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8/13/2019 Health of Cats
1/12
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Nutrition and HealthRelated Diseases of Cats
Julie Churchill DVM, PhD, DACVNAssoc. Clinical Professor Companion Animal Nutrition
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Clinical nutrition- overview
Nutrition in preventionof disease
Nutrition in
treatment
of disease
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Nutritional Goals
Good quality of life
Maximum longevity
Incorporate dietary managementinto wellness program, diseaseprevention
Nutritional management of diseases
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Animal
Diet
Feeding
Nutrient sensitive disease
Diet induced disease
Feeding related problems
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Disease prevention
Cat
dental disease
urinary tractdisease/stones
Diabetes
obesity
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Oral anatomy
8/13/2019 Health of Cats
2/12
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Obligate Carnivores
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
5 Traits of a Cat
Nocturnal
Predators Territorial
Solitary
Maternal
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACollege of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Evolutionary factors-speciesinfluence
Cat- The Hunter exceptional hunting skills preserved
domesticated 6000 years
hunting behavior independent from feedingbehavior
solitary hunters, eaters
no social value of food
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Hunting behavior
Constantly attuned to hunting Night hunting
Sound = 1st alert [Motion]
See Scent Texture Taste
Day hunting- motion can replace sound
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
8/13/2019 Health of Cats
3/12
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Cat-Carnivore FeedingBehavior
10-20 small meals/day
Avg. rat carcass- 5.7 kcal/g (ME)* Food consumption based on energy
density
not bulk of food
Taste preferences Physical form, odor and temperature
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Cat-Carnivores
Wild cats maintain body weight and
fitness House cats lose ability to regulate
energy intake available food source
High nutrient density (Calories/cup or can)
lack of physical activity
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Pets asZoo Animals?Captive
Dependent
Food & water
Elimination
StimulationCollege of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Feeding-related problems
Diet or product is
complete/balanced,
but animal is not
thriving because too
little or too much food
is delivered for its life
stage, life style or
performance needs
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Disease prevention
Obesity The #1 health problem
of pets 26-47% prevalence associated with health
risks and decreased life span
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Body Condition Score
8/13/2019 Health of Cats
4/12
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACollege of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Prevalence of obesity
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
National Companion AnimalStudy:summary for feline data
34 % of adult cats overweight or obese
Peak age 9-11 years of age
Spayed females and neutered males
More likely to be fed non-grocery dryfood
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Feline summary: diseasefrequency
Oral disease
FLUTD/UTI
Cat bite abscess
Miliary dermatitis
Allergic dermatitis
Moist dermatitis
Diabetes mellitus
asthma
Lipoma
Dyspnea
Ruptured cruciate
Deep pyoderma
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Health risks of obesity-cats
LUTD Diabetes mellitus Hepatic lipidosis
Increased anesthetic risk Dermatologic disease Dyspnea/asthma Orthopedic disease Oral disease Lipoma
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Obesity
Obesity is the number one healthproblem in cats and dogs
Obesity is linked to healthproblems and shorter lives
Obesity is PREVENTABLE
Obesity is a DISEASE
8/13/2019 Health of Cats
5/12
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Birth
Maintenance
Pregnancy
Lactation Work
Inactivity
4
3
2
1
0
Effect of Life Stage on Nutrient Needs
Growth
Neutered
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Owner and Environment.
Healthy Weight
Env.
Activity
Intake
?http://http://indoorpet.osu.edu/
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Working for Food
27
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Nutrient-sensitive DefinedTheres a problemwith the patientnotthe food!
Thisanimal doesnt dowell on the diet orproduct in question,but other animalsconsuming the sameproduct dont haveany problems.
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Geriatric cat- an individual
Common diseases with advancing age
Dental problems
Kidney failure
Arthritis
Cancer
Heart disease
Weight loss
Hyperthyroid
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Water
8/13/2019 Health of Cats
6/12
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Life stage nutrition- Geriatriccat
Senior/Geriatric Diet no definition
+/-Reduced protein Reduced phosphorus
Reduced sodium
Calorie adjustment
Fiber (?)
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Diet responsive diseases
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Prevalence of obesity
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Nutrition in the treatment ofdisease
Endocrine- diabetes mellitus
Gastrointestinal diseases
Liver disease
Dermatological/allergies
Kidney failure
Hyperthyroid**
Critical care/ post-op recovery
Urinary crystals/stones
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Diabetes mellitus- dietarytherapy
Adjunctive therapy to insulin
Normalize body weight
Palatable diet- predictable intake High protein diet
Fiber(?)
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Diabetes mellitus- dietarytherapy
Carnivorous cat
Dietary protein plays a role inmaintaining blood sugar
protein provides substrate for glucoseproduction
Minimize blood glucose spikes aftermeals
8/13/2019 Health of Cats
7/12
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACollege of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Hepatic lipidosis- Fatty liver
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Fatty liver
Fat cats predisposed (at risk)
Potentially lethal liver disease
Multiple factors lead to malnutrition
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss
Fat accumulates in liver cells
Therapy: NUTRITION
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACollege of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Feline Nutritional/MetabolicNeeds
Water 1.5-2.0 ml/g of food (prey)
Energy- DER = 1.2 X RER
Protein Quantity Quality amino acid composition
8/13/2019 Health of Cats
8/12
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Protein metabolism
0
4
8
cat dog
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Protein metabolism
Hepatic
Deaminase&Transaminase
Activity
uMol/min/g)
1000
500
0
Rat Cat
Low protein
food
Low protein
food
High protein
food
High protein
food
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Feeding Behavior
10-20 small meals/day
Avg. rat carcass- 5.7 kcal/g (ME)*
Food consumption based on energydensity
not bulk of food
Taste preferences Physical form, odor and temperature
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Natural feeding behavior
Food selection highly variable in dogsand cats sensory (odor, temperature, mouth feel)
past experience
Neophilia-common in carnivores
Neophobia- important in veterinarypatients
Aversion cats > dogs, occurs in both
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Animal
DietFeeding
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
8/13/2019 Health of Cats
9/12
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Hyperthyroidism
Adenomatous hyperplasia (benign, function)
Disease of elder cats hypermetabolicIncreased appetite, activity and wt loss
Requires iodine to metabolize thyroid hormone
Therapeutic diet Ultra low Iodine levels
(functional deficiency)
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Diet-induced problems
Theres a problem with
the foodnot the
patient!
This food doesnt
provide optimal
nutrition and in fact
causes problems in
healthy animals who
consume it.
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Diet-induced disease
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Popular nutrition trend:home cooked
Nutrition = nurture
Control over ingredients
Natural, preservative free, color free Specific health goals
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Popular Fads Raw Diets
BARF diet
Evolution/wild type diet
Increasing trend human nutrition Health benefits of raw foods
Caveman diet
8/13/2019 Health of Cats
10/12
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Popular Fads Raw Diets-Concerns
Bacterial and parasitic contamination
Health hazard to the pet PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARD
NOT nutritionally balanced
Bones- fracture teeth, perforateintestines
Potentially lethal
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACollege of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Common problems of homemade diets
All meat or very high protein
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidsm
deficient calcium/excess phosphorus/
Vitamins A and D
toxic- liver
Micromineral deficiency
Raw fish diet- potential thiamin deficiency
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Feeding tuna
High in PUFAs
Increase Vitamin E need Vitamin E Deficiency
Steatitis
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Cervical ventroflexion
Thiamin deficiency
Hypokalemia
8/13/2019 Health of Cats
11/12
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Vegetarian
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Vegetarian Diets
Inadequate protein/amino acids- taurine
Vitamins- preformed Vitamin A, B12,niacin
Minerals-calcium, iron, zinc, copper
Fat-Arachidonic acid (vitamin E)
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
No Carb diet
Myth that cats cannot use carbohydrate(up 50% ME)
Carbs do not cause diabetes
Carbohydrate does not cause obesity
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Summary
Future focus on increasing knowledge ofoptimal nutrient requirements
Emphasize wellness,diseaseprevention, longevity, optimalperformance
Use complete and balanced products,with nutrients balanced to energydensity
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Summary
Obligate carnivores
Develop taste preferences
Consider mixing brands and forms offood
8/13/2019 Health of Cats
12/12
College of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACollege of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA