Health Sciences 1101 Medical Terminology Module 10 The
Musculoskeletal System
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Basic Musculoskeletal Terms Intro Video Orthopedics: The branch
of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, care and
treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedists
or orthopedic surgeons: Physicians who specialize in orthopedics.
Osteopathic physician (DO): A physician with much of the same
function as a medical doctor (MD) but who takes a more holistic
approach that includes proper alignment of bones, muscles,
ligaments, and nerves. Chiropractics: A system of therapy based on
the theory that disease is caused by pressure on the nerves.
Chiropractic treatment most often involves physical manipulation of
the spine.
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Musculoskeletal Anatomy Terms Tissue Types Oste/o: bone
Fasci/o: band or fascia Fibr/o: fiber or fibrous tissue Leiomy/o:
smooth muscle Muscul/o or my/o: muscle Myel/o: Bone marrow or
spinal cord Ten/o, tend/o or tendin/o: tendon Chondr/o:
cartilage
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Musculoskeletal Anatomy Terms Skeletal System upper extremities
Phalang/o: phalanges (bones of the fingers or toes) Metacarp/o:
metacarpus (hand bones) Carp/o: carpus (wrist bones) Humer/o:
humerus *scapul/o, clavicul/o, radi/o, uln/o etc.
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Phalang/o: phalanges (bones of the fingers or toes) Calcane/o:
calcaneum (heel bone) Fibul/o: fibula (smaller outer bone of the
lower leg) Tibi/o: tibia (larger inner bone of the lower leg)
Patell/o: patella (kneecap) Femor/o: femur (thigh bone) Pelv/i or
pelv/o: pelvis Musculoskeletal Anatomy Terms Skeletal System lower
extremities
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Muscles and Bones Muscles attach to other muscles by ligaments
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. Contraction of the muscle
moves bones at the joint. In this example, when the arm muscle (E)
contracts, the elbow joint (F) flexes, and the hand (L) is
lifted.
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Cervic/o: neck Cost/o: ribs Crani/o: cranium or skull Spondyl/o
or vertebr/o: vertebra (backbone) Lamin/o: lamina (part of
vertebral arch) Stern/o: sternum (breastbone) Musculoskeletal
Anatomy Terms Skeletal System axial skeleton
Other Important Musculoskeletal Terms Orth/o: straight Ankyl/o:
stiffness, bent, crooked Arthr/o: joint -clasia or -clast: to break
-desis: binding or fixation of a bone or joint -malacia: softening
-physis: growth -porosis: porous
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Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms Strain: Trauma to a muscle from
overuse or excessive forcible stretch Sprain: Trauma to a joint
that causes injury to the surrounding ligaments Tendonitis:
Inflammation of a tendon usually caused by injury or overuse
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Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms Musculotendinous injury: damage
to the muscles and tendons. Rotator cuff tears are a good example.
The cause of this is complete abduction of the shoulder, followed
by a rapid and forceful rotation and flexion of the shoulder
Crepitation: Grating sound made by movement of bone ends rubbing
together
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Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms Contracture: Fibrosis of
connective tissue in skin, fascia, muscle or joint capsule
preventing normal mobility Torticollis: Spasmodic contraction of
the neck muscles causing stiffness and twisting of the neck.
Myasthenia gravis: An autoimmune neuromuscular disorder
characterized by muscular weakness and progressive fatigue.
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Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms Osteoporosis: Decrease in bone
density and an increase in porosity. Bones become brittle and the
risk of fractures increases. Rheumatoid arthritis: Chronic,
systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints
and related structures. Results in crippling deformities. Gout:
Hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis.
Characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around
joints.
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Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms Ewing Sarcoma: Malignant growth
found in the shaft of long bones that spreads to the periosteum
Paget Disease of Bone: Skeletal disease of the elderly with chronic
inflammation of bones. Results in thickening and softening of bones
and bowing of long bones. Also called Osteitis deformans
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Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms Rickets: Softening of the bones
due to vitamin D deficiency, most often seen in children. Vitamin D
is required for calcium absorption. Talipes equinovarus: Congenital
deformity of the foot. Also called clubfoot. Muscular Dystrophy:
Group of hereditary diseases characterized by gradual atrophy and
weakness of muscle tissue. Duchenne type is the most common.
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Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms Kyphosis: Increased curvature
of the thoracic section of the vertebral column. Can cause
hunchback or humpback. Lordosis: Forward curvature of the lumbar
spine. Sometimes called swayback. Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of
the spine. Ankylosing spondylitis: Chronic inflammatory disease of
unknown origin that first affects the spine and is characterized by
fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae; also called
rheumatoid spondylitis
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Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms Ankylosing spondylitis: Chronic
inflammatory disease of unknown origin that first affects the spine
and is characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more
vertebrae; also called rheumatoid spondylitis. Spondylolisthesis:
Partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one below it,
most commonly the fifth lumbar vertebra over the first sacral
vertebra; also called spinal cord compression
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Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms Herniated disk: Herniation or
rupture of the nucleus pulposus (center gelatinous material within
an intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae. Carpal tunnel
syndrome: Pain or numbness resulting from compression of the median
nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal). Sequestrum: Fragment
of necrosed (dead) bone that has become separated from surrounding
tissue
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Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms Osteoporosis: Increased
osteoclastic activity leading to decreased bone density.
Osteosclerosis: Hardening of the bones (too much osteoblastic
activity) Osteomalacia: Softening of the bones (too much
osteoclastic activity)
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Subluxation: Partial or complete dislocation Fractures
Compound/open: A fracture in which the broken end of a bone has
been moved, so that it pierces the skin. There may be extensive
damage to surrounding blood vessels, nerves, and muscles Impacted:
Type of fracture in which broken ends of bone are forced into one
another. Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms
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Musculoskeletal Diagnosis and Treatment Diagnosis is almost
always made through the use of radiography. Dont forget the
radiography terms as well as the directional terms. Arthrocentesis:
Puncture of a joint space with a needle to remove fluid.
Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint. Total hip
replacement: Replacement of the head of the femur and acetabulum
with metal components to make a new hip joint