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Health Psychology
What Do Health Psychologists Do?
Teachers, research scientists, clinicians Applied health psychologists: licensed
practitioners who focus on health-promoting interventions and helping people cope with illnesses
Goals in Health Psych
• Pinpoint Psychological, Behavioral, and Social Factors in Disease and Health
• Promote and Maintain Health
• Prevent and Treat Illness
• Improve the Health Care System and Health Care Policy
Training to become a Health Psychologist
General psychology training at the undergraduate level
Special training at the doctoral (Ph.D.) levelFour- to six-year program65 Ph.D. programs in health psychology in
the United States
I. Increased Life Expectancy
Average life expectancy — Increased by more than 30 years since
1900In the U.S. in 21st century
• Women: around 80• Men: around 75 • Why is this increase important?
II. Changes over the last 100 years
The 10 Leading Causes of Death in The U.S. in
1900
1. Pneumonia2. Tuberculosis3. Diarrhea and enteritis4. Heart disease5. Stroke6. Liver disease7. Injuries8. Cancer9. Senility10. Diphtheria
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Leading causes of death (today)
1. Heart disease2. Cancer3. Stroke4. Lung disease
(COPD)5. Accidents6. Diabetes
Source: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics
These top six account for 80% of deathsThey are mostly lifestyle diseases with preventable causesThey are mostly chronic disorders (rather than acute disorders)
Behavior and healthActual Causes of Death in the U.S.
1. Tobacco
2. Diet /activity patterns
3. Alcohol
4. Microbial agents
5. Toxic agents
6. Firearms
7. Sexual behavior
8. Motor vehicles
9. Illicit use of drugsSource: Journal of the American Medical Association
Western view (traditional)
Biomedical model — illness is caused by physical phenomena (e.g., germs, cell abnormalities) -- reductionistic
Biopsychosocial Perspective
The view that health is determined by the interaction of biological mechanisms, psychological processes, and social influences
Biological mechanisms: genes, evolutionary history, anatomical/biological makeup, nutrition
Psychological processes: coping mechanisms, attitudes toward treatment, personality/outlook on life
Social context: SES, social network, societal and cultural norms (e.g., pervasive consumption of soda)
The Biopsychosocial Model in practice
Somatic presentations of psychological dysfunction Chest pain in panic attack Hypochondriasis
Psychological conditions secondary to illness Post M.I. Depression Psychological sequelae of stroke Stress disorders associated with traumatic
injuries
The Biopsychosocial Model in practice
Physical symptoms responsive to behavioral interventions anticipatory nausea enuresis tension & migraine headache early labor (clip from “The New Medicine”)
The Biopsychosocial Model in practice
Psychological presentations of organic problems hypothyroidism presenting as
depression steroid-induced psychosis
Somatic complications associated with behavioral factors mismanagement of diabetes noncompliance to medications
The Biopsychosocial Model in practice
Behavioral risk factors for disease or disability smoking excessive weight risk taking sedentary lifestyle
Problems of health care providers and health care systems Physician-patient relationships Lack of access to health care
The Biopsychosocial Model in practice (case studies)
Small group exercise – using the BPS
(then discuss assessment targets using the BPS – next slide)
Biological Review
current status of illness / background of illness (usually found in the medical history chart)
medicationspainfamily historylifestyle habits (e.g., nutrition and
exercise)
Psychological Review
Affective/emotionalCognitive (e.g., thinking, beliefs,
memory, attention, learning, interpreting, problem-solving)
Motivation