav ysif;p&maumif;av jzpfrSmyJ/ rsufESmawGudkvnf; tvGwf& ajymp&mpum;awGvnf; ukefcef; toHawGuvnf; wdwfqdwfeJ Y ajcmufuyfuyf pHtdrfawmfBuD;rS m ol Ub0taopm&if;0ifaeavawmh oltouf&Sifae&jcif;[m bmt"dyÜ g,f&SdOD;rS mvJaemf/

yifv,fxJu oabF mawGud k rjrifzl;wJ h uav;oli,fvd k txl;tqef;wpfckvd k Munf h½Iae&wm[maxmifxJu tusOf;om;awGeJ Y bmxl;ao;vd k YvJ/ axmifxJu tusOf;om;awGuvnf; axmifay:jzwfoG m;wJ h &[wf,mOfawG? av,mOfysHawG? rD;yH k;ysHawGud k uav;awGvd k 0d kif;tHk Munf hMuwmyJav/

axmifxJu tusOf;om;awGxuf oDaygrif;u ydkawmif qif;&Jao;w,fvdkY qdk&r,f/bmaMumif hvJqd kawmh axmifxJu tusOf;om;awGu vGwf&uf&S dao;w,f/ oDaygrif;u vGwf&ufr&S dvd k YyJ/

aMomf....tusOf;om;....tusOf;om; tjypfeJ Y tusOf;om;uawmif jyefNyD;oem;&r,fh?tjypfrJ h tusOf;om;/ oaAÁowå m ur®oumxJ b,f&ufrvJaemf/



- 21 -

tus,fcsKyfxJu tusOf;oltus,fcsKyfxJu tusOf;oltus,fcsKyfxJu tusOf;oltus,fcsKyfxJu tusOf;oltus,fcsKyfxJu tusOf;ol

&rnf;oif; pkzk&m;av; taMumif;od&wm 0rf;enf;p&m aumif;vSw,f/ ol[m 1243 ckESpftouf (18)ESpft&G,frS m bkrod brodeJY rdzk&m;wifajrmufcH&w,f/ 'g½d kwfwmu pkzk&m;vwfyg/oDaygrif;eJ Y pkzk&m;vwfud k BudK;ud kifvd k Y r&wJ h qifjzL&SifreJ Y uif;0efrif;BuD;wd k Yu tmPmodrf;zd k YBuHMuw,f/

olwdk YtBuHu jynfya&mufaewJ h rif;om;wpfyg;yg;ud k pkzk&m;av;eJ Y xdrf;jrm;NyD; eef;wifr,f NyD;awmh*dkuf (Guide ) ay;r,faygh/ 'DvQKd U0SuftBuHtpnfud k odoG m;wJ h pkzk&m;vwfu r,fawmfeJ Y xdyfwd kuftawG UrcHawmhbJ olud k,fwd kif pkzk&m;av;ud k rdzk&m;wifajrmufcJ hwmjzpfw,f/

pkzk&m;vwfu olwd k YtmPmwnfNrJatmif pkzk&m;av;udk toHk;cs paw;ypfvd kufNyD; Ed kifiHa&;

vkyfvd kufwJ hoabmyg/ 'Dom;trdESpfa,muf tm;NydKifyG JrS m nDrawmfpkzk&m;av;u tacsmifrdzk&m;tjzpfeJ Y"g;pmcH jzpfoG m;wJ h oabmyg/

rdzk&m;wpfyg;jzpfayr,fh eef;&rdzk&m; r[kwfovd k rdzk&m;vd kvnf; rae&ygbl;/&wem*D&dudk a&mufawmhvnf; tESdrfcHb0eJ YyJ r,m;i,fwpfa,mufvd k ae&&S mw,f/ txdef;

awmf? tysdKawmfawG&S dayr,f h orD;awmfav;yg;ud k tppt&m&m teD;uyfoGefoif xdef;ausmif;&wmupkzk&m;av;yg/ eef;wGif;yg tysdKawmfrsm;uk d cd kif;apcGif hr&&S mbl;/ tpfrawmfzk&m;u rsufapmif;xd k;vd k Yav/pHtdrfawmf0efxrf; ukvm;rawGudkyJ taptyg; vkyfae&w,f/ aemufqHk;awmh olUa0,sm0pöudkol UbmomyJ vkyf&wJ htxd txD;usefaexdkifcJ h&w,f/

tpfrawmfeJ Y armifawmfbk&m;wd k Y t&dyfud kyJ cd kvH Iae&ol jzpfayr,f h tpfrawmfu rsufES momvH k;0ray;? tckvd k tcd sefawGyd kaevd k Y tNrJwrf;tm;aecsdefrS mawmif armifawmfbk&m;aqmifawmful;wmud ktpfrawmfu vHk;0rMunf? olay;xm;wJ h vifeJY twlaewmud kawmif olu remvd k r½Ipdrf h jzpfaeawmhvifr,m;ESpfa,muf twlaewmud kawmif olrodatmif cd k;aMumifcd k;0Suf aygif;oif;&wJ hb0? aemufqH k;EIwfiH kawmf oaE¨&ayr,f hvnf; cPcP ysufpD;&awmhw,f/

'Dvk d tNrJwrf;onf;cHNyD; ½d k;½d k;at;at;aewJh pkzk&m;av;awmif i,faMumufjzpfwJ htpfrawmfzk&m;eJ Y tBuD;tus,f jyóemwufrdao;w,f/ t*FvdyfawG 0ifaecsdefrS m t&SifESpfyg;u

tBuD;tus,f pd k;&drfpdwfBuD;aeMuw,f/ 'ghaMumifh ygawmfrlawmh olwd k Yud k,fwdkif olwd k Yud k,frS m 0wfqifxm;wmuvG Jvd k Y tjcm;vuf0wf&wemawGud k ,lzd k Yud k owdr&Mubl;/ 'Dtcd sefrS m acgif ;at;at;xm;NyD;tvkyfvkyfwwfwJh pkzk&m;av;u oludk,fwdkifvnf; wpfEdkifwpfydkifo,f,l? tydsKawmfawGudkvnf;ud k,fpDud k,fiS o,f,lcd kif;vd k Y tckvd k ol YuRefb0rS m aiGaMu;tcuftcJBuHKwd kif; 'D&wemawGud k xkcG Ja&mif;cs

NyD; ajz&Sif;EdkifwJhtaMumif;ud k pkzk&m;av;u txdef;awmfawGud k pum;pyfvdk Y ajymvdkufrdw,f/ 'gudktpfrawmfzk&m;u odoGm;awmh pdwfqdk;rmefqdk; &efawGUygava&m/ aemufqHk;awmh rdzk&m;ESpfyg;bk&ifvkwJ h&efyG Jr[kwfbJ atmfBuD;[pfus,f pum;Ed kifvkwJ h &efyGJ jzpfoG m;awmhw,f/

tusOf;om;b0 usa&mufaeNyD jzpfavawmh &mZtdajE´qd kwmvnf; b,f&S dayawmhrvJ/pkzk&m;vwfu tNrJwrf; tEdkif,lvd kwJ hol jzpfavawmh pkzk&m;av;ud k acgif;razmfEd kifatmif

oufouf zdES dyfcsKyfcs,fxm;wmaerS myg/ wu,fqd k 'D&wemudpöeJ Y ckavmufjyóemBuD;p&mrvd kygbl;/

aus;Zl;wifpum; qdkcsifu qdkvd kuf½k H/ rod[efaqmifvd ku aqmifvd kuf½k HeJ Y NyD;r,f hudpö r[kwfvm;/



- 22 -

nDtpfrESpfa,muf qufqHa&;u at;puf&mrS rmausm? wif;rm&mrS jyif;xefpG m uG JwJ htqif hxda&mufvmNyD; pkzk&m;av;u ol U&J UqHyifawGud kawmif &dwfjzwfypfvd kufawmhw,f/ pkzk&m;av; jrefrmjynf

jyefNyD; xm;0,frS m r,fawmf qifjzLr&SifeJ Y twlaezd k Y avQmufxm;ayr,f h oDaygrif;u acgif;rndwf?acgif;rcg? rodovk dom aeawmfrl&S monf/

rdzk&m;ESpfyg; ta&;tcif;eJ Y ywfoufvd k Y pHtdrfawmf t&m&S dawGu oufqd kif&mud k tckvd k wifjywm

ud k awGY&w,f/]]rdzk&m;uav;tay:wGif bk&ifESif h rdzk&m;wd k Yonf tEd kiftxufjyKvkyfonf[k ,k HMunf&aMumif;?

od k Yjzpfí olr\ r,fawmf&S d&m xm;0,fok dY oG m;cGif hjyKjcif;onf olrtwGuf taumif;qk H;jzpfrnf[kxifygaMumif;}} &wem*D&ded'gef; (146)

t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ U&J U tusOf ;om;b0 a&mufaewJ htjyif pkzk&m;vwfuyg xyfrHcsKyfcs,f tEd kifusif hzdES dyfxm;jyefawmh pkzk&m;av;[m tusOf;ESpfxyfuGrf; usovd k cHpm;ae&w,f/ axmifusolcsif;twlxdyfwk H;cwf wd kufydwfcHxm;&wJ h tusOf;om;u yd kNyD;qif;&J'ku©a&muf&ovd k pkzk&m;av;u yd kusOf;usyfawmhydkqif;&Jwmaygh/ r,fawmf qifjzLr&Sif&J U &ifcGifudk em;ck dzd k Y awmif hwwm jzpfrSmaygh/

'gayrJ h pkzk&m;av; ud k,fwd kifud ku 0#fBuD;yk H&w,f/ olu r,fawmf&S d&m roG m;&bJeJ Y r,fawmfuol&S d&m a&mufvmvd k YyJ/

pHtdrfawmfwGif;u vufñ§dK;xdk; ta&;awmfyk H

ygawmfrlpu qifjzLr&Sif&J U orD ;tBuD;qk H; pkzk&m;BuD;wd kYu xm;0,frS m aeMuw,f/ xm;0,frS m&Srf;ieD acgif;aqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;orm;awG qlyltkH<urIU jzpfvmawmh tpkd;&u qifjzLr&SifudkoHo,&S dvmw,f/ qifjzLr&Sifu b,fvd kvJ xkacsxkacs t*Fvdyfuawmh r,k Ha&;cs r,k HyJjzpfaew,f/'gaMumif h qifjzLr&Sifud k &wem*D&dydk Yzdk Yvkyfw,f/ qifjzLr&Sifu t&SifESpfyg;eJ Y rwnf hawmh roG m;csifbl;/t*Fvdyfu twlrxm;bl; cG Jxm;r,fqd kNyD; ZGwfyd k Yw,f/

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pkzk&m;av;uawmh 0rf;tomBuD;omaewmaygh/ olUrauseyfcsufawGudk &ifzGifhvdkY&NyDav/r,fawmfud k wd kifwJ htcgwd kif; tpfrawmf pkzk&m;BuD;ud k &ifzGif hwJ htcgzGif heJ Y tawmf hud k ayghyg;oGufvufvmawmhw,f/

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t&SifESpfyg;u wpfzuf? qifjzLr&Sifuwpfzuf? wpfzufeJ Ywpfzuf vufñ§ dK;tjyeftvSefxd k;&mujyóempwmyg/

t&SifESpfyg;uvnf; tckvd kjzpf&wm uif;0efrif;BuD;eJ Y qifjzLr&Sifwd k YaMumif hvd k Y tjypfajymw,f/

qifjzLr&Sifuvnf; t*FvdyfeJY ppfjzpfcsifwJ h t&SifESpfyg;aMumif hvd kY tjypfzd k Yw,f/



- 23 -

acgif;aqmifyd kif;awG roifhjrwfMuawmh aemufvdkufawGvnf; roifhjrwfMuawmhbl;/qifjzLr&SifygvmwJ h ta>ct&HawGeJ Y t&SifESpfyg; ta>ct&HawGyg uGJNyJvmcJ hw,f/

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usef;rma&;[m nH hvmawmhw,f/



- 24 -

pHtdrfawmfud k NrdKUe,fq&m0efBuD;u aeYwd kif;vmMunf Yw,f/ 'DMum;xJ ta&;wBuD;vd ktyfvm&ifc½kdifq&m0efBuD;udk tcsdefra&G; ac:vdkY&w,f/ 'gayrJh t&SifESpfyg;u 'Dq&m0efawGudk r,kHbl;/

t*Fvdyfaq;0g;ud k r,k Hwm r[kwfbl;/ t*Fvdyf vlrsdK;udk r,kHwm/ aq;ynmeJ U wpfckck vkyfvd kufrS mudkpdk;&drfwm/ 'gaMumifh olwdkYeJUrukbJ? rGwfpvifrf q&mwpfa,mufeJUyJukw,f/ tJ'D rGwfpvifrfq&m]]*l'&m*syf}} u uGefaygif'g tqif hyJ&S dw,f/ aq;ynmruRrf;usifbl;/ pHtdrfawmf t&m&S dawGuvnf;

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]]uRefawmfrsdK;wifwJhpum; em,lawmfrrlbJ rGwfpvifrf *l'&m*syfaq;q&ma,mifa,mifudkvufcHawmfrlvd kY xdyfpkzk&m;av; aq;rSm;NyD; aomufrdwmrk dY a&wdrfepf&ygw,fbk&m;}}

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- 25 -

tcef;xJykef;NyD; urÇ mBuD;eJY a0;&moG m;avol

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- 26 -

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- 27 -

wHcg;apmif h armifrif;BuD;om;u a&S;bkef;a&S;uHBuD; &S dayom;yJ/ (pm;&uHBuKHvd k Y rkwfqdwfvmNyD;ysm;pGmwmudk;) bk&iforD;awmfvnf; tacsmif&/ bk&ifhorD;&JUvc (75)½lyDudkvnf; tvum;&/

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'Dvd k&aevdk Y orD;awmfBuD;udk ck HrifESpfoufrI YeJ Y tvd kvdkuf tBudKufaqmifNyD; vifom;yDyD Muifem

,k,vdrf hr,frsm;xifovm;/ a0;ao;/ tawmftEd kifusif hqd kyJ/ tif;av....ol YvufckyfxJua&ud k;/oGefvd kuoGefayrS maygh/ arS mufvd ku arS mufayrS maygh/

orD;awmfBuD;b0u oem;p&myJaemf/ bk&ifhorD;awmfBuD;wpfa,muf jzpfvsuf r,m;i,ftjzpfawmif w&m;0if vufxyfcGif hr&&Smbl;/ vifawmfarmifxuf ig;qomwJhvctm;vkH;udkvifawmfarmifxH tukefvkH; xdk;tyfygvsuf vifawmfarmif&JU ESdyfpufn§Of;yef;rIY cHae&&Smw,f/ESpfOD;oabmwl twlae vifr,m;jzpfygvsuf Zmwfrwlvd k Yqd kNyD; xrif;wpf0d kif;wnf;rS m vifr,m;vufpk Hpm;cGif hawmif r&&S mbl;/

olYb0udk b,fvdkem;vnf&rSmvJ/ taysmfr,m;vnf; r[kwfbl;/ taysmfr,m;qdk&ifaiG&w,fav/ tazmfr,m;vnf; r[kwfbl;/ tazmfr,m;qdkvnf; aiGrukefbl;av/ uav;udkrkef Yay;BudKufovd krsdK; r[kwfbJ ukvm;udk aiGay;aygif;ovd krsdK; jzpfaeawmh vlod&SifMum; aMu;pm;eJ Yw&m;0if aygif;oif;aewJ h tcspfuRef rif;orD;av;wpfyg;vd k Y qd k&r,fxifw,f/ 0#ftawmfBuD;w,faemf/

r[mukPmvZmwfawmfxJu rdzk&m;BuD;vdkyJvdk Y ajym&rvdkyJ/ tJ'D rdzk&m;BuD;uawmh

olawmif;pm;eJY om,maevdkY rdzk&m;BuD;jzpfvsuf olawmif;pm;u yg;½kdufwmudk cH&awmhw,f/rdzk&m;BuD;ud k yg;½d kuf0H hwJ h olawmif;pm;&J U pGrf;&nfuvnf; tm;usp&myJ/ tElvuf0g;eJ Y ½d kufwmawmifpdefem;uyfBuD;vGif hpifoG m;w,f/ vlaumif;omqd k&if rvG,fbl;aemf/ wPS mh uRefb0u tawmft½kyfqd k;wmyJaemf/ aMumufp&mBuD; r[kwfvm;/

pkzk&m;vwf "g;rxufawmhNyD

orD;awmfBuD;ukvm;eJ Ynm;wJ h owif;u &wem*D&drS mwif ausmfMum;wmr[kwfbl;/ jrefrmjynfrif;nDrif;om; tEG,fawmf tod kif;t0d kif;rS mvnf; [d k;av;wausmfyJ owif;BuD;vmw,f/ tm;vk H;ua&Toruf? aiGoruf? *Gwf&S,forufBuD;udkvnf; jrifzl;csifMuwmaygh/ bkef;&SifuH&SifBuD;udk;/ajr;awmfav;ud kvnf; jrifzl;csifMuwmaygh/ uHxl;&Sifav;ud k;/

wd kufwd kufqd kifqd kifyJ 1913-ckESpfrS m orD ;awmfav;yg; em;xGif; r*FvmyG Jusif;yw,f/ tm;vk H;(100)

ausmf wufa&mufcGif h&Muw,f/ rif;om;xJrS mqd k ausmuf&Jrif;om;wd k Y? pukrif;om;wd k Y? anmiftkyfrif;om;wk d Yyg0ifw,f/ rif;orD;xJrSmqd k cRef;awmifxdyfacgifwifwd k Y? &efatmifjrifxdyfacgifwifwd k Y? aumif;wk Hxdyfacgifwifwdk Y? yif;,rif;orD;wd kYyg0ifw,f/ tpnfum;qk H;? tcrf;em;qkH;yGJBuD;yJ/ ½lyDaiG (5)odef;

tukefuscHum usif;ywm/ t*Fvdyfu rsdK;zsufNyD;rS ysm;&nfeJYjyefNyD; 0rf;cswJhoabmeJY tvdkvdkuftBudKufaqmifum aiGtukefuscHNyD; usif;yay;wm jzpfEd kifw,f/

tJ'DyG JrS m y&dwfowftm;vk H; pdwf0ifpm;wmu ajr;awmfav;eJ YorufawmfBuD;aygh/ rEÅ av;y&dowf

tpk Htvif&S daewJ h y&dowftv,frS m rdzk&m;acgifBuD; pkzk&m;vwfu ajr;awmfav;ud k cyf&Suf&SufeJ Ytckvd k yGJxkwfjyvd kufw,f/



- 28 -

]]'DrSmav cRef;awmifrr&JU od*Ða&TcGufxJudk acG;ao;yef;oGm;wm}}vdk Y ajr;awmfav;&JUacgif;udkyGwfoyf&if; ajymjyvd kufw,f/ NyD;awmh csufcsif;yJ y&dwfowfMum;rS xGufcGmoG m;awmhw,f/

tJ'Dvd k w&m;0if xkwfjyvd kufawmh rif;om; ? rif;orD;? rSL;BuD;rwfBuD;awG tm;vk H;[m [d kwpfcsdefa&Teef;&Sifb0wkef;u pkzk&m;vwfud k jyefNyD;owd&rS myJaemf/ tJ'Dwkef;ursdK;qd k wHcg;rSL;twGuf pkzk&m;ay;r,f h qkvmbfu aordef YyJav/

tJ'Dwkef;u nDrawmf rif;orD;av;wpfyg;eJ Y jzpfwJ h&SifvlxGufud k aordef Yay;cJ hw,f r[kwfvm;/

tcspfBuD;wJ h rif;orD;eJ Y rpm;aumif;wJhtoD; pm;rdol

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tawmfvd kufpm;w,f/ pkzk&m;vwfeJ Yqd k&if zatwl ratuGJ nDtpfr awmfpyfwmaygh/ ygawmfrlpu

pkzk&m;vwfawmif ESpfq,fausmft&G,fyJ &Sdao;wmqdkawmh 'Drif;orD;av;u q,fausmfouftysdKayguft&G,favmufyJ &S dOD;rSmyg/ wpfaeY bkef;BuD;ausmif;oGm; w&m;em&if; 'kv’b0wf &SifjyKpud k&ifwpfyg;ud k awG UcJ h&w,f/ a&S;a&pufaerS maygh/ pGJvef;oG m;w,f/

txdef;awmfBuD;u rif;orD;ud k wm;ayr,f h wm;r&wJ htqk H; ud k&ifud k vmajcmufw,f/ ud k&ifud ka&Smifaezdk Y ajymw,f/ udk&ifuvnf; ra&Smifbl;/ rif;orD;av;u udk&ifhudkom ajymrjy&ifol Yudk,folowfaor,fqdkNyD; a&xJckefcszd k Yxd vkyfvmawmh txdef;awmfBuD;u rif;orD;&J U arwåmpmud k

ud k&if hxHoG m;ay;w,f/ 'Dvd keJ Y 0guRwfawmh ud k&ifu&SifvdifjyefNyD; tdrfjyefoG m;w,f/ olwd k YESpfa,mufuvlcsif;pum;rajym&ao;cifrS m arwå mrQaeMuNyD/

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w,f/ &SifvlxGufqDu odrf;qnf;vmwJ h pmawGxJrS m rif;orD;av;u t&ifpay;wJ h arwå mpm arwå moDcsif;awG awG UoG m;vd k Y yd kqd k;oG m;wm/ aemufawmh &SifvlxGuftdrfud kyg 0if&S mppfaq;awmh tajctaeurdk;xdudk rD;wufavmifawmhw,f/ bmvdkYvJqdkawmh rif;orD;av;u olYcspfolqDa&;wJhpmawGxJrSmrdzk&m;acgifBuD; raumif;aMumif;a&;xm;wJh twif;tzsif;pmawG ygaewmudk rdzk&m;BuD;udk,fwkdifzwf&awmhwmud k;/ rdzk&m;BuD; vkH;0onf;rcHEd kifawmhbl;/ olUt½dIufudk wnfhwnfhBuD; xdrSefoGm;NyD;,rf;yk HrD;us aygufuG J oG m;awmhw,f/



- 29 -

tpwkef;u rif;orD;av;twGufavQmhaygh pOf;pm;ay;ao;w,f/ ckawmhr&awmhbl;/ vkH;0

r&awmhbl;/ olwdk YESpfa,muf&JU tcspfZmwfvrf;rSm rdzk&m;acgifBuD;udk vlMurf;BuD;jzpfatmifZmwfoGif;vd kufMuNyDqd kawmh twåud kxdyg;vmNyDav/ ya'o&mZf {u&mZf ? oufOD;qHyd kifbk&ifawG jyif;xef

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tckvd k avQmufwifvd kufMuw,f/]]bk&if horD;awmf[m t&Sifeef;rawmf rdzk&m;BuD;&JU nDrawmfjzpfygw,f/ odkYtwGuf bk&ifhorD;awmfud k bk&m;uReftjzpf trI Uxrf;zd k Y pD&ifcsufcs&if t&Sifeef;rawmfrdzk&m;BuD; trsdK;tEG,fawmf[m*kPfodu© m xdck dufñd §K;EGrf;oG m;p&m&S daeygw,f/ t&Sifeef;rawmf rdzk&m;BuD;[m bk&m;uRefwpfa,muf&J Utpfrawmf jzpfoG m;&ygvdrf hr,f/ t&Sifeef;rawmf rdzk&m;BuD; tJ'gud k tjzpfcHEd kifyghrvm;/ Ed kifiHjcm;om;rsm;uvnf; rdzk&m;acgifBuD;[m bk&m;uRefrsdK;? bk&m;uRefEG,f jzpfaeyguvm;vdk Y ajymMum;Muvdrfhr,f/

tJ'Dvd k jzpfzdk Yroif hyg/ oDayg\ ra[oD (179-180)rif;orD;av;udk oem;vdkY rif;orD;av;tusdK;vdkvdkY 'Djypf'Pfray;awmhwm r[kwfygbl;/

ol U*kPfud kyg xdcd kufvmEd kifvd k Y? ol U*kPfodu© mud k txdtcd kuf rcHEd kifvd k Y 'Djypf'Pf ray;awmhjcif; jzpfw,f/'Djypf'Pf ray;awmhbl;qd kawmh ao'PfyJ ay;p&m&S dawmhwmaygh/ 'gaMumif h cspfolESpfa,mufvk H;

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olwd k YESpfa,muf uHaumif;oG m;w,f/ 'gayrJ hcPyg/ aemufrMumrD &SifvlxGufud k a&csowfvd kufw,f/rif;orD;av;ud kawmh txl;tcsKyfcef;xJrS m csKyfaES mifvd kufw,f/ 'gvnf; cPygyJ/ rMumcif rif;orD;av;aoqk H;oGm;w,f/



- 30 -

]]tusOf;cHae&wJ htcg aorif;[m rarQmfvif hbJ a&mufvmwufw,f/ r[kwfvm;}}oDayg\ ra[oD (181)

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wHcg;rSL; tqdyfroif hwm[m toD;uyJ rpGrf;awmhvdk Yvm;/ wHcg;rSL;uyJ tqdyfNyD;aevd kYvm;/'grSr[kwf vlrsdK;wl bmomwl olawGud krS tqdyfu tmPmoufa&mufNyD; vlrsdK;jcm; bmomjcm;

qd k&if tqdyfu tmPm roufa&mufEd kifawmhvd k YyJvm;/ pkzk&m; &S dao;&if ar;vd kufcsifao;w,faemf/ajymomajym&wmyg? 'gawGudk wEkH YEk HYawG;NyD; pkzk&m;vwfpdwfxJrS m ukvm;ud k trSKef YBudwf&if

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- 31 -

rsufES mawmf wpfjcrf; avjzef;oG m;w,f/ b,fbufyg;u tenf;i,f &G JUaeNyD; b,fbufrsufvH k;utenf;i,f ydwfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh &Gwfqdkaeus arm&okwf y&dwfawmfud k r&Gwfqd kEdkifawmhvd kYukvm;xd kifay:rSmyJ ililBuD; xd kifaeawmhw,f/

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'kwd,orD;awmf ajymwmvnf; trSefyJ/ cifarmifvwfu r[mrsdK;r[mEG,f r[kwfwm?eef;wGif;ol eef;wGif;om; rsdK;BuD;½dk;BuD;xJuyJ/ tajrmuf0efa[mif; rzJNrdKUpm;OD;cifarmifBuD;qdkwm?wd kifwm;rif;BuD;&J UorD; rwdrf;ocifeJ Y ausmufqnfNrdKUpm; awmif"0,fAd kvfwd k Y&J Uom;jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumif hcifarmifvwf[m wd kifwm;rif;BuD;&J Ujrpf? awmif"0,fAd kvf&J Uajr;? tajrmuf0ef rzJNrdKUpm; OD;cifarmifBuD;&J Uom;jzpfw,f/

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rSefomBuD;&G mpm; tysd Kawmf cifrBuD;qd kwm rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;&J U ajrmufeef;rdzk&m;BuD; cifoJ&J Utpfr&if;jzpfvk dY rif;wkef;rif;&JU r&D;jzpfw,f/ jrif;0efuawmf ausmufwpfvk H;ocif&J U orD;jzpfw,f/

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tdrfwif/



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- 38 -

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vkyfzd kY pDrHcsufa&;qG JNyD;om; jzpfw,fqd kwm xif&S m;w,f/tJ'Dvd krSr[kwf&if 'kwd,orD;awmf[m ol Uvd kvlrsdK;vnf; r[kwfbl;? olvlrsdK;eJ Y vufxyfwmvnf;

r[kwfbl;/ Ncdrf hNcdrfhoJ yG JBuD;jyifqifay;&atmifvnf; olwd k YrS m wm0efr&S dbl;av/'kwd,orD;awmf[m olwd k YvufxJu ppfoH k Yyef;? eef;usbk&if? Ed kifiHa&; tusOf;om;wpfa,muf&J U

orD;wpfa,mufom jzpfw,fav/'Dvd ktusOf;om;wpfa,muf&J h orD;jzpfoluk d bmaMumif h 'Davmuf tcGif hta&;awG ay;&wmvJ/

bmhaMumifh olaumif;jyK&wmvJ/ bmhaMumifh csD;jr§ifhajr§mufpm; ae&wmvJ/ bmhaMumifh umuG,fapmifha&S mufae&wmvJ/

'Dar;cGef;ud k t*FvdyfawG b,fvd k ajzrvJ rodbl;aemf/aemufNyD;awmh t&SifESpfyg;u oabmwlMunfjzLvkd Y r*Fvmaqmifay;r,fqdk&if orD;awmfud k

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wu,fawmh aMumif[m MumMuma&rikyfEd kifygbl;/ t*Fvdyfu 'kwd,orD;awmfud k vc(1000)axmufyHhwm[m apwem&S drS r[kwfbJ/ pkzk&m;vwf rmeud k ud kifvIyfcsifvd k Y orD;awmf ti,fESpfyg;ud kaiGeJ Y rQm;csifvd kY? rdom;pkcsif; aoG;cG Jay;csifvd kYyJ jzpfw,f/ 'ghaMumif h a&&Snfoabmraumif;Ed kifawmhbJ

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- 41 -

*dkygeJY cifarmifvwfudk xbDpGefawmifqGJNyD; ao'Pfay;ygOD;vm;/ orD;awmfESpfa,mufudkaxmifoGif; tusOf;csNyD; vkyfBuHowfjzwfygOD;vm;/

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(C) pHtdrfawmf tdrfwGif;a&; jyóemud k vufñd §K;xd k;ta&;tcif;vd k Y owfrSwfEdkifovd k 'kwd,orD;awmf ta&;tcif;ud k ]]jcaoF hESpfaumif rmefaqmifwJ h ta&;awmfykH}}vd k Y owfrSwfEd kifygw,f/

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- 42 -

oHawmfqif h OD;atma&mu ]]'Dvd ktcsdefrsdK;rS m pdwfqif;&Jatmifrvkyfzd k Y crnf;awmftay: pmemiJhuGufzdk Y}} wkef&ifarm[d kufpGmeJ Y id k,d kawmif;yefawmh orD;awmfu ]]pma&;BuD;jyefEd kifNyD}}vdk Y cyfjywfjywf

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- 43 -

t"duta&;BuD;wJh tajccH tcsufawGud kom rlawGabmifawGcsjyxm;oif hw,f/ Oyrm- bmomwl?

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ausmfraumif;? Mum;raumif; jzpfukefawmhw,f/

tJ'Dvd kjzpfukefrS rdbrsufES m td k;rnf;okwf&aumif;vm;qd kNyD; a'golykefxMuawmhw,f/ aqGjywf?rsKd;jywf? aocef;jywf? tarGjywfawG aMunmNyD; &Suf&rf;&rf;ukefawmhw,f/

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oif hwif hwJ h tdrfaxmifrsdK; csrSwfay;&rS m jzpfw,f/



- 44 -

rif;r&S dwJ haemuf 'ku©a&muf&aom rdzk&m;BuD;

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oDaygrif;&J U psmye NyD;oG m;wJ haemufyd kif;rS m pkzk&m;vwf[m tdEd,rSm qufraecsifawmhbl;/jrefrmjynfud kyJ jyefcsifaeawmhw,f/ t*Fvdyf tpkd;&uvnf; jyefrvTwfcsifbl;/ taMumif;uawmhpkzk&m;vwf jyefa&mufoGm;&if jrefrmjynfolawG EkdifiHa&; Ed k;Mum;vmrS m pdk;&drfvd k YyJ/ aemufwpfckujrefrmjynfudk tkyfcsKyfaewJ h t*Fvdyftpk d;&u yxr urÇ mppftwGif;jzpfaevd k Y tajctae t&yf&yftm;vk H;uvnf; at;csrf;wJ htxd qdkif;iHxm;zdk Y wifjyvd kYyJjzpfw,f/

bk&ifr&SdawmhwJ htwGuf bk&ifh taqmifta,mifawGuk dvnf; tpd k;&u wpfjznf;jznf;csif;odrf;,l Ekwfy,foG m;awmhw,f/

udk,f&Hawmf wyftiftm;udk avQmhcsypfvd kufw,f/ EdkifiHa&; yifpifvcudkvnf; avQmhcsypfvdkufw,f/ bk&if&SdpOfu wpfv½lyD (5500) axmufyHh&mrSm bk&ifr&SdawmhwJhtcg ½lyD (1625)yJaxmufyHhawmhw,f/ bk&if&S dpOfu ta<u;awGud k qyfzd kYaeaeomom pHtdrfawmf 0efxrf;rsm;twGufvcaiGawmif ay;zdk Y ravmufEd kifbl; jzpfaew,f/ 'gaMumif h taptyg;awGudkvnf; (161) a,mufrS

(79) a,muftxd avQmhcsvdkuf&w,f/ taptyg; (79) a,mufudkawmif vpmtjynfUt0ray;Ed kifawmhbJ tqk H;rSm EkwfxGufoluxGuf? Ekwfy,fcH&olu y,fcH&eJY taptyg; (26) a,mufyJusefawmhw,f/

eef;rawmfzk&m;u ra>cEd kifvd k Y r&HMujcif;? rcsefEd kifawmhvd k Y r&HMuawmhjcif; qdkwJh ta>ct&H ?tNcHrJ hjcif; avmu"Hud k vSvSBuD; cHpm;ae&awmhw,f/ tpdk;&u jrefrmjynfud kvnf; jyefryd kYcsifbl;/tdE´ d,rS m xm;jyefawmhvnf; 0vifatmif rauR;? jynf Upk Hatmif ray;bJ pkzk&m;vwfud k tiwfxm;?

tMuyfxm;NyD; pdwfqif;&J udk,fqif;&Jjzpfatmif wrifvkyfBuHaeovdk jzpfaew,f/ 'Dvdk aiGaMu;tcuftcJawGaMumif h rmeBuD;vSwJ h pkzk&m;vwf[m t*FvdyfxH toem;cHNyD; vufjzef Yawmif;&awmhw,f/



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]]vifom; rif;w&m;r&SdwJ haemuf ,ckuJ hod k Y axmufyHhaiGrsm;ud k avQmhayghjcif;onf rnfonf htaMumif;jycsufrsm;tay: tajccHygoenf;/ xD;eef;ud k pGef YcJ h&onf haemuf tenf;i,frQaom ro' ga&pm

tusdK;cHpm;&rI Uuav;ud kyif cHpm;cGif hrjyKawmhNyDavm/ axmufyH haiGrsm; avQmhcsjcif;onf qifjcifwk Hw&m;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? w&m;rQwrIUESifhvnf;aumif; rnDñTwfyg/ vifom; rif;w&m; ewf&GmpHítBuD;tus,f pdwfxdck duf epfemylaqG;&rI U rajyaysmufao;cifyif wpfvud k ½lyD; (5500) rS (1625)

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aiGaMu;ravmufivd k Y tcuftcJ BuHKaeygw,f qd kumrS t*Fvdyftpk d;&u oDaygrif;eJ Y pkzk&m;av;wd k Y ½kyfuvmyfawGud k rGrf;rHjyifqifNyD; pHtdrfawmf atmufxyf tcef;wpfckxJrS m twlxm;wJ h pkzk&m;vwf&nf&G,fcsufu jrefrmjynfjyef&if wpfygwnf; o,foG m;zk d YyJ/ ckawmh o,fvd k Yr&atmif ajrjrKyfcd kif;wmeJ Y

vmBuHKae&w,f/ rjrKyfESHrcsif; *sDusaerS mjzpfvd kY em;at;oGm;atmif pHtdrfawmf0if;axmif hrS m ,m,D*loGif;xm;vd kufw,f/ tJ'DaeYu 9.2.1917 &ufaeYjzpfw,f/ pHtdrfawmf avomjywif;uae Munf hvd kuf&if tma&AD;,ef; yifv,faemufcH *lESpfvk H;ud k twd kif;om;jrifawG U Ed kifw,fvd k Y qd kw,f/ pkzk&m;vwf[m

vomwJh nawGrS mqd k armifawmfeJY nDrawmf *lrsm;ud k ½Ipm;&if; tvGrf;ajzavh&S dw,fvd k Y od&w,f/ckawmhvnf; olr[kwfovdkyJ/ vGrf;wwfvd kufwm/

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vd kufw,f/ 'gaMumif h tdE´ d,tpd k;&u awmf0ifrdom;pk jrefrmjynfjyefzd k Y trdef Yxkwfawmhw,f/ jrefrmjynfjyef&r,fqd kwmeJ Y awmf0ifrdom;pk[m udk,f htdrfud k,f h&G m jyef&awmhrSmrd k Y 0rf;om aysmfjrL;aeMuw,f/



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olwpfyg;wd kif;jynfrS m rsufpdoli,f em;oli,feJ Y rdef;rom;awGcsnf;ae&wmqd kawmh aeYpOfeJ YtrQ aMumif hMupdwfawG pd k;&drfpdwfawGeJ Y tNrJwrf; aomuopfawGjzpfay:aerS maygh/ ]]ckawmh 0#fuRwfNyD ud k,f htdrf

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olydkifigyd kif tNydKifvkwJh tavmif;awmfvkyG J

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pHtdrfawmfeJ Y tawmfvSrf;wJ hae&mwpfckrS m ½kyfuvmyfawGud k wpf*lwnf;oGif;NyD; oN*dKvfvd kufawmhw,f/pkzk&m;vwfu *loGif;wJ hqD vd kufroGm;bl;/ orD;awGud kvnf; rvd kufcd kif;bl;/ orD;awGu pHtdrfawmf

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tavmif;ud kawmif ud k,frydkif/ ud k,f hb0eJ Y ud k,f hcE mudkawmif ud k,fryd kifawmhbl;qd k eef;rawmfzk&m;&J U

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,laqmifzd k Y rvG,fulwJ h ypönf;awGud k xkcG Ja&mif;csNyD; aiGazmfr,fvkyfjyefawmhvnf; a&mif;&aiGuk dud k,fyd kifok H;pG JcGif hr&S dbl;/ olwd k Yud k tyf&r,fvd k Yajymw,f/ ,laqmifzd k YvG,fulwJ h tok H;aqmifawGusvnf;tukefr,l&bl; wcsdKUwpf0ufcsef xm;&r,fvd k Yqd kjyefw,f/ t*Fvdyftpd k;& a,musF m;om;BuD;awGuawmholwdkYvufxJu aoG;Ekom;Ek rdef;rom;wpfpkudk pdwf&Sdvuf&Sd apmfum;csifwkdif; apmfum;aewJhykHyJ/wu,fawmh t*Fvdyft&m&SdawG[m awmf0ifrdom;pk y&dabm*awG? pnf;pdrfOpö mawGud k oabmusaewmyg/ 'gaMumif h ra&mif;Ed kif r,loG m;Ed kifatmif tmPmudk ckwkH;vkyfNyD; taES muft,Suf ay;aejcif;jzpfw,f/ axmifpum;eJY ajym&&ifawmh cRwfwmcGmwmaygh/ vl,Ofaus;? vlrsdK;BuD;om;awGvnf;

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aemf/ rdzk&m;BuD;pkzk&m;vwfuawmh ol Yarmifawmfbk&m;eJY ol YnDrawmfwdk Yud k rxm;csifbJ xm;cJ h&NyD/ac:awmfrlawmhvnf; olwdkY? ESifawmhrlawmhvnf; olwdkY/ olwdkY'Pfudk (33)ESpfwdkifcHcJh&NyDjzpfvdkY

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&efukefa&muf awmf0ifrdom;pk&JU rsuf&nfawmfawmf0ifrdom;pk[m 18.4.1919 aeYrSm &efukefud ka&mufw,f/ qdyfurf;ruyfcif

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jzpfaew,f/ vif;yifrif;om;BuD;&J U om;awmf eJ Y oDaygrif;&J U pwkw¬orD;awmf ay;pm;zd k Y urf;vSrf;wkef;ut&SifESpfyg;u oabmrwlcJ hbl;/ vif;yifrif;om;BuD;u olYtpfr aumif;wkHxdyfacgifwifxHckvd kpmjyefvd kufw,f/ ]]tpfrawmfzk&m;taejzifh onfudpörSvGJí tjcm;apcd kif;csif&m [lorQud kapcd kif;

awmfrlyg/ onfudpörS mjzif h 0ifrygyg&apESif h/ rdzk&m;a[mif;xH oG m;a&muf rcpm;vd kí uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;aecJhygonf/.......onfudpörsdK;jzif h omíyifroGm;a&mufvd kyg/}} &wem*D&ded*k H; (86)

xdyfwifBuD;eJ Y wwd,orD;awmf&J U r*FvmyG Jud k xdyfwifBuD;&J Ur,fawmf xdyfacgifwifat; tdrfrS myJusif;yw,f/ tawmfpnfqd kyJ/ eef;rawmfzk&m;ud k wrif&G J UNyD; r*FvmyG Jud k crf;em;BuD;us,fatmif vkyfaqmifay;Muwm/ xdyfwifBuD;&JUr,fawmf xdyfacgifwifat;&JU nDtpfrawmfawGjzpfwJh xdyfacgifwifppf?xdyfacgifwifvS? xdyfacgifwifxG#f? xdyfacgifwifpd k;eJY tjcm;uaemifrif;&J UrsdK;qufawGu rEÅ av;rSmpnf;pnf;vk H;vk H;&S daeawmh pnfum;atmifvkyf&vG,fwmaygh/ r*FvmyG JrSm eef;awmfBuD; qufaqGawmf



- 53 -

rsdK;awmfrsm;? tdrfa&SUawmfqufaqGawmfrsdK;awmfrsm;? xD;<uif;eef;usef rSL;a[mif; rwfa[mif;rsm;?olaX;ol<u,frsm; a&S UarS mufrS m a&Teef;xkH;wrf; tpOftvmtwk dif; ususee? crf;crf;em;em;? BuD;BuD;us,fus,f vufxyfay;Mujcif;jzpfw,f/

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zufxkyfxJu toufeJ YvufckyfxJua&

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jzpfw,f/ ESpfxyfwd kufuav;uae ESpfxyfwdkufBuD;qD ajymif;&rSmrd k Y aysmfp&maumif;r,fvkd Y xifp&m&Sdayr,fh eef;rawmfzk&m;wd kYu raysmfbJ pdwfnpfaeMuw,f/ pHtdrfawmfopfBuD;rS m apmfbG m;uawmfESpfa,muf wpfNydKifwnf;aoqk H;zl;w,f/ tjcm;rxif&S m;wJ h olrsm;vnf; aoqk H;zl;w,f/ ajymif;cgeD;(1922)ckrS m pwkw¬orD;awmf rD;zGm;NyD;p aoG;om;ekekumv jzpfaevd kY rajymif;csifMujcif;jzpfw,f/

eef;rawmfzk&m;u rajymif;csifwJ htaMumif; jiif;qd kwJ hpmyd k Yw,f/ t*Fvdyfu pHtdrfawmfopfBuD;ud kwpfv½lyD (500)eJ Y (2)ESpfpm pmcsKyfNyD;iS m;xm;wmjzpfvdk Y rajymif;bl;qdk&if (2) ESpfpm tdrfiS m;c ½lyD

(12000) avsmf&r,fvdkY trdefYjyefw,f/ avsmfp&maiGr&SdvdkY eef;rawmfzk&m;crsm rajymif;csifbJajymif;vd kuf&awmhw,f/ pwkw¬orD;awmfwd kY rdom;pkuawmh rlvpHtdrfawmfrSmyJ usefcJ hMuw,f/



- 54 -

rdzk&m;acgifBuD;cAsm olYvufckyfxJua& jzpfaeawmh xm;&mae? ap&moGm;? auR;wmpm;?ay;wm,l? jiif;qefcGifhr&SdeJY oljyKorQ Ekae&awmhw,f/ ygawmfrlp tajctaersKd;rSmqdk&if 'D½lyD;

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- 55 -

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- 56 -

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Muawmh rdzk&m;acgifBuD;[m tm;&0rf;omeJ Y pdwfcsrf;omaysmf&Gifaeawmhwmaygh/ 0rf;omaysmf&GifaeaMumif;ud k yif;,rif;orD;ud k ckvdkxkwfazmfajymvmwmud k awGY&w,f/

]]onfESpf pkzk&m;&J U arG;aeYtvSLawmf[m xl;w,fvd k Yqd k&r,f yif;,&J U/ cgwdkif;ESpfawGxuf

vSLzG,fypönf;pkHovdk tvSLyg0ifMuolrsm;uvnf; pkHvSw,f/ rEÅav;u rdw¬Dvmpkuav;&JU orD;ESpfa,mufuawmif vSLzG,fyd k Yw,f/ oif;wd k Yav;awGu tckvd kw½d kwao owdw&&S dvd k Y pkzk&m; 0rf;ajrmufawmfrlw,f yif;,&,f}} &wem*D&ded*k H; (117)

rdzk&m;acgifBuD; 0rf;ajrmufr,fqd kvnf; 0rf;ajrmufp&myJ/ rdw¬ Dvmpkuav;&J U orD;awmfESpfyg;qd kwm oDaygrif;&J U wlrawGjzpfw,f/ olwd k Y wl0&D;awG roif hjrwfMuvd k Y cyfwef;wef; cyfcGmcG m aevmcJ hMuolawGjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dvd k trkef;w&m;aMumifh t&SifESpfyg;eJ Y uif;uG maeolawGuawmif tvSLtwGuf

xnf h0ifMuawmh rdzk&m;acgifBuD;crsm 0rf;omawmfrlwmaygh/ avmuBuD;rS m arwå mrJ hwJ holawGom &S dMuwm/arwå mw&m;ud k rcHpm;wufwJ hol&,fvd k Y r&S dbl;r[kwfvm;/

rdzk&m;acgifBuD; arG;aeYyG Jrusif;ycifrS myJ OD;pHa&TeJ Yyif;,rif;orD;wd k Y[m tarGudpöeJ Y ppfud kif;oG m;&zd k Y

taMumif;zefvmw,f/ rdzk&m;acgifBuD;u rvT Jomvd k Y cGif hjyKvd kufayrJ h tm;awmhi,foG m;wmaygh/ aexk difraumif;wJ hMum;u ckvd krS mvd kufao;w,f/

]]armifpHa&TeJYyif;,wdkY rMumMuapeJ Y? udpöNyD;&if csufcsif;jyefvmcJ hMu? a&TNrdKUawmfu pkzk&m;

tvGefBudKufwJ h [if;nh Hrpm;&wmMumNyDjzpfvdk Y tjyefrS m &S mcJhyg}} &wem*D&ded*k H; (117)



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rdzk&m;acgifBuD;u tus,fcsKyfusaewmqd kawmh rEÅ av;ud k vGrf;rS maygh/ rEÅ av;a'opmjzpfwJ h[if;nHh(tcsOf&nf[if;) ud kvnf; awmif hwae&S mrS maygh/ 'gaMumif h a&TNrdKUawmfu [if;nH hud k wul;wu

rSmvd kufwm jzpfrSmaygh/ zdzk&m;acgifBuD;[m orufawmfxdyfwifBuD;eJ Y q&mvGef;(ocifuk d,fawmfrdIif;)wd k Yud kvnf; tm;ud k;wBuD;&S dvSw,f/ rusef;rmpOfumvawGrS m rdzk&m;acgifBuD;u xdyfwifBuD;eJ Yq&mvGef;ud ktckvd k tNrJrS mavh&S dw,f/

]]vufxufawmfu jyifopfeJ YcsKyfqdkcJ hwJ h ta&;wBuD;pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm; xnfhxm;wJhoHaowå mi,fuav;[m uwå DygtdwfeDpGyfvsuf pufcef;aqmifwGif;u AD½dkatmufqk H;xyfrS m&S dw,f/*½kpd kufMu/ AD½d kaomhuawmh pkzk&m;acgif;tkH;atmufrS m&Sdw,f/ &wem*D&ded*k H; (115)

23.01.1925aeY naeapmif;rS m rdzk&m;acgifBuD;usef;rma&;[m tawmfpd k;&drf&wJ h tajctaexda&mufvmvd k Y q&mvGef;wd k Y apmif hMuyfaeMuw,f/ nOD;yd kif;rS m ume,f&Gwfwd k YtzG J U a&mufvmMuw,f/rdzk&m;acgifBuD;u aMu;ckwifBuD;ay:rS m armvd k YvS Jae&S mw,f/ vufawmfrS m ykwD;ud krcsbl;/ xdyfwifBuD;utdyfa&;ysufvGef;vd k Y rsufvkH;awGud k eD&JaeNyD/ orD;awmfrsm;&S dayrJ h q&mvGef;u rdzk&m;acgifBuD;twGufpdwfrcsbl;/ owif;pmwd kufud k rjzpfrae jyefzd k Yvkyfawmh rdzk&m;acgifBuD; teD;rS m rtdyfpufbJ apmif haezd k YxdyfwifBuD;udk aocsmrS mcJ hNyD;rS jyefcJ hw,f/

q&mvGef; owif;pmwd kufrS m tvkyfvkyfNyD; wk duftjyifbufxGufawmh aumif;uif,HrS m Mu,f BuD;wpfvk H; jAKef;qdka<uusoG m;wmud k jrifvd kuf&vd k Y pdwfxifhoGm;NyD; pHtdrfawmfudk tajy;a&mufvmw,f/q&mvGef; aemufusoGm;NyD/ rdzk&m;acgifBuD;u reuf (4)em&D (50)rdepfrSm ewf&GmpHoGm;ESifhNyD/

rdzk&m;acgifBuD; rMumcPrS mwJ h aowå mi,fud k q&mvGef;u csufcsif;owd&vd kufwmeJ Y AD½d kzGif hzd k Yaomhawmif;vmw,f/ rdzk&m;acgifBuD; acgif;tkH;atmufrSm aomhr&Sdawmhbl;/ AD½dkuvnf;yGifhaew,f/ uwåDygtdwfeDpGyfxm;wJ h oHaowå mi,f qd kwJ ht&mvnf; r&S dawmhbl;/ bmypönf;rSvnf;r&S dawmhbJ AD½d kBuD;ua[mif;avmif;yGif haewmud kyJ awG Y&awmhw,f/ xdyfwifBuD; yifyef;vGef;vd k Y ½kwfw&uf tdyfaysmfoG m;csdefrS mckvdkjzpfoGm;&wmjzpfvdkY q&mvGef;u xdyfwifBuD;ud k tokH;rus&aumif;vm;qd kNyD; yufyufpufpuf

tjypfwifajymqd kawmhw,f/pwkw¬orD;awmfu rEÅ av;&S d yif;,rif;orD;xH csufcsif;aMu;eef;½d kufvd kufw,f/ yif;,rif;orD;wd k Y&efukefu xGufcG mcJ hNyD/ rEÅ av;ud ka&mufwm ESpf&ufyJ&S dao;w,f/ aMu;eef;&awmh wtH hwMoeJ Y txdwfwvefYjzpfNyD; tarGudpö trIUudpöawGudk tomxm;vdkY &efukefudk tjy;tvTm; jyefvmcJhw,f/pHtdrfawmfay: idk,dk&if; ajy;wufvmwJ h yif;,rif;orD;[m aMu;ukwifBuD;ay:rS m ZmjzLvTrf;xm;wJ htavmif;awmfud kvnf; jrif&a&m vJusarhajrmoG m;awmhw,f/ aemufwpfaeYusrS ol YocifrS mawmfrlvd kuf

wJ h [if;nh HawGudk csufjyKwfNyD; qGrf;avmif;ukod kvfjyK trQawmf qufo&awmhw,f/ arG;aeYyG Jvkyfzdk Ytm;cJxm;&wJh rdzk&m;acgifBuD;[m arG;aeYyGJ ra&mufcif (10)&uftvdkrSm ewf&GmpHoGm;jcif;jzpfvdkYarG;aeYyG Jud kawmif rrDvd kufbl; jzpfoG m;w,f/

aMomf.......rdzk&m;acgifBuD;crsm arG;aeYyG Jav;awmifNyD;atmif rapmif hEdkifawmhygwum;/yif;,rif;orD;[m olYocifudk tawmfav;pm; jrwfEdk;&S mwmyJaemf/ ygawmfrlwkef;uvnf;

oabF may:rS m t&SifhtwGufidkcJ h&w,f/ pkzk&m;av; ewf&GmpHwkef;uvnf; ikdcJ h&w,f/ ol YMuif&mawmf

OD;pHa&Tqdk&if atmfBuD;[pfus,fud k id kcJh&wm/ ckvnf; eef;rawmfzk&m;twGuf id k&if; owdawmifvpfoG m;&S mw,f/



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yif;,rif;orD; owdvpfr,fqd kvnf; vpfp&myJ/ rdzk&m;acgifBuD; psmye tcrf;tem;u tawmhud k½kyfqk d;wmud k;/ tavmif;pif yk HpHvd k vd kufumrsm;vnf; aMu;ckwifBuD;rS m qifrxm;Ed kifbl;/ tavmif;jyifxm;wJ h pufcef;aqmifeH&Huvnf; aq;awGuG musukefNyD/ aq;awGuG musvd k Y uGufwd uGufusm;jzpfaewJ heH&HawGu vk H;0tjrifrawmfawmhbl;/ 'gaMumifh puúLjzLawGud k cef;vk H;jynf h uyfxm;&w,f/ t0wfjzL cif;xm;wJ h pm;yG Jwpfckay:rS m ½kyfyG m;awmfwpfqleJ Y yef;td k;wpfvk H;wifNyD; ckwifacgif;&if;rS m ylaZmfxm;w,f/ckwifab;u Murf;cif;ay:rS m a'gif ;vef;awGud k wufwif;ZmtkyfNyD; aiGzvm;eJ Y yef;td k;wpfvk H;wifxm;w,f/ wjcm; a'gif;vef;awGay:rSm ukADÇ;vifyef; (oufaysmufqGrf;)awG cif;usif;xm;w,f/'Dtjyiftqifud kMunf hNyD; rdzk&m;acgifBuD;wpfyg; ewf&G mpHwmvd k Y b,folxifrvJ/ txD;usef rdzk&m;BuD;&J Utusnf;wefpsmyeu ajcmufjcm;p&mBuD;aemf/

aemufqk H;xGufoufeJ Y aemufqk H;jzpf&yf b,fol Y vufcsufjzpfEd kifovJ

bkef;bkef; pdwf0ifpm;wmuawmh rdzk&m;acgifBuD;&J U aemufqk H;xGufoufeJ Yaemufqk H; jzpf&yfyJ/q&m armifoef;aqG(xm;0,f )uawmh ]]rdzk&m;acgifBuD; reuf (4;50) rS mewf&G mpHw,f/ rdzk&m;acgifBuD;&J Uacgif;tkH;atmufrSmxm;wJh AD½dkaomheJY AD½kdxJu vsdKU0SufoHaowåmaysmufqkH;&wmudk olrodbl;/olyifyef;NyD; tdyfaysmfoG m;csdefrS m jzpfoG m;wmrd k Y olrodvd kuf&wm jzpfw,fvd k Y xdyfwifBuD;u ajymwJ hoabm}}a&;xm;w,f/

'gqd k&if rdzk&m;acgifBuD;u aoG;½d k;om;½d k; ewf&G mpHoG m;wmjzpfw,f/ AD½d kxJu ypönf;awGuawmhtck d;cH&wmjzpfw,f/ acgif;tk H;atmufrS m xm;wJ haomhud kawmif odw,fqd kawmh twGif;vlyJ/ xdyfwifBuD;tdyfaysmf oGm;csdefeJ Y rdzk&m;acgifBuD; toufxGufcsdef/ tcsdefwdk twGif;rSm cdk;&wmqdkawmhtjyifvlvkH;0rjzpfEdkifbl;/ 'gqdk&iftapcHawGxJrSm tpdk;&xnfhxm;wJh ukvm;olvQdKawGyJjzpfr,f/aemufNyD;aomhxm;wJ hae&meJ Y AD½d kxJrS m ta&;BuD ;ypönf;&SdwmyJ odyk H&w,f/ oHaowå mav;xm;wJ hae&mtwdtusodykHr&bl;/ 'gaMumifh AD½dkxJu &SdorQ ypönf;tm;vkH;udk odrf;BuKH;,loGm;wmjzpfr,f/

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q&mvGef; (q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;)uawmh rdzk&m;acgifBuD;ewf&G mpHwm aoG;½dk;om;½d k;

r[kwfbl; vkyfBuHcH&wmyJjzpfw,fvdk Y ,kHMunfaew,f/ 'DtaMumif;ud k q&mBuD; ocifud k,fawmfrd Iif;ud k,fwdkif 0d"l&ocifcspfarmifud k tckvk d jyefajymjyw,f/

]]rdzk&m;BuD; tawmf rrmrusef; jzpfaewkef;rS m q&mu xdyfwifBuD;ud k owday;zl;w,f/ rdzk&m;BuD;

twGuf q&m0efac:&if olwd k Y tpk d;&ay;wJ h q&m0efrac:eJ Y/ ukvm;q&m0ef b*FvDq&m0efeJ Y ac:ukvd k Yajymxm;&w,f....... jAKef;qdk xdyfwifud k,fawmfBuD; aygufvmNyD; rdzk&m;BuD; tedpöa&muf&S mNyDvd k YtaMumif;Mum;awmhwmbJ/........aemufukvm;q&m0efBuD;wpfOD;eJ Y tavmif;ppfaq;Munf YawmhrouF mp&mawG awG UawmhwmyJwJh/ &ufpufygouG m...... acG;rom;awG b,faMuEdkifrS mvJuG m}}



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0d"l& ocifcspfarmif\ urÇ mvSnfUocifudk,fawmfrd Iif; (pm94) owfyk Hrl&if;twd kif;

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i,fav;[m uwåDygtdwfeDpGyfvsuf pufcef;aqmifwGif;u AD½d katmufqkH;xyfrSm&Sdw,f/*½kpdkufMu/AD½d kaomhuawmh pkzk&m; acgif;tk H;atmufrSm&S dw,f}} &wem*D&d*k H;(115)'g[m rdzk&m;acgifBuD;u xdyfwifBuD;eJ Y q&mvGef;ud k rMumcPrS mavh&S dwJhpum; jzpfw,f/

'Dta&;BuD; pmcsKyfpmwrf; aowå mi,faMumif h rdzk&m;acgifBuD;vkyfBuHcH&wmqd k&ifawmh rdzk&m;acgifBuD;[m]]rdat;ESpfcg}} tjzpfrsdK;eJYBuKH&wmyJ/ uHqd k;vd kufwmaemf/

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bm,Ofaus;wmvJ? bmpmemwmvJvdk Y ar;&rvd k YyJ/

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wd kif;oljynfom;awG 'Davmufwm;aewJ hMum;uyJ 'DZifbmv (14)&ufaeYrS m t*Fvdyfu aMunmcsuf xkwfw,f/ 'DZifbmv (17)&ufaeYrS m oN*dK[frS mjzpfvd kY psmyeusif;yr,fh tJ'DaeYrS m jrefrmjynfwpf0ef;vH k;&S d ½H k;rsm;? tvkyfwk dufrsm;? tpd k;&ausmif;rsm;? tpd k;&taxmuftyH hcH ausmif;rsm; ydwfxm;Mu&eftrdef Yxkwfjcif; jzpfw,f/

'DZifbmv (15)&ufaeYrS m psmyeydk Yaqmifr,f h tpDtpOfeJ Y vrf;trnfawGud k owif;pmawGuazmfjyMuw,f/



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'DZifbmv (15)&ufaeYrS myJ vTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;usif;ywmeJ Y wd kufqd kifaew,f/ vTwfawmfxJrS m 0wfvH kawmf& OD;odrf;armifu ]](17)&ufaeY psmyeusif;yrS mud k wm;jrpfzd k Y ta&;BuD;aevd k Y vTwfawmftpnf;ta0; ud k qufvufrusif;ybJ ½kwfodrf;xm;zd k Y}}wifjyw,f/

OD;odrf;armif&J U wifjycsufud k vTwfawmfOuúX qma&mbwf*if;vfu y,fcscJ hw,f/'DZifbmv (15)&uf nrSmyJ romawmfaumfrwDu tpnf;ta0;usif;yNyD; uefYuGufwJh

qH k;jzwfcsufudk tpd k;&xH yd kYw,f/'DZifbmv (16)&uf reufrS m bk&ifcHcsKyfu romawmfaumfrwD&J U uef YuGufpmud k y,fcsvd kuf

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tmPmudk "g;jywkduf,lxm;wJh tpdk;&uawmh taMumufw&m;eJY apmifhMunfhaeqJyJ/uefawmfBuD;ab;rS m vS HpGyfud kif jrif;pD; ykvdyfwyfawG csxm;w,f/ vrf;wpfavQmufvH k; ay ESpfq,ftuG mrS m ykvdyfwpfa,mufpD csxm;w,f/ a*:,m jrif;pD;ykvdyf? tE´d,wk dif;&if;om; jrif;pD;ykvdyfawGuvrf;wpfavQmufrS m acgufwH kacgufjyef oG m;vmapmif hMuyfaeMuw,f/

a&Twd*H kbk&m; awmifbufrk'f uefwd krif; (uefawmfrif;)O,smOfxJud k tavmif;awmfa&mufwmeJ Ytajrmuf (21)csuf ypfazmufNyD; t½d ktaojyKMuw,f/ orD;awmfrsm;u a&pufoGef;NyD; trQqufoMuw,f/ tavmif;awmfud k avmifwd kufxJrSm zd kusifxd k; rD;oN*dKvf[ef pwdjyKvkyfNyD; avmifwd kufrS

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24.11.1925 &ufaeYrS 17.12.1925 &ufaeYtxd 24&ufvk H;vk H; &[ef;&Sifvl jynfoltm;vk H;pnf;vk H;wuf<urlUeJY yg0ifaqmif&GufMuvd k Y rdzk&m;acgifBuD;&J U psmye[m ckvd k pnfum;cJhjcif;jzpfw,f/

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ord kif;&JUw&m;cH

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0#fBuD;olawG[m oufqd k; (Zd kif;) &SnfMuw,f/ Oyrm OD;ae0if;ud k Munfhyg/ tdkZmwmraumif;bl;/td krif;rpGrf; t&G,fBuD;a&mufrS orD;ESif htwl tus,fcsKyfus&w,f/ ud k,f&HawmfwyfawG ½kyfodrf;cH&w,f/tdrfudk &S mazGa&;0if tpD;cH&w,f/ olcspfwJ hajr;awGtukef axmifuswmeJ Y BuKH&w,f/ orufudk,fwd kifvnf; axmifusoG m;w,f/ aoawmhvnf; omrmeft&yfom; wpfa,mufavmufawmif tokb rpnfbl;/ t&yfraumif;vd k Y tavmif;rvSbl;/ olaoawmh ol YorD;eJ Y ajr;awGu tus,fcsKyfeJ Y tusOf;axmifxJrS m? ol Yavmif;awmif vd kufyd k YcGif hr&bl;/ or®wBuD; wpfa,muf&J U tokbu ulvDorm;wpfa,muf&J U

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em;xd kif;vd k Y rsufpdrIef? cg;ud kif;vd k Y vufajcwkefwJ h touf (90) ausmf tzd k;td kBuD; wpfa,mufu'Davmufjyif;xefwJ h avmu"HBuD;ud k b,fvd k&ifqd kifEd kifyghrvJaemf/ 'gaMumif h rdzk&m;BuD;u oDaygrif;xuf

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'gawGudkaxmuf&if rdzk&m;BuD;&JU ESvkH;om;tdrfudk Ak'¨bk&m;&JU w&m;"r qkH;rMo0g'awGeJYxk HrTrf;xm;Ed kifcJ hNyDvd k Y odEd kifw,f/ a&TxD;aqmif;csdefumvawGwkef;u twåawG rmeawGeJ Y xbDpGefawmifqGJNyD; trIUawGudk rqkH;jzwfbJ ckvdk ykwD;vufqGJNyD; qkH;jzwfcJhr,fqdk&if olYb0edrfhusoGm;awmifckavmufawmh 'ku©a&mufrS m r[kwfbl;/ ckavmufvnf; cHpm;&rS m r[kwfbl;/

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rdzk&m;ykHawmfudk qGJcGifhray;bl;/ tpfrawmfuHukefwJh owif;qdk;a&mufvmw,f/ tulaiGawmifray;Ed kifvd k Y aomuBuD;cJ h&w,f/ orD;awmftBuD;u ukvm;eJ Ynm;w,f/ jcaoF hrif;&J U orD ;awmf ajracG;eJ Ynm;ovd k cHpm;&jyefw,f/

pkzk&m;vwf jrefrmjynfjyefvmw,f/ vifawmfarmifeJ Y nDrawmfwd k Y tavmif;ud kawmif ,lcGif hray;vd k Y r,lcJ h&bl;/ &efukefa&mufawmh udk,faecsifwJ h tdrfrSm aecGif hr&bl;/ olwd kY xm;&mae? ap&moG m;yJ/'gaMumifh ]]tusOf;cHt½IH;orm;&JU tn§if;cHESvkH;om;}}qdkwm oem;p&maumif;w,f/ olwdkYwpfawGwpfcsdefwkef;u bmawGvkyfcJhw,fqd kwmudk rawG;Mu&ifaygh/

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1/ (1858)-1220 ckESpf zG m;awmfrl2/ (1878)-1240 ckESpf eef;pH3/ (28.11.1885)-1247ckESpf eef;us4/ (29.11.1885) ygawmfrl5/ (5.12.1885) &efukefa&muf6/ (10.12.1885) &efukefrxGuf

7/ (15.12.1885) tdE´ d,EdkifiH r'&yfNrdKUa&muf8/ (10.4.1886) r'&yfrSxGufcG m9/ (16.4.1886) &wem*D&da&muf

10/ (15.12.1916) ewf&G mpH11/ (9.2.1917) ,m,Dtkwf*loGif;

12/ (21.3.1919) t*Fvdyfu vk,l *loGif;ypf/13/ (1993) o&P*k Hwif (ewf&G mpHNyD; (77) ESpfMumrS ajr;awmfrsm;u oG m;a&mufwifjcif;jzpf )

]]pkzk&m;vwf\ jzpfawmfpOfrSwfwrf;}}

1/ (1859)1221-awmfovif;vqkwf4&uf t*F gaeY zG m;awmfrl

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csmcsDvrf;?trSwf(23-bD )

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7/ (1922) A[ef;&yf?csmcs Dvrf;? trSwf(24)?'kwd, pHtdrfawmf ok d Yajymif;a&GU/

8/ (24.11.1925) 'kwd,pHtdrfawmfrSm ewf&G mpH/9/ (17.12.1925) uefawmfrif;yef;NcHwGif tkwfeef;

jyó'fESif h *loGif;oN*dKvf/

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1/ 1225ckESpf e,kefvqef;(1)&ufaeY zG m;awmfrl2/ 1243ckESpf eef;pH3/ 1247ckESpf ygawmfrl4/ 1276ckESpf (1912) ewf&G mpH

5/ 9.2.1917 ,m,Dtkwf*l6/ 21.3.1919 t*Fvdyfuvk,lNyD; oDaygrif;ESif h wpf*lwnf;oGif;

oN*dKvf

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1/ (1880) 1242ckESpf &wemyk H eef;wGif;rSm zG m;awmfrl/

2/ (1905) &wem*D&dpHtdrfawmf wHcg;rSL;ukvm;*d kygESif htwl3/ 26.11.1906 orD;av; wkwk arG;zG m;

4/ 24.2.1918 'kwd,orD;av; arG;zG m;5/ 31.3.1918 'kwd,orD;av; uHukef

6/ 10.4.1919 &wem*D&drS xGufcG m7/ 18.4.1919 &efukefa&muf8/ 1920 (cefYrSef;) &wem*D&d jyefoG m;9/ 3.6.1947 oufawmf(65)ESpft&G,f &wem*DrSm uHukef/

oDaygrif; *lab;wGif txdrf;trSwf *ljyKvkyfxm;/

]]'kwd,orD;awmf\ jzpfawmfpOfrSwfwrf;}}

1/ (1881) 1243ckESpf &wemyk H eef;wGif;rSm zG m;awmfrl/

2/ 11.11.1916 cifarmifvwf (vwfocif ) ESif htwlae3/ (17.2.1917) t*Fvdyf tpDtpOfjzif h vufxyf r*FvmyG J usif;y/4/ (27.2.1917) &wem*D&drS umvuwå m;ajymif;ae/5/ (4.4.1956) umvuwåm;rSuHukef/ om;orD; rxGef;um;/

eDaygvlrsdK; pm;zd krSK;\ om;ESif horD;ud k arG;pm;xm;/

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1/ (7.6.1886) 1247 tdEd,EdkifiH r'&yfNrdKUrS m arG;zG m;waygif;vqef;3&uf

2/ 1921ckESpf xdyfwifud k,fawmfBuD;ESif h vufxyfNyD; rEÅ av;rS mae/3/ 1922ckESpf &efukefNrdKU?A[ef;&yf?csmcsDvrf;trSwf(24) 'kwd,

pHtdrfawmfrSm r,fawmfbk&m;ESif h twljyefae/4/ 1924ckESpf 'kwd,pHtdrfawmfrS myJ xdyfpkBuD;bk&m;ud k arG;zGm;/5/ 1930ckESpf jyifOD;vGifwGif xdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD;ESif h uG m&Sif;/6/ 1931ckESpf jyifOD;vGifwGif 0wfvk Hawmf& OD;jrOD;ESif h tdrfaxmifjyK/

7/ 21.8.1943ckESpf &efukefNrdKU a&TawmifMum;? ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;tdrf

wGif orD;awmf xdyfpkBuD;zk&m;ESifh nDrawmf\om;awmf awmfbk&m;ud k aphpyfay;/8/ 4.5.1944ckESpf rEÅ av;? xdyfwifud k,fawmfBuD;tdrfrS m xdyfpkzk&m;BuD;

ESif h awmfbk&m;udkvufxyfay;/9/ 21.7.1962ckESpf oufawmf (76)ESpft&G,fwGif jyifOD;vGifrS m uHukef/

&efukef&S d r,fawmfbk&m;\ tkwfeef;jyó'f

vuf,mbufckHwGif t½d k;jym oGif;ES Hxm;/]]pwkw¬orD;awmf\ jzpfawmfpOfrSwfwrf;}}

1/ (25.4.1887) 1248ckESpf tdE´ d,EdkifiH r'&yfNrdKUrSm arG;zGm;wefcl;vqef;(2) &uf

2/ 1921ckESpf &efukefNrdKU? A[ef;&yf? csmcsDvrf;? trSwf (23)bD yxr

pHtdrfawmfwGif udkud kEd kifESif h vufxyf/3/ 15.12.1931 ckESpf? rEÅav;rS maepOf ]]ta&;awmfyk Hpmwrf;}}ud k? jrefrm?(1293ckESpf?ewfawmfvqef; tdE´ d,?bdvyf tpd k;&xHa&;om;ay;yd k Yí (olykefrif;orD;)(6)&uf [k owfrSwfNyD; armfvNrdKifok d Y ajymif;ck dif;onfud k remcH

í tpd k;&u axmufyHaiG (1000)ud k &yfpJypfaomaMumif h orD;awmfESpfyg;ESif h om;awmfwpfyg; ud k arG;pm;

rnf holxH ,m,Day;vdkuf&/4/ 1932 (1294ckESpf armfvNrdKifod kY twif;tMuyf ajymif;a&TUcH&/

uqkefvqkwf (2)&uf )

5/ 3.3.1936 (1297ckESpf oufawmf (49)ESpft&G,f armfvNrdKifrSm uHukef/waygif;vqef;(12)&uf

6/ 23.8.1936 (1298ckESpf uHukefNyD; (5)vESif h &uf(20) tMumwGif armfvNrdKifwGif

awmfovif;vqef; 8&uf tkwfeef;jyó'fESif h oN*dKvf? Muif&mawmf ud kudkEd kifESifhtwl om;awmforD;awmf (6)yg; xGef;um;cJ h/



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tcef;(4) &mpkopf&JU t½I H;orm;rsm;

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TV rif;om;BuD;b0

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t&mcHBuD; wpfa,muf&JUb0

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'gu rdom;pkESif hvnf; yk HrSefawG U&? pm;eyf&du©mvnf; jynf hpkHaeayr,f h pdwfazmufjyefaevd k Y 'ku©a&mufaeolawGud k ajymjywm/



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t&m&S dBuD; wpfa,mufb0

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½Hk;tkyfBuD;b0

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oHa,mZOf tusOf;om;

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