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8/8/2019 Health research development
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Field ResearchField Research
Module IModule I
Dr. Boosaba
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What is ResearchWhat is Research
A systematic process for
collecting, analyzing andinterpreting information to
answer questions.
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What is ResearchWhat is Research
A process:
undertaken within a framework of
philosophies/theories/models
uses procedures/methods tested for validity
and reliability designed to be unbiased and objective
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Characteristics of research processCharacteristics of research process
1. Controlled :
Directed toward solutions, cause-effect relationship
W
ell designed, applies rigorous analysis. Development of generalization, principles, theories
2. Valid and verifiable:
Based on observable experiences and verifiable.
Accurate observation and description.
Objective, logical, validated.
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Characteristics of research processCharacteristics of research process
3. Empirical:
Collecting new data/using existing data for new
purposes.
4. Requires expertise: concept, technical skills.
5. Quest for answers to unsolved problems (no repeated
study).
6. Patient and unhurried (haste makes waste).
7. Carefully recorded and reported.
8. Courageous!
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Research can be classified as:Research can be classified as:
y Experimental designs
Randomized control trial
Quasi-experimental designAction research
Research and development
y
Non-experimental designs Prospective vs. Retrospective
Longitudinal vs. Cross-sectional
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Non-experimental designs
Application Objectives Type of information
Pure
research
Descriptive
research
Exploratory
research
Quantitative
research
Applied
research
Correlation
research
Explanatory
research
Qualitative
research
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Pure research: developing and testing theories and hypotheses,
instruments, models.
Applied research: apply researchmethods to systematically
collect and analyze data for policy formulation,
administration, enhancement of understanding of a
phenomenon.
Descriptive: describe situations.
Correlation: find relationships among variables.
Explanatory: explain why situation of interest exists
experimental research (founded on theoreticalframework, shows causal relationship).
Exploratory: feasibility, pilot studies
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Classification of research by time:
Prospective studies:
search for causal relationship or examine changes
Types:
Cross-sectional one point in time
longitudinal extended period of time
Trend same age group, at different times
Cohort a specific group, different individuals,followed overtime
Panel same group, same individuals, followed
overtime
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A cohort
A group of people sharing a common
characteristic or experience within a
defined period.The comparison group may be the general
population from which the cohort is drawn, or
another cohort of persons thought to have hadlittle or no exposure to the substance under
investigation, but otherwise similar.
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Panel studies:
measure the same sample of respondents at differentpoints in time.
can reveal both net change and gross change in thedependent variable.
reveal shifting attitudes and patterns of behavior thatmight go unnoticed with other research approaches.
can use either a continuous, or an interval panel,
provide data suitable for sophisticated statistical
analysis and might enable researcher to predict cause-
effect relationships.
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Trend study
the most common longitudinal study.
samples differentgroups of people at
different points in time from the same
population.
public opinion poll.
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Classification of Health Research
Level of analysis Health problem/
condition
Health Care responses
Individual or sub
individual
Biomedical research
- biological process
- body structure&
function
- pathological
mechanism
Clinical research
- efficacy of diagnosis/
treatment/ prevention
- natural history of
diseases
Population public health
Epidemiological research- distributions of causes
of diseases
Health systems research- policy research
- operational research
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How to get started?
Observe
Asking questions
Read/review
Develop Ideas
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Flow of a research
ResearchP
roblem
Theory
Conceptual framework
Research design
Data collection
Data analysis
Reporting
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Formulating a research
problem
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Identifying research problem =
identifying destination and directing course of study
input into a study (garbage in, garbage out!)
must be clear before moving on
Sources of research problems
People
problems
programs
phenomena
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Sources of a research problems
Aspects of study About Study of
Study population People Individuals, organization, groups,
communities
Subject area Problem Issues, situations, associations,needs, population compositions,
profiles, etc
Program Contents, structures, outcomes,
attributes, satisfaction,
consumers, service providers, etc
Phenomena Cause and effect relationship,
study of phenomena, etc.
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Selecting a research problem
Interest
Magnitude
Measurement of concept
Level of expertise
RelevanceAvailability of data
Ethical issues
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Is the problem worth doing research?
Magnitude
Severity
Impacts on other aspects
Someone else have done it before? If
you do it, what contributions will be
made?
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Formulating a research problem
Identify broad area of interest
Dissect into sub-areas
Select sub-area(s)
Raise research question what to answer
Double check if you really interested in it
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State the problem
Global level
Country/regional
Local
What has been done?
What are the problems?
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Try justifying problem of your
interest
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Statement of the problemStatement of the problem
Written either as a question or as a declarative
statement, indicating relationship among
variables, target group, location.
Each word definitive, indispensable, expressive.
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Examples:
1. What are the long term effects of a
cardiovascular curriculum?
2. What are the effects of a health education self-
management intervention among diabeticpatients as measured by the glycosylated
hemoglobin?
3.W
hat drug is most frequently abused by factoryworkers in Bangkok?
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How to propose problem statements ofHow to propose problem statements of
the following topicsthe following topics
1. Tsunami2. Bird flu
3. Dengue Hemorrhagic fever
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Research titles
Research title should reflect, at least:
What (dependent variable)
Who (target population)
Where (location of the study)
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Defining Objectives
General objective:
practical outcomes or products relatingto research title
Specific objectives:
delineation of detailed outcomes in
accordance with GO
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Specific objectives must be SMAR(T)
S = specific
M = measurable
A= action
R=
relevantT = time-bound
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HypothesisHypothesis
A researchers tentative explanation
that will predict the significant
results of the research study orprocess. It is always supported by
theory and/orprevious research.
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Formulation ofHypothesisFormulation ofHypothesis
Logical supposition, a reasonable
guess, or suggested answer to a
problem or sub-problem.
It provides further direction for the
research.
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Formulation ofHypothesisFormulation ofHypothesis
Hypothesis should
1. Stated clearly and concisely.
2. Express the relationship between two or more
variables. The relationship can be linear or non-linear.
3. Testable.
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Formulation ofHypothesisFormulation ofHypothesis
Researchhypothesis
Statistical hypotheses;
Null hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis
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HypothesisHypothesis
Examples:1. Females who are adequate contraceptive users feel
more susceptible to pregnancy than those who are
inadequate users.
2. Students exposed to the cardiovascular curriculum will
demonstrate superior scores on all of the subscale sets
of questions, as compared to the students in the
comparison group.
3. Subjects exposed to the health education program will
have lowerhook worm re-infection rate than those
who were not.
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LimitationLimitation
Boundaries of the problem
established by factors or people
other than researcher.
Limitation statements are made in the
discussion of the study.
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Delimitation (scope of the study)Delimitation (scope of the study)
Boundaries set by researcher telling readers
what will not be included in the study =
precise limit of the problems.
i.e., delimit the population to highschool
teachers who have bachelors degree in
health education; or delimit by geographical
location, the size of population.
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AssumptionAssumption
A condition that is taken for granted and
without which the research effort
would be impossible. It is believed tobe fact, but cant be verified one.
i.e., the teachers will answer the
questionnaires honestly and thereby
submit appropriate data.
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Definition of termsDefinition of terms
Terms that have special meanings to the
study and they must be defined as they
relate to project at hand.
Dictionary definitions not adequate or
helpful and fail to provide true
meaning intended by researcher.
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Predisposing
Factors
Enabling
Factors
Reinforcing
Factors
Behavioral
Factors
Environmen
tal Factors
Health
problems
QOL
Relationship among variables
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Predisposing
Factors
Enabling
Factors
Reinforcing
Factors
Behavioral
F
actors
Environmen
tal Factors
Health
problems
Relationship among variables
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Predisposing
Factors
Enabling
Factors
Reinforcing
Factors
Exercise
Conceptual framework
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Predisposing
Factors
Enabling
Factors
Reinforcing
Factors
BehavioralFactors
Relationship among variables
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Components of a research proposal
Rationale or justification of th
e problem Statement of the problem
Objectives of the study
Hypotheses (if any)
Delimitation
Assumption
Definition of terms Expected outcomes
Related literatures
Researchmethodology Time schedule
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Theories
HypothesesEmpiricalgeneralization
Observations
Decision ~ Ho
Logical inference
Test of Ho
Logical deductionConcept,
proposition form
Measurement Instrument