Health Care Timeline

HCCC 1215 Introduction to Health Careers I

1200sOnly Men Considered Pure and Intelligent

• Monks cared for the poor, ill and dying.

• Skills were passed from each monk to a younger monk.

1200sCrusader Knights Care for Fellow Soldiers

• Young healthy men participated in the crusades. Considered too dangerous for women and the elderly.

• Elderly and young females provided care for the village people while many of the men were traveling with the crusades.

1775-1783American Revolutionary War • Soldiers fighting in the war

cared for wounded and dying.

• Women supported the war effort by preparing supplies and caring for the children and people who were not fighting.

1800s Rapid Immigration to the American Colonies

• With the increase of people moving of America along came diseases that had never been seen before like typhoid, cholera and tuberculosis.

• Ill primarily cared for by their family or women who were poorer.

1800sRapid Immigration to the American Colonies

• Poor women considered the best for the job because the rich did not want to become sick or do such tasks (Manthey, 2010).

1828First Dental School Opens

• First dentists arrived in 1700s as immigrated from other countries.

• Were called the “barber-surgeons” because they worked as town barber and doctor.

• First dental school opened in Bainbridge, OH in 1828 (Manthey, 2010)

1830Florence Nightingale Becomes a Nurse

• Florence Nightingale becomes a nurse and begins push for nursing education and practice standards for quality patient care (Kavanagh, 2003).

1840Expansion of American Cities Leads to Overcrowding • Chicago grows from 5000

people in 1840 to 1 million by 1900s.

• With the population growth increase in public housing, sewage, pollution and spread of disease (Shryock, 1959)

1850sBlood-letting a Common Practice

• Barber-surgeons practice blood letting where removing some of the patient’s blood was thought to help rid the body of illness.

• The red and white barber pole is said to have been a symbol of red for blood and white for the tourniquet or bandage.

1850sBlood-letting a Common Practice • Now phlebotomy (medical

term phleb- vein and otomy- cutting into) is an extremely valuable diagnostic procedure many individuals routinely have completed now days.

1861-1865Civil War Divides the Nation

• Thousands of soldiers not only die from fighting injuries, but illnesses and malnutrition due to poor living and eating conditions.

• Medical care primarily was done by fellow soldiers and loves ones (Sartin, 2003).

18751st Nursing Student Graduates from American Colleges

• Women begin to graduate from nursing schools in America (Bullough, 2004).

1891First X-ray Taken

• Medical break through when creating x-rays had been discovered by accident (Manthey, 2010).

1903Electrocardiogram Machine Invented

• Wm. Einthoven invents first electrocardiogram machine which measured the electrical currents of the heart.

• The first machine weighed over 500 lbs. and took 6 people operate the machine (Manthey, 2010).

1914-1918World War I • WW I Medical care and

supplies needed for war efforts.

• Different categories of medical workers such as attendants, practical nurses, and technicians become popular (Sione, 2010).

1914First Physical Therapy School Opens in America • Physical therapy commonly

seen after WW I and WW II.

• Outpatient services start to be seen around 1960-70s when insurance and government programs help to cover costs.

1914First Physical Therapy School Opens in America

• By 1970-80s branches of therapy begin with such categories such as cardiopulmonary and orthopedic therapy (Fairman, 2006).

1916America Polio Epidemic Begins to Affect Thousands

• Diseases like tuberculosis and polio began to spread rapidly across the nation.

• Local and government officials worked frantically to try and control the wide spread of diseases.

• Polio treatment wards are started (Houser & Player, 2004).

1917National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy founded

• 1840-60s physical exercise, reading and daily work tasks used with treatment of people with mental illness.

• 1860-1900s focus on Civil War and helping people attempt to return to normal lifestyles after all devastation and injuries.

1917 Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy founded

• 1917-1930 Occupational Therapy approach being practiced throughout the nation.

• 1940s this type of therapy could be found all over helping rehabilitate WW I veterans and has continued to be readily available (Fairman, 2008).

1918Increased Number of Hospitals and Medical Training

• In 1873, there were approximately 150 hospitals in the nation.

• By 1918, there were over 7,000 facilities.

• Laws also passed about training for all social classes and increased public health practices to improve living conditions and try to control the spread of diseases (Arndt, 2009).

1932 State and Federal Programs Created to Improve Health and Educational Training

• Numerous laws and reports presented during the early 1930s with the intent to improve the health and educational training of Americans after WW I and the Great Depression (Neal, 2010).

1939-1945 World War II

• Most men involved in the WW II fighting.

• Rapid increase of women entering health care and other jobs.

• Numerous funding by Congress to support health care education training and ensure strong wages when men began to return to their jobs (Campbell, 1990).

1950sAdvanced Medical Discoveries and Procedures

• Discovery of antibiotics and extensive organ surgeries or diagnostic tests that forever change the health care industry.

• 1958- National Defense Education Act focused on increasing funds and programs for additional medical training programs (Fairman, 2008).

1960sMedicare and Medicaid Benefits

• President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society programs included the establishment of Medicare and Medicaid benefits as a form of national health insurance plan.

• Another program was the Health Professional Education Assistance Act which allocated funds to promote the advancement of health education.

• Also, programs and funds to address racial justice and attempt to eliminate poverty (Brown-Collier, 1998).

1961Electronic Medical Record (EMR)

• Doctors had been keeping medical notes on their patients since around the 1800s.

• Paper documentation was used during the early 1900s, but often records were incomplete or not found due to the caregivers’ primary focus was providing services to the patient.

1961Electronic Medical Record (EMR)

• 1960s- A small number of larger hospitals or medical facilities used computers for medical record keeping.

• Late 1970s- Apple IIe computer became popular and businesses and educational facilities began to use electronic health billing and records (Fairman, 2008).

1968Association of Operating Room Technicians Founded

• Surgical technicians had been primarily created during WW I, WW II, Korean and Vietnam Wars.

• The nurses were often needed to work in the hospital settings and had not been available to help with surgeries.

• Other individuals were then trained to help with the surgical procedures.

1970sDevelopment of Many Health Care Related Regulations or Guidelines • 1970s Occupational Safety

and Health Act (OSHA) created to enhance work place safety.

• 1971-Hospice, Inc. established and training about comfort care in home settings began.

1970sDevelopment of Many Health Care Related Regulations or Guidelines

• 1972- Basic Education Opportunity (Pell Grants) created to provide financial support for low-income students to obtain higher education training

• 1976-1992- “Reagonomics” term used to discuss President Ronal Regan’s economic policies established to decrease inflation and promote creativity of people relying on government assistance alone. IRA and 401K plans began to develop (Kudlow, 2004).

1980sHIV/AIDS • Center for Disease Control

and Prevention reported 5 cases of AIDS in the U.S.

• Sparked significant safety and social changes (Richert, 2009).

1990sAdditional Standards Added to OSHA Guidelines

• Personal Protective Equipment and Hazard Communication standards were added to the OSHA guidelines.

• Healthcare facilities required to change policies and procedures, provide employee training and auditing for compliance (Foulke, 2008).

1990sQuality and Safety Issues

• Increased promotion of healthcare careers specialty certification training in addition to regular job titles.

• Increased concerns about receiving safe and quality care sparks additional training and procedures within healthcare facilities.

1990sQuality and Safety Issues

• Americans with Disability Act civil right protection and equal opportunities for individuals with disabilities related to public accommodations, employment, transportation and telecommunication.

1990sQuality and Safety Issues

• Evidence-based Practice, critical thinking skills and strategies promote quality care and use of scholarly researched medical support to why certain patient care practices were being done the way they are and why were being used (Fairman, 2008; McCleary-Jones, 205).

2000sAdditional Healthcare Career Related Changes

• Increased population greater than 65 years old requiring healthcare services due to chronic diseases.

• Medical field began to embrace a “holistic” approach to providing health care services which support the patient’s mental, physical and spiritual needs versus just one category area.

2000sAdditional Healthcare Career Related Changes • 2000- OSHA Needlestick

Prevention and Safety Act became public law

• Healthcare facilities and schools continue to address cultural awareness and practice training.

2000sAdditional Healthcare Career Related Changes

• Pell Grant utilization grew from 176,000 in 1973 to over 5 million in 2007.

• Ongoing technological advancements with personal and health care delivery equipment.

• World Health Organization and other international committees continue to promote cost effective an quality car for all individuals (Fairman, 2008; Foulke, 2008).

2010-currentBaby Boomers Retiring and Aging

• Thousands of people born during the “Baby Boomer” generation are retiring and leaving health care workforce.

• Many are also requiring health care due to aging process.

• Major concerns there will be more people to care for and not enough healthcare workers of the next generations to adequately provide medical care (Mittleman, 2010).