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HEALTH INSURANCE

Deductible: the amount for which the insured is liable on each loss, injury, etc., before an insurance company will make payment:

Copay: a small fixed amount required by a health insurer to be paid by the insured for each outpatient visit or drug prescription.

HMO: health maintenance organization

a plan for comprehensive health services, prepaid by an individual or by a company for its employees, that provides treatment, preventive care, and hospitalization to each participating member in a central health center. Abbreviation: HMO.

PPO: preferred-provider organization

a comprehensive health-care plan offered to corporate employees that allows them to choose their own physicians and hospitals within certain limits. Abbreviation: PPO.

Affordable Care Act :http://obamacare-guide.org/tennessee/?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=CPC&utm_term=%2Baffordable%2Bcare%2Bact&utm_campaign=Tennessee&gclid=CJLosIyG0sACFQto7AodgXgAcA

AFFORDABLE CARE ACT

For more than a century, presidents of the United States, both Republican and Democratic, have proposed healthcare plans of varying scope. Some of these plans, like Medicare for the elderly and disabled and Medicaid for low-income families and individuals, eventually became law, though not without opposition. But efforts to make affordable health insurance available to a broader range of people have historically been blocked, either by circumstances (such as war or economic depression) or by the fear that government-sponsored insurance programs encroached on personal freedom, posing a threat to American democracy.

In 2010, however, President Barack Obama, having made health reform a principal objective of his presidency, was able to sign into law a comprehensive health-reform measure passed by both houses of Congress. While this law—officially called the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or more formally the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act —was welcomed by some Americans, others remained vehemently opposed to it. In what seemed to be an attempt to trivialize the law, those who opposed it began to call it Obamacare, thereby implying that the president waspersonally responsible for any of its flaws. Those who oppose the law still use the term disparagingly. But President Obama has indicated that he is proud to have his name associated with what he regards as a vast improvement in public access to affordable healthcare, and the word Obamacare is increasingly used—by columnists and commentators, on the Internet, and in casual conversation—as a short, easy-to-remember name for the law. At this writing, implementation of Obamacare, the law, is too new for anyone to know how well it will fare. But Obamacare, the name, is likely to last for as long as the law remains a subject of public discourse.

WHAT’S YOUR INSURANCE COST?

Use the affordable care act website to deterimine what the cost of your insurance coverage would be.

Aids/HIV Diabetes Liver Disease Alzheimer's Lung disease Substance Abuse Mental illness Cancer Heart disease Stroke Kidney Disease Vascular Disease

THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT, THE DEFICIT , AND THE RECOVERY OF THE US ECONOMY.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qXyZ0AfJlM

Use the affordable care act website to deterimine what the cost of your insurance coverage would be.

Aids/HIV Diabetes Liver Disease Alzheimer's Lung disease Substance Abuse Mental illness Cancer Heart disease Stroke Kidney Disease Vascular Disease

WHAT’S YOUR INSURANCE COST?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qXyZ0AfJlM

THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT, THE DEFICIT , AND THE RECOVERY OF THE US ECONOMY.

TIME LINE OF WHERE IT ALL STARTED

Build a time line:

Careers :

physical therapy,

occupational therapy,

speech therapy,

athletic training,

Include:

The history of the profession and its orgins

significant changes in the profession,

major contributors to the field,

impactful practices that were developed.

*Document findings from print and digital professional journals, rehabilitation career related websites, and textbooks in an oral, visual, digital, or paper product with proper citations*

POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

When creating your power point:

Include:

• Pictures

• Good Descriptive language

• Proper Spacing on slides

• Animations

• Videos if possible

• Eye catching themes

RUBRIC

ANCIENT PHYSICAL THERAPY

Greek culture and Hippocrates’ influence as the father of Western medicine.

In the 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s in Europe, the use of exercise to treat muscle and bone disorders and disabilities progressed.

By the 1800s exercise and muscle re-education were being used for a variety of orthopedic diseases and injuries.

PHYSICAL THERAPY

History of the Profession of Physical Therapy-its beginnings “by a small band of daring , young reconstruction aide/technicians,”

-When the polio epidemic became widespread in the United States in 1916, the need for muscle testing and muscle re-education to restore function grew dramatically.

-The United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany in 1917, and the Army recognized the need to rehabilitate soldiers injured in the war.

-As a result, a special unit of the Army Medical Department, the Division of Special Hospitals and Physical Reconstruction, developed 15 “reconstruction aide” training programs in 1917 to respond to the need for medical workers with expertise in rehabilitation.

-During the 1920s the partnership of physical therapists with the medical and surgical communities grew, and the profession of physical therapy gained public recognition and validation.

HISTORY OF PT-Into the 1930s the polio epidemic continued, and the United States’ involvement in World War II resulted in additional wounded soldiers to rehabilitate .Wounded veterans who returned home with amputations, burns, cold injuries, wounds, fractures, and nerve and spinal cord injuries required.

-The attention of physical therapists in the first half of the 1940s, with WW II at its peak In 1946. Congress adopted the Hill Burton Act to build hospitals across the country and increase public access to hospitals and health care facilities.

-This legislative action resulted in an increase in hospital-based practice for physical therapists and an increased demand for physical therapy services.

-Due to the increased need for physical therapists and the discontinuation of the army-based schools after the war, APTA recognized the need to educate more physical therapists.

PT

The Schools Section of APTA made recommendations about admissions, curricula, education, and administration of physical therapy programs, and APTA embarked on an effort to encourage more universities and medical schools to create programs and expand existing programs, including creating opportunities for graduate-level education.

By 1950 there were 31 accredited schools, 19 offering bachelor’s degree programs and 8 offering post-baccalaureate certification, and the length of programs increased as a result of developments in rehabilitation and medicine.

Practice in the 1950s continued to be influenced by war, as the Korean War began in

1950, and by the polio epidemic, which continued to rage. Research that had been initiated in earnest in the 1940s finally paid off with the development of the Salk vaccine, eradicating polio in the United States by the early 1960s.

-Although individuals who had contracted polio prior to the vaccine continued to need physical therapy treatment, the profession could turn its focus to the rehabilitation of other disabilities as a result of the widespread use of the Salk vaccine and the growth in the availability of physical therapists.

PT TODAYThe physical therapy profession today boasts confident,

accomplished, professional practitioners on the cutting edge of health care, and is consistently ranked as one of the nation’s most desirable careers.

A confluence of events and developments around the world over centuries of time led to the formal recognition of physical therapy as a health care profession in the second decade of the 20th century.

The development and use of the interventions commonly applied by physical therapists today, including exercise, massage and mobilization of tissues, heat, cold, water, and electricity, dates back to

TODAY'S PHYSICAL THERAPIST: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF A 21ST-CENTURY HEALTH CARE PROFESSION1917 marks the start of the profession

The 1950s decade was a critical time for the profession in terms of gaining independence, autonomy, and professionalism.

Two events in the 1950s contributed to the progression of the physical therapist from technician to professional practitioner. The Self-Employed Section formed as a component of APTA in 1955 as private practice expanded, and the Physical Therapy Fund was created in 1957 to foster science through research and education within the profession.

Seeking to replace the system of registration that had been created through the American Medical Association (AMA), which required a questionable assessment of professional competence in physical therapy, APTA urged its state chapters to seek licensure through the states, and by 1950, Connecticut, Maryland, and Washington had adopted physical therapy practice acts, joining New York and Pennsylvania, whose initial licensing efforts dated back to 1926 and 1913, respectively.

TODAYS PTState regulation for the physical therapist existed in

45 states by 1959.

While state regulation was a positive step toward autonomy, the issue of how to assess competency continued to challenge the profession, resulting in APTA creating the first national examination in 1954, partnering with the Professional Examination Service of the American Public Health Association to do so.

The efforts to gain state licensure undoubtedly influenced the addition of outpatient physical therapy in the Medicare program in 1967 and 1968, as the majority of states had licensure laws by this time.

Physical therapist practice in the neuromuscular area developed significantly during the 1960s, influenced by the work of Margaret Rood, Margaret Knott, Dorothy Voss, Signe Brunnström, and Berta and Karl Bobath, who developed techniques for adults with stroke, cerebral palsy, and other disorders of the central nervous system.

PT TODAY

The cardiovascular/pulmonary area of practice also developed during this time, as advancements in medicine such as open heart surgery became more commonly practiced.

In the orthopedic practice arena, total joint replacements developed in the 1960s created an additional need for postoperative physical therapy and introduced new options for patients with severe joint restrictions to live more independent and pain-free lives.

Having relied primarily on exercise, massage, functional training, water (hot and cold), heat (heat lamps, paraffin baths, diathermy), simple electrotherapeutic modalities, and assistive devices and equipment (wheelchairs, splints/braces, ambulatory aids) to address patient needs up until the 1950s, physical therapists found new opportunities and more options to improve patient function with developments in interventions between 1950 and 2000.

TECHNOLOGY

Technological advances provided new testing methodologies with more objective outcome measures, and new intervention methodologies expanded practice and the types of diseases and conditions that physical therapy could positively influence.

Congress adopted the Education of All Handicapped Children Act (now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1975, creating new avenues for physical therapists within the public school system.

In the early 1980s APTA adopted a policy indicating that “physical therapy practice independent of practitioner referral was ethical as long as it was legal in the state.”

Having taken small steps over the previous 50 years to become more independent of the physician, this courageous step punctuated the professionalization of the physical therapist and resulted in states changing their practice acts to provide for the ability to practice without referral.

TECHNOLOGY

Also significant during that time was the formation of the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy (FSBPT)

in 1986, providing an organization through which member licensing authorities could coordinate to promote and protect the health, welfare, and safety of the American public.

Significant changes in the health care delivery system in the country required major association focus in the 1990s, influencing the practice

Managed care, the role of insurers in determining care, corporate and physician ownership of physical therapy services, the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, the Medicare Prospective Payment System (PPS), and the Medicare cap on physical therapy services adopted in 1997 and implemented in 1999 challenged and continue to challenge the physical therapist to provide quality services to patients.

TODAY IN PT

These health care system changes identified a need to formally define the role of the physical therapist and to describe the practice of physical therapy, which in part motivated the creation of the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice (Guide), published in 1995.

This seminal document, currently in its second print edition and available online, clearly describes the role of the physical therapist in the examination, evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis, intervention, re-examination, and assessment of outcomes in the management of patients and clients.

FUTURE PT

The profession has continued to grow substantially, further developed the scientific basis for its services, created entry-level education standards concomitant with the demands of the health care system and the needs of members of society.

It has also worked to create federal and state laws that accurately reflect contemporary practice, promoted its role in improving function and quality of life, and created mechanisms to further develop the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the physical therapist and physical therapist assistant.

This vital work will continue into the second decade of the modern century, as the health care system is reformed and the role of the physical therapist in contributing to the health and well-being of members of society becomes ever more important.

SPEECH THERAPY

Speech-language pathology is a relatively young profession with links to many other disciplines.

Professionals in our field were first known as "speech correctionists" and were concerned chiefly with speech problems such as stuttering. They came to practice speech correction out of established fields including medicine, education, and elocution.

Alexander Melville Bell and his son, Alexander Graham Bell were elocutionists, and both developed new ways of understanding, analyzing, and transmitting speech.

SPEECH THERAPY

In 1872, the elder Bell designed a method, called Visible Speech, that provided a visible code indicating the position of the throat, tongue, and lips in the production of various speech sounds. These symbols were used by father and son as a speech treatment technique for teaching speech to those with oral speech difficulties.

SPEECH THERAPY

Early in the profession's history, several different interest groups formed to promote education and understanding of speech difficulties. One group of speech correctionists, who were originally schoolteachers, called itself the National Society for the Study and Correction of Speech Disorders, began around 1918

In 1925, the group that would eventually become the American Speech-Language Hearing Association (ASHA) was formed. It was originally known as the American Academy of Speech Correction.

SPEECH THERAPY

Pioneers in the field, including Charles VanRiper, focused on developing a scientific base for research and practice in the field. Their efforts included:

• Creating and forwarding diagnostic taxonomies of the causes and conditions associated with different communication disorders

• Developing diagnostic tests to measure client performance in a variety of areas

• Collecting normative data to be used as standards for differentiating abnormal from normal communication performance.

SPEECH THERAPY

VanRiper was also instrumental in directing attention to the social implications of communication disorders. He stated (1939) "a severe speech defect, because it provokes rejection and other penalties due to its communicative unpleasantness, causes a low in self-esteem, in ego strength. Thus, in all it's various aspects and functions, speech is defective when it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or causes its possessor to be maladjusted."

Miller (1951) supported VanRiper's ideas and stated "communication, if it is anything at all, it is a social event." Miller was one of the first to present these ideas in print. In fact, when asked to teach a class on communication as a social process, he discovered no text existed from which to teach. As a result, he wrote Language and Communication.

• Prior to 2006, the practice of Speech-Language Pathology in theUnited States was regulated by the individual states. Since January 2006, the 2005 "Standards and Implementation Procedures for the Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology" guidelines given by The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) have determined the qualification requirements to obtain "Speech-Language Pathology Clinical Fellowship".

• First, individuals must obtain an undergraduate degree, which may be in a field related to speech-language-hearing sciences.

• Second, individuals must graduate from an accredited master's program in speech-language pathology. Many graduate programs will allow coursework absent in undergraduate study to be completed during graduate work.

• Some states licensure regulations differ..

• The Certificate of Clinical Competence (CCC) is granted after the clinical fellowship year (CFY), when the individual provides services under the supervision of an experienced and licensed SLP.

• After a CCC in Speech-Language Pathology is awarded, continuing education is required every three years to maintain certification.[3]

• Post-master's graduate study for a Speech-Language Pathologist may consist of academic, research, and clinical practice.

• A doctoral degree (Ph.D, Ed.D, or a clinical speech-language pathology doctorate) is currently optional for clinicians wishing to serve the public

• First, individuals must obtain an undergraduate degree, which may be in a field related to speech-language-hearing sciences.

• Second, individuals must graduate from an accredited master's program in speech-language pathology. Many graduate programs will allow coursework absent in undergraduate study to be completed during graduate work. Some states licensure regulations differ. The Certificate of Clinical Competence (CCC) is granted after the clinical fellowship year (CFY), when the individual provides services under the supervision of an experienced and licensed SLP. After a CCC in Speech-Language Pathology is awarded, continuing education is required every three years to maintain certification.[3] Post-master's graduate study for a Speech-Language Pathologist may consist of academic, research, and clinical practice. A doctoral degree (Ph.D, Ed.D, or a clinical speech-language pathology doctorate) is currently optional for clinicians wishing to serve the public.

SPEECH THERAPY TODAYThe practice of speech-language pathology may include the

following competencies (ASHA, 1996b):

Provide screening, identification, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, intervention, and follow-up services for people with speech and language disorders Provide consultation and counseling, and make referrals when appropriate

• Train and support family members and other communication partners of individuals with speech, voice, language, communication, and swallowing disabilities

• Develop and establish effective augmentative and alternative communication techniques and strategies

• Select, fit, and establish the effective use of appropriate prosthetic/adaptive devices for speaking and swallowing

• Use instrumental technology to diagnose and treat disorders of communication and swallowing

• Provide aural rehabilitation and related counseling services to individuals with hearing loss and to their families

• Collaborate in the assessment of central auditory processing disorders in cases inwhich there is evidence of speech, language, and/or other cognitive-communication disorders

• Conduct pure-tone air conduction hearing screening and screening typmanometry for the purpose of the initial identification and/or referral of individuals with other communication disorders or possible middle ear pathology

• Enhance speech and language proficiency and communication effectiveness, including but not limited to accent reduction, collaboration with teachers of English as a second language, and improvement of voice, performance, and singing Train and supervise support personnel

• Develop and manage academic and clinical programs in communication sciences and disorders

• Conduct, disseminate, and apply research in communication sciences and disorders

• Measure outcomes of treatment and conduct continuous evaluation of the effectiveness of practices and programs to improve and maintain quality of services

COMMUNICATION WITH PATIENTS

www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyivrUPbo3Q

THE PATIENT CARE PARTNERSHIP

Replacing the AHA's Patients' Bill of Rights, this plain language brochure informs patients about what they should expect during their hospital stay with regard to their rights and responsibilities.

The brochure is available in multiple languages:

EnglishArabicSimplified ChineseTraditional ChineseRussianSpanish TagalogVietnamese

5 STEPS TO SAFER CARE FOR PATIENT

1. Ask questions if you have doubts orconcerns.Ask questions and make sure you understand the answers. Choose a doctor you feelcomfortable talking to. Take a relative or friend with you to help you ask questions andunderstand the answers.

2. Keep and bring a list of ALL themedicines you take.Give your doctor and pharmacist a list of all the medicines that you take, including nonprescription medicines. Tell them about any drug allergies you have. Ask about side effects and what to avoid while taking the medicine. Read the label when you get your medicine, including all warnings. Make sure your medicine is what the doctor ordered and know how to use it. Ask the pharmacist about your medicine if it looks different than you expected.

3. Get the results of any test or procedure.Ask when and how you will get the results of tests or procedures. Don’t assume theresults are fine if you do not get them when expected, be it in person, by phone, or bymail. Call your doctor and ask for your results. Ask what the results mean for your care.

4. Talk to your doctor about which hospitalis best for your health needs.Ask your doctor about which hospital has the best care and results for your condition if youhave more than one hospital to choose from. Be sure you understand the instructions you getabout follow-up care when you leave the hospital.

5. Make sure you understand what willhappen if you need surgery.Make sure you, your doctor, and your surgeon all agree on exactly what will be done duringthe operation. Ask your doctor, “Who will manage my care when I am in the hospital?”Ask your surgeon: Exactly what will you be doing? About how long will it take? What willhappen after the surgery? How can I expect to feel during recovery? Tell the surgeon,anesthesiologist, and nurses about any allergies, bad reaction to anesthesia, and anymedications you are taking.

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATIONWhat are they?

Difficulties experienced*five overlapping difficulties were identified:

• Language barriers.

• Low literacy and anxiety.

• Lack of understanding.

• General attitudes, gender attitudes and health beliefs.

• Retention of information

CULTURAL BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATIONLanguage - Misunderstandings are common among people who

speak the same language, so it is not surprising that people from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds face communication barriers. Anything from the mispronunciation of a word to a lack of specificity can lead to misunderstandings. For example, if a sales director in New York asks a contractor in Brazil to do something soon, the two parties may have a different interpretation of the word 'soon.' Language is a reflection of culture, and different cultures have very different ways of assigning meanings to words

Appropriate body language is also necessary in cross cultural communication

CULTURAL BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATIONBehavior - Cultural differences in body language and other

behaviors can also cause miscommunications. For example, in the U.S. it is important to make eye contact with someone who is speaking to you or they may think you are distracted or uninterested. However, in many Asian countries eye contact can be a sign of disrespect or a challenge to authority. There are many other cultural differences in body language that can create barriers to effective communication. These include differences in facial expressions, the use of nodding to indicate agreement or understanding, and the amount of space to give someone with whom you are having a conversation.

CULTURAL BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATIONStereotypes - Stereotypes are assumptions people make about

the characteristics of members of a cultural or social group. Many stereotypes are negative or even hostile and are a serious barrier to workplace communication. If you make a joke about expecting your Latin American colleague to arrive late for a meeting, you may damage your professional relationship. While some cultures may share a general set of characteristics, it is never okay to assume that individual members of a group have those same characteristics.

A 30-year-old physician enters the examination room to see his next patient who is a 50-year-old African American woman; he introduces himself, addresses her by her first name, and asks why she has come to the office today. The patient becomes visually upset and gets up to leave. She tells the office staff as she leaves that she will never return to that doctor.

The clinician is aware that addressing patients by their first names may be perceived as disrespectful, especially for certain minority groups. Every patient can be asked an open-ended question about how she would like to be addressed (Miss, Ms., Mrs., Dr., Professor) by the health care provider. The name by which she wishes to be addressed may vary by many factors, including whether the patient resides in a rural or urban setting, whether she knows the health care provider or is a stranger, and what her age is. The patient in this example should be addressed by all members of the health care team by her preferred mode of address. This preference can be noted in the medical record to remind everyone how she wishes to be addressed.

CULTURAL BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION

CREATE A SCNEARIO

Build a detailed description of a hypothetical scenario that could affect the communication with a patient. Be sure to write out the proper approach to that patient’s sensitivities.

Choose from the following:

cultural differences or special needs individuals

WHERE DO WE GO NOW?

What potential progression will we see in these professions?

What is an aspect that will never change?

What will always be the main aspect of ensuring patient care?