Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry Rapra Review Reports

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Report 138

Volume 12, Number 6, 2001

N. Chaiear

RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS

A Rapra Review Report comprises three sections, as follows:

1. A commissioned expert review, discussing a key topic of current interest, and referring to the References andAbstracts section. Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from the References and Abstractssection. Where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the scope of the Rapra Abstractsdatabase, these are listed at the end of the review, and cited in the text as a.1, a.2, etc.

2. A comprehensive References and Abstracts section, resulting from a search of the Rapra Abstracts database.The format of the abstracts is outlined in the sample record below.

3. An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the indexing terms which are added to theabstracts records on the database to aid retrieval.

Item 1Macromolecules

33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICALBEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANESPil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae HanAkron,University

The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- andether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injectionmoulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on thevariations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with timeobserved during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicatedthat variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealingvery much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with timeduring isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experimentsindicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in theheating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphaseseparation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs couldnot be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment.The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus variedwith temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs.

GOODRICH B.F.USA

Accession no.771897

DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICE

Almost all of the documents which are listed in the References and Abstracts section are available in full text form,as photocopies or pdf files from Rapra Technology Ltd’s Document Delivery Service. Documents can be deliveredby a variety of methods, including email, post or fax. Customers may pay for individual copies at the time ofordering by credit card or alternatively open up a deposit account.

Please contact the Document Delivery Department for availability, current prices and delivery methods.

Document Delivery DepartmentRapra Technology Limited, Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire SY4 4NR, United KingdomTelephone: +44 (0)1939 250383 Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118 Email: [email protected]

Location

Companies ororganisationsmentioned

Abstract

Authors andaffiliation

Source oforiginal article

Title

Previous Titles Still AvailableVolume 1Report 3 Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough.

Report 4 Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI, Wilton.

Report 5 CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, N.W. Sandlandand M.J. Sebborn, Cambridge Applied Technology.

Report 8 Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant.

Report 11 Communications Applications of Polymers,R. Spratling, British Telecom.

Report 12 Process Control in the Plastics Industry,R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries.

Volume 2Report 13 Injection Moulding of Engineering Thermoplastics,

A.F. Whelan, London School of Polymer Technology.

Report 14 Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and LeisureIndustries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 15 Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and Applications,G. Woods, Consultant.

Report 16 Polyetheretherketone, D.J. Kemmish, ICI, Wilton.

Report 17 Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 18 Agricultural and Horticultural Applications ofPolymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee forPlastics in Agriculture.

Report 19 Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging,R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd.

Report 20 Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Report 21 Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry,H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd.

Report 22 Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey,Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd.

Report 23 Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank,Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd.

Report 24 Recent Developments in Materials for FoodPackaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division.

Volume 3Report 25 Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom

Technology Associates.

Report 26 Polymers and Structural Composites in CivilEngineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans,Consultant.

Report 28 Adhesives for Structural and EngineeringApplications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd.

Report 29 Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton,Corrosion Monitoring Consultancy.

Report 30 Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds,National NDT Centre, Harwell.

Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan,Dow Corning Ltd.

Report 32 Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications,D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and3M Belgium SA.

Report 33 Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels,T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd.

Report 34 Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, NovaPetrochemicals Inc.

Report 35 Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey,Hotpoint Ltd.

Report 36 Developments in Additives to Meet Health andEnvironmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Volume 4Report 37 Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright,

University of Surrey.

Report 39 Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications,D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services.

Report 41 Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.

Report 42 Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, BayerAG.

Report 43 Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources,J.M. Methven, UMIST.

Report 44 Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics,J. Green, FMC Corp.

Report 45 Composites - Tooling and Component Processing,N.G. Brain, Tooltex.

Report 46 Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson,J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing.

Report 47 Chemical Analysis of Polymers, G. Lawson, LeicesterPolytechnic.

Volume 5Report 49 Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics,

H.T. van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV.

Report 50 Automotive Applications of Polymers II,A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.

Report 51 Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein,Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University.

Report 52 Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge,University of Manchester.

Report 53 Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, BuildingResearch Establishment.

Report 54 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt,Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.

Report 55 Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing,E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter forIndustriforskning, Norway.

Report 56 Plastics in High Temperature Applications,J. Maxwell, Consultant.

Report 57 Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University.

Report 58 Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 59 Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications,A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd.

Report 60 Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley,Rapra Technology Ltd.

Volume 6Report 61 Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell,

Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 62 Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.

Report 63 Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University ofCambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.

Report 64 Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 65 Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson,International Automotive Design.

Report 66 Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processingand Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey PolymerExtension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology.

Report 67 Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation,V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy.

Report 68 Cure Assessment by Physical and ChemicalTechniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 69 Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell,Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.

Report 70 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers,M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. Englandand D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Researchand Development Center.

Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’sUniversity of Belfast.

Report 72 Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier,Econology Ltd.

Volume 7

Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown,P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Scienceand Technology, University of Bradford.

Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.

Report 75 Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, BousteadConsulting Ltd.

Report 76 Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials,R.C.P. Cubbon.

Report 77 Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves,Goodyear Technical Center.

Report 78 PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications,J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd.

Report 79 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theoryand Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems,Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for GeneralPurpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 80 Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and OtherPolyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.

Report 81 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Applications,J.A. Brydson.

Report 82 Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization,Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute,National Research Council Canada.

Report 83 Molecular Weight Characterisation of SyntheticPolymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, RapraTechnology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd.

Report 84 Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing,P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.

Volume 8

Report 85 Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, UniversitéPierre et Marie Curie.

Report 86 High Performance Engineering Plastics,D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd.

Report 87 Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 88 Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications,A.S. Wilson.

Report 89 Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures andSeparation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The SmartChemical Company.

Report 90 Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood.

Report 91 Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton,University of Surrey.

Report 92 Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profiles,A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke.

Report 93 Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, SherwoodTechnologies Inc.

Report 94 Compressive Behaviour of Composites,C. Soutis, Imperial College of Science, Technologyand Medicine.

Report 95 Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten &Masch Manufacturing Co.

Report 96 Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman,St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.

Volume 9

Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theoryand Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, FireRetardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 98 Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore &S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 99 Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes,Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.

Report 100 Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory andApplications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieurede Chimie, Mulhouse.

Report 101 Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. FullerCompany.

Report 102 Plastics in Pressure Pipes, T. Stafford, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 103 Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.

Report 104 Plastics Profile Extrusion, R.J. Kent, TangramTechnology Ltd.

Report 105 Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development,B.G. Crowther.

Report 106 Properties and Applications of ElastomericPolysulfides, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University.

Report 107 High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis,The Open University.

Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes,M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Volume 10

Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide,J.A. Lindsay.

Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers,R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet,Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 111 Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis,The Open University.

Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications,J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.

Report 113 Rubber-Modified Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula,University of Texas at Austin.

Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene,V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky,University of Hamburg.

Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders,Y. Wang, Tunghai University.

Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing,R.J.M. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward MackenzieConsulting.

Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties andApplications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.

Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest andJ.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey,Shipley Ronal.

Volume 11

Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials,I.B. Page, BIP Ltd.

Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings andProcesses, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.

Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National ResearchCouncil Canada.

Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe,University of Exeter.

Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR,H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated.

Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd,University of Nottingham.

Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert andF.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant.

Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau,Lucent Technologies.

Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation,D.C. Wright.

Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack,D.C. Wright.

Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation,D.C. Wright.

Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner,Clariant Huningue SA.

Volume 12

Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics InjectionMoulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc.

Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers,J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University.

Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown.

Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services.

Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker ChemieGmbH.

Titles Available in the Current Volume

Health and Safety in theRubber Industry

ISBN: 1-85957-301-0

Naesinee Chaiear(Khon Kaen University)

1


Contents

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5

2 The Law Affecting Health and Safety ........................................................................................... 5

2.1 The Law Affecting Health and Safety in the United States ................................................................. 5

2.1.1 Federal Regulation of Occupational Health and Safety in the Workplace............................. 5

2.1.2 Workers’ Compensation ......................................................................................................... 8

2.2 The Law Affecting Health and Safety in the United Kingdom and other European Countries ........... 8

2.2.1 Common Law......................................................................................................................... 8

2.2.1.1 Standard of Care of Occupational Health Specialist .............................................. 8

2.2.1.2 Duty to Inform and Warn of Risks to Health and Safety ........................................ 8

2.2.1.3 Balancing the Risk .................................................................................................. 8

2.2.1.4 Constructive Knowledge ........................................................................................ 8

2.2.1.5 The State of the Art ................................................................................................. 8

2.2.1.6 Employer’s Responsibility ..................................................................................... 8

2.2.1.7 Duty Owed for Mental Breakdown ........................................................................ 9

2.2.1.8 Stress and Other Mental Disorders ......................................................................... 9

2.2.1.9 Employees’ Duties .................................................................................................. 9

2.2.2 Statutes ................................................................................................................................... 9

2.2.2.1 UK Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 ................................................................ 9

2.2.2.2 Employer’s Statutory Duties................................................................................... 9

2.2.2.3 Employees’ Statutory Duties .................................................................................. 9

2.2.2.4 The Institutions ....................................................................................................... 9

2.2.2.5 UK Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) ............. 10

2.2.2.6 UK Regulations 1992 ........................................................................................... 10

2.2.3 European Law ...................................................................................................................... 10

2.2.3.1 General .................................................................................................................. 10

2.2.3.2 Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)........................................................................ 10

2.2.3.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 10

2.2.3.4 Working Time Directive ........................................................................................11

2.2.4 Other Codes and Regulations on Health and Safety .............................................................11

2.2.4.1 BRMA Code of Practice ........................................................................................11

3 Industrial Safety: Equipment ...................................................................................................... 11

3.1 Industrial Statistics ..............................................................................................................................11

2


3.2 Mill and Calender Safety ....................................................................................................................11

3.2.1 Mill Safety ............................................................................................................................11

3.2.2 Calender Safety .................................................................................................................... 13

3.2.3 Machine Lockout ................................................................................................................. 14

4 Fire and Explosions ...................................................................................................................... 15

5 Solvents .......................................................................................................................................... 15

5.1 Health Effects .................................................................................................................................... 15

5.1.1 Benzene: C6H

6............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15

5.1.2 Toluene: C6H

5CH

3.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16

5.1.3 Xylene: C6H

4(CH

3)

2............................................................................................................................................................................................. 16

5.1.4 Methylene Chloride (dichloromethane): CH2Cl

2................................................................................................................. 16

5.1.5 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methylchloroform): CH3CCl

3................................................................................................... 16

6 Epidemiology ................................................................................................................................. 17

7 Natural Rubber Latex Allergy ..................................................................................................... 17

8 Skin Irritation and Dermatitis .................................................................................................... 19

9 Dust and Fume .............................................................................................................................. 19

9.1 Dust .................................................................................................................................................... 19

9.1.1 Carbon Black ....................................................................................................................... 20

9.1.2 Crystalline Silica .................................................................................................................. 21

9.1.2.1 Silicosis ................................................................................................................. 21

9.1.2.2 Cancer ................................................................................................................... 21

9.1.2.3 Autoimmune Diseases .......................................................................................... 21

9.1.2.4 Tuberculosis .......................................................................................................... 21

9.1.2.5 Kidney Disease ..................................................................................................... 22

9.1.2.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection ........................................................... 22

9.2 Rubber Fumes .................................................................................................................................... 22

9.2.1 Visible Fumes ....................................................................................................................... 22

9.2.2 Gases and Vapours ............................................................................................................... 22

9.3 A Strategy for Dust and Fume Control .............................................................................................. 23

9.3.1 Assessing the Risks to Health from Dust and Fume ............................................................ 23

9.3.2 Selection of Control Methods .............................................................................................. 23

9.3.2.1 Elimination and Substitution ................................................................................ 23

3


The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those ofRapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility orliability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with anyutilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

9.3.2.2 Containment .......................................................................................................... 23

9.3.2.3 Process Control ..................................................................................................... 24

9.3.2.4 Handling and Working Methods ........................................................................... 24

9.3.2.5 Ventilation Control ............................................................................................... 24

9.3.2.6 Segregation ........................................................................................................... 24

9.3.2.7 Housekeeping and Cleanliness ............................................................................. 24

9.3.2.8 Respirators ............................................................................................................ 24

10 Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders ................................................................................ 24

10.1 Prevention ........................................................................................................................................ 25

11 Nitrosamines ................................................................................................................................ 25

12 1,3-Butadiene .............................................................................................................................. 25

12.1 Health Effects .................................................................................................................................. 26

12.1.1 Animal Studies ................................................................................................................... 26

12.1.2 Human Studies ................................................................................................................... 26

12.2 Industrial Exposure and Control ...................................................................................................... 26

13 General Recommendations for Handling Rubber Chemicals ................................................ 27

13.1 Personal Hygiene ............................................................................................................................. 27

13.2 Handling........................................................................................................................................... 27

13.3 General and Local Exhaust Ventilation ........................................................................................... 27

13.4 Skin Protection and Protective Clothing .......................................................................................... 27

14 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 28

Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................ 28

References ......................................................................................................................................... 29

References and Abstracts ................................................................................................................ 31

Subject Index ................................................................................................................................. 121

4



5

1 Introduction

The rubber industry uses both natural and syntheticrubber. Southeast Asia produces most of the world’snatural rubber, while synthetic rubber is a product ofindustrialised countries like the United States, Japanand Europe. Brazil is the one developing nation witha significant synthetic rubber industry. Tyres and tyreproducts account for approximately 60% of thesynthetic rubber and 75% of the natural rubber used,and this industry employs about half a million workersworldwide. Important non-tyre uses of rubber includeautomotive belts and hoses, gloves, condoms andrubber footwear. Table 1 indicates the variety ofrubber products made from rubber polymers (a.1).

Occupational health and safety in the rubber industry aremajor concerns. Of the many scientific studies performedon workers in the industry, some have identified adisproportionate mortality from bladder, stomach, lung,haematopoietic and other cancers – deaths correlated to aworkplace where long-term exposure to many chemicalcombinations occurred. Often such long-term exposureinjuries, where ill effects are not detected for years, areoverlooked so that prevention of dramatic injuriesoccupies safety agendas instead.

In previous guides to health and safety in the rubberindustry, the focus was upon the synthetic rubberindustry. This guide follows a similar format but withexpanded sections on the natural rubber industry.

The first section outlines the laws affecting healthand safety in the industry whilst the remainder of theguide presents specific health and safety issues ofinterest to employers and employees.

2 The Law Affecting Health and Safety

Occupational health and safety requirements varyaround the world. In mainland Europe, occupationalhealth and safety regulations are based on civil lawand requirements tend to be more specific than thosein the United States.

2.1 The Law Affecting Health and Safety in theUnited States

In the United States, toxic substances in theworkplace are primarily controlled through three

federal laws: the Mine Safety and Health Act of1969, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct) of 1970, and the Toxic Substances Control Act(TSCA) of 1976. The OSH Act established theOccupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) in the Department of Labor to enforcecompliance, and the National Institute forOccupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in theDepartment of Health and Human Services (underthe Center for Disease Control) to perform researchand conduct health hazard evaluations. The Officeof Toxic Substances in the Environment ProtectionAgency (EPA) administers the TSCA. Regulatorylaws under the OSH Act have clearly influencedother environmental legislation and will probablyaffect the implementation of the TSCA (a.2).

2.1.1 Federal Regulation of Occupational Healthand Safety in the Workplace

The OSH Act requires the OSHA: (1) to encourageemployers and employees to reduce hazards in theworkplace and to implement new or improved safetyand health programs; (2) to develop mandatory jobsafety and health standards and enforce themeffectively; (3) to establish separate but dependentresponsibilities and rights for employers’ safety andhealth conditions; (4) to establish reporting and recordkeeping procedures to monitor job related injuries andillnesses; and, (5) to encourage states to assume thefullest responsibility for establishing andadministering their own occupational safety andhealth programs (a.2).

The OSHA thus: inspects workplaces for violations ofexisting health and safety standards; establishesadvisory committees; holds hearings; sets new orrevised standards for control of specific substances,conditions, or use of equipment; enforces standards byassessing fines or by other legal means; and, providesconstructive services, training and education for bothemployers and employees. From the development ofstandards through to their implementation andenforcement, the OSHA upholds the right of employersand employees to be fully informed, to activelyparticipate, and to appeal its decisions (a.2).

The coverage of the OSH Act initially extended to allemployers and their employees, except self-employedpeople, family-owned and -operated farms, andworkplaces already protected by other federal agenciesor other federal statutes. In 1979, however, Congressexempted approximately 1.5 million businesses (with


6

sremyloprebburtnatropmiemoS1elbaT

foepyTremotsale/rebbur

noitcudorP)3991nisennotfos0001(

seitreporP sesunommoC

rebburlarutaN dnaliahTaisenodnI

aidnIaisyalaM

105,1353,1329624

-lioton;esopruplareneGybnellows,tnatsisersetaroireted;stnevlos

,negyxootdesopxenehwthgilVU,enozo

,slaes,stnuomkcohs,seryTdnaegdirb,sgnilpuoc

,raewtoof,gniraebgnidliub,stlebroyevnoc,sesoh

,sgninil,stcudorpdedluom,smodnoc,sevolg,sllor

,sevisehda,secivedlacidemmaof,daerht,gnikcabteprac

)RI(enerposiyloP SUeporuEnretseW

napaJ

745125

;esopruplareneG,rebburlarutancitehtnys

seitreporpralimis

rebburlarutansaemaSevoba

eneidatub-enerytS SUeporuEnretseW

napaJ

029711,1026

dnoceS:esopruplareneGrebburlarutanraWdlroW

roop;etutitsbusecnatsisertnevlos/lio

royevnoc,)%57(seryTdedluom,segnops,stleb

llor,sesoh,raewtoof,sdoog,sevisehda,sgnirevoc

tepracxetal,gnifoorpretawstcudorpmaof,gnikcab

)RB(eneidatubyloP SUeporuEnretseW

napaJeporuEnretsaE

564792512)6991(26

tnevlos/liorooPottcejbus;ecnatsiser

hgih;gnirehtaewnoisarba,ecneiliser-woldnaecnatsiser

ytilibixelferutarepmet

royevnoc,seohs,seryTyot,stlebnoissimsnart,stleb

sllabrepus

)RII(lytuB SUeporuEnretseW

eporuEnretsaEnapaJ

0318610938

:ytilibaemrepsagwoL,dica,taehottnatsiser

tnatsiserton;sdiuqilralopetaredom;stnevlos,lioot

gnirehtaew

gniruceryt,sebutrennIdnagnikluac,sreddalb

,noitalusnielbac,stnalaesdnop,srotalosinoitarbiv

gnifoordnasrenilhgih,senarbmem

stlebroyevnocerutarepmetsesohdna

-/enelyporp-enelyhtE--enelyporP-enelyhtE

eneiD

SUeporuEnretseW

napaJ

162102421

erutarepmet-woLottnatsiser;ytilibixelf

tubtaehdnagnirehtaew;stnevlos,lioton

lacirtceletnellecxeseitreporp

;stekcajelbacdnaeriWgnippirtsrehtaewdedurtxe

dedluom;slaesdna;stnuomnoitalosi;stcudorp

niargrofgniteehsrenil,sdnop,gnifoor,egarots

llifdnal,sehctid

enerporolhcyloP)enerpoen()RC(

SUeporuEnretseW

napaJ

50120147

,emalf,lioottnatsiseRrehtaewdnataeh

,stekcajelbacdnaeriW,stlebroyevnoc,stleb,sesoh

detaoc,stiustew,raewtoofelbatalfnidnascirbaf,snoisurtxe,stcudorp

liardnaegdirb,sevisehdaegnops,gniteehs,stnuom

stcudorpmaofxetal,steksag


7

10 or fewer employees) from routine OSHA safetyinspections. Since federal agencies, such as the USPostal Service, are not subject to OSHA regulationsand enforcement provisions, each agency is requiredto establish and maintain its own effective andcomprehensive job safety and health programme. TheOSHA provision does not apply to state and localgovernments in their role as employers, but does requireany state desiring to gain OSHA support or fundingfor its own occupational safety and health programmeto provide a programme to cover its state and localgovernment workers that is as effective as the OSHAprogramme is for private employees.

The OSHA can set standards either on its own or whenpetitioned to do so by other parties, including: theSecretary of Health and Human Services, NIOSH, stateand local governments and nationally recognisedstandards-producing organisation, employers or labourrepresentatives, or any other interested person. The

standard setting process involves input from advisorycommittees and from NIOSH. When the OSHA developsplans to propose, amend, or delete a standard, theseintentions must be published in the Federal Register.Interested parties can then present arguments andpertinent evidence in writing (or at public hearings) insupport of or against the changes. The OSHA isauthorised to set emergency temporary standards, whichtake immediate effect but expire within six months. Butin order to do this, the OSHA must first determine thatworkers are in grave danger from exposure to toxicsubstances or new hazards and are not adequatelyprotected by existing standards. Standards can beappealed through the federal courts, but filing an appealspetition will not delay the enforcement of the standardunless a court of appeals specifically orders it. Employersmay make application to the OSHA for variance from astandard or regulation if they lack the means to comply,or if they can prove that their facilities or methods ofoperation provide effective employee protection.

deunitnoC1elbaT

foepyTremotsale/rebbur

noitcudorP)3991nisennotfos0001(

seitreporP sesunommoC

)RBN(elirtiN SUeporuEnretseW

napaJeporuEnretsaE

468010703

,stnevlos,lioottnatsiseRybnellows;lioelbategev

sahcusstnevlosralopsenotek

esohtnatsiser-leuf,stnalaeSllor,steksagdnasgninil

,stlebroyevnoc,sgnirevoc,sevolg,seloseohs

gnillirdlio;sevisehdatnempiuqe

)QM(enociliS SUeporuEnretseW

napaJ

59701)0991(95

wol/hgihtaelbatSottnatsiser;serutarepmet;gnirehtaew,stnevlos,lio

dnayllacigoloisyhptreniyllacimehc

,noitalusnielbacdnaeriW,steksag,sevisehda,slaes

dnadedluomytlaicepssksamsag,sdoogdedurtxe

dnadoof,srotaripserdnalacigrus,gnibutlacidem

stnalpmi

)TO(ediflusyloP SUeporuEnretseW

napaJ

0203

,stnevlos,lioottnatsiseR,erutarepmetwol

sagwol;gnirehtaewytilibaemrep

,renilesoh,gnirevocrelloR,sdoogdedluom,steksag

retemsag,stnalaes,stnalaesssalg,smgarhpaid

tnalleporptekcordilosrednib

rebburdemialceR ;sniahcremylopretrohSssel;gnissecorpreisae

rewopdnaemitgniximrewol;noitpmusnoc

woldnahtgnertselisnettsoc

roolf,sebutrenni,seryT,sdooglacinahcem,stam

desirebbur,sevisehdatlahpsa

,noitideht4,ytefaSdnahtlaeHlanoitapuccOfoaideapolcycnEOLImorfnoissimrephtiwdecudorpeR:ecruoSthgirypoC,2.08p,3emuloV,8991 © )1.a(8991,noitazinagrOruobaLlanoitanretnI


8

OSHA requires employers of more than 10 employeesto maintain records of occupational injuries andillnesses. Irrespective of company size, the followingmust be recorded: all occupational injuries anddiseases resulting in death, and injuries resulting inone or more lost work days, restriction of work ormotion, loss of consciousness, transfer to another job,or medical treatment (other than first aid) (a.2).

2.1.2 Workers’ Compensation

Workers’ compensation is a legal system designed toshift some of the costs of occupational injuries andillness from workers to employers. Workers’compensation is a no fault system with a widercoverage than common law. Workplace injuries andillnesses are compensatable even if they are only inpart work related and injured workers do not need toprove that their injuries were caused by employernegligence. Workers’ compensation laws generallyrequire employers or their insurance companies toreimburse part of injured workers’ lost wages and theirentire medical and rehabilitation expenses.

Workers’ compensation provides income benefitsmedical payments and rehabilitation payments toworkers injured on the job and benefits to survivors offatally injured workers. There are 50 state and threefederal workers’ compensation jurisdictions, each withits own statute and regulations. The law prescribes thebenefit formulas. Some large employers pay the benefitsthemselves, but most pay yearly premiums to aninsurance company, which then processes all claims andpays compensation to injured workers.

2.2 The Law Affecting Health and Safety in theUnited Kingdom and other European Countries

Common law, statutes, and European Directives andRecommendations can affect the employment of peoplewith health problems, and the services available to them(a.3).

2.2.1 Common Law

Common law covers both criminal and civil law. Forcenturies, common law courts have held employersliable for negligence if they have not taken reasonablecare of the health and safety of their workers.

2.2.1.1 Standard of Care of Occupational HealthSpecialist

The standard of care expected of a professionalperson, an occupational health specialist, is that he/she performs well and up to the legislated industrystandard.

2.2.1.2 Duty to Inform and Warn of Risks to Healthand Safety

Employers, with assistance from medical advisers, areobliged to inform and warn their workers, includingprospective employees, of the potential dangers andinherent risks of the job.

2.2.1.3 Balancing the Risk

The courts have determined that the greater the risk tohealth and safety, the greater the time and expense anemployer must expend to lessen the risk(s) toemployees.

2.2.1.4 Constructive Knowledge

The courts consider the knowledge base in the industryat the time of an alleged negligence when judgingwhether an employer acted responsibly or not.

2.2.1.5 The State of the Art

Employers should grow in their knowledge of healthand safety and take advice and information offered tothem by occupational health experts.

2.2.1.6 Employer’s Responsibility

Employers have a greater responsibility towardemployees with known medical conditions. It is vitalthat employers take informed advice regardingemployee fitness for work. In addition, employers areresponsible for any special arrangements, precautionsor restrictions for employees with disabilities, whichmight affect the work or the health and safety of theworkers and others.


9

2.2.1.7 Duty Owed for Mental Breakdown

The courts have extended the principle of theemployer’s common law duty to include psychiatricinjury and the mental well being of employees.

2.2.1.8 Stress and Other Mental Disorders

The employer must be mindful of the strain and traumaof the job and take steps to compensate employeesaccordingly. The courts have now recognised that anemployer must care for both the physical and mentalwell being of employees.

2.2.1.9 Employees’ Duties

In common law, employees have implied duties,including the duty to work with reasonable care andcompetence and to loyally and faithfully serve theiremployer.

2.2.2 Statutes

2.2.2.1 UK Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

The 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act (HASWA)defines the statutory duties UK employers must carryout for the reasonable care of their employees (a.4).

The HASWA currently imposes only criminal liability.Companies and individual managers and employeescan be prosecuted for breaches of their statutory duties.A provision in the HASWA – Section 47 – extends thejurisdiction of the Act permitting employees injured atwork to sue in civil court.

The Act covers everyone at work, includingindependent contractors and their employees, the self-employed and visitors, but excludes domestic servantsin private households.

Under Section 6 of the HASW Act the manufacturersand suppliers of industrial chemicals have theresponsibility to furnish appropriate informationrelating to the toxic potential of their products.

The employer has a duty to provide such informationas is necessary to ensure the health and safety at work

of his employees. That is, he/she should obtaininformation not only from the manufacturers andsuppliers but, where necessary, from other sources.

2.2.2.2 Employer’s Statutory Duties

The HASWA imposes general duties on employers, inSection 2, to take reasonable care of the health, safetyand welfare of their employees at work, and to provide:

• A safe system and place of work;

• Information, instruction and training on matters ofhealth and safety and adequate supervision;

• A safe system for the handling, storage andtransport of substances and materials;

• A safe working environment.

2.2.2.3 Employees’ Statutory Duties

Employees’ duties are outlined in Sections 7 and 8.They are to take reasonable care to ensure their ownhealth and safety and that of others, to co-operate onany matter of health and safety and to avoid behaviouror actions, which would endanger their own health andsafety or that of others. This includes the duty to informemployers, when a medical history is requested.

2.2.2.4 The Institutions

The Health and Safety Commission (HSC) – set upunder HASWA as a tripartite body (Government,Confederation of British Industry (CBI) and TradesUnion Congress (TUC)) – is responsible for policy.The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) isresponsible for enforcing the Act. There are severaldivisions, the largest of which is the FactoryInspectorate (HMF). The Employment MedicalAdvisory Service (EMAS) is the field force of themedical division of HSE.

Environmental Health Officers – employed by localauthorities – carry out enforcement of the Act. Theirpowers are the same as the Factory Inspectors.

Employment protection legislation includes sections on:


10

1) Standards of evidence of ill health

2) Standards of medical evidence and medical reports

3) Guidance for conflicting medical advice

4) Guidance for disclosure of medical notes

5) Interpreting contracts vis-à-vis health and safety

6) Recommended check-lists

7) Strategies for dealing with misrepresented medicalcondition(s).

2.2.2.5 UK Control of Substances Hazardous toHealth Regulations (COSHH)

COSHH imposes duties on employers to protectemployees and other persons who may be exposed tosubstances hazardous to health, and also responsibilitieson employees. Employers are required to prevent or,where this is not practicable, to control the exposureto hazardous substances. To help protect workersagainst ill-health HSE sets occupational exposurelimits. There are two types of limit. MaximumExposure Limits (MELs) and Occupational ExposureStandards (OESs). A MEL is set for substances whichmay cause the most serious health effect, such as cancerand occupational asthma; these are substances forwhich no threshold level of exposure for the key healtheffect can be determined, or for which exposurethresholds may be identified but at a concentration thatis not yet routinely achievable in the workplace.COSHH requires that exposure should be reduced asfar below the MEL as possible. An OES is set at a levelat which (based on current scientific knowledge) thereis no indication of risk to the health of workers whobreathe it in day after day. If exposure to a substancethat has an OES is reduced at least to that level, thenadequate control has been achieved. It is recommendedthat exposure to all airborne contaminants is kept aslow as possible (a.5).

2.2.2.6 UK Regulations 1992

In January 1992, the UK introduced the ‘Six Pack’

• The Management of Health and Safety at WorkRegulations 1992;

• Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment)Regulations 1992;

• Personal Protective Equipment at WorkRegulations 1992;

• Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations1992;

• Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992;

• Workplace (Health and Safety Welfare)Regulations 1992.

These Regulations require that employers do riskassessments where ‘significant and substantial risks tohealth or safety’ exist and to appoint ‘competent’persons to assist in this task. Employers are requiredto do these risk assessments regularly and to keeprecords of them.

Other related health and safety regulations that affectemployment of people in the UK are ‘Pre-employmentMedical Examinations’ and the ‘DisabilityDiscrimination Act 1995’ (a.3).

2.2.3 European Law

2.2.3.1 General

In principle, when the European Union Council ofMinisters adopts Directives, the 15 European Membermember states are bound to uphold them. This meansthat employees may sue an employer for breach of theDirectives. Since private sector employers are notdirectly bound by Directives, it is recommended thatmember states adopt the Directives into nationallegislation within a predetermined schedule.

2.2.3.2 Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)

The matters which involve workers’ health and safetyand product safety, require only QMV, 62 out of thepossible 87 votes.

2.2.3.3 Recommendations

The Council of Ministers can make Recommendationsalthough these are not legally binding. European Union


11

(EU) resolutions and Recommendations have the effectof law only once national provisions or supplementsto existing Community measures are adopted.

2.2.3.4 Working Time Directive

The Working Time Directive, under the QMV system,requires member states to limit working hours to 48 inany 7-day period. Scheduled rest breaks and restrictionson the number of night shifts are set out in detail.Organisation of work patterns must take into accounthealth and safety requirements and the adaptation ofwork to the worker.

2.2.4 Other Codes and Regulations on Healthand Safety

2.2.4.1 BRMA Code of Practice

The British Rubber Manufacturers’ Association(BRMA) has prepared a Code of Practice on RubberChemicals (38) to help to secure the health and safetyof people at work in the rubber industry. The practicalpoints which are made are ‘based on the basic principlesof occupational hygiene:

(1) An assessment of the risk to health and of theprecautions needed.

(2) The introduction of appropriate measures to controlthe risk.

(3) Ensuring that control measures are used, thatequipment is properly maintained and proceduresobserved.

(4) The monitoring, where necessary, of exposure ofworkers and the provision of appropriate healthsurveillance.

(5) The information, instruction and training ofemployees about the risks and the precautions tobe taken.

The Code defines the recommended workingprocedures for handling compounding ingredients andother chemicals. If these recommended procedures arecarefully followed, a high standard of industrial hygienewill be ensured without introducing unnecessaryrestrictions into the manufacturing operation.’

3 Industrial Safety: Equipment

3.1 Industrial Statistics

Injuries in the American rubber industry are one-quarterof those in other manufacturing industries. Accordingto a 1999 US Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey ofOccupational Injuries and Illnesses, the annual injuryand illness rate was 269.4 per 10,000 full-time workersin the rubber and plastics industries.

The UK rubber industry has had accident rates wellabove the ‘all manufacturing’ average in the 1990s andthe main reason is the high number of handlingaccidents, according to the British RubberManufacturers’ Association. In 1997/1998 manualhandling was responsible for over 40% of accidentsreported to the HSE in the new tyres sector, retreading,and general rubber goods (67).

In the UK, injuries in the rubber and plastic industriesreported to the HSE were the primary cause of ‘overthree-day sick leaves’. Major injuries have beenincreasing since 1997 (Table 2). The fatal and majorinjury rates in 1999/2000 and 1998/1999 were 280.4per 100,000 employees and 276.3 per 100,000employees respectively (a.6).

3.2 Mill and Calender Safety

This section is reproduced with permission from theILO: J.R. Townhills, in Encyclopaedia of OccupationalHealth and Safety, 4th Edition, 1998, Volume 3, 80.11-80.13, copyright © International Labour Organization,1998.

3.2.1 Mill Safety

Mills and calenders are used extensively throughoutthe rubber industry. Running nip accidents (gettingcaught in the rotating rolls) are major safety hazardsduring operation of these machines. In addition, thereis a potential for accidents during repair andmaintenance of these and other machines used in therubber industry. This article discussed these safetyhazards.

In 1973 in the United States, the National JointIndustrial Council for the Rubber Manufacturing


12

Industry concluded that for in-running nip points, asafety device that depended on action of the operatorcould not be regarded as an effective method ofpreventing running nip accidents. This is especially trueof mills in the rubber industry. Unfortunately, little hasbeen done to force code changes. Currently there isonly one safety device that does not require operatoraction to activate. The body bar is the only widelyaccepted automatic device that is an effective meansof preventing mill accidents. However, even the bodybar has limitations and cannot be used in all cases unlessmodifications are made to the equipment and workpractice.

The problem of mill safety is not a simple one; thereare several major issues involved:

• mill height,

• the size of the operator,

• auxiliary equipment,

• the way the mill is worked,

• the tack or stickiness of the stock,

• stopping distance.

Mill height makes a difference as to where the operatorworks the mill. For mills less than 1.27 m high, wherethe height of the operator is greater than 1.68 m, thereis a tendency to work too high on the mill or too closeto the nip. This allows for a very short reaction timefor the automatic safety to stop the mill.

The size of the operator also dictates how close theoperator needs to get to the mill face to work the mill.

Operators come in many different sizes, and often mustoperate the same mill. The majority of the time onadjustment is made to the mill safety devices.

Auxiliary equipment such as conveyors or loaders canoften conflict with safety cables and ropes. Despitecodes to the contrary, often the safety rope or cable ismoved to allow for the operation of the auxiliaryequipment. This can result in the operator working themill with the safety cable behind the operator’s head.

While the height of the mill and the auxiliary equipmenthave a part in the way a mill is worked, there are otherfactors which enter into the picture. If there is no mixingroll below the mixer to distribute the rubber evenly onthe mill, the operator will have to physically move therubber from one side of the mill to the other by hand.The mixing and moving of the rubber exposes theoperator to increased risk of strain or sprain injuries inaddition to the hazard of the mill nip.

The tack or stickiness of the stock poses an additionalhazard. If the rubber sticks to the mill roll and theoperator has to pull it off the roll, a body bar becomesa safety hazard. Operators of mills with hot rubber haveto wear gloves. Mill operators use knives. Tacky stockcan grab a knife, glove or bare hand and pull it towardthe running nip of the mill.

Even an automatic safety device will not be effectiveunless the mill can be stopped before the operatorreaches the running nip of the mill. Stopping distancesmust be checked at least weekly and the brakes testedat the beginning of each shift. Dynamic electrical brakesmust be checked on a regular basis. If the zero switchis not adjusted properly, the mill will move back andforth and damage to the mill will result. For somesituations, disc brakes are preferred. With electrical

0002-4991ESHehtotdetroperKUehtniyrtsudnirebburehtniseirujnifosrebmuN2elbaT

raeY seitilataFrojamtublataf-noN

seirujnikcissyadeerhtrevO

evael

5991-4991 1 923 6813

6991-5991 0 193 3313

7991-6991 3 606 6523

8991-7991 2 376 8063

9991-8991 5 536 9733

0002-9991 2 046 8343

KUehtnievitucexEytefaSdnahtlaeH:ecruoS


13

brakes a problem can arise if the operator has activatedthe mill stop button and then tried an emergency millstop. On some mills the emergency stop will not workafter the mill stop button has been activated.

There have been some adjustments made that haveimproved mill safety. The following steps have greatlyreduced exposure to running nip injuries on the mills:

• A body bar should be used on the working face ofeach mill, but only if the bar is adjustable for theheight and reach of the operator.

• Mill brakes can be either mechanical or electrical,but they must be checked each shift and the distancechecked weekly. The stopping distances shouldcomply with the American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI) stopping distancerecommendations.

• Where mixer mills have hot, tacky stock, a two-mill system has replaced the single-mill system.This has reduced operator exposure and improvedthe mixing of the stock.

• Where operators are required to move stock acrossa mill, a mixing roll should be added to reduceoperator exposure.

• Current mill work practices have been reviewedto ensure that the operator is not working too closeto the running nip on the mill. This includes smalllab mills, especially where a sample may requirenumerous passes through the running nip.

• Mill loaders have been added on mills to load stock.This has eliminated the practice of trying to load amill using a fork truck, and has eliminated anyconflict with the use of a body bar as a safetydevice.

Currently technology exists to improve mill safety. InCanada, for example, a rubber mill cannot be operatedwithout a body bar on the working face or front of themill. Countries receiving older equipment from othercountries need to adjust the equipment to fit theirworkforce.

3.2.2 Calender Safety

Calenders have many configurations of machines andauxiliary equipment, making it difficult to be specificon calender safety. For a more in-depth study in

calender safety, see the two publications by the NationalJoint Industrial Council for the Rubber ManufacturingIndustry (Running Nip Accidents, 1959 and SafeWorking of Calenders, 1967).

Unfortunately, when a calender or any other piece ofequipment has been transferred from one company toanother or one country to another, often the accidenthistory is not included. This had resulted in the removalof guards and in dangerous work practices that had beenchanged because of a prior incident. This has led tohistory repeating itself, with accidents that haveoccurred in the past reoccurring. Another problem islanguage. Machines with the controls and instructionsin a different language from the user country makessafe operation more difficult.

Calenders have increased in speed. The braking abilityof these machines has not always kept pace with theequipment. This is especially true around the calenderrolls. If these rolls cannot be stopped in therecommended stopping distance, an additional methodmust be used to protect employees. If necessary, thecalender should be equipped with a sensing device thatwill slow the machine when the rolls are approachedduring operation. This has proven very effective inkeeping employees from getting too close to the rollsduring the operation of the machine.

Some of the other major areas identified by the NationalJoint Industrial Council are still a source of injuriestoday:

• clearing jams and adjusting material,

• running nip injuries, especially at wind-ups,

• threading up,

• communications.

An effective, well understood lockout programme (seebelow) will do much to reduce or eliminate injuriesfrom the clearing of jams or the adjusting of materialwhile the machine is in operation. Proximity devicesthat slow the rolls when they are approached may helpdeter an adjustment attempt.

Running nip injuries remain a problem, especially atwind-ups. Speeds at the wind-up must be adjustable toallow for a slow start-up at the beginning of the roll.Safeties must be available in the event of a problem. Adevice that slows the roll when it is approached willtend to discourage an attempt to adjust a liner or fabric


14

during the wind-up. Telescoping rolls are a specialtemptation for even experienced operators.

The problem of threading-up incidents has increasedwith the speed and complexity of the calender trainand the amount of auxiliary equipment. Here theexistence of a single line control and goodcommunications are essential. The operator may notbe able to see all of the crew. Everyone must beaccounted for and communications must be clear andeasily understood.

The need for good communications is essential to safeoperation when a crew is involved. Critical times arewhen adjustments are being made or when the machineis started at the beginning of a run or started after ashut-down which had been caused by a system thataudits both.

The answer to these problems is a well-trained crewthat understands the problems of calender operation, amaintenance system that maintains all safety devicesin working condition and a system that audits both.

3.2.3 Machine Lockout

The concept of machine lockout is not new. Whilelockout has been generally accepted in maintenanceprogrammes, very little has been done to gainacceptance in the operating area. Part of the problemis the recognition of the hazard. A typical lockoutstandard requires that “if the unexpected movement ofequipment or release of energy could cause injury toan employee then that equipment should be locked out”.Lockout is not limited to electrical energy, and not allenergy can be locked out; some things must be blockedin position, pipes must be disconnected and blanked,stored pressure must be relieved. While the lockoutconcept is viewed in some industries as a way of life,other industries have not accepted it due to the fear ofthe cost of locking out.

Central to the concept of lockout is control. Where aperson is at risk of injury as the result of movement,the power source(s) must be disabled and the personor persons at risk should have control. All situationsrequiring lockout are not easy to identify. Even whenthey are identified, it is not easy to change workpractices.

Another key to a lockout programme which is oftenoverlooked is the ease with which a machine or linecan be locked out or the power isolated. Older

equipment was not designed or installed with a singlebreaker for several machines. Other machines havemultiple power sources, making lockout morecomplicated. To add to this problem, motor controlroom breakers are often changed or feed additionalequipment, and the documentation of the changes isnot always kept current.

The rubber industry has seen general acceptance oflockout in maintenance. While the concept of protectingone’s self from the dangers of unexpected movementis not new, the uniform use of lockout is. In the past,maintenance personnel used different means to protectthemselves. This protection was not always consistentdue to other pressures such as production, and notalways effective. For some of the equipment in theindustry, the lockout answer is complex and not easilyunderstood.

The tyre press is an example of a piece of equipmentfor which there is little consensus on the exact timeand method for lockout. While the complete lockoutof a press for an extensive repair is straightforward,there is no consensus about lockout in such operationsas mould and bladder changes, mould cleaning andunjamming equipment.

The tyre machine is another example of difficulty inlockout compliance. Many of the injuries in this areahave not been to maintenance personnel, but rather tooperators to operators and tyre technicians makingadjustments, changing drums loading or unloadingstock or unjamming equipment and to janitorialemployees cleaning the equipment.

It is difficult to have a successful lockout programmeif the lockout is time consuming and difficult. Wherepossible, the means to disconnect should be availableat the equipment, which helps with ease ofidentification and can eliminate or reduce the possibilityof someone being in the danger zone when the energyis returned to the equipment. Even with changes thatmake identification easier, no lockout can ever beconsidered complete unless a test is made to be surethe correct power isolation devices were used. In thecase of work with electrical wiring, a test should bemade after the disconnect is pulled to ensure that allpower has been disconnected.

An effective lockout programme must include thefollowing:

• The equipment should be designed to facilitate alockout for all energy sources.


15

• Lockout sources must be identified correctly.

• Work practices requiring lockout must beidentified.

• All employees affected by lockout should havesome training in lockout.

• Employees who are required to lockout should betrained and advised that lockout is expected andthat anything less is unacceptable under anycircumstances.

• The programme needs to be audited on a regularbasis to make sure that it is effective.

4 Fire and Explosions

In the rubber industry, the risk of fires and explosionsis high, and not only during the manufacturing processinvolving flammable solvents, but also during storage(of raw materials and finished products) and disposal(of flammable wastes).

Some liquids such as solvents can give off largevolumes of flammable vapours at room temperature.When mixed with air at room temperature, thesevapours can ignite, often violently. Therefore, spillson clothing represent a serious risk of injury. Tomitigate these risks contaminated materials should bedisposed of safely or disposal experts called in, andflammables should be:

• stored in a separate storage area, or a speciallydesigned bin or closet;

• dispensed and used in a safe place where there isgood ventilation and no sparking;

• kept in closed containers when not in use. Ifpossible, use safety containers which have self-closing lids;

• dispensed over a tray with non flammable,absorbent material handy for mopping up spills.

Some solid finished products, like rubber, are alsoflammable. When ignited they give off plumes of denseblack smoke. Consequently:

• keep these materials away from heaters or electricalequipment,

• keep gangways and exits to and from storage andworking areas clear of flammable packagingmaterials and finished products.

More extensive treatment of this subject can be foundin the HSE publication, ‘Safe Working with FlammableSubstances’ (a.7).

5 Solvents

Solvents are used extensively in the rubber industryduring the manufacturing process to prevent tackiness.Solvents are also used to degrease and clean workshops.Users must recognise where particular solvents arelikely to occur, namely: that aliphatic hydrocarbons areused for the freshening of rubber surfaces; aromatichydrocarbons (like toluene and xylene) are likely to befound in rubber solutions; carbon disulfide is used inthe traditional cold cure process; and, chlorinatedhydrocarbons (like methylene chloride) are used in theproduction of non-flammable adhesives (a.8, a.9).

5.1 Health Effects

The main effects of solvents are irritation to the skin,eyes and lungs, headache, nausea, dizziness and light-headedness. Exposure can impair coordination makingworkers prone to falling-type accidents. A person maylose concentration or have a reduced reaction time thusaffecting judgment of important or difficult tasks. Theseeffects will vary and can be exacerbated by drinkingalcohol. Very high exposure, especially whereadhesives are used in unventilated, confined spaces,may cause unconsciousness and even death. A personwho has been exposed to solvents and feels their healthhas been adversely affected should seek medical advice.Other effects vary according to the solvent, several arereviewed here.

5.1.1 Benzene: C6H6

Benzene is a volatile, colorless, clear, flammable liquidused to test the swelling property of rubber (i.e., theswelling index). It has also been used as a solvent inthe rubber and shoe industries and in adhesives andpaint removers. Benzene is absorbed systemically byinhalation and skin absorption. Acute effects on thenervous system include headache, tiredness, nausea,dizziness, narcosis and loss of consciousness. These


16

acute symptoms occur at high exposures (i.e., airconcentrations of 7,500 ppm for more than 30 minutescause narcosis leading to death), but there is considerableindividual variability in response to benzene.

Chronic effects include depression of bone marrowfunction and an increased risk of aplastic anaemia andleukaemia. It is also suspected of causing multiplemyeloma. Haematotoxic effects have also beendocumented at chronic exposures of more than 50 ppm.Chronic benzene poisoning affecting the nervous systemmay even result in behavioural and psychomotorchanges.

Exposure limits for benzene in air vary according todifferent agencies. The US Occupational Health andSafety Administration (OSHA) has a permissibleexposure level (PEL) of 1 ppm; the US National Institutefor Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has athreshold limit value (time-weight average; TWA) of 0.1ppm. The Health and Safety Executive in the UK set the2000 maximum exposure limit (MEL) for benzene at 3ppm (TWA) and this current limit will be reduced to 1ppm in 2003 (a.10).

Preventive measures have focused on the eliminationor substitution of benzene, and on reduction of exposure.According to the UK Injuries, Disease, and DangerousOccurrences Regulations (RIDDOR), 1985, cases ofpoisoning by benzene must be reported by employers.

5.1.2 Toluene: C6H5CH3

Toluene or methylbenzene is a monomethyl derivativeof benzene. Toluene is used to indicate the swelling indexof rubber. Acute exposure to concentrations >200 ppmmay result in headache, dizziness, irritation of the eyes,nose and throat, paresthesia, incoordination, confusionand narcosis. Chronic exposure may give rise to muscleweakness, abdominal pain, impairment of gait/balance,ataxia, peripheral neuropathy and altered mental state.Enlargement of the liver and neurobehavioural effectshave been documented. Effects on the blood systemsimilar to benzene have been attributed to benzene beingpresent as a contaminant in some commercial batchesof toluene. The 2000 UK occupational exposure limitfor toluene was 50 ppm (8-hour TWA reference period)with a short-term exposure limit of 150 ppm (a.10).

5.1.3 Xylene: C6H4(CH3)2

Xylene, or dimethyl benzene, is a volatile flammableliquid. Xylene is used to test the swelling property of

rubber, just as benzene and toluene are, and forcleaning rubber surfaces. Acute exposure to xyleneirritates the skin, mucous membranes and respiratorytract. Systemic effects are similar to those describedfor other organic solvents acting on the centralnervous system (CNS) including headache, nausea,vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion and coma.CNS symptoms have been reported at inhalationexposure levels of ~700 ppm (a.11).

In rodent experiments, delayed fetal development wasrelated to inhalation of xylene, and increasedmalformations after ingestion of high doses. In a studyof university laboratory employees exposed in the firsttrimester of pregnancy to a variety of solvents includingxylene, miscarriage rates were slightly increased butnot significantly different from pregnancies where nosolvent exposure occurred. There are no adequateepidemiological data confirming xylene as areproductive hazard to humans (a.11).

5.1.4 Methylene Chloride (dichloromethane):CH2Cl2

Methylene chloride is a solvent used for surfacecleaning before applying an adhesive. It is also used asa blowing agent in foam. Prolonged skin contact withthe liquid may produce chemical burns (a.12). Theprincipal action is on the CNS as a narcotic causingheadache, giddiness, irritability, and numbness andtingling in the limbs. Higher concentrations may causelight-headedness, drowsiness, unconsciousness andsometimes death. However, it is less toxic to the liverthan other chlorinated hydrocarbons.

5.1.5 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methylchloroform):CH3CCl3

Methylchloroform is a colourless volatile liquid witha heavy chloroform-like, sweetish smell – the odourthreshold being ~100 ppm. It is non-flammable butdecomposes to hydrochloric acid and phosgene onheating over 360 ºC. In the rubber industry, it is usedfor degreasing and cleaning workshops.

Acute inhalation at high concentrations has a depressantaction on the CNS and may produce narcosis. Earlyeffects are dizziness, lassitude and headaches but veryhigh concentrations may cause a loss of consciousness,even death. Fatalities have occurred among victims inconfined spaces where concentrations were between5,000 and 50,000 ppm (a.13).


17

6 Epidemiology

In the 1920s and 1930s, reports from the United Kingdomindicated that rubber workers had higher death rates thanthe general population and that the excess deaths werefrom cancer. In the late 1940s, British rubber workers hadan increased risk of bladder cancer due to exposure to anantioxidant that contained 1-naphthylamine (alpha-naphthylamine) and 2-naphthylamine (beta-naphthylamine) (a.1).

In the United States, early investigations by Mancuso andco-workers (1968) revealed excess cancer deaths amonga cohort of Ohio rubber products workers employed in1938 and 1939. By 1970, the United Rubber, Cork,Linoleum, and Plastic Workers of America (URW) joinedwith six major American rubber companies to establish ajoint occupational health programme. They negotiated acontract with the Schools of Public Health at Harvardand North Carolina Universities to conductepidemiological studies of rubber workers. The researchfocused on cancer incidence and mortality (467). Theprogramme was discontinued in 1980.

In 1982, the International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC) published a rubber industry monograph evaluatingthe available epidemiological, toxicological and industrialhygiene data (467). The principal adverse health effectsreported were cancer and respiratory effects (e.g.,reductions in pulmonary function, chest tightness,shortness of breath and other respiratory symptoms. Theconclusion was that sufficient evidence existed to associateleukaemia with occupational solvent exposure in therubber industry. No clear evidence indicated the cause ofexcess bladder cancers in British or American rubberworkers. Limited evidence associated stomach, lung andskin cancers with occupational exposures in the rubberindustry. There was inadequate evidence to linklymphoma, colon, prostate, brain, thyroid, pancreatic andoesophageal cancers with industry-related exposures.

The current risk for cancer and other chronic diseases inrubber product workers are unknown because of the dearthof epidemiological and industrial hygiene research in thepast decade. Toxicity data are also lacking for manychemical formulations found in tyre and non-tyremanufacturing. Categories of rubber compoundingadditives include (467):

Accelerators Organic vulcanisersAntioxidants Pigment blendsAntiozonants PlasticisersAntitack agents Reinforcing agentsExtenders ResinsFillers Solvents.Oils (process and extender)

Workers in the rubber industry are also exposed tochemical by-products and curing fumes.

In 1990 NIOSH recommended measures to reduceworker exposures to o-toluidine and aniline (chemicalsused as intermediates in the manufacture of rubberantioxidants and accelerators) to the lowest feasibleconcentrations (a.14). The epidemiological evidencereported by NIOSH (a.15) showed an increased risk ofbladder cancer among workers at a plant thatmanufactured rubber antioxidants and accelerators –an association of occupational exposure to o-toluidineand aniline. However, it is not known whether a similarrisk exists for workers involved in the manufacture ofrubber products.

Most studies of cancer among rubber product workerswere conducted as retrospective cohorts, or case controlmortality studies, of workers employed in the tyre andnon-tyre industries between 1940 and 1975 includingthose summarised in Table 3.

Kogevinas and co-workers reviewed the literature andfound an excess risk (1.5 times other studies) of bladdercancer, lung cancer, and leukaemia in 12 cohort studiesin nine countries (a.30). By contrast, Straughan andSorahan and co-workers completed an incidence surveyof recent entrants (1982-91) to the UK rubber industryand found no excess deaths from lung and stomachcancer in the workers compared with the national rate.The only statistically significant excess was for cancerof the testis (observed 3, expected 0.51, SMR 589, 95%confidence interval 122 to 1,722) (a.29).

Occupational exposure data do not exist for most of thesestudies so these have had to be estimated. The uncertaintyof these exposure estimates is exacerbated by chemicalformulations that differ with each plant or process.

7 Natural Rubber Latex Allergy

Table 4 lists the uses of natural rubber latex, which isfound in a variety of applications. Dipped productsaccount for 75% of latex use. There are three mainmethods of dipping: (1) straight for thin items such ascondoms, (2) coagulant for thicker products such asmedical, household, and industrial gloves; balloons,bladders and catheters, and (3) heat sensitive for thethickest products such as baby bottle nipples (20).

NRL is the milky sap of the tree Hevea brasiliensis.The protein contained in NRL products is the cause of


18

yrtsudnirebburehtnirecnacfoseidutslacigoloimedipE3elbaT

seidutslacigoloimedipE recnacfoepyT

)374()6791(reilloCdnaxoF)61.a()6791(onakaNdnanosnoM

)71.a()0891(boLdnatevoB)074()1891(srekrow-ocdnayawokcehC

)563()9891(srekrow-ocdnairgeN)81.a()3991(srekrow-ocdnassuartS

recnacreddalB)50.0<P(

)474()5791(srekrow-ocdnaleahciMcM)174()1891(srekrow-ocdnafloW

)664()3891(srekrow-ocdnaprA)91.a()4891(srekrow-ocdnayawokcehC

)02.a()2991(srekrow-ocdnaaogruBsotnaS

srecnacciteiopotameahdnacitahpmyL

)574()4791(srekrow-ocdnaxoF)12.a()8791(eniFdnanosnoM

)864()2891(srekrow-ocdnasekraP)22.a()2891(srekrow-ocdnallezleD

)32.a()5891(nosnoMdnallezleD)42.a()8891(srekrow-ocdnahcivoklejdnA

)663()9891(srekrow-ocdnagnahZ)52.a()6991(srekrow-ocdnadnalieW

recnaclaruelpdnagnuL

)62.a()4791(srekrow-ocdnaleahciMcM)72.a()6791(srekrow-ocdnahcivoklejdnA

)82.a()9791(srekrow-ocdnamulB)864()2891(srekrow-ocdnasekraP

)544()6891(srekrow-ocdnanaharoS)763()9891(srekrow-ocdnanaharoS

recnachcamotS

)964()1891(nosnoMdnallezleD recnacnoloC

)274()0891(srekrow-ocdnahtimsdloG recnacetatsorP

)964()1891(nosnoMdnallezleD recnacyrailibdnareviL

)864()2891(srekrow-ocdnasekraP recnaclaegahposeO

)92.a()0002(naharoSdnanahguartS recnacralucitseT

)13.a(stcudorpxetalrebburlarutaN4elbaT

stcudorpdeppiD lacidemrehto,selppinelttob,sretehtac,sreddalb,sevolg,snoollab,smodnoCsecived

daerhtcitsalE yrtsudnitnemraG

maoF snoihsucdnasesserttamdedluoM

sevisehdA raewtoofdnasepolevne,gnigakcap,epaT

yrtsudnitepraC sdnuopmocgnikcabrofredniB

suoenallecsiM gniteehsxetal;)syot(stcudorptsac;yretslohpurofriahroriocdesirebbuR)smadlatned,.g.e(


19

NRL allergies experienced by glove users. Additionally,some rubber industry workers such as tappers and glovemanufacturers suffer NRL allergies. The main routesof exposure to the proteins are direct skin contact andinhalation. The spectrum of clinical signs ranges fromcontact urticaria (nettle-like rash), generalised urticaria,allergic rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa),allergic contact dermatitis (itchy eyes and skin),angioedema (severe swelling) and asthma (wheezing)to anaphylaxis (a severe, life-threatening allergicreaction, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)reports that around 27 deaths annually are caused thisway). Predisposing factors include: hand eczema,allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis or asthma (amongindividuals frequently wearing gloves), mucosalexposure and multiple surgical procedures.

Latex allergy is confirmed by a positive wear or use testwith NRL gloves, a correct positive skin prick test toNRL or a positive RAST (radioallergosorbent test) bloodtest. Severe allergic reactions have occurred from theprick and wear tests. Therefore, epinephrine (adrenaline)and resuscitation equipment free of NRL must beavailable during these procedures (20).

NRL allergy may be associated with allergic reactionsto fruit, especially bananas, chestnuts and avocados.Hyposensitisation to NRL is not yet possible so NRLavoidance and substitution is imperative for sensitivepersons. Prevention and control of NRL allergy includesNRL avoidance in healthcare settings and rubberindustries for affected workers. Synthetic non-NRLgloves should be made available for the affected workersand their co-workers. A proper dust mask should bedonned to reduce inhalation of NRL aerosols. Localexhaust ventilation should be installed where NRLallergens are emitted. Monitoring of NRL allergens inthe workplace is not readily available, however, accuratemethods of measuring NRL allergens in the air exist. InNRL glove factories, rubber plantations and hospitals,respectively, the geometric means of NRL allergens inthe air were 7.3, 2.36 and 0.46 μg/m3 (32).

8 Skin Irritation and Dermatitis

Adverse skin reactions have been frequently reportedamong workers who have direct contact with rubber andwith the hundreds of chemicals used in the rubberindustry.

Contact dermatitis is relatively common among rubberworkers but less so among rubber users. Prevalence ratesfrom industrial studies were 3.1, 3.7 and 5.6 cases per

1,000 workers in the United Kingdom, Australia andFinland, respectively. California has a rate of 7 casesper 1,000 workers but this includes plastic workers (20).In the UK, dermatologists and occupational physiciansreported that 16-17% of occupational cases of contactdermatitis were caused by rubber chemicals (a.6).

Skin reactions among rubber product users have becomemore frequent and include irritant contact dermatitis,allergic contact dermatitis, contact urticaria (hives),aggravation of pre-existing skin diseases and other lesscommon skin disorders such as oil folliculitis, xerosis(dry skin), miliaria (heat rash) and depigmentation fromcertain phenol derivatives.

Irritant contact dermatitis is the most frequent reactionand is caused by either acute exposure to strongchemicals or cumulative exposure to weaker irritantssuch as those found in wet work and in repeated use ofsolvents. In a Finnish study, 56% of all cases of contactdermatitis had irritant dermatitis, mostly from solventsand bulk rubber (a.32).

Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed type of allergicreaction from the accelerators, vulcanisers, antioxidantsand antiozonants, which are added during rubberproduction. These chemicals are often present in the finalproduct and may cause contact dermatitis in both theend users and rubber workers, especially in thoseworking with Banbury, calender, extruder andassembling operations.

Some workers acquire contact dermatitis while doing tasksthat do not permit the use of protective clothing. Someworkers have even developed allergies to the protectiveclothing itself, most commonly rubber gloves. The keymedical test to the suspected allergen is a valid positivepatch test. The patch test is performed using the variouscommon allergens to distinguish allergic contact dermatitisfrom irritant contact dermatitis. However, allergic contactdermatitis (Table 5) may coexist with irritant contactdermatitis as well as with other skin disorders (20). Table 5shows some of the rubber chemicals associated withallergic contact dermatitis.

9 Dust and Fume

9.1 Dust

Working with, and handling raw materials used in, therubber industry exposes workers to high levels of dust.


20

Rubber process dust arises during rubber manufacturewhere ingredients are handled, weighed, added to (ormixed with) uncured material or synthetic elastomers.For all such mixed dust, the aggregated occupationalexposure limit (OEL) in the UK is 6 mg/m3 (maximumexposure limit (MEL), a.10) except where a specificlimit exists for a given chemical. In such cases, wherethe chemical is present in a concentrated form, thespecific limit applies. The most common dust types inthe rubber industry are carbon black and talc, otherwiseonly a small proportion of rubber chemicals have yet

been assigned official exposure limits. Silica is usedin rubber as a filler and has a carcinogen rating.

9.1.1 Carbon Black

Carbon black is a substance of world importance interms of both tonnage produced and its special abilityto strengthen rubber. Carbon black is a very finepowdery form of elemental carbon manufactured bycontrolled vapour phase pyrolysis of, mainly liquid,hydrocarbons (Table 6). Its carbonaceous nature and

)33.a(srekrowtcudorprebburnisititamredtcatnocgnisuacstnegA5elbaT

lacimehC ssecorP tcudorP

)oihtlynehportiniD´4-´2(2detanimatnocsawhcihw,elozaihtozneb

eneznebrolhcortinidhtiwsaerallA seryT

enilohpromidoihtiD-´4,4 deificepstoN seryT

n -lyporposI-n lynehp´ arap )DPPI(enimaidenelynehp

,ecnanetniam,ylbmessAgnidnuopmoc

seryT

n -lytub-3,1-lyhtemiD- n -´lynehp arap enimaidenelynehp

ecnanetniam,ylbmessAgnidnuopmoc

seryT

arap sdnuopmocenimaidenelynehP- deificepstoN raewtoof,seryT

)UTE(aeruoihtenelyhtE gniweS stcudorperyt-noN

lanicroseR deificepstoN seryT

ximmaruihT gnisinacluV sevolgrebbuR

ximotpacreM gnisinacluV sevolgrebbuR

erutcafunamfosdohtemruofehtybkcalbnobracfoseitreporplacimehcdnalacisyhP6elbaT

ytreporP ecanruF lamrehT lennahC kcalbpmaL

)mn(retemaidelcitraP 08-31 005-051 92-9 002-03

m(aeraecafruS 2 )g/ 052-02 51-5 0001-001 59-51

)%(lairetamelitaloV 0.5-3.0 5.0-1.0 61-5.3 51-5.0

Hp 9-5.3 9-7 6-3 7-3

)%(seitirupmicinagronI 0.1-3.0 4.0-50.0 ≤ 3.0 51.0-10.0

)%(seitirupmicinagrO 3.0-10.0 7.1-20.0 ≤ 1.0 5.1-10.0

)%(rufluS 5.1-1.0 ≤ 3.0 ≤ 2.0 01-10.0

)%(noitisopmoCnobrac-

negordyh-negyxo-

9.794.07.0

3.993.01.0

892.08.0

894.04.0

naeporuEehtnisdrazaHni,kcalBnobraCfostceffEhtlaeHehT,renidraG.KmorfnoissimrephtiwnwardeR)35(9991,ecnerefnoCyrtsudnIrebbuR


21

respirable size causes respiratory morbidity to thoseinvolved in its manufacture and use (53).

Carbon black is a respirable dust when particlediameters are <7 μm. The first published report (1951)found pneumoconiosis in the German furnace and lampblack workers more often than in an unexposed group.Following this report, other studies confirmed the linkbetween carbon black and pneumoconiosis and otherchest morbidities such as bronchitis and lung fibrosis.In 1992, Gardiner had similar results except theprevalence of respiratory signs – measured by chestradiographs, spirometry and questionnaires – haddecreased slightly since the first study (53). However,in recent years Gardiner and co-workers found bothcurrent and cumulative exposure to carbon black havea deleterious effect on respiratory morbidity (a.34).

In 1995, IARC rated carbon black as IARCclassification 2B – possibly carcinogenic to humansand definitely carcinogenic to animals. Toxicologystudies are needed to confirm the human health risk.Such studies should involve the mechanism of actionfor tumour development in all types of rodents; mice,hamsters and rats, because only rats were used in theprevious studies where tumors developed. The carbonblack industry is sponsoring its own toxicology studyto investigate the mechanisms of lung cancer in thesethree species of laboratory rodents (52). Two grades ofcarbon black (with low and high surface area) are beingused (not yet published).

9.1.2 Crystalline Silica

Crystalline silica or free silica is a naturally occurringmineral that is white or colourless and found in theearth’s crust. It is a core component of quartz, sand,flint, agate, granite, and many other mineral rocks. Thethree most common forms of crystalline silica foundin industry are quartz, tridymite and cristobalite. Silicais used in the rubber industry as filler.

It has potential health effects:

9.1.2.1 Silicosis

Silicosis is a respiratory disease of the lungs that resultsfrom the inhalation of airborne crystalline silica dust.The dust contains silica particles that can, over time,cause fibrosis (scar tissue formation) in the lungs.Silicosis may be progressive; it may lead to disabilityand death.

Early symptoms include:

• Shortness of breath following physical exertion

• Cough

• More fatigue

• Loss of appetite

• Occasional chest pains

• Bluish skin - at edges of extremities.

Silicosis can also make an individual susceptible tobacterial or fungal infections. The lung cells areoverwhelmed by silica dust and are unable to fight offthese diseases that can lead to other respiratory diseasessuch as lung cancer and tuberculosis.

9.1.2.2 Cancer

IARC concluded that there was ‘sufficient evidencein humans for the carcinogenicity of crystalline silicain the forms of quartz or cristobalite from occupationalsources’, and that ‘there is sufficient evidence inexperimental animals for the carcinogenicity of quartzand cristobalite’. The overall IARC evaluation wasthat ‘crystalline silica inhaled in the form of quartzor cristobalite from occupational sources iscarcinogenic to humans (Group 1).’ The IARCevaluation noted that ‘carcinogenicity was notdetected in all industrial circumstances studied’.Carcinogenicity may be dependent on inherentcharacteristics of the crystalline silica or on externalfactors affecting its biological activity or distributionof its polymorphs (a.35).

9.1.2.3 Autoimmune Diseases

There are some studies that show excess numbers ofcases of scleroderma and other connective tissuedisorders in workers exposed to respirable crystallinesilica.

9.1.2.4 Tuberculosis

Individuals with silicosis are at increased risk ofdeveloping pulmonary tuberculosis, if exposed topersons with tuberculosis.


22

9.1.2.5 Kidney Disease

There is evidence that exposure to respirable crystallinesilica (without silicosis) or that the disease silicosis isassociated with an increased incidence of kidneydiseases, including end stage renal disease.

9.1.2.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Use sufficient local exhaust to reduce the level ofrespirable crystalline silica to below the permittedexposure limit. The 2000 UK exposure limit forrespirable crystalline silica is 0.3 mg/m3 MEL (a.10).

9.2 Rubber Fumes

The fumes given off from hot or previously heatedrubber are complex mixtures of components, theassociated hazards of which are unknown (211, 461).Epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to rubberfumes may be a significant factor in the increasedincidence of certain types of cancer and in the cause ofsome other diseases. The BRMA recommends that allfume exposures should be kept to a minimum.

Airborne contamination from rubber fumes is describedas either visible or invisible. The invisible pollutantsare gases and vapours of low molecular weight organic(e.g., carbon disulfide and amines) or inorganic (e.g.,hydrogen sulfide) compounds. The visible pollutantsarise from the formation of aerosols.

The aerosol (or visible) fraction constitutes ‘rubberfumes’, as defined by the UK HSE. These aerosols areevolved during the mixing, milling and blending ofnatural rubber and synthetic rubber elastomers, or ofnatural rubber and synthetic polymers combined withchemicals in processes which convert the resultantblends into finished products (a.10). Fumes may evenbe evolved during inspection procedures. The OEL of0.6 mg/m3 (MEL, a.10) relates to material asdetermined by the HSE method MDHS 47 (49, a.36,a.37).

9.2.1 Visible Fumes

The aerosol fraction of rubber fumes is complex andthe composition is not defined. The toxic hazards arealso unknown even for many of the species identifiedin these aerosols. The analytical difficulties and thelack of exposure limit data make it impractical to adopt

control procedures based on compositional analyses.Notwithstanding, the control of visible fumes isnecessary, so it is recommended that total burden bemonitored. The 1974/75 BRMA/Rapra environmentalsurvey reported that the solvent-soluble portion ofairborne particulate provides an effective measure ofvisible fumes from hot rubber.

An official method for the measurement of rubber fumenow exists. This is the HSE method MDHS 47: rubberfumes in air are measured as total particulate andcyclohexane-soluble material. However, the method isconfounded in areas contaminated by cyclohexane-soluble organic dust, which comprise rubber chemicalsand processing aids such as stearic acid.

9.2.2 Gases and Vapours

The airborne concentrations of gases and vapours inthe workplace should be determined by approvedtrapping and detection procedures. Atmosphericpollution should be maintained below the officialexposure limits. In view of the complexity of rubberproduction mixtures, more than one component mayhave to be taken into account when assessing thepollution hazard. The major components of invisiblefumes depend largely on the curing system used. Thusthe major volatile components of a tetramethyl thiuramdisulfide (TMTD) or zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate(ZDMC) accelerated cure will include carbon disulfide,dimethylamine and sometimes hydrogen sulfide. In theUK, EH40/2000 (a.10) imposes a maximum exposurelimit of 10 ppm TWA for carbon disulfide, while theoccupational exposure standards (OES) fordimethylamine and hydrogen sulfide are also 10 ppmTWA. Many of the common peroxide cures give offfumes which are principally tert.-butanol (TWA 100ppm, short-term exposure limit (STEL) 150 ppm,EH40/2000 (a.10), OES) and acetone (8h TWA 750ppm, STEL 1,500 ppm, EH40/2000 (a.10), OES).Sulphenamide cures yield free amines, e.g., CBS yieldscyclohexylamines (TWA 10 ppm, EH40/2000 (a.10),OES). With mixtures of accelerators or curing agents,these different by-products may interact with oneanother so the composition of vapours will have amarked dependence on temperature and/or time. Thecomposition of the visible fumes may also change aftermoulding.

Residues of the polymerisation system (e.g.,monomers) may also be volatile, but currentindications suggest that species such as monomersare unlikely to provide significant contaminationunless particularly low control limits are involved


23

(e.g., acrylonitrile, MEL 2 ppm TWA, EH40/2000(a.10)). It is certain that monomers are not the onlyresidues of polymerisation and that the particulargrade of polymers chosen may have a significantinfluence on the type and quantity of vapoursevolved.

Additionally, what might be thought of as a monomermay well have its origins elsewhere: 2-methylstyrene(TWA 100 ppm, STEL 150 ppm, EH40/2000 (a.10)OES) can be a significant component of some rubberfumes, when it is a by-product of a Dicup cure.

HSE Guidance Note EH40/2000 (a.10) gives aprocedure for the estimation of OEL values for mixturesof hydrocarbon solvents:-

1OELsol

FRa

OELaFRb

OELb

FRnOELn

= + +

OELsol = occupational exposure limit of thehydrocarbon solvent mixture (mg/m3)

OELa = occupational exposure limit or guidance valueof the component ‘a’ (mg/m3)

FRa = fraction (w/w) of component a in the solventmixture

It must be recognised that compliance with controlor recommended limits does not necessarily ensurefreedom from toxic hazards because the hazards formany of the species identified in rubber productionvapours and fumes are not fully known. Furthermore,the multiplicity of formulations and processconditions used by the industry make it even moredifficult to know the chemical composition ofprocess fumes. The watchword is to limit exposures(51).

9.3 A Strategy for Dust and Fume Control

A systematic approach to the control of dust and fumesis essential so that individual approaches or solutionsdo not conflict.

In the UK COSHH regulations require employers to:

• Assess the risks to health caused by exposure todust and fumes in rubber processes;

• Prevent or adequately control exposure.

Further guidance on complying with COSHH has beenproduced by the HSE and the Rubber Industry AdvisoryCommittee (RUBIAC).

9.3.1 Assessing the Risks to Health from Dustand Fume

To assess the risks of exposure to dust and fumesdetermine:

• Who is exposed and to what?

• How much are they exposed to and for how long?

• Where are they exposed?

• How are dust and fumes controlled?

Even if dust and fumes are not visible under normal(and sometimes murky) lighting of the factory, theycan still be harmful. Therefore assessing the extent ofexposure to dust and fumes is important.

Personal samplers worn on the lapel, together withstatic samplers placed around the workrooms, give themost complete picture of dust and fume emissions andexposures. Dust releases can be detected using brightlight or smoke tubes to follow air currents. The resultsof air sampling must be compared with relevantexposure limits to identify areas where improvementsto dust and fume control are needed.

9.3.2 Selection of Control Methods

9.3.2.1 Elimination and Substitution

Elimination is the best control method but it is notalways practicable. Substitution means to substitute aparticular chemical with a less hazardous one, or usethe same substance in a less hazardous form. Anti-tackpowders can be substituted in many applications bywater-based dispersions.

9.3.2.2 Containment

Use of enclosed and automated bag and powderhandling plants with direct feeds to processingmachines, where practical, is cleaner than handlingpaper sacks and bins. Proprietary enclosed bag


24

openings and disposal units fitted with local exhaustare available.

Internal mixers and bulk powder handling plants haveseals and joints, which need regular inspection androutine maintenance.

9.3.2.3 Process Control

Significant reductions in fume levels may be achievedby avoiding compound temperatures in excess ofprocess requirements. Fuming products should becooled as soon as they have finished processing; forexample, using water, air or passing cured items overchilled surfaces.

9.3.2.4 Handling and Working Methods

Methods of work can significantly reduce dust andfume exposure.

9.3.2.5 Ventilation Control

Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is used widely tocontrol dust and fumes. The effectiveness of LEVshould be checked. Faulty and careless maintenance isa major cause of failure of ventilation systems. TheLEV plant should be examined and tested at least onceevery 14 months.

9.3.2.6 Segregation

By segregating dusty processes, the number of workersat risk should be reduced, but this is only a partialsolution and should be used in conjunction with otheroperational and engineering controls. Personalexposure can also be reduced by limiting the time spentclose to dust and fumes (e.g., by using automatic feedsand take-off devices at two-roll mills).

9.3.2.7 Housekeeping and Cleanliness

A regular and efficient cleaning program on every shiftto remove the deposits of dust on floors, ledges andmachine casings is essential. Using a vacuum cleanerrather than brushes or brooms, prevents dust from beingairborne.

9.3.2.8 Respirators

Respirators should not be necessary if effective dustand fume control measures have been instituted andshould only be considered as a last resort. They maybe needed, however, for short-term exposures, (e.g.,while changing filter bags, general maintenance orwhen urgent action is required due to plant failure).Worker training in the correct use and maintenance ofrespirators is essential.

10 Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

Jobs in the rubber industry have been identified withan increased risk of specific types of musculoskeletaldisorders, namely: back injuries and upper limbdisorders. A sample of material handling jobs in therubber industry indicated that the high-risk jobs hadrates of lower back injury about 50% higher than ingeneral industry. Typically, these problems arise whilecarrying rubber products, in jobs such as:

• rubber processing (Banbury) operation

• tyre builders

• tyre finishers and

• tyre transporters both in the factory and warehouseenvironment.

In addition, jobs involving repetitive hand and armmovements (exerting force on a tool or otherequipment) result in upper limb disorders, including:

• Tenosynovitis – an inflammation of the tendon orsurrounding tissue particularly the tendon sheath.

• Carpal tunnel syndrome – affecting the peripheralnerves serving the hands and arms.

The main symptoms of these conditions are pain,restriction of joint movement and swelling of softtissues. In some cases, the sense of touch and manualdexterity are affected.

These work-related wrist problems frequently occurin tyre construction where low back pain predominates.However, shoulder injuries are also a problem butunder-reported.


25

Various workplace-related risk factors are responsiblefor these musculoskeletal problems, specifically: static,awkward or asymmetric postures of the back, heavyweights handled, and strong forces applied to the trunk.Rubber workplaces are often warm, dirty and dusty. Theheat tends to increase the workers’ caloric demand. Theresin and dust increase the likelihood of workers’ wearinggloves while performing their tasks. When workers weargloves, they must increase their grip force since theycannot perceive when an object is about to slip out oftheir hands, so the use of gloves increases the tensionrequired in the forearm to control the fingers.

10.1 Prevention

To prevent musculoskeletal problems in the workplace,reduction of potential risk factors is crucial, such as:

• The simple rearrangement of the workplace (e.g.,raising or lowering the work or moving theworkstations) in order to eliminate large twistingor lateral bending motions of the trunk; the lattercan often be accomplished by re-orienting originsand destinations of the lifting tasks from a 180ºtwist to a 90º turn.

• Incorporating adjustable workstations such asscissor jacks or lift tables, lifting assistance devicessuch as lifts and cranes, or even fully automatingthe workstation.

For further guidance on these topics the Health andSafety Executive have produced a Guidance Note, HS(G) 60 Work-related upper limb disorders – a guide toprevention.

11 Nitrosamines

Many nitrosamines have known carcinogenic effectsin animals, particularly low molecular weightnitrosamines such as diethylnitrosamine, whose generalstructure is:

R – N– R

NO|

N-Nitrosamines (NAs) are suspected humancarcinogens. In many countries, regulatory guidelines

already exist to reduce worker and consumer exposuresto them. During the vulcanisation process in the rubberindustry, the decomposition of certain vulcanisationaccelerators generates nitrosamines – these escape intothe factory and some slowly escape from rubberproducts (41, 86, 113, 461). The formation of NAs inrubber occurs principally during vulcanisation whentemperatures are high and amines from the vulcanisedagents are released.

A high concentration source of NAs is salt bathscontaining nitrite and nitrate. Higher levels of NAs havealso been identified near ultrahigh frequency (UHF)equipment, extruders, calenders, and in the final controland product storage areas. A further possible source inblack rubber compounds is the carbon black itself.

Nitrosamines belong to a small group of majorcarcinogens, which, over a broad dosage range, almostalways induce tumours in test animals. The GermanMAK Commission used animals to classify the NAsusually found in workplaces. (This is the Commissionwithin the German Research Association (DFG)responsible for testing hazardous materials.) The twelve‘very hazardous’ NAs are shown in Table 7.

In the United States, both the Occupational Safety andHealth Administration (OSHA) and the NIOSH considerNDMA an occupational carcinogen, but have notestablished exposure limits. In Germany, strict regulationsfor occupational exposure to nitrosamines are in place. Ingeneral industry, the total NA exposure may not exceed1μg/m3. For certain processes, such as rubber vulcanisation,total NA exposure may not exceed 2.5 μg/m3.

Eliminating nitrosamine formation from curingvulcanisation operations can be done by reformulatingthe rubber compounds or using a curing vulcanisationprocess such as hot air with glass beads or microwavecuring, rather than a salt bath. Both changes will requireresearch and development to ensure that the finalproduct has the same desirable properties.

Another option to reduce exposure is to improve localexhaust ventilation. Not only do salt baths need to beenclosed and properly ventilated, so too do other areasalong the line, where the product is cut or drilled (41, 74).

12 1,3-Butadiene

1,3-Butadiene is a colourless gas, produced as a by-product in the manufacture of ethylene, used largely


26

as a starting material in the manufacture of syntheticrubber (e.g., styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) andpolybutadiene rubber) and thermoplastic resins.

12.1 Health Effects

12.1.1 Animal Studies

Inhaled butadiene is carcinogenic at multiple organ sitesin rats and mice. Rats exposed to 0, 1,000 or 8,000ppm butadiene for 2 years had an increased tumourincidence and/or dose-response trends, in the pancreas,testis and brains of males and in the mammary gland,thyroid gland, uterus and Zymbal gland of females.Inhalation studies of butadiene in mice were conductedat exposures ranging from 6.25 to 1,250 ppm. Theinduction of malignant lymphomas and uncommonhaemangiosarcomas of the heart were reported.However, malignant lung tumours were induced at allexposure concentrations. The liver, forestomach,Harderian gland, ovary, mammary gland and prepubialgland of mice were the other sites of tumour induction.

In mice, butadiene is toxic to both genes and bonemarrow cells. Butadiene is also identified as having amutagenic (heredity-altering) activity.

12.1.2 Human Studies

Epidemiological studies have found excess mortalityfrom lymphatic and haemopoietic cancers associated

7elbaT

epytenimasortiN nagrotegraT

N )AMDN(enimalyhtemidosortin- slessevdoolb,gnul,yendik,reviL

N enimalyhteidosortin- citeiopomeah,tcudelib,slirtson,slessevdoolb,sugahposeo,reviLeussit

N enimalyhteidosortin- hcamotsraludnalg,tcartyrotaripser,sugahposeo,yendik,reviL

N -idosortin- p enimalyporp- ,tcartevitsegidreppu,tcartyrotaripser,sugahposeo,yendik,reviLseussitciteiopomeah,niarb

N -idosortin- I enimalyporp- tcartyrotaripser,reviL

N -idosortin- n enimalytub- tcartyrotaripser,tcartevitsegid,reddalbyraniru,sugahposeo,reviL

N enimalynehplyhteosortin- deidutstoN

N enilohpromosortin- eussitdoolb,tcartyrotaripser,yendik,reviL

N enidirepiposortin- tcartevitsegidreppu,tcartyrotaripser,sugahposeo,yendik,reviL

N enidilorryposortin- slirtson,stcudelib,reviL

with occupational exposure to butadiene. In thebutadiene production industry, increases inlymphosarcomas in production workers wereconcentrated among men who were first employedbefore 1946. A case-control study of lymphatic andhaematopoietic cancers in eight SBR facilitiesidentified a strong association between leukaemiamortality and exposure to butadiene. The IARC (1999)classified 1,3 butadiene as probably carcinogenic tohumans (a.38).

Delzell and co-workers (1996) confirmed excessleukaemia mortalities among SBR workers exposed tobutadiene (a.39). The site correspondence betweenlymphomas induced in mice exposed to butadiene, andlymphatic and haematopoietic cancers associated withoccupational exposure to butadiene are especiallynoteworthy. Furthermore, estimates of the humancancer risk derived from data of butadiene-inducedlymphomas in mice are similar to estimates ofleukaemia risk determined from new epidemiologicaldata.

12.2 Industrial Exposure and Control

NIOSH in the US conducted a survey of exposure inbutadiene producing industries. Exposures were greaterthan 10 ppm in 4% of the samples and less than 1 ppmin 81% of samples. Exposures were not homogeneouswithin specific job categories. Limited sampling fromrubber tyre and hose manufacturing plants showed thatlevels were below the limit of detection (0.005).


27

Exposure to butadiene can be reduced by ensuring thefittings on closed-loop systems are not worn orincorrectly connected. Further means of controllingpotential exposures include the use of: (1) closed-loopsystems for cylinder sampling, (2) dual mechanicalseals to control release from leaking pumps, (3)magnetic gauges to monitor railcar filling operations,and (4) using a laboratory hood for cylinder voiding.

13 General Recommendations for HandlingRubber Chemicals

13.1 Personal Hygiene

Good personal hygiene at work is dependent on:

• An appreciation of the potential sources ofindustrial health hazards

• The careful application of recommendedprocedures

• A planned, clean and well organised workingroutine

• The provision of appropriate facilities, includingadequate washing, showering and changing rooms,clean and dirty clothes storage lockers.

• Special attention to the placement of vendingmachine and/or drinking fountains so that food anddrink are not taken into, stored, or consumed inwork areas.

• Smoking should be limited to ventilated smokingbooths.

13.2 Handling

Since chemicals can only enter the body by beinginhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin, theyshould always be handled in ways which minimisethese types of exposure. Direct skin contact withchemicals should be avoided, and appropriateprotective clothing should be worn when required.Care should be taken to transfer materials in wayswhich do not cause dust clouds or vapourconcentrations. Operators must receive adequatetraining and instruction and be provided with proper

utensils, e.g., single purpose scoops, ladles, bucketsand knives.

When hazardous materials are being handled only theminimum quantity required should be kept in theworkshop. Properly labelled containers must beprovided and these should be kept closed when not inuse. Bags, cartons and drums should be clean on theoutside, clearly labelled and protected from damage.There must be strict observance of filling levels forliquids. Direct skin contact with hazardous materialsmust be prevented by use of suitable protectiveclothing. Transfer of these chemicals must only becarried out at a location where any dust or vapourgenerated is removed by suitably designed localexhaust ventilation. Dustless forms and masterbatchesshould be employed, as this is one of the most practicaland efficient ways of controlling dust at source.

13.3 General and Local Exhaust Ventilation

Inhalation of chemical products in the form of mists,fine dusts, powder, or fumes should always beminimised by good general ventilation. At specificoperating points, there may be additional need of localexhaust ventilation to control the level of fumes,vapours or airborne dust at the source of emission.

Respirators provided for use at work should conformto standards. In the UK, British Standard BS 4275provides recommendations for the selection, use andmaintenance of respiratory protective equipment.Additional information relating to the suitability forspecific protection against dust or fumes can beobtained from the manufacturers. The provision of areference guide for use of the correct type of approvedrespirators is recommended. Respirators should onlybe used as a temporary expedient pending adequatedust or fume control at the source.

13.4 Skin Protection and Protective Clothing

Prolonged or repeated contact of rubber chemicals withthe skin should be avoided. Accidental splashes withliquids or contamination with excess dust should bewashed off with plenty of soap and water, or special skinwashing solutions, which may be provided in first aidboxes. The provision and use of protective clothing (e.g.,gloves, aprons, hats, overalls with long sleeves)appropriate to the relevant conditions of handling shouldbe standard practice. Supervision should ensure thatoperators make full use of any necessary protectiveclothing.


28

14 Conclusion

Injurious health effects to rubber industry workers havebeen suspected for decades, but links to industryexposure are not always clear. Certainly, chronicexposure to solvents, dust and fumes has a cumulativenegative health effect. Acute health effects such asallergic rhinitis, urticaria, asthma and dermatitis, occurbecause of exposure to natural rubber latex,accelerators, vulcanisers and other toxic chemicals.Musculo-skeletal injuries, such as low back pain, occurbecause of heavy work. It is vital that employers andemployees in the industry pay heed to pertinentlegislation and work together to implement andimprove safety practices and equipment.

RUBIAC publications from the UK HSE, containinformation that has proven helpful to both employeesand employers. Publications have also been producedby various other organisations and most

recommendations are being implemented, so that adecline in the incidence of accidents and injuries hasbeen reported. Notwithstanding, health and safety inthe rubber industry needs further improvements. Themost pressing current issue is the allergic reaction tonatural rubber latex and epidemiological research tofind any links between working in the rubber industryand cancer.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks the UK HSE for providinginformation and statistics used in this review, Mr BryanRoderick Hamman for assistance with the Englishlanguage presentation of the manuscript and Dr. M vanTongeren, Institute of Occupational Health, theUniversity of Birmingham for help in the finalpreparation of manuscript.


29

REFERENCES

a.1 L.S. Beliczky and J. Fajen in Encyclopaedia ofOccupational Health and Safety, 4th Edition, Ed.,J.M. Stellman, International Labor Office,Geneva, 1998, 80.1.

a.2 The OSH Act (1970), Occupational Safety &Health Administration, US Department of Labor,h t tp : / /www.osha-s le .gov/OshAct -da ta /OSHACT.html

a.3 J.M. Harrington, F.S. Gill, T.C. Aw and K.Gardiner, Eds., Occupational Health (PocketConsultant), 4th Edition, Blackwell Science Ltd.,Oxford, 1998, 353.

a.4 A guide to the Health and Safety at Work Act(1974), http://www.hse.gov.uk/child/comah/level3/5c845d4.htm

a.5 COSHH 1999. Health and Safety Executive,http://www.hse.gov.uk/hthdir/noframes/coshh/coshhga.htm

a.6 Health and Safety Executive, Health and SafetyStatistics 1999/2000, TSO, UK, 2000, 188.

a.7 Health and Safety Executive, Safe working withflammable substances, http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/flamcent.htm

a.8 T.C. Aw in Hunter’s Diseases of Occupations, 9thEdition, Eds., P.J. Baxter, P.H. Adams, T.C. Aw,A. Cockcroft and J.M. Harrington, Arnold,London, 2000, 261.

a.9 EPA, Profile of the Rubber and Plastics Industry,US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),EPA/310-R-95-016, 1995, 56.

a.10 Health and Safety Executive, EH40/2000Occupational Exposure Limits, TSO, Sudbury,2000.

a.11 G.M. Bell, R.U. Shillaker, M.D.J. Padgham andP. Standring, Health and Safety ExecutiveToxicity Review 26, Xylenes, HMSO, London,1992.

a.12 G.G. Well and H.A. Waldron, British Journal ofIndustrial Medicine, 1984, 41, 3, 420.

a.13 L. Levy in Hunter’s Diseases of Occupations, 9thEdition, Eds., P.J. Baxter, P.H. Adams, T.C. Aw,A. Cockcroft and J.M. Harrington, Arnold,London, 2000, 261.

a.14 NIOSH, Preventing bladder cancer from exposureto o-Toluidine and aniline. 1990, DHHS (NIOSH)Publication No. 90-116.

a.15 NIOSH, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company,Wiagara Falls, New York, Cincinnati, OH.NOISH Report No. HETA 88-159.

a.16 R.R. Monson and K.K. Nakano, Am J Epidemiol,1976, 103, 284-296.

a.17 P. Bovet and M. Lop, Schweiz Med Wochenschr,1980, 110, 35, 1277.

a.18 M.E. Strauss, E.D. Barrick and R.M. Bannister,British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1993, 50,10, 888.

a.19 H. Checkoway, T. Wilcosky, P. Wolf and H.Tyroler, Am J Ind Med, 1984, 5, 239.

a.20 C. Santos-Burgoa, G.M. Matanoski, S. Zeger andL. Schwartz, Am J Epid, 1992, 136, 7, 843.

a.21 R.R. Monson and L.J. Fine, J Natl Cancer Inst,1978, 61, 1047.

a.22 E. Delzell, D. Andjelkovich and H.A. Tyroler, AmJ Ind Med, 1982, 3, 393.

a.23 E. Delzell and R.R. Monson, Am J Ind Med, 1985,8, 6, 537.

a.24 D. Andjelkovich, H. Abdelghany, R.M. Mathewand S. Blum, Am J Ind Med, 1988, 14, 559.

a.25 S.K. Weiland, K.A. Mundt, U. Keil, B. Kraemer,T. Birk, M. Person, A.M. Bucher, K. Straif, J.Schumann and L. Chambless, Occ Env Med,1996, 53, 5, 289.

a.26 A.J. McMichael, R. Spirtas and L.L. Kupper,Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1974, 16, 458.

a.27 D. Andjelkovich, J.D. Taulbee and M.J. Symon,Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1976, 18, 386.

a.28 S. Blum, E.W. Arp, A.H. Smith and H.A. Tyrolerin Dusts and Disease, Eds., R. Lemen and J.M.Dement, Pathotox Publishers Inc., Park Forest,IL, USA, 1979, 325.

a.29 M. Kogevinas, M. Sala, P. Boffetta, N. Kazerouni,H. Kromhout and S. Hoar-Zahm, Occup EnvironMed, 1998, 55, 1, 1.

a.30 J.K. Straughan and T. Sorahan, Occup EnvironMed, 2000, 57, 574.


30

a.31 C.L.S. Baker and W.S. Fulton, Kirk-OthmerEncycl Chem Technol, 4th Edition, 1997, 21, 562.

a.32 S. Fregert, Contact Dermatitis News, 1971, 2,204.

a.33 NIOSH, Special NIOSH Hazards Review. RubberProducts Manufacturing Industry, USDepartment of Health and Human Sciences, 1993.

a.34 K. Gardiner, M. van Tongeren and M. Harrington,Occup Environ Med, 2001, 58, 496.

a.35. IARC, Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and para-Aramid Fibrils, WHO Geneva, 1997, IARCMonographs, Volume 68.

a.36 HSC Rubber Industry Advisory Committee/Health and Safety Executive, TSO, London,Control of fume at extruders, calenders andvulcanizing operations, 1994.

a.37 HSC Rubber Industry Advisory Committee/Health and Safety Executive, TSO, London, Dustand fume control in rubber mixing and milling,1994.

a.38 IARC, Re-evaluation of some organic chemicals,hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide, WHO, Geneva,1999, IARC Monographs, Volume 71, p.109.

a.39 E. Dezell and co-workers, Toxicology, 1996, 113,1-3, 182.

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 31

References from the Rapra Abstracts Database

Item 1

Plastics and Rubber Weekly

25th May 2001, p.18

HEALTHY WORK IN SAFE HANDS

Dost A

BRMA

The performance of the rubber industry with regard to

accident prevention is discussed and the role of BRMA

in improving accident prevention strategies is highlighted.

It is considered that efforts being made by the rubber

industry and by the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee

are improving the accident rate within the industry but

there is much to be done over the next ten years to improve

the rubber industry’s health and safety record.

RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.818542

Item 2


25th May 2001, p.6

RUBBER FIRMS SET FOR ACCIDENT TARGET

Hague C

The Health & Safety Executive is expecting a drop of

15% in the overall accident rate in the period 1st April

2000 to 31st March 2001 but these figures do not meet

the target set by the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee

(Rubiac) of the Health & Safety Commission, which

requires a drop of 30% between April 1998 and 2002. At

the end of 3 years, a reduction in the accident rate of 24%

has been achieved. Problems in the reduction of manual

handling accidents are being experienced but Rubiac is

expecting the target of 500 manual handling accidents

for every 100,000 to be reached by May 2002.

UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE; RUBBER

INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.818539

Item 3

Elastomery

5, No.1, 2001, p.35-9

Polish

TECHNIQUE OF SELECTIVE

DETERMINATION AND CONTROL OF N-

NITROSAMINES COMPLYING WITH

REQUIREMENTS OF EUROPEAN STANDARDS

Kleps T; Parys T; Piaskiewicz M

Stomil Rubber Research Institute

Details are given of the development of a technique for the

determination of vestigial amounts of N-nitrosamines in

rubber processing. A description of the gas chromatography/

chemiluminescent thermal energy detector is given. Results

of the determination of N-nitrosamines in some rubber

articles are discussed. 8 refs.

EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.817273

Item 4

Elastomery

5, No.1, 2001, p.29-34

Polish

CARCINOGEN SUBSTANCES IN THE RUBBER

INDUSTRY

Domanski W

Warsaw,Central Institute of Labour Protection

Details are given about possible health hazardous

substances and processes for employees in the rubber

industry. Concentrations of N-nitrosamines, benzene and

benzopyrene were investigated in several industrial plants.

14 refs.


Accession no.817272

Item 5

Elastomery

5, No.1, 2001, p.17-28

Polish

ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN THE

RUBBER MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Parasiewicz W

Stomil Rubber Research Institute

An overview is given about possible health hazardous

substances and processes for employees in the rubber

industry. Measures of prevention are outlined. A lack of

comparable results of epidemiological tests is indicated.

Monitoring the concentration of hazardous substances in

air is discussed. 24 refs.


Accession no.817271

Item 6

Rubber and Plastics News 2

22, No.11, 12th March 2001, p.8

ERGONOMICS RULE’S DEATH PLEASES

INDUSTRY OFFICIALS

Moore M

Tyre and rubber industry representatives are reported to

have applauded Congress’ overthrow of an ergonomics

standard, March 7th, which they claim, would have ruined

them financially if implemented. Labour unions are said

to have fought hard for the standard which was designed

to protect US workers from musculoskeletal and repeated


32 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

stress disorders. However, groups such as the US Chamber

of Commerce and the National Association of

Manufacturers claimed the regulation would cost US

business as much as 100 billion US dollars to implement

annually. Comments from the Tire Association of North

America, the International Tire & Rubber Association and

the Rubber Manufacturers’ Association are reported.

USA

Accession no.812545

Item 7

Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques

77, No.786, May 2000, p.52-8

French

VULCANISATION: IDENTIFICATION AND

MECHANISMS OF REACTION

Plessier L; Lemaitre T; Triquenaux O; Gomez E

Ifoca; LRCCP

Results are presented of a study in which the sulphur

vulcanisation of polyisoprene was carried out at 150C

and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and HPLC

were used to determine the chemical nature of

intermediates and accelerator residues formed during the

vulcanisation reaction. 15 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.803898

Item 8

Fire Retardancy of Polymers.

Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998,

54F, p.437-47

IDENTIFICATION OF CYANIDE IN GASEOUS

COMBUSTION PRODUCTS EVOLVING FROM

INTUMESCENT STYRENE-BUTADIENE

COPOLYMER FORMULATIONS

Claire Y; Gaudin E; Rossi C; Perichaud A; Kaloustian

J; El Watik L; Zineddine H

Provence,University; Marseille,Universite la

Mediterranee; Moulay Ismail,Universite

Edited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel

R

(Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille;

Torino,Universita; CREPIM)

The most heavily used fire retardants for polymers have

been halogenated agents. Today, these products can be

criticised on account of their high toxicity during fire

(release of halogenated acids). The replacement of these

additives by intumescent systems seems to be a good

choice. These systems are generally composed of a

polyacid, a polyalcohol and a nitrogenated compound. A

mixture of ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol and

melamine is applied to the fireproofing of SBR. However,

cyanide can be obtained in the gaseous combustion

products at high temperature. A polarographic method

with super-imposed potential of constant amplitude is

used for the detection and determination of such cyanide

during the combustion of the SBR intumescent mixture.

8 refs.


MOROCCO; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795764

Item 9


21, No.22, 31st July 2000, p.4

ATTORNEY SUGGESTS UNIFIED APPROACH

TO NR RULES

Worley L B

This article presents views expressed during a presentation

made at the recent Third Annual International Latex

Conference, held in Ohio, on the subject of stringent

natural rubber latex regulations in the USA. There is a

fear that over-zealous regulation of latex products is

threatening the entire US latex industry.

CARDINAL HEALTH INC.; MALAYSIAN RUBBER

PRODUCERS’ COUNCIL; ALLEGIANCE CORP.EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

MALAYSIA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.795327

Item 10

Rubber Asia

14, No.6, Nov./Dec.2000, p.28-9

IS LATEX A HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE?

Vance P

Crusader Chemical Co.

As only 1% of the US population is estimated to be latex

sensitised, a possible and controllable risk for a few does

not justify classification of NR latex as a hazardous

substance for all, it is claimed. NR latex use in the food,

drug and cosmetic industry is already an area of scrutiny

and regulation under the authority of the FDA. Further

regulation of the same area by other groups is neither

appropriate nor warranted.

USA

Accession no.795119

Item 11

158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000.

Conference preprints.

Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 73

DISPELLING THE MYTHS AND LEGENDS

SURROUNDING ORGANIC PEROXIDES

Eilo G W

Hercules Inc.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Common myths and legends surrounding the use of

organic peroxides as crosslinking agents in the rubber

industry are discussed. An overview of regulatory

requirements is included, as well as fundamental



precautions for safe storage and handling. Aspects

considered include shipping, fire hazards, health hazards,

decomposition, storage and handling. The chemicals are

claimed to be predictably reactive, and safe to use if they

are not overheated, are stored in approved packages, kept

away from incompatible materials, and spillages are

cleaned up. 6 refs.

USA

Accession no.794174

Item 12

Rubber and Plastics News

30, No.6, 13th Oct.2000, p.30

GOVERNMENT SAYS CURING AGENT UNSAFE

Dawson B

A May 1973 government standard restricting the handling

of a curing agent used in PU processing set off long-term

opposition by the industry, a set of conflicts known as

the MOCA Wars. There has never been hard evidence

connecting MOCA, methylenebis(2-chloroaniline), with

cancer in humans and the industry considered the standard

unwarranted and debilitating. The standard threatened the

PU industry’s existence because there was no substitute

for MOCA and compliance costs were high. The PU

industry, on the shoulders of the Polyurethane

Manufacturers Association, fought back. Today, the only

US state with a MOCA exposure standard is California,

which requires controlled access to workplaces using

MOCA and urinalysis testing for workers exposed to it.

US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.792778

Item 13

Rubber Asia

14, No.5, Sept./Oct.2000, p.113-5

NEW, BETTER PRESERVATIVE FOR NATURAL

LATEX

Petri C; Pendle T D

Schill & Seilacher GmbH

This detailed article describes tests on a new preservative

for natural latex, known as Struktol LB219, which is free

of nitrogen and therefore enables the production of latex

concentrate which is free of all nitrosamines and

nitrosatable amines.

RUBBER CONSULTANTS ANALYTICAL

LABORATORYEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-

GENERAL; WORLD

Accession no.791685

Item 14


29, No.26, 24th July 2000, p.14

RHODE ISLAND OFFICIALS TARGET LATEX

ALLERGIES

Rasinski M

After failing to regulate the use of latex products in the

state, the Department of Health in Rhode Island (USA) is

to develop regulations, protocols and management

strategies to promote public education and awareness of

latex allergies, so that people will minimise their use of

this potentially-hazardous material.

RHODE ISLAND,DEPT.OF HEALTH; US,FOOD &

DRUG ADMINISTRATION; ALLEGIANCE

HEALTHCARE CORP.USA

Accession no.791525

Item 15

Chemical Marketing Reporter

258, No.14, 2nd Oct.2000, p.45

CHEMICAL PROFILE - METHYL CHLORIDE

This article provides a detailed profile of information on

methyl chloride. It first lists key US producers and their

capacities in millions of pounds per year. It then looks at

demand, market growth, price, applications, and strengths

and weaknesses. A market forecast is also included.

DOW; DOW CORNING; GE PLASTICS; VULCANUSA

Accession no.791501

Item 16

Industria della Gomma

44, No.4, May 2000, p.16-8

Italian

1999/45/CE DIRECTIVE AND THE RUBBER

INDUSTRY

Garlanda B

The 1999/45/CE European Union directive relating to

substances hazardous to the health or the environment is

examined. Its implications for chemicals used in the

rubber industry are briefly discussed, and classifications

are presented for a number of accelerators.

EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.790897

Item 17

Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri

65, No.5, May 2000, p.390-4

Italian

SAFETY VALVE IN POWDER STORAGE

SYSTEMS

Bortolamasi M; Montorsi S

WAM SpA

The use of safety valves to protect against overpressure

and underpressure in powder and granule storage systems



is discussed. German, Italian and European Union

standards relating to safety devices are reviewed. 14 refs.

UNI; INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

ORGANISATION; DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER

NORMUNGEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

GERMANY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-

GENERAL; WORLD

Accession no.790883

Item 18

Rubber India

52, No.7, July 2000, p.11-5

PROTEIN ALLERGY IN LATEX PRODUCTS

Paul J

Midland Latex Products Ltd.

Latex has long been the material of choice for protective

gloves in health care settings, providing the wearer the

flexibility, a barrier against exposure to infectious agents,

and durability. Unfortunately, for a substantial number of

healthcare workers and other regular wearers of latex

gloves, latex glove wearing also leads to a permanent

allergic sensitivity to latex, which can be life threatening.

So life threatening, in fact, that once the allergic sensitivity

to latex has fully developed its most intense form through

repeated exposure to latex, the victim may no longer be

able to tolerate latex products, without risking his or her

life. The root cause of this problem is attributed to the

residual extractable protein present in the latex product.

The problem becomes all the more serious with hundreds

of latex products being used regularly by medical

practitioners. The products range from gloves to dental

dams to enema cuffs. The residual proteins in latex products

being the root cause of allergic reactions have to be reduced

to the level considered ‘safe’. Many alternatives have been

tried but none could fully replace the latex glove, until now.

The quest for better alternatives is going on. Soon some

product free from latex and with similar functional

properties may be developed. This is a serious threat to the

latex glove. To survive the onslaught of alternatives to latex

gloves it is imperative that a low protein glove is developed

which is very low in residual proteins. 4 refs.

INDIA

Accession no.790131

Item 19

Rubber Bonding 2000. Conference proceedings.

Amsterdam, Netherlands, 15th-16th May 2000, paper 3

ASSESSING AND CONTROLLING EXPOSURE

TO SOLVENTS; THE UK’S GUIDANCE AND

LIMIT SETTING SYSTEM AND COMPARISON

WITH THE REST OF EUROPE

Topping M

UK,Health & Safety Executive

(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

Hydrocarbon based solvents have a valuable role in many

industrial processes. However, a well-known hazard of

many hydrocarbon solvents is their flammability, but they

can also have damaging effects on the environment and

harm human health. Emphasis is placed on the latter. Some

of the ill health effects are described together with how

solvents users can get information on these; the UK

approach to control, including the role of occupational

exposure limits; a comparison of UK limits with those in

other EU Member States; and finally a new approach

taken by the UK Health & Safety Executive to help

companies control health risks. 6 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.790029

Item 20

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

73, No.3, July/Aug.2000, p.427-85

CUTANEOUS REACTIONS TO RUBBER

Taylor J S; Yung-Hian Leow

Cleveland Clinic Foundation

A detailed review is presented of the literature on

cutaneous reactions to rubber, the aspects covered

including latex allergy, irritant contact dermatitis and

allergic contact dermatitis. The adverse cutaneous

reactions to rubber occurring following industrial and

occupational or consumer exposure to rubber chemicals

or products or to natural rubber latex proteins are

discussed. 261 refs.

USA

Accession no.789319

Item 21

Progress in Organic Coatings

38, Nos.3-4, June 2000, p.199-206

ALKALISING AND NEUTRALISING EFFECTS

OF ANTICORROSIVE PIGMENTS CONTAINING

ZN, MG, CA AND SR CATIONS

Kalendova A

Pardubice,University

The possibility of replacing toxic anticorrosive pigments

with pigments acceptable from the viewpoint of

environmental protection was examined. Spinel pigments

containing Zn(II), Ca(II), Mg(II), Sr(II), Fe(III), Al(III)

and Ti(IV) cations were synthesised. Combination of these

elements gave five assorted oxide groups, which were

applied to alkyd, styrene-acrylate, epoxy resin and

chlorinated rubber binders. The binder containing acid

groups gave an aqueous extract with better inhibitive

properties than the non-reactive binders. Using spinel

pigments allowed the corrosion reaction to be significantly

inhibited in comparison with the corrosion running in pure

water. The chemical composition of the synthesised

pigments clearly showed that the compounds were

ecologically harmless. 21 refs.

CZECH REPUBLIC

Accession no.785957



Item 22

Paper Film & Foil Converter

74, No.7, July 2000, p.16

PETITION BY NATURAL RUBBER LATEX

COULD IMPACT CONVERTERS

Millar S A

Keller & Heckman

A petition has been filed before the Consumer Product

Safety Commission asking it to declare natural rubber

latex a ‘strong sensitiser’ under the Federal Hazardous

Substances Act. The petition alleges that individuals have

developed latex allergies or suffer allergic responses

through exposures to NR latex in consumer products. In

addition, the petition asked the Commission to declare

NR latex in toys and other products intended for use by

children a ‘banned hazardous substance’. Implications of

such a petition are discussed.

USA

Accession no.785621

Item 23

European Rubber Journal

182, No.9, Sept.2000, p.26

LATEX ALLERGY LAWYER CLAIMS

LANDMARK VICTORY

Raleigh P; Moore M

A court in California has ordered Baxter Healthcare to

pay 800,000 US dollars to a healthcare worker, after

finding the glove maker 70% liable for causing the

worker’s latex allergy reactions. The ruling was based on

Baxter’s failure to introduce washing to remove the

proteins that cause latex allergy until 1996, years later

than other makers. There are currently around 40 latex

allergy cases being processed in California.

BAXTER HEALTHCARE CORP.USA

Accession no.785115

Item 24

Fire & Materials

24, No.2, March/April 2000, p.113-9

FIRE SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS IN THE

COMBUSTION TOXICITY AREA: IS THERE A

ROLE FOR LC 50 TESTS?

Babrauskas V

Fire Science & Technology Inc.

It is well known that the bulk of fire fatalities can be

attributed to the inhalation of toxic combustion gases. This

single fact has led regulators in Europe, the US and other

industrialised countries to consider (and in some cases to

adopt) requirements for testing of products with various

tests for toxic potency, commonly expressed as LC50.

The regulators have more recently been joined by the

International Organization for Standardization (ISO),

which has been developing standards for LC50 and related

variables. All of the standards considered so far have been

limited to using only bench-scale test results. Engineers,

however, have known for quite some time that the actual

toxic effect from combustion gases must be viewed as a

product of two factors: the product’s real-scale mass loss

rate; and its real-scale LC50. Thus, two issues can be seen

to arise: are real-scale values of LC50 adequately similar

to the bench-scale ones; and is the range of mass loss

rates exhibited by various products small enough so that

differences could he ignored and products ranked/rated

solely by their LC50 values? These questions are

examined by the use of a database of experimental results

covering a wide range of building products. The analysis

shows that far from being the dominant factor in the fire

toxicity picture, LC50 is a minor constituent. For real

products, LC50 values simply do not vary much. Mass

loss rates, however, vary tremendously. Thus, it is

demonstrated that the proper strategy for controlling fire

toxicity hazard is by reducing the burning rate, not by

attempting to make the effluent less toxic. These findings

directly indicate that regulations based on controlling the

LC50 cannot hope to address the proper concern of

reducing fire fatalities. 20 refs.

USA

Accession no.784097

Item 25

Rubber Asia

July-Aug.2000, p.41-6

NR WILL OCCUPY STRATEGIC POSITION IN

THE FUTURE

Loyen G; Dereinda R

INRO

The natural rubber industry’s current situation and future

prospects are considered, with reference to technological,

environmental and economic trends affecting its progress.

Developments in the tyre, automotive and non-tyre end-

use industries are examined, and statistics are included

for production of vehicles by region, and consumption of

NR by end-use industry. Production and consumption

patterns are identified and growth trends are forecasted

for supply and demand.

WORLD

Accession no.782801

Item 26


77, No.783, Feb.2000, p.46/53

French

DOSING OF N-NITROSAMINES

Khalfoune H; Aubin C; Gomez E

LRCCP; IFOCA

Consideration is given to the toxicity of nitrosamines

formed during rubber vulcanisation in the presence of

certain accelerators, the mechanisms by which they are

formed, and French, German and European Union

regulations relating to nitrosamines in the workplace



atmosphere and in rubber products. Methods used in the

sampling and analysis of nitrosamines are also described.

6 refs.

EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-

GENERAL

Accession no.780260

Item 27

Rubber India

52, No.5, May 2000, p.11-6

LATEX PROTEIN ALLERGY

Sebastian M S

India,Rubber Board

Allergic reactions to proteins in natural latex are

discussed, and methods are described for reducing

extractable protein in latex products, together with the

availability of low protein level films. Methods currently

available for reducing extractable protein content from

latex products are leaching and chlorination. Enzyme

treatment and radiation vulcanisation methods are newer

techniques which are described. LOPROL low protein

latex is produced by enzyme deproteinisation of natural

rubber latex.

INDIA

Accession no.779987

Item 28

Journal of Occupational and Environmental

Medicine

42, No.6, 1st June 2000, p.613-20

NATURAL RUBBER LATEX GLOVE: GLOVE

USE, SENSITISATION, AND AIRBORNE AND

LATENT DUST CONCENTRATIONS AT A

DENVER HOSPITAL

Page E H; Esswein E J; Petersen M R; Lewis D M;

Bledsoe T A

US,National Inst.for Occupational Safety & Health

The results are reported of a study carried out to determine

the prevalence of sensitisation (immunoglobulin E

antibodies to latex proteins) among two groups of hospital

workers, namely those regularly using latex gloves and

those not regularly using latex gloves, in a Denver

hospital. Testing procedures included a single assay and

protocol, determination of risk factors for sensitisation

and determination whether work-related symptoms were

associated with latex sensitisation or latex glove use. Air,

surface and air-filter dust samples for NR latex were

collected and analysed for latex proteins by radioallergo-

sorbent inhibition assay. 51 refs.

USA

Accession no.779805

Item 29

Additives for Polymers

May 2000, p.12

UK HSE SETS NEW OCCUPATIONAL

EXPOSURE STANDARDS

This small article reports that the UK Health & Safety

Executive has published its latest (and restructured) list

of new occupational exposure standards. Some of the

polymer additives which are mentioned in the list are

highlighted.

UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.777909

Item 30


43, No.10, Dec.1999, p.22-8

Italian

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE LIGHT OF

THE 1999/45/CE DIRECTIVE

Garlanda B

An examination is made of the requirements of a European

Union directive (1999/45/CE) relating to the classification,

packaging and labelling of chemical substances considered

harmful to the health or the environment.



Accession no.776766

Item 31


29, No.21, 15th May 2000, p.10

WORKING ON THE EDGE

Moore M

No group of workers is in greater need of barrier

protection than the 2.2 million nurses in the US, yet no

group of workers is more prone to developing debilitating,

occasionally deadly latex allergies. To protect its

members, the American Nurses Association is preparing

its own Glove Selection Guide. Among other things, the

ANA already has recommended a total ban on powdered

gloves.

AMERICAN NURSES ASSN.USA

Accession no.775766

Item 32

Annals of Occupational Hygiene

44, No.2, March 2000, p.79-88

NATURAL RUBBER LATEX AEROALLERGEN

EXPOSURE IN RUBBER PLANTATION

WORKERS AND GLOVE MANUFACTURERS IN

THAILAND AND HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN

A UK HOSPITAL

Sri-Akajunt N; Sadhra S; Jones M; Burge P S

Birmingham,University; London,National Heart &

Lung Institute; Birmingham,Heartlands Hospital



Personal airborne NR latex concentrations were estimated

for the above occupational exposure groups and the data

used to classify the populations into appropriate exposure

groups for exposure-response analysis in an

epidemiological study of latex allergy. Exposure to the

aeroallergens was found to be highest in the glove

manufacturing factory, moderate in the plantation and low

for health care workers. 21 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; THAILAND;

UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.768233

Item 33


Medicine

41, No.12, 1st Dec.1999, p.1079-84

META-ANALYSIS OF RISK ESTIMATES FOR

PROSTATE CANCER RELATED TO TYRE AND

RUBBER MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS

Stewart R E; Dennis L K; Dawson D V; Resnick M I

Case Western Reserve University

Studies investigating the association between prostate

cancer and exposure to the tyre and rubber manufacturing

environment have reported weak and inconsistent results.

A meta-analysis of nine cohort studies that used standard

mortality ratios and three case control studies that use

odds ratios is conducted. The pooled results from the nine

cohort studies show a standard mortality ratio of 101 (95%

confidence interval (CI) = 93, 110), whereas the pooled

results from the three case control studies show an odds

ratio of 1.10 (95% CI = 0.94, 1.29). The standard mortality

ratios are converted to odds ratios by dividing by 100.

The overall pooled risk estimate from all 12 studies is

1.03 (95% CI = 0.96, 1.11). The conclusion of this meta-

analysis is that work exposure in a rubber and tyre

manufacturing environment does not result in an increased

risk of prostate cancer. 46 refs.

USA

Accession no.765136

Item 34


44, No.1, 2000, p.67-74

IN VITRO AND VIVO TESTS FOR

DETERMINATION OF THE PATHOGENICITY

OF QUARTZ, DIATOMACEOUS EARTH,

MORDENITE AND CLINOPTILOLITE

Adamis Z; Tatrai E; Honma K; Six E; Ungvary G

Hungary,National Institute of Chemical Safety; Joszef

Fodor,National Center of Public Health; Dokkyo,

University

The effects of samples of crystalline quartz, diatomaceous

earth, mordenite and clinoptilolite are investigated in vitro

(as concerns erythrocyte haemolysis and lactate

dehydrogenase (LDH) release from peritoneal

macrophages) and in vivo (on LDH, protein and

phospholipids in rat bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and

phospholipids in rat lung tissue). The respirable mineral

samples are instilled intratracheally. Determinations in the

BAL are carried out after 15, 60 and 180 days, and in the

lung tissue after 90, 180 and 360 days. Quartz DQ and

quartz FQ induce acute, subacute and chronic inflammation

and progressive fibrosis. However, due to the Al2O3

contamination on the surface of the particles, quartz FQ

causes a delayed response in vivo. Diatomaceous earth

produces acute/subacute inflammation that gradually

becomes more moderate after 60 days. Clinoptilolite is

inert, whereas the other zeolite sample, mordenite, is

cytotoxic in vivo. The reason for this is presumably the

needle and rod-shaped particles in the mordenite samples.

The investigation reveals that different in vitro and in vivo

methods can provide valuable data concerning the

pulmonary toxicity of minerals. 27 refs.

EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY; JAPAN

Accession no.765049

Item 35


44, No.1, Jan.2000, p.3-14

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ON THE

CARCINOGENICITY OF SILICA: FACTORS IN

SCIENTIFIC JUDGEMENT

Soutar C A; Robertson A; Miller B G; Searl A; Bignon J

Edinburgh,Institute of Occupational Medicine;

Paris,Val de Marne University

In view of the extended debate and differing opinions on

whether crystalline silica is a human carcinogen, a

selection of epidemiological reports is reviewed to

identify areas of uncertainty and disagreement. The papers

which in a recent review were considered to provide the

least confounded examinations of an association between

silica exposure and cancer risk are selected. A study of

the mortality of coalminers very recently reported is also

discussed. It is found that parts of the evidence are

coherent but there are contradictions. On examination this

resolves mostly into differences between types of studies.

The three types of epidemiological study included are:

exposure-response studies, the most powerful for the

confirmation of a relationship between a specific exposure

and a health effect; (descriptive studies in which incidence

of disease in an exposed population is compared with that

in a reference population; and studies of incidence of

disease in subjects on silicosis case-registers. 69 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.765048

Item 36


44, No.1, Jan.2000, p.1-2

SILICA AND LUNG CANCER: HAZARD OR

RISK

McDonald C

UK,National Heart & Lung Institute



When the IARC Working Group met in Lyon in October

1996 to assess the carcinogenicity of crystalline silica, a

seemingly interminable debate ensued, only curtailed by a

reminder from the Secretariat that the IARC was concerned

with the identification of carcinogenic hazards and not the

evaluation of risks. The important distinction between the

potential to cause disease in certain circumstances, as

opposed to the probability of doing so, and in what

circumstances, is not always appreciated. Scientific

agencies such as the IARC are primarily concerned with

the former, whereas national bodies responsible for

regulation have to consider the magnitude of the risks and

practical aspects of control. Even so, the debate in Lyon

continued for some time, finally ending in a narrow vote,

reflecting the majority view of the experts present at that

particular time. Details are given. 5 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.765047

Item 37

ENDS Report

No.300, Jan.2000, p.44-5

EC ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR INITIATIVE

ATTACKED BY INDUSTRY, NGO’S

This article describes the strategy on endocrine-disrupting

substances issued by the European Commission last

December, and details why its short-term goal to compile

a priority list of chemicals for research and testing has

been attacked by industry, environmentalists and scientists

alike.

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;


Accession no.763303

Item 38

Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1999, pp.459. 921

TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING OF RUBBER

CHEMICALS. BRMA CODE OF PRACTICE.

FOURTH EDITION

British Rubber Manufacturers Assn.; Rapra Technology

Ltd.

This reference book provides an essential guide to health

and safety in the rubber processing industry. The British

Rubber Manufacturers’ Association and Rapra

Technology Limited have combined forces to update the

information on hundreds of different rubber chemicals.

New data has been compiled from reputable

manufacturers and suppliers, and from standard sources

of health and safety data. The book includes an

introduction to the regulations governing the labelling

and use of chemicals, together with definitions of

toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and effects on

reproduction. Specific hazard, risk and safety labels are

explained. The issue of health surveillance in the

industry is dealt with in detail. Many rubber chemicals

are examined individually in the form of abbreviated

safety data sheets. They are listed under categories of

use: reinforcing agents and fillers, accelerators and

retarders, vulcanising agents, antidegradants, organic

peroxides, peptisers and processing aids, ester

plasticisers, blowing agents, bonding agents, latex

auxiliaries, pigments and miscellaneous. Each chemical

has a data sheet including trade names, suppliers,

physical data, fire hazards (including explosion risk),

regulatory labelling, health hazards, emergency first aid

and food contact listings (FDA and BgVV). New to this

edition is the addition of CAS and EINECS numbers to

aid identification of materials.

Accession no.762158

Item 39


21, No.6, 20th Dec.1999, p.5

HYPOALLERGENICITY OF GUAYULE

QUESTIONED

Moore M

Questions have been raised by a top official of condom

manufacturer Custom Service International Inc. about the

possible long-term hypoallergenicity of latex from the

guayule shrub. In this article guayule researchers defend

the substance and give information on testing and

manufacturing processes.

CUSTOM SERVICE INTERNATIONAL INC.;

YULEX CORP.USA

Accession no.761836

Item 40

Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference

proceedings.

Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 18

SO, YOU THINK YOU ARE PROTECTED?

Howie R

Howie R.,Associates

The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the

rubber industry is common, with equipment such as

respiratory protective devices, personal hearing

protectors and protective clothing being widely used.

In setting up a PPE programme, it is essential that the

role and reality of PPE performance in the workplace

and any hazards specifically created or exacerbated by

PPE are appreciated. In practice, the necessary

requirements can be addressed by answering the

following questions: when may PPE be used, how well

does PPE perform in the real world and what hazard(s)

can be created by PPE. 15 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760323



Item 41


proceedings.


NITROSAMINE CONTROL AT SOURCE

Scott K; Willoughby B G


Some N-nitrosamines have been classified as possible

human carcinogens by the International Agency for

Research on Cancer and are recognised potential by-

products of rubber vulcanisation. For this reason the

rubber industry has faced increasingly stringent

requirements for the control of N-nitrosamines. Much

work has been carried out on the possibilities of

reformulation; however the factors influencing N-

nitrosamine formation have remained obscure. N-

nitrosamine-free formulations are now in use, but for

many rubber compounders there are no easy options for

the replacement of basic ingredients such as carbon black

and tetramethylthiuram disulphide (TMTD). This has led

to a study with the primary objective of investigating the

key influences controlling N-nitrosamine formation when

these two components are present in a rubber vulcanisate.

Some of the published information about N-nitrosamine

formation in rubber vulcanisates and its prevention is

reviewed. The findings of a Rapra study on nitrosamine

formation in TMTD/carbon black-containing vulcanisates

are reviewed. 49 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760322

Item 42


proceedings.


STRATEGY FOR THE CONTROL OF HEALTH

HAZARDS IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY

Hammond C

Michelin Tyre plc

A strategy for achieving the control of health hazards is

described. It is based on a systematic approach that uses

a whole package of actions taken step-by-step that

ultimately leads to the implementation of worthwhile

plans. It is based on well-tried and tested quality system

concepts that are designed to guarantee success.

Successful companies are those that have such quality

standards as ISO 9000 and ISO 14001 in place, properly

implemented and regularly audited and maintained. Such

companies will engender a culture which promotes good

health, safety and environmental management. A review

of standards for substances that the rubber fume and

rubber process dust exposure limits fail to address is called

for. 4 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760321

Item 43


proceedings.


EFFECT OF CONTROL MEASURES IN THE

RUBBER INDUSTRY; THE RESULTS OF A NINE-

YEAR FOLLOW-UP

Vermeulen R; Kromhout H; Swuste P; de Hartog J

Wageningen,University; Nijmegen,University;

Delft,University of Technology

Epidemiological studies among workers employed in the

rubber manufacturing industry have indicated a significant

excess cancer risk in a variety of sites. Although several

associations between exposures and observed cancer risks

have been hypothesised, it has in general not been possible

to identify specific agents for the observed cancer risks.

As a result, it is unknown whether the findings in the

epidemiological surveys represent the consequences of

exposures from the past or that those cancer risks are still

present. In 1988 a large project for workplace

improvement in the rubber manufacturing industry in The

Netherlands was carried out. Based on empirical

modelling of the inhalable and dermal exposure,

exposure-affecting factors were identified on which

working conditions could be improved. These results were

consequently used in a covenant for improvement of

working conditions in the rubber manufacturing industry

entered into by the Ministry of Social affairs and the social

partners. A study is performed to evaluate current

exposure to inhalable particulates and dermal exposure

to cyclohexane soluble matter (CSM). Seven out of ten

companies originally surveyed are re-studied. Exposure

to inhalable particulates and dermal exposure to CSM is

monitored and an inventory of implemented control

measures made. Exposure trends are consequently studied

to quantify the effectiveness of the control measures taken

in the last decade. Extended abstract only. 6 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760319

Item 44


proceedings.


RESULTS OF THE RETROSPECTIVE COHORT

STUDY IN THE GERMAN RUBBER INDUSTRY

Straif K; Weiland S K; Holthenrich D; Taeger D;

Sun Y; Keil U

Munster,University

There is sufficient evidence for excess occurrence of

several cancer sites among workers in the rubber industry.

However, with the exception of bladder cancer and

leukaemia, there is only limited evidence for causal

associations of excess cancer risks with specific agents

or working conditions. In 1991, a retrospective cohort

study was launched in the German rubber industry. Results



for the cohorts of male and female rubber workers, by

time-related variables and by work areas, have been

published for specific cancer sites and liver cirrhosis. The

main findings of these earlier analyses are briefly

summarised, together with recent investigations on

associations between exposure to nitrosamines, asbestos,

talc and carbon black and mortality from specific cancer

sites. 13 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760318

Item 45


proceedings.


EPIDEMIOLOGY IN THE UK RUBBER

INDUSTRY

Sorahan T

Birmingham,University

The epidemiological evidence of a carcinogenic risk in

the rubber industry was last reviewed in detail by the

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in

1982. This evaluation included eight reports from four

studies from the UK; early work identifying a bladder

cancer excess in rubber workers, work which examined

bladder incidence in different groups of workers from the

Michelin, tyre factory at Stoke-on-Trent, and reports from

two large cohort studies set up to establish whether the

removal of an antioxidant contaminated with b-

naphthylamine had eliminated the bladder cancer

problem. Further reports from one of these two large

cohort studies were published after the IARC evaluation;

it was clear that the cause of the early bladder cancer

problem had been eliminated. All recently published

epidemiological studies concerning the rubber industry

have been reviewed and their likely relevance to the

current UK industry commented upon. In 1994,

arrangements were made to organise a new UK

epidemiological study. This was initiated for two main

reasons: to determine whether or not the improvements

in working conditions introduced in the UK industry in

recent decades have been accompanied by the elimination

of concerns relating to occupational lung and stomach

cancers in the UK rubber industry, and to provide an early

warning of any new serious health problems. 14 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760317

Item 46


proceedings.


BIOLOGICAL MONITORING: NEW

DEVELOPMENTS

Cocker J

UK,Health & Safety Laboratory

Some of the new developments in biological monitoring

are presented. Aspects covered include a brief overview

of biological monitoring, some recent developments

interpreting in biological monitoring guidance values,

new developments in breath sampling and analysis and

some recent practical applications of biological

monitoring.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760316

Item 47


proceedings.


SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS IN

THE RUBBER INDUSTRY

Giese U

Germany,Institute for Rubber Technology

During the manufacture and storage of rubber products

various gases, vapours and aerosols are emitted due to

the complex compound compositions and the

concurrent vulcanisation that occurs at high

temperatures. These emissions consist of volatile

components of original compound ingredients such as

plasticisers, antioxidants and residual monomers or

polymer oligomers, as well as primary and secondary

reaction products from the crosslinking systems.

Individual substances as well as their origin have been

identified in numerous examinations. Using these

results as a basis, well over a hundred substances are

to be expected in the air at the workplace in the rubber

industry. These substances are amines, amides,

aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons, highly volatile

sulphur compounds, aldehydes and ketones, phenols

and esters. Solvents may also be present depending

upon the manufacturing process, as these are used for

assembly and cleaning. Furthermore, water may be

expected in addition to aerosols dependant upon the

weather conditions and manufacturing processes.

Measurement monitoring of the air at the workplace

requires implementation of a measurement method able

to cope with the extremely complex situation in the

rubber industry and can also satisfy the following

requirements: sampling period must represent; a shift

mean value; selectivity for individual hazardous

substances; measurement range 1/10 up to 3x limit

value; and high precision. The sampling and analysis

procedure is developed from a base of approximately

30 relevant substances that can be expected as

emissions and which also have limit values or

toxicological ratings. 35 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760315



Item 48


proceedings.


VISUALISATION USING REAL-TIME

MONITORING AND VIDEO TECHNIQUES FOR

UNDERSTANDING AND CONTROLLING

EXPOSURE TO RUBBER FUME

Walsh P; Piney M; Clark R D R; Flaherty S P


A visualisation technique is used to investigate various

tasks in the rubber industry, particularly autoclaving

in order to better understand how exposure to rubber

fume occurs. The system, based on a combination of

video and direct-reading (real-time) monitoring,

comprises a hand-held camcorder, portable video

cassette recorder, radio-telemetry transmitter/receiver

and handheld or notebook computers for remote

datalogging and data analysis, and a personal aerosol

monitor for monitoring rubber fume. The video output

shows the normal image of the work activity onto which

is dubbed a window showing the response from the

personal monitor. The use of the system’s video mixing

and data analysis tools allows the work activities to be

analysed in detail, leading to recommendations for

improved control measures. Autoclaving of

weatherseal, hoses and tyres is investigated with the

visualisation technique. The technique highlights the

need to control exposure to rubber fume as weatherseals

are unloaded from formers and to reduce high peak

exposures of operators as they unload the trolleys of

freshly cured rubber strip from the autoclave. For

hoses, as with weatherseal autoclaving, jig unloading

operations caused the greatest exposure to rubber fume.

Differences in exposure were found when tyres of

different sizes were removed from the autoclave.

Recommendations are made for improved control based

on modified work practice (timing and order of

activities) and installation of exhaust ventilation. The

effectiveness of the recommended measures after their

implementation will be further investigated. 6 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760314

Item 49


proceedings.


RATIONALISATION AND PREDICTION OF THE

COMPONENTS OF RUBBER FUME

Willoughby B G


The analysis of the fumes from a co-ordinated series of

vulcanisations has enabled ingredient/emission

relationships to be unravelled so that the origins of the

individual components of vulcanisation fume can be

recognised. As a result, three distinct sources of volatile

emission have now been distinguished, namely: the

volatile components of ingredients, the volatile impurities

of ingredients and the volatile by-products of chemical

reaction. Many of the reaction sequences leading to these

products have also been resolved, so it becomes possible

to predict the components of rubber fume from a

knowledge of the ingredients and the thermal history of

the mix. It is shown how this is done, illustrating the

performance of the predictive model in computerised

form. 19 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760313

Item 50


proceedings.


SILICA DUSTS

Bomal Y; Sartre A; Cornillon G; Hendrickx B; Leplay A

Rhodia SA; Rhone-Poulenc SA

Precipitated silicas are traditionally used as reinforcement

fillers in rubber applications. A new-generation Rhodia

silica has, due to its excellent dispersion capacity, made

it possible to develop ‘green tyres’ which have low rolling

resistance, while maintaining or improving their longevity

and adherence. Any person who handles silicas may

legitimately enquire about the risks entailed. However,

confusion between the various classes of finely divided

silicas needs to be avoided, as they differ greatly with

respect to their biological properties after inhalation. The

issue is particularly acute when they are handled in powder

form, to be incorporated into elastomers. Some precaution

is thus necessary when handling them, even though

precipitated silicas do not cause silicosis or cancer. An

attempt is made to clearly distinguish between the known

health effects caused by the inhalation of the different

forms of silicas and to recommend safety practices when

handling solid powders such as precipitated silica. 22 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760311

Item 51


proceedings.


CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARD-SETTING

ISSUES IN THE UK, EU AND ELSEWHERE FOR

CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

Levy L S

Leicester,University

Some of the solid particulate substances used in both the rubber

and plastic industries make excellent examples of how



substances which have traditionally been considered to be

biologically inert are now being re-evaluated as new data

becomes available. One problem that emerges is that if they

all have similar toxicological and health risk profiles due to

their physical form, then a more generic approach may still

be appropriate for standard-setting rather than dealing with

each ‘dust’ on a one-off basis. Some of these ‘dusty’ chemicals

used in the rubber and plastics industries are used to illustrate

some of the current systems used for their classification.

Particularly important have been the more recent concerns

regarding possible cancer risks - not based on human findings,

but rat studies in which lung tumours have been induced

following lifetime exposures. Examples selected are carbon

black, amorphous silica and titanium dioxide.


WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.760310

Item 52


proceedings.


OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RESEARCH IN THE

CARBON BLACK INDUSTRY

McCunney R J

Massachusetts,Institute of Technology

Details are given of the occupational health related

research sponsored and overseen by the International

Carbon Black Association (ICBA), an organisation

consisting of carbon black manufacturers in North

America and Europe. Aspects covered include not only

the occupational health research sponsored by the ICBA,

but also an overview of the major health perspectives

associated with carbon black and their corresponding

regulatory implications. 19 refs.

USA

Accession no.760309

Item 53


proceedings.


HEALTH EFFECTS OF CARBON BLACK

Gardiner K


Carbon black is a substance of world importance both in

terms of tonnage production and its special ability to

strengthen rubber. Its carbonaceous nature and respirable

size give rise to concern regarding its effect on respiratory

morbidity for those involved in its manufacture and use.

A number of studies have used chest radiographs,

spirometry and respiratory symptoms as means of

assessing the various populations, but almost all of the

studies have either methodological shortcomings or fail

to report the necessary detail. However, exposure-related

effects are evident in those populations studied in terms

of small opacities, reduction in FEV1 and FEF 25-75%

and symptoms of chronic bronchitis. 31 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760308

Item 54


43, No.7, Oct.1999, p.435-7

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS AND

HUMAN REPRODUCTION: FACT OR FICTION?

Burdorf A; Nieuwenhuijsen M J

Rotterdam,Erasmus University;

London,University,Imperial College

A brief review is presented of the literature on the effects

of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on human

reproduction. The dangers of occupational exposure to

compounds such as phthalates in the plastics and paint

manufacturing industries are mentioned. 14 refs.


NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.759785

Item 55

156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.


Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 80

REMOVING NATURAL LATEX PROTEINS

FROM DIPPED RUBBER GOODS WITH FUMED

SILICA ADDITIVES

Amdur S

Polymerim Corp.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Natural proteins are the main reason for latex irritation

suffered by sensitive people and about 10% of medical

field employees dealing with an extensive use of dipped

rubber goods. This problem has surfaced in the last several

years with the increase in production of rubber gloves

for protection from infectious diseases. Although NR latex

is the best product available for price and performance,

bad reputation and litigation potential has caused

customers to shy away from it and look for more

expensive and mostly inferior substitutes. Obviously

many efforts have been made to dispose of the proteins,

however protein traces may still remain and cause

irritation in sensitive people. A way of eliminating the

proteins with a simple, elegant and inexpensive method

using fumed silica additives is described. The fumed silica

attaches itself to the rubber particle and substitutes the

proteins, which are then easily removed. All this can be

performed on line, eliminating chlorination and/or

extensive washing and handling of the products off line.

10 refs.

USA

Accession no.759675



Item 56

156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.


Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 35

SAFER OILS FOR THE TYRE INDUSTRY

Taylor P W H; Pocklington P W H

Equilon Enterprises LLC; Deutsche Shell AG

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Legislation and public pressure in Europe is changing the

nature of process oils in the European market. This has

caused the rubber industry to evaluate new tyre and rubber

formulations without the use of potentially carcinogenic

aromatic oils. This situation is reviewed and the possible

dynamics in the US market are examined, given the

different product demands and the changing face of

lubricant base and process oil manufacture in North

America. Methods of producing this new generation of

process oils for tyre compounds and comparative data on

competing oil types are presented. 10 refs.


USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.758332

Item 57

New Scientist

164, No.2216, 11th Dec.1999, p.9

RUBBER TROUBLE

Walker M

This article gives brief details of a new virus resistant,

hypoallergenic alternative to latex. The guayule plant

(Parthenium argentatum) found in the deserts of Mexico

and south-western Texas was found to be stronger, have

a longer shelf life and when tested with a solution

containing viruses such as phix174, Hepatitis B and

Herpes simplex passed standard tests with flying colours.

Plans are now being made to reproduce products such as

surgical gloves, catheters and condoms currently made

from Hevea sourced rubber.

YULEX; US,DEPT.OF AGRICULTUREUSA

Accession no.756905

Item 58


Medicine

41, No.9, 1st Sept.1999, p.807-12

OCCUPATIONAL COHORT MORTALITY

STUDY OF WOMEN IN THE GERMAN RUBBER

INDUSTRY: 1976 TO 1991

Mundt K A; Weiland S K; Bucher A M; Straif K;

Werner B; Chambless L; Keil U

Muenster,University; Massachusetts,University; North

Carolina,University

The results are reported of a historical cohort mortality

study among 2871 German women employed as blue-

collar workers for at least one year in 5 factories owned

by 3 different companies using computerised data

maintained by the companies’ health insurance

companies. Causes of all mortalities were close to those

expected and death from cancer was decreased, except in

the case of stomach, lung and lymphatic system cancers.

Stronger associations were observed among sub-cohorts

defined by time period hired. 36 refs.


USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.755968

Item 59

Tyretech ’99. Conference proceedings.

Prague, 27th-28th Sept.1999, paper 6

NEW UNLABELLED PROCESS OILS FOR THE

TYRE AND RUBBER INDUSTRY

Wadie J

Mobil Oil Co.Ltd.

(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)

To date, the tyre and rubber industry has predominantly

used distillate aromatic extracts (DAE) for the oil

extension of synthetic rubbers and plasticising rubber

compounds in tyre manufacture. However, several studies

have been conducted that found certain DAEs cause skin

tumours in mouse skin painting assays. Mobil is well

established as the leading supplier of process oils to the

European tyre and rubber industries and has a long

relationship of working closely with the industry on health

and safety issues. To meet the technical, labelling and

supply criteria set by BLIC (Bureau de Liaison des

Industries du Caoutchouc de l’U.E.), Mobil is unique in

offering both a Treated Distillate Aromatic Extract

(TDAE) and a Mild Extraction Solvate (MES) product to

address individual customer needs. Mobil Tyrex 20 is the

most aromatic unlabelled and readily available process

oil. It is a TDAE product demonstrating performance

benefits over other types of unlabelled oils. It balances

the benefits of higher aromaticity to give good rubber

compatibility and performance, with low polycyclic

aromatics (PCA) content. Mobil Prorex 15 is a MES

product. It exhibits lower aromaticity than Mobil Tyrex

20 but meets specific customer requirements. 7 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.755776

Item 60


181, No.11, Nov.1999, p.32-3

RUBBER RISKS AND HOW TO AVOID THEM

White E

An outline of opinions presented at a meeting on hazards

in the rubber industry, organised by Rapra Technology, is

presented. There is no consensus in different countries

on which health problems may be associated with working



in the sector, and many of the long-term epidemiological

studies on which conclusions are based are now rather

dated, specialists at the meeting said. Rubber companies

need to focus, as they have been doing for some time, on

practical ways to control exposure to hazardous materials

and hence reduce risks to their staff.

RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD.; MICHELIN GROUPEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.754441

Item 61

Rubber Asia

July-August,1999, p.177-9

FDA PROPOSES NEW GLOVE REGULATIONS

Yellin A K

Proposed new regulations relating to natural rubber latex

gloves are discussed. The FDA has put forward new

regulations covering protein levels, powder levels,

expiration date, and reclassification of medical gloves. A

working party from the Center for Devices and Radiological

Health concluded that evidence was sufficient to

demonstrate that at least some natural rubber latex proteins

are allergenic and that these proteins can also bind to

cornstarch. It was also found that existing evidence supports

a causal relationship between airborne powder from natural

rubber latex medical gloves and respiratory allergic

reactions in sensitive individuals. Recommendations from

the CDRH working group are reported which have formed

the basis of the FDA’s proposed regulations.

US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.748841

Item 62


20, No.19, 21st June 1999, p.3

OSHA BULLETIN HIGHLIGHTS LATEX

ALLERGIES IN WORKPLACE

Moore M

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has

issued a technical information bulletin outlining problems

with NR latex allergies in the workplace. The bulletin is

intended to alert OSHA field personnel to the potential

for allergic reactions in some individuals using NR latex

products, particularly gloves, in the workplace setting.

The document outlines all the possible allergic reactions

and also suggests strategies for avoiding latex

sensitisation.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.747140

Item 63


181, No.7-8, July/Aug.1999, p.14

EX-NURSE SUES GLOVE MAKERS

Moore M

A former nurse from Florida is seeking 20m US dollars

from 13 companies or their subsidiaries that make NR

latex gloves, claiming their negligence caused her severe

latex allergies. The case will soon be transferred to

Philadelphia to join a multi-district litigation organised

in the federal district court there.

USA

Accession no.743014

Item 64

American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal

60, No.3, 1st May 1999, p.396-402

ISSUES AND CONTROVERSY: THE

MEASUREMENT OF CRYSTALLINE SILICA;

REVIEW PAPERS ON ANALYTICAL METHODS

Miles W J

Bentonite Performance Materials

The analytical methods for crystalline silica polymorphs

are reviewed and promising techniques for compliance

with health-related regulations are summarised. X-ray

diffraction analysis appears to be the most promising

method of determining quartz and cristobalite content at

this threshold in many bulk mineral and chemical systems.

Other analytical techniques can be used in some mineral

and chemical assemblages, but usually lack polymorph

specificity or sensitivity. All analytical methods benefit

from concentration techniques that do not alter crystalline

properties of silicas. National Institute of Occupational

Safety and Health (NIOSH) Analytical Method 7601, as

written, suffers from destruction of the mineral residue

containing crystalline silica polymorphs after dissolution

of many silicate minerals in phosphoric acid and may also

include digestion-resistant minerals, but it is a promising

concentration method for other analytical methods such

as NIOSH Analytical Method 7500 (X-ray diffraction).

48 refs.

USA

Accession no.742010

Item 65

Toxic Substances Bulletin

No.39, May 1999, p.5

ORGANIC SOLVENTS AND NEUROTOXICITY

Dyne D


Organic solvents are regularly used by around two million

workers across a range of industries, including degreasing

operations, in paints, printing, chemicals, adhesives,

pesticides, toiletries and dry-cleaning. However, there is

no doubt that solvents can produce effects on the nervous

system. A single exposure to a sufficiently high level of

any organic solvent can cause headache, nausea, dizziness,



lightheadedness and impaired co-ordination. Very high

levels can cause unconsciousness and death. It is also

known that repeated exposure to sufficiently high levels

of some organic solvents can cause specific forms of

nervous system damage. This is well understood and is

related to the chemical structure of those particular

solvents. However, the contention that long-term

occupational exposure to low levels of organic solvents

in general can cause a debilitating effect on the central

nervous system, sometimes referred to as ‘chronic toxic

encephalopathy’ (CTE), is more controversial. The UK

Health & Safety Executive has a number of projects to

explore the scientific uncertainties surrounding the health

consequences of exposure to organic solvents. Details are

given.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.741653

Item 66


No.39, May 1999, p.4

WHAT GOES IN MUST COME OUT

Solvents are widely used in industry and many can enter

the body through the skin as well as by inhalation.

Controlling exposure to these substances depends not just

on reducing air levels, but also on preventing skin contact.

The substances are easily recognised because they have

Sk notations in the HSE publication ‘Occupational

exposure limits EH40/99’; assessment as to whether

exposure is being properly controlled is carried out by

biological monitoring - working on the principle that what

goes in must come out. Biological monitoring is done by

collecting blood, urine or breath samples. Blood sampling

is less common these days; it is not popular with workers

and is being replaced wherever possible by urine and

breath samples. These are much easier to collect and can

give similar information. Some new developments in

biological monitoring are outlined.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.741652

Item 67


No.1793, 2nd July 1999, p.1

RUBBER ACCIDENT RATES APPALLING

The rubber industry has had accident rates well above

the ‘all manufacturing’ average in the 1990s, and one of

the main reasons is the high number of handling accidents,

according to the British Rubber Manufacturers’

Association. In 1997/98 manual handling was responsible

for over 40% of accidents reported to the HSE in three

sectors: 40% of reported accidents in new tyres, 43% in

retreading, and 35% in general rubber goods (GRG). The

Health and Safety Commission (HSC) has launched a

comprehensive package of safety guidance for the

industry. The new guidance booklet describes the costs

associated with manual handling injuries both in financial

and human terms, and includes ten case histories. Brief

details are noted.

BRITISH RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.739444

Item 68

Polymer Degradation and Stability

64, No.3, 1999, p.545-56

REGULATORY STATUS AND

ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES OF

BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS

UNDERGOING RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE EU:

DBDPO, OBDPO, PEBDPE AND HBCD

Hardy M L

Albemarle Corp.

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a structurally

diverse group of compounds; their major point in common

is not their chemical structure but rather that of their use

as flame retardants. BFRs undergoing risk assessment in

the EU under the existing chemicals regulation are

polybrominated diphenyl oxides (ethers; PEDPO),

decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO), octabromodiphenyl

oxide (OBDPO) and pentabromodiphenyl oxide

(PeBDPO), and the cyclic aliphatic, hexabromo-

cyclododecane (HBCD). The toxicology and

environmental properties of these flame retardants are

addressed, as are research and regulatory activities

affecting them. The physicochemical properties of BFRs

minimise their potential to move into and in the

environment irrespective of their lack of ready

biodegradability. In addition, DBDPO, which has been

extensively studied, hag been found to have a short half

life in rats, minimal absorption from the gastrointestinal

tract, rapid elimination and to lack bioaccumulation

potential in fish. These properties, coupled with the

minimal effects on mammalian species on repeated dosing

of DBDPO and HBCD, and their lack of mutagenicity

and skin sensitisation, indicate these brominated flame

retardants can be used by society to provide needed

protection from the hazard of fire. 15 refs.

EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.739434

Item 69


Medicine

41, No.6, 1st June 1999, p.500-9

ABSENCE OF POLYNEUROPATHY AMONG

WORKERS PREVIOUSLY DIAGNOSED WITH



SOLVENT-INDUCED TOXIC

ENCEPHALOPATHY

Albers J W; Wald J J; Werner R A; Franzblau A; Berent S

Michigan,University

An association between polyneuropathy and occupational

exposure to trichloroethylene, trichloroethane,

perchloroethylene or similar solvents alone or in

combination is controversial. An attempt is made to

determine whether workers previously diagnosed with

solvent-induced toxic encephalopathy had objective

evidence of polyneuropathy. 30 railroad workers

previously diagnosed with toxic encephalopathy are

examined in the context of litigation against their

employers. All describe long-term occupational solvent

exposure averaging 20 years in duration (range, 10-29

years) and producing acute intoxication on a regular basis.

The diagnosis of subclinical or clinical polyneuropathy

is established using a combination of symptoms, signs

and nerve conduction study (NCS) measures, consistent

with standard clinical practice. Potential confounders are

identified. NGS results are compared with historical

controls, including unexposed workers matched by

gender, age and body mass index. Dose-response

relationships are evaluated using simple linear and

stepwise regression models. Three workers fulfil clinical

polyneuropathy criteria. The only worker fulfilling NCS

criteria for confirmed clinical polyneuropathy has diabetes

mellitus. Mean NGS values for most measures are similar

to control values, and existing differences in sensory

amplitudes disappear when compared with the matched

control group. NGS measures are not significantly

influenced by exposure duration or job title. Separation

in exposure into groups on the basis of the presence or

absence of polyneuropathy symptoms, previous diagnosis

of polyneuropathy disability status, and severity or type

of encephalopathy does not demonstrate significant NCS

differences. The complaints of these workers claiming

neurotoxic injury from occupational solvent exposure are

not explained by peripheral nervous system dysfunction.

43 refs.

USA

Accession no.739292

Item 70


Medicine

41, No.6, 1st June 1999, p.480-5

ACCELERATED SILICOSIS WITH MIXED-

DUST PNEUMOCONIOSIS IN A HARD-METAL

GRINDER

Cohen C; Fireman E; Ganor E; Man A; Ribak J;

Lerman Y

Ra’annana,Occupational Health & Rehabilitation

Institute; Tel Aviv,Medical Center; Tel Aviv,University

A fatal case of accelerated silicosis with a component of

mixed-dust pneumoconiosis in a young hard-metal grinder

is described, that is believed to be the first case of its

kind in Israel and one of the rare cases reported worldwide.

The patient’s diagnosis is based on typical features:

restrictive lung function, abnormal chest roentgenogram

lung fibrosis, a history of exposure to silica and hard

metals, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid findings and

mineralogical studies. BAL cells show an abundance of

giant multinucleated macrophages. The CD4/CD8 ratio

of T lymphocytes is 1.1, with a high percentage of CD8

and CD8/38 positive cells (37% suppressor/cytotoxic and

12% cytotoxic T lymphocytes, respectively). mRNA

transcripts isolated from BAL cells are positive for

interleukin-1 (IL-1) and transforming growth factor (TGF)

IL-5, IL-2 and IL-10 but not for IL-6, IL-4 and interferon.

Polarising light microscopic studies of BAL and induced

sputum cells show polarising particles, which are typical

for silica. Mineralogical studies of electron microscopy

performed on BAL fluid and on dust collected at the

patient’s workstation reveal silica particles as well as

aluminum-titanium and other particles. The latter might

have contributed to the patient’s lung disease. 14 refs.

ISRAEL

Accession no.739291

Item 71


No.773, Dec.1998, p.75-7

French

STRENGTHENING LEGISLATION ON

POLLUTION IN THE WORKPLACE

Aubin C

LRCCP

A survey is made of French and European Union

legislation relating to hazardous chemicals in the

workplace, and particular attention is paid to regulations

concerning exposure to chemicals in the rubber industry.

The carcinogenicity of nitrosamines formed during

vulcanisation processes is examined, and methods used

in their detection are discussed. 2 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.736308

Item 72

International Rubber Exhibition and Conference 1999.

Conference proceedings.

Manchester, 7th-10th June 1999, Environment paper 5.

EXPOSURE TO RUBBER FUME AND RUBBER

PROCESS DUST IN THE GENERAL RUBBER

GOODS, TYRE MANUFACTURING AND

RETREAD INDUSTRIES

Dost A A; Redman D; Cox G


(Crain Communications Ltd.)

The aim of this study is to assess the current patterns and

levels of exposure to rubber fume and rubber process dust

in the British rubber industry and compare and contrast



the data obtained from the general rubber goods, retread

tyre and new tyre sectors. A total of 179 companies

manufacturing rubber products are visited during the

survey. These included 117 general rubber goods, 53

retread tyre and 9 new tyre manufacturers. The survey is

conducted using a questionnaire and includes a walk-

through inspection of the workplace to assess the extent

of use of control measures and the nature of work practices

being employed. The most recent exposure monitoring

data for rubber fume and rubber process dust is obtained

from these companies, no additional sampling is

conducted. 31 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734449

Item 73




NITROSAMINE FREE CURING SYSTEMS FOR

MODERN RUBBER COMPOUNDS

Schuch A; Fruh T

Rhein Chemie GmbH


The international discussion about carcinogenic N-

nitrosamines generated during or after vulcanisation of

rubber products started in the late 1970s. It reached its

climax in 1994 when the German government passed a

law limiting nitrosamines to a maximum concentration

of 2,5 mug per cubic meter of air. International discussion

lost momentum because other countries did not follow

the German initiative. The topic was more an intellectual

than a real problem until recently, when the automotive

industry demanded nitrosamine-free products. With

increasing sensibility regarding environmental aspects,

there is a growing list of curing agents (and additives)

that may no longer be used in the new future. It is shown

that the substitution of curing agents with a high

toxicological potential does not necessarily mean that

compounding is getting more difficult or that the products

show a reduced performance. 2 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734448

Item 74




NITROSAMINES: A REGULATORY UPDATE

AND AN ANALYST’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE

INDUSTRY’S RESPONSE

Stephens S

Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre


When the issue of nitrosamines and their possible harmful

effects was first raised in the late 1970s, it was thought

that the problem for the rubber industry would be solved

quite quickly and go away. That proved to be far from the

truth, and twenty years on it is still a significant source of

concern for suppliers of raw materials, manufacturers,

toxicologists, QC staff, end-users and environmentalists

in general. The ability to detect nitrosamines at the low

ppb level coincided with an escalation in Health and

Safety legislation. Industry has responded at considerable

cost by producing goods which comply with the

legislation and accelerators which do not conflict with it,

but the possibility of new areas becoming subject to

control is ever present. Recent changes in legislation and

law, together with how industry is meeting the challenge,

are reviewed. 21 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734447

Item 75




NATURAL RUBBER LATEX ALLERGY - A

PROBLEM IN PERSPECTIVE

Williams H

London International Group plc


The problem of allergic responses to NR-containing

medical devices amongst users and patients is a topic that

has attracted much attention over the last decade. The

nature of these responses and the possible causes for their

appearance and increase are summarised. Published

prevalence data is briefly reviewed and the regulatory

response of authorities across the world are described.

The methods available for estimation of allergenic

potential of devices are summarised and the steps

available to device manufacturers to reduce these are

discussed. Finally some published data is presented which

indicates some trends in allergen levels in medical gloves

over the years. 29 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734446

Item 76

Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position.


Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.61-7.

LEGISLATIVE APPROACH TO LATEX

PRODUCTS

Potter W

London International Group plc

(European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants)

Manufacturers and users of latex goods have for many

years been aware of the possibility of allergic skin



reactions to vulcanising chemicals, but where problems

have arisen they have more often than not been resolved

by careful selection of product to avoid specific

ingredients. Provision of products shown to be

hypoallergenic on the basis of skin patch tests has aided

this selection and so-called atopic individuals have

avoided the risks of sensitisation by using such products

only. There is no good reason why such tests should not

continue to be used to indicate products least likely to

cause allergic sensitisation. Simple listing of ingredients

on the label would not be of much benefit. The more

recent increase in allergic reactions to water-soluble

proteins in NR is potentially more serious in that the

ultimate consequences of such reactions can be fatal.

On current research evidence the level of protein capable

of causing a reaction in a sensitised individual is

extremely low. Such individuals must therefore avoid

contact with NR latex. While there is no clearly

established preferred and problem-free method for

quantifying extractable protein levels, there is fairly

good agreement that levels can be greatly reduced by

washing procedures in manufacture. It is premature to

set a maximum level for extractable protein. Ultimately

progress in research on production processes and

identification of specific allergenic proteins might

eventually lead to the claim of free from allergenic

protein. 17 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734437

Item 77




MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LATEX

PROTEIN ALLERGY

Leynadier F; Autegard J-E; Levy D A

Paris,Hopital Rothschild


Immediate allergy to latex from Hevea brasiliensis

(LHB) has become a real public health problem with

increasing frequency of sensitivity in populations

using LHB in gloves, condoms etc, with more and

more side effects, some of which are life threatening.

The classical aspects of allergy to latex, such as

contact urticaria and anaphylactic shock, are more

easily prevented by better knowledge of the clinical

aspects among health workers and the general

population. It is more difficult to prevent and to treat

occupational rhinitis and asthma, because these

symptoms can appear anywhere that gloves are used

or stocked, since the cornstarch powder, which

adsorbs the proteins of LHB, represents a dangerous

source of airborne al lergenic part icles . The

management of patients with LHB allergy may be

described under three headings: prediction and

diagnosis, avoidance and treatment. 7 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734436

Item 78




MANUFACTURE OF HYPOALLERGENIC

RUBBER PRODUCTS

Bodycoat I

Ansell GmbH


The topic ‘manufacture of hypoallergenic rubber products’

is wide and all encompassing. Emphasis is placed here

only on the manufacture of rubber gloves.

Hypoallergenicity can be defined as a significant reduction

in the propensity to cause an allergenic effect to a glove

user, be it caused by proteins the polymer or compounding

ingredients in the rubber. Before examining the

manufacturing process, the reasons behind current

concerns relating to latex allergies are reviewed. There

are currently two theories, after almost a hundred years

of glove use, why there is suddenly the experience with

protein allergies: downstream effects and increased

exposure.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734434

Item 79




RELATION BETWEEN PROTEIN LEVEL AND

ALLERGIC RESPONSE

Lovell C R

Bath,Royal United Hospital


Type I allergy to rubber latex appears to have been

relatively rare in the UK despite report of numerous cases

in Scandinavia and in the USA. However, there has been

an opportunity to study four patients with a typical history

of latex-induced urticaria and/or anaphylaxis. Of the four

patients, three were female, one male. All except one

female were health care workers who were sensitised by

wearing latex rubber gloves. The remaining female patient

exhibited anaphylaxis after examination by her

gynaecologist. All individuals exhibited a positive prick

test with ammoniated rubber latex. 3 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734433



Item 80




DIAGNOSIS OF ALLERGY TO LATEX

PROTEINS

Levy D A

Paris,Hopital Rothschild


Natural rubber latex proteins are allergenic, i.e. they can

induce allergic reactions. Allergy to these proteins is a

prototype immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Immediate

hypersensitivity is a subset of antibody-mediated

pathophysiological responses that are mediated by

antibodies of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) class. While

in the vast majority of cases it is not difficult to establish

a diagnosis of allergy to latex, there is still concern

regarding the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value

of the currently available diagnostic reagents and methods.

In the absence of standardised reagents, some patients

may be at unnecessary risk when skin tested. 13 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734432

Item 81




MEASUREMENT OF LATEX PROTEINS BY

CHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL

METHODS

Beezhold D H

Guthrie Foundation for Medical Research


Latex proteins have been shown to be potent allergens

capable of inducing anaphylaxis that in some cases has

been fatal. Accurate measurement of the proteins in latex

medical products has proved to be difficult. While protein

can be isolated from the end-use products, the extract

solutions are difficult to study by standard laboratory

techniques used to study proteins. Routine protein assays

often are not sensitive enough to measure protein levels

in extracts from end-use latex products. Chemical

additives to the latex interfere in the colourimetric protein

assays, producing false positive reactions. An

immunological approach is employed to develop an assay

with increased sensitivity and specificity for latex

proteins. Present knowledge of latex proteins is reviewed

and methods to measure them are described. 22 refs.

Accession no.734431

Item 82




ORIGIN AND SOURCE OF LATEX PROTEIN

ALLERGY

Kekwick R G O



Potential protein allergens causing an immediate or Type

I allergic response on contact with dipped NR latex goods

arise either from the endogenous proteins of latex or, in

less usual circumstances, from protein added in the course

of fabrication. The principal protein additive used by a

few manufacturers is bovine milk casein. Although I have

not been able to obtain clear evidence for the elution of

this protein from glove extracts, a recent report 1 has

shown that casein was the cause of a Type 1 immune

response when an atopic individual came into contact with

latex gloves from which the protein could be extracted.

However by far the greatest number of reported Type I

allergies to latex goods have been traced to the

endogenous proteins. The proteins of raw latex are

associated with each of the three principal phases

separable by ultracentrifugation. Latex is normally

preserved by the addition of 0.7% ammonia (high

ammonia HA latex) or by the addition of 0.2% ammonia

and other anticoagulants (low ammonia LA latex). The

protein composition of the three principal phases of raw

latex obtained by centrifugation, the changes which occur

on preservation with ammonia and the detection and

characterisation of the component polypeptides of these

proteins in eluates from rubber films obtained from latex

are discussed. 9 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734430

Item 83




EUROPEAN MEDICAL EXPERIENCES

Turjanmaa K

Tampere University Hospital


The history of immediate allergy to NR latex (NRL) has

mostly been connected with articles by Nutter and

Forstrom, although some isolated reports date back to the

1920s. Nutter and Forstrom describe the experience of

immediate symptoms by a housewife in the UK using

latex gloves and a nurse in Finland using surgical gloves.

These two groups of housewives and nurses still represent

the most important prototypes of NRL allergy. Hundreds

of new cases have since been published, with Finland,

France, Germany, Spain and Sweden being the leading

countries in NRL research. A review of European research

is presented. 34 refs.

FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734429



Item 84




LATEX ALLERGY - THE US MEDICAL

EXPERIENCE

Slater J E

Washington,Children’s National Medical Center


Type I or immediate hypersensitivity reactions to latex

were first reported in Germany in 1927. The next

published case appeared 52 years later, and the earliest

North American reports were published simultaneously

in 1989. Over the next four years, the US Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) received over 1,100 reports of

injury, and 15 of deaths associated with latex allergy. The

pathophysiology of latex-induced Type I reactions, and

the clinical experience with these reactions in the USA

and Canada are discussed. 108 refs.

USA

Accession no.734428

Item 85




INTRODUCTORY PAPER

Russell-Fell R


It has been recognised that skin contact with rubber latex

articles may, for some people, produce adverse reactions.

To help understand this the nature of this versatile material

and its origin are outlined. Aspects covered include NR,

allergenic sensitisation, irritant contact dermatitis, Type

I contact dermatitis, anaphylactoid reactions, effects of

process temperature, differences with latex, increased

exposure and threshold levels.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734427

Item 86


71, No.4, Sept-Oct. 1998, p.766-77

NITROSAMINE FORMATION IN RUBBER. II.

INFLUENCE OF CURE

Willoughby B G; Scott K W


Details are given of nitrosamine formation in twenty-nine

different EPDM cures. Both ingredient and process-

related effects were investigated. Two different levels of

tetramethylthiuram disulphide and carbon black were

variables in this study, as was the type of carbon black

used. Batch effects with respect to both polymer and

carbon black were also studied as was the presence or

absence of mercaptobenzothiazole. 14 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.730170

Item 87

International Polymer Science and Technology

25, No.7, 1998, p.67-70

WAYS OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF

NITROSOAMINES IN THE PRODUCTION OF

TYRES AND MECHANICAL RUBBER GOODS

Novopol’tseva O M; Novakov I A; Krakshin M A

Volgograd,State Technical University

The carcinogenicity of nitrosamines, compounds which

are formed during vulcanisation by the reaction of amines

produced during the thermal decomposition of certain

vulcanisation accelerators with nitrosing agents, is

discussed. Methods of eliminating conditions where

nitrosamines may be formed and enter the human body

are considered. Particular attention is paid to the

elimination of the possibility of formation of nitrosamines

and/or the creation of conditions for reactions of

nitrosamines with certain reactants with the formation of

non-toxic compounds and to the replacement of

vulcanisation accelerators and other rubber mix

ingredients that are capable of forming nitrosamines with

amine-free compounds or with compounds containing

primary amines instead of secondary amines. 30 refs. (Full

translation of Kauch.i Rezina, No.2, 1998, p.5)

RUSSIA

Accession no.727056

Item 88


42, No.6, July/Aug.1998, p.19-25

Italian

NOISE? NO, THANK YOU

Garlanda B

A survey is made of Italian legislation relating to noise in

the environment, including noise generated by industrial

activities.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.726277

Item 89

Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings.

Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 12. 012

BIOLOGICAL MONITORING FOR SOLVENTS:

NEW DEVELOPMENTS

Cocker J



Some of new developments in biological monitoring are

described. Aspects covered include a definition of

biological monitoring, some recent developments in



interpreting biological monitoring guidance values, new

developments in breath sampling and analysis and some

recent practical applications of biological monitoring.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.725090

Item 90

152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1997.

Reprints.

Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct. 1997, Paper VIII

NATURAL RUBBER LATEX BARRIER

PROPERTIES IN MEDICINE

Perrella F W

Tillotson Healthcare Corp.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Natural rubber latex (NRL) is the material of choice for

medical gloves that require good barrier properties.

Rubber latex provides good characteristics like that of

forming smooth, continuous films with high tensile

strength and elasticity. The Occupational Safety and

Health Administration guidelines for bloodborne

pathogens require that health care workers have adequate

hand protection. NRL medical gloves protect the hands

by reducing the passage of pathogens to the skin of the

user. Medical gloves are tested for the properties of tensile

strength, elongation, dimensions, and resistance to ageing

and holes. Medical gloves may be tested for skin

biocompatibility by the manufacturer using the ASTM

standards for rabbit skin irritation, Guinea pig

sensitisation, and reduced chemical sensitisation of

humans using the repeat insult patch test as guidelines.

While conformance with these standards implies barrier

and biocompatibility effectiveness of medical gloves, it

cannot always ensure safety in use. When choosing a

medical glove, consideration of the tasks performed

should be balanced against the desired clinical outcome.

A thorough understanding of the applications for which

the gloves are used is necessary to ensure that clinical

needs are met. 14 refs.

USA

Accession no.719721

Item 91

Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR)

No.2, 1998, p. 5-8

Russian

METHODS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF

NITROSAMINES IN THE PRODUCTION OF

TYRES AND INDUSTRIAL RUBBER PRODUCTS

Novopol’tseva O M; Novakov I A; Krakshin M A

Volgograd Polytechnic Institute

A review is presented of the literature covering the

avoidance of generation of nitrosamines in the production

of tyres and industrial rubber products by choice of

alternative curing agents and accelerators. 30 refs. Articles

from this journal can be requested for translation by

subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer

Science and Technology.

RUSSIA

Accession no.716771

Item 92

Journal of Rubber Research

1, No.3, 1998, p.146-53

BINDING PATTERNS OF IGE ANTIBODIES IN

SERA OF RUBBER TAPPERS TO FRESH HEVEA

LATEX SERUM PROTEINS

Hasma H; Shahnaz M; Yip E; Azizah M; Mok K L;

Nasuruddin B A

Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia; Kuala

Lumpur,Institute of Medical Research

The binding patterns of IgE antibodies to fresh NR latex

B- and C-serum proteins were determined by sodium

dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

immunoblotting technique. All the IgE samples were from

Malaysian rubber tappers who had been skin-prick tested

with extracts of gloves and food. The results obtained are

presented and discussed and the reliability of the in vitro

immunoblotting test in predicting latex allergy is

considered. 19 refs.

MALAYSIA

Accession no.715451

Item 93

Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi

71, No.3, 1998, p.168-72

Japanese

GUIDANCE FOR MAKING LATEX ALLERGY

FREE NATURAL RUBBER LATEX PRODUCTS

Nakade S; Hayashi M; Okada J; Tanaka Y; Bito T;

Ichihashi M

Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd.; Kao Corp.;

Tokyo,University of Agriculture & Technology;

Kobe,University

Prick test studies of raw materials and products of

commercial natural rubber latex and highly deproteinised

natural rubber latex showed different threshold levels of

residual extractable protein. It is recommended that some

process be introduced to decompose the protein contained

in NRL. 12 refs. Articles from this journal can be

requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra

produced International Polymer Science and Technology.

JAPAN

Accession no.713944

Item 94


42, No.5, July 1998, p.287-94

QUARTZ HAZARD: A VARIABLE ENTITY

Donaldson K; Borm P J A



Napier,University; Maastricht,University

An attempt is made to place the apparently conflicting

findings of cancer incidence in quartz-exposed industries

into a unifying thesis, based on mechanistic studies. These

mechanistic studies have enabled the events leading from

deposition of quartz to silicosis and cancer to be partially

elucidated and have shown that the biological effects of

quartz can be understood in terms of surface reactivity.

Particular attention is paid to the ability of quartz to

generate free radicals and cause oxidative stress and the

fact that this can be modified by a range of substances

that affect the quartz surface. It is, therefore, proposed

that the hazard posed by quartz is not a constant entity,

but one that may vary dramatically depending on the

origin of the silica sample or its contact with other

chemicals/minerals within its complex constitution. 57

refs.



Accession no.713785

Item 95


42, No.2, Feb.1998, p.91-5

SELECTING AN ADEQUATE RESPIRATORY

PROTECTIVE DEVICE: CHOICE BETWEEN A

RESPIRATOR AND BREATHING APPARATUS

Cherrie J W

Aberdeen,University; Edinburgh,Institute of

Occupational Medicine

The U.S. National Institute of Occupational Safety and

Health’s IDLH (immediately dangerous to life or health)

levels are compared with UK occupational exposure

limits. For some substances there is a relatively small

difference between the IDLH level and the short-term

occupational exposure limit(STEL). The median ratio of

the IDLH level to the STEL is 10 for gases and vapours

and 50 for aerosols. For almost half the substances with

UK occupational exposure limits, there is no IDLH value.

It is concluded that the published IDLH concentrations

are, on their own, an insufficient basis for selecting

breathing apparatus over a filtering respirator. It is equally

important to consider the likelihood that a filtering device

may fail catastrophically as this determines the risk from

wearing a respirator in an IDLH atmosphere. More

emphasis should be placed on the control of potentially

high exposure levels by means other than respiratory

protection. 9 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713784

Item 96


42, No.8, Nov.1998, p.531-40

DERMAL UPTAKE OF SOLVENTS FROM THE

VAPOUR PHASE: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

IN HUMANS

Brooke I; Cocker J; Delic J I; Payne M; Jones K; Gregg

N C; Dyne D


Groups of human volunteers were exposed to a small

range of substances (xylene, toluene, THF, MEK and 1-

methoxypropan-2-ol) either ‘whole body’ or via the skin

only. Uptake of xylene, toluene and THF vapours via the

skin under the conditions of this study was estimated to

contribute around 1-2% of the body burden received

following whole body (including inhalation) exposure.

MEK showed more uptake via the skin, contributing

around 3-3.5% of the body burden. Most dermal uptake

was seen for the glycol ether, for which estimates of

between 5 and 10% of whole body exposure body burden

were obtained. 12 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713720

Item 97


42, No.7, Oct.1998, p.453-65

PERSONAL THORACIC CIP10-T SAMPLER

AND ITS STATIC VERSION CATHIA-T

Fabries J F; Goerner P; Kauffer E; Wrobel R; Vigneron

J C

Institut National de Recherche et de Securite

The design of a specific version of the personal aerosol

sampler CIP 10, named CIP10-T, for sampling the

conventional CEN thoracic fraction is described, together

with that of a static sampler, named CATHIA. The

experimental assessment of sampling efficiency is

discussed, with reference to aerodynamic particle sizer

method and the Coulter method. 36 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713717

Item 98


42, No.6, Aug.1998, p.407-11

CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION

GUIDANCE ON ALLOCATING OCCUPATIONAL

EXPOSURE BANDS

Guest I

Glaxo-Wellcome

There are no occupational exposure limits for many

hazardous substances which may require control of

inhalation exposures. The necessary data and other

resources required for setting such limits is restricted and

unlikely to match the potential demand. A hazard

categorisation scheme was, therefore, developed for



application within the chemical industry. The scheme used

readily-available information on toxicological endpoints

to place hazardous substances into a limited range of hazard

categories, expressed as Occupational Exposure Bands.

These Bands could be used as a basis for risk assessment

and the selection of appropriate control regimes. 10 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713716

Item 99


42, No.6, Aug.1998, p.391-400

OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE CONSIDERATIONS

IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A STRUCTURED

APPROACH TO SELECT CHEMICAL

CONTROL STRATEGIES

Maidment S C


The occupational hygiene basis of a new UK scheme to help

small firms control the health risks from supplied chemicals

is explained. The scheme groups hazard information and

the potential for a material to become airborne into bands

and, from this information, predicts the control strategy

necessary to ensure that the hazardous substance is used

safely. A simple model based upon an empirical approach to

risk assessment and risk management, developed for this

purpose, is presented. 15 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713715

Item 100


42, No.6, Aug.1998, p.377-90

UK SCHEME TO HELP SMALL FIRMS

CONTROL HEALTH RISKS FROM

CHEMICALS: TOXICOLOGICAL

CONSIDERATIONS

Brooke I M


The UK’s scheme for providing practical control advice

to small and medium-sized enterprises, to assist them in

their risk assessments and risk management decisions, is

described. The scheme makes use of toxicological hazards

information indicated by R-phrases assigned under the

European Union classification system to assign substances

to hazard bands. An evaluation exercise, undertaken to

compare the output of the scheme with established health-

based occupational exposure limits, for more than 100

substances, is discussed. 9 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713714

Item 101

IRC ’98. Conference Proceedings.

Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.283-8. 012

French

RUBBER AND ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS:

REGULATIONS AND ANALYTICAL

TECHNIQUES

Aubin C; Coupard A; Khalfoune H; Le Huy M

LRCCP; SEP-DPPC

(AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle)

French and European Union legislation relating to the

control of emissions in the workplace is examined, with

particular reference to the rubber processing industry. Air

sampling and analytical procedures used in the detection

of nitrosamines formed in vulcanisation reactions are

reviewed. 2 refs.



Accession no.710622

Item 102

IRC ’98. Conference Proceedings.

Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.259-60. 012

French

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF

VULCANISATION ON N-NITROSAMINE

FORMATION MECHANISMS IN RUBBERS

Amelot V; Derouet D; Brosse J C; Aubin C; Gomez E

Maine,Universite; LRCCP; IFOCA

(AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle)

The methodology used in a study of nitrosamine formation

in vulcanisation processes accelerated by

tetraethylthiuram disulphide is described. This involved

the characterisation of nitrosable species and the

mechanisms of their formation, and studies of the

influence of vulcanisation reactions and curing systems

on the formation of nitrosable species. The results of the

study are summarised.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.710619

Item 103

Second International Conference on Carbon Black.


Mulhouse, 27th-30th Sept.1993, p.277-9. 51B

HEALTH STUDIES IN NORTH AMERICAN

CARBON BLACK WORKERS

Robertson J M

Western Ontario,University

(Societe Francaise de Chimie; CNRS; Haute-

Alsace,Universite; Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse;

Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse)

Since 1950, six studies of the health of North American

carbon black workers have been completed and one is in



progress. Four investigations have used retrospective

cohort methods to determine the occurrence of cancer and

other chronic diseases in workers. A cross-sectional survey

has documented the prevalence of electrocardiographic

abnormalities in the employees of one company. The

association between cumulative total dust exposure in

carbon black plants and circulatory, malignant, and

respiratory diseases in workers was the focus of a case-

control study. An ongoing, prospective cohort study uses

the results of periodic health examinations to examine

the effects of dust exposure on workers’ respiratory

function and the occurrence of chronic diseases. 7 refs.

CANADA

Accession no.709127

Item 104

Second International Conference on Carbon Black.


Mulhouse, 27th-30th Sept.1993, p.273-5. 51B

RESULTS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS

WITH MODERN EXAMINATION METHODS IN

CARBON BLACK EXPOSED EMPLOYEES

Kupper U; Breitstadt R; Ulmer W T

(Societe Francaise de Chimie; CNRS; Haute-

Alsace,Universite; Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse;

Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse)

The influence of carbon black dust on the lungs as a result

of carbon black production is not yet clear. It is generally

supposed that there is no influence; so far, examinations

are based on spirometric values such as the one-second

forced expiratory volume test. Spirometric measured

values have great inter-individual variation. Therefore it

is impossible to detect individual changes in a logical way.

They depend on the probands compliance and partly on

the respiratory muscles. Extended abstract only.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.709126

Item 105

Slovak Rubber Conference ’97. Conference

proceedings.

Puchov, 20th-21st May 1996, p.343-9. 4

Czech

THE 21 DIRECTIVE ON THE ADAPTATION TO

TECHNICAL PROGRESS OF THE DANGEROUS

SUBSTANCES DIRECTIVE

Valdauf J; Dejmalova M

BP Czech Republic AS

(Matador AS)

Harmonised carcinogenity classifications were recently

agreed by EU Member States for many petroleum

substances and have been published in the 21st Adaptation

to Technical Progress (ATP) of the Dangerous Substances

Directive. The Directive was issued in December 1994

and required all Member States to publish laws and orders

to fulfil the requirements not later than 1st September

1996. Many petroleum products require labelling, as they

may cause cancer. The influence of this Directive to

aromatic process oils quality is discussed considering that

these oils are a substantial part of rubber compounds.

CZECH REPUBLIC; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN

UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.708412

Item 106

Polimery Tworzywa Wielkoczasteczkowe

40, No.5, May 1995, p.268-73

Polish

HARMFUL AND TOXIC COMPOUNDS IN THE

RUBBER INDUSTRY: N-NITROSAMINES -

THEIR FORMATION AND METHODS OF

DETERMINATION

Kleps T; Domanski W

Stomil,Institute of the Rubber Industry

The authors discuss the problem of hazards due to toxic

chemical compounds, particularly carcinogenic N-

nitrosamines, formed during the production and

application of rubber products. A special danger exists as

a result of the release of these substances into the

environment during processing and use of products

intended for direct contact with the human body,

particularly in the case of products for children (dummies,

toys etc.). Using data from the literature the authors

characterise the type and level of concentration of toxic

chemicals involved in the production and application of

rubber products and describe the methods of identification

and quantitative determination of toxic and carcinogenic

N-nitrosamines. The most modern and useful method is

gas chromatography using a thermal energy detector. 32

refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for

translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced

International Polymer Science and Technology.


Accession no.704205

Item 107


19, No.22, 3rd Aug.1998, p.4

OWNBY: ALLERGIC REACTIONS VARY

Reinhard P

This article explains the varying degrees of allergic

reaction to natural latex rubber, from mild to fatal.

Information comes from a presentation given at the

International Latex Conference, by Dennis Ownby, a

professor at the Medical College of Georgia.

GEORGIA,MEDICAL COLLEGEUSA

Accession no.703507



Item 108


41, No.8, Oct.1997, p.15-9

Italian

WHAT RESTRICTIONS ON HAZARDOUS

MATERIALS?

Garlanda B

A survey is made of European Union directives regulating

the use of hazardous chemicals and other industrial

materials. A list is presented of carcinogenic, mutagenic

and genotoxic substances covered by Directive 97/10/CE.



Accession no.702478

Item 109

Elastomery

2, No.1, 1998, p.27-33

Polish

RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT IN FIELD OF

IMPROVEMENT OF ECOLOGY IN RUBBER

INDUSTRY. I. ELIMINATION OF CAUSES OF N-

NITROSAMINES FORMATION

Kleps T; Rajkiewicz M

STOMIL

Areas in which improvements have been attained in

rubber manufacture with regard to ecology at the

workplace and in contact with rubber goods are described.

Some of the problems related to the carcinogenicity of

N-nitrosamines formed during rubber processing are

discussed. Methods proposed by several authors for

elimination of the problems arising from N-nitrosamines

are considered. The main trend is the use of ‘safe

accelerators’ in place of the traditional amine accelerators

used for diene rubber vulcanisation. New accelerators and

chemicals for rubber processing are proposed. 31 refs.


Accession no.699064

Item 110


25, No.3, 1998, p.T/29-32

STUDIES OF HIGH PURITY NATURAL RUBBER

V: PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES ON THE

DESIGN OF LATEX ALLERGY FREE NRL

PRODUCTS

Nakade S; Hayashi M; Okada J; Tanaka Y; Bito T;

Ichihashi M

Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd.; Kao Corp.;

Tokyo,University of Agriculture & Technology;

Kobe,University

Water-soluble protein persists in small levels in rubber

gloves and similar natural rubber latex (NRL) dipped

products, and may cause allergies in users. The results of

allergy tests on a group of patients are reported. It was

established that the threshold concentration for leachable

protein was in the range 50-120 nanogram protein per

gram NRL. It is proposed that the proteolytic effect of

enzymes may be used to reduce leachable proteins to safe

levels, by the introduction of a purpose-designed

proteolytic step in the product manufacturing process. 12

refs. Translation of Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi No. 3, 1998,

p.168

JAPAN

Accession no.697039

Item 111


27, No.25, 13th July 1998, p.14-5

LATEX ALLERGIES CAUSE GOVERNMENT

CONCERN

Moore M

This article reports that in the USA, growing concern over

natural rubber latex sensitivities has led federal

government regulators and state legislators to seek

solutions via rule making. It looks at state bills, and also

a new latex allergy prevention guide from the US National

Institute of Occupational Safety & Health.

US,GOVERNMENT; ALLEGIANCE CORP.;

JOHNSON & JOHNSON; REGENT CORP.;

US,NATIONAL INST.FOR OCCUPATIONAL

SAFETY & HEALTH; US,FOOD & DRUG

ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.696172

Item 112


27, No.25, 13th July 1998, p.12-3

ALLERGIC REACTIONS TO LATEX CONDOMS

VARY

Moore M

This article explores the dangers of latex condoms, and

explains that they do not pose the same threat as powdered

high-protein latex gloves. However, sensitivities are

discussed, and alternatives on the market are highlighted,

such as Durex Avanti polyurethane condoms, and the

Reality female condom, also made from PU.

US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LONDON

INTERNATIONAL GROUP PLC; FEMALE HEALTH

CO.; ANSELL INC.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.696171

Item 113


71, No.2, May/June 1998, p.310-22

NITROSAMINE FORMATION IN RUBBER. I.

INFLUENCE OF MIXING HISTORY

Willoughby B G; Scott K W



RAPRA Technology Ltd.

N-Nitrosodimethylamine formation was studied in a range

of TMTD-accelerated, carbon black-filled rubber

formulations including EPDM, SBR, NR and NBR

rubbers. Two levels of TMTD and carbon black were

variables in this study, as was the type of carbon black

used (N330 and N550). The use of statistical experimental

design showed that reliable data on nitrosamine formation

in vulcanisates could be obtained by paying strict attention

to process history. For the SBR, NR and NBR rubbers, a

correlation was observed between the temp. reached on

mixing and the level of nitrosamine generated on

subsequent vulcanisation. For these rubbers, the effect of

this process history outweighed that of any ingredient

variable. While allowing new insights to be gained on

nitrosamine formation in rubber, these results allow

development of a self-consistent mechanism for

nitrosation processes where the reactions in diene rubbers

mirrored those in air. 14 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.692441

Item 114

NRC 98 - Nordic Rubber Conference 1998. Conference

proceedings.

Halmstad, Sweden, 4th-5th June 1998, paper 6. 012

INTEGRATED NETWORK OF

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Kleiner T; Schuch A

Bayer AG; Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH

(Sveriges Gummitekniska Forening; NGTR)

In this paper, Bayer’s efforts in the Responsible Care

programme are explained and examples of processes with

integrated environmental protection are given. Products

are presented which can be used to advantage to reduce

any environmental and health risks.

SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.692113

Item 115


No.1747, 31st July 1998, p.8

CALENDERS GET NEW GUIDANCE FROM THE

HSC

The Health & Safety Commission’s rubber sector group

has published new guidance on how to ensure safety at

calendering processes in the industry, it is briefly reported.

The guidance contains advice on identifying and

effectively safeguarding the main mechanical hazards at

the calender rolls and at the auxiliary equipment in the

calendering line.

UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSIONEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.688839

Item 116

Polymers Paint Colour Journal

188, No.4405, June 1998, p.24

ADVANCE WARNING: CHEMICAL AGENTS AT

WORK

Candon J

Denton Hall

The Council Directive on the Protection of the Health

and Safety of Workers from the Risks related to Chemical

Agents at Work has been adopted on the basis of a

previous Directive which laid down a framework of

measures to encourage improvements in the safety and

health of workers at work. The stated objective of this

Directive is to lay down more detailed requirements for

the protection of workers from risks to their health and

safety arising, or likely to arise, from the effects of

chemical agents.

EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN

UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.687663

Item 117

Tire Technology International

1998, p.57-62

REPLACING RESORCINOL AND

RESORCINOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESINS IN

BRASS-COATED WIRE ADHESION SYSTEMS.

Stuck B L; Souchet J-C; Morel-Fourier C

SOVEREIGN CHEMICAL CO.; CECA

Additives to enhance adhesion are an important element in

compounding as resorcinol and resorcinol-formaldehyde

resins have been used in combination with

hexamethoxymelamine as an adhesion system to help bond

rubber compounds to brass-coated steel wire. This is the

common adhesion system in steel-belted radial passenger

and truck tyres and other brass-coated wire reinforced rubber

compounds. Resorcinol is a hazardous chemical and some

health concerns have arisen over the use of this additive.

This comprehensive article supplies a detailed examination

of the replacement of resorcinol and resorcinol-formaldehyde

with new modified resorcinol based resins and modified

phenolic reinforcing resins, together with their formulations,

properties and performance.


USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.685060

Item 118


No.757, March 1997, p.59-62

French

REDUCING N-NITROSAMINES

Amelot V; Gomez E; Aubin C; Derouet D; Brosse J C

LRCCP; IFOCA; Maine,Universite

The formation of nitrosable species by the decomposition of

a tetraethylthiuram disulphide accelerator during vulcanisation



were investigated in an inert medium (hexatriacontane) and

in 1,4-polyisoprene model compounds (squalene and 4-

methyloctene), and the influence of curing system ingredients

(stearic acid and zinc oxide) on the formation of nitrosable

species was evaluated. Trace amounts of diethylamine (DEA)

in the accelerator played a significant role in the formation of

N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), and decomposition of the

accelerator into nitrosable species occurred through the

formation and decomposition of diethyldithiocarbamic acid.

These results suggested two complementary methods for

limiting the formation of NDEA, i.e. purification of the

accelerator to reduce its DEA content and preventing

decomposition of diethyldithiocarbamic acid. Zinc oxide was

effective in inhibiting its decomposition. 16 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.682359

Item 119


41, No.1, Jan./Feb.1997, p.18-22

Italian

IMPROVEMENTS IN FEEDING SYSTEMS FOR

MICROINGREDIENTS IN RUBBER

COMPOUNDING

Solinas M; Mazzoleni F

Govoni Sim Bianca SpA

Approaches to automation in the weighing and feeding

of additives in rubber compounding are discussed.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.682347

Item 120

Rubber Asia

12, No.3, May-June 1998, p.23-4

LATEX ALLERGY: RISK POTENTIAL AND

LIABILITY

Vance P

Crusader Chemical Co.

Following the award of 1 million US dollars in damages to a

radiology technician who successfully argued that medical

glove manufacturer, Smith and Nephew, was negligent, the

growing numbers of such product liability cases against latex

medical glove manufacturers in the United States, is examined.

The technician based her case on the claim that the company

had been negligent in taking the proper precautions to reduce

the protein levels and to notify the public of the risk.

USA

Accession no.681181

Item 121

Polymer Technology for the New Millennium.


Blue Mountains, Australia, 12th-15th Oct.1997, paper

1. 012

PAH IN OILS: ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGES

Ward G

Ampol Petroleum

(Australasian Plastics & Rubber Institute)

Mineral petroleum oils are used in the rubber industry in

processing. The properties of polyaromatic hydrocarbons

(PAH) as a component of the refined oils are used to

advantage in rubber formulations. Apart from this oils

with higher PAH levels are less refined and hence are

less expensive. Although The International Agency for

Research on Cancer has no regulatory role, its judgements

on carcinogenicity are considered the most authoritative

within the scientific community . Both experimental and

epidemiological studies have shown that high PAH levels

in lubricating base oils can induce skin cancer in animals

and humans. Therefore for occupational health reasons

exposure to high level polyaromatic hydrocarbon

containing oils must be avoided. 6 refs.

AUSTRALIA

Accession no.679796

Item 122


40, No.9, Nov.1996, p.16-9

Italian

MACHINE SAFETY: FOUR DIRECTIVES

Garlanda B

The provisions of European Union directives relating to

the safety of machinery are reviewed.

EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;


Accession no.679070

Item 123


28, No.17, 23rd March 1998, p.6

STUDY TARGETS LATEX ALLERGIES

Moore M

This short article reports that the Medical College of

Wisconsin in the USA will monitor a thousand health-

care workers in a five year study of natural rubber latex

allergies, using funding from the National Institute of

Occupational Safety & Health. Brief details are

provided.

US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPA.SAFETY

& HEALTH; WISCONSIN,MEDICAL COLLEGEUSA

Accession no.678759



Item 124

Journal of Natural Rubber Research

12, No.2, 1997, p.120-30

CORRELATION BETWEEN TOTAL

EXTRACTABLE PROTEINS AND ALLERGEN

LEVELS OF NATURAL RUBBER LATEX

GLOVES

Yip E; Palosuo T; Alenius H; Turjanmaa K

Malaysia,Rubber Research Institute; Helsinki,National

Public Health Institute; Tampere University Hospital

Certain proteins or peptides eluting from NR latex

products can cause immediate hypersensitivity reactions

(Type I allergy) in subjects sensitised to them. The

amount of total extractable proteins in manufactured

latex products is believed to reflect reasonably well their

corresponding allergenic protein level, but only a few

studies have been published to substantiate this. An

attempt is made to compare a widely used total protein

measurement assay, namely, the RRIM modified Lowry

test (EP RRIM) to latex allergen analysis, carried out

by specific IgE-ELISA-inhibition tests. A series of 46

widely marketed medical NR latex gloves is

investigated. Their EP RRIM values range from less than

20 micron/g to 1290 micron/g, and their allergen content

vary from less than one AU/ml to 570 AU/ml. In the

measurement of allergen contents, the reference allergen

mixture is prepared from serum proteins of fresh Hevea

latex, and IgE antibodies are sourced from both adults

and spina bifida children sensitive to latex. Results show

that the allergen levels are very well correlated with the

total extractable protein contents. With the exception of

a few, gloves with high total extractable proteins are

generally found to have high allergen contents, and vice

versa. Gloves with EP RRIM levels of 0.1 mg/g or 100

microns/g and below always have very low allergen

contents. 20 refs.

FINLAND; MALAYSIA; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.676596

Item 125


24, No.7, 1997, p.T/54-63

PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING

POLYFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS AND

MECHANISMS OF THEIR ACTION IN

ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS

Mukhutdinov A A; Mukhutdinov E A

Kazan,State Technological University

In recent years, stringent requirements concerning

ecological safety have been laid down for additives to

elastomer compositions. This is due to the fact that a number

of components currently used in the production, processing

and vulcanisation of elastomer compositions form

carcinogenic substances. This applies, in particular, to the

amine-containing components of sulphur vulcanising

systems, which at increased temperatures form amine

radicals leading to the formation of amines. The latter, in

the presence of nitrogen oxides in air, of compounds with

a nitroso group in elastomer compositions, and of NO3

ions in the salt melts used for vulcanisation, undergo

nitrosation with the formation of N-nitrosamines. Here, the

concentration of N-nitrosoamines in the air of working

premises can be hundreds of times greater than the

maximum permissible concentration, which is due to their

escape into the air when dust of powder components is

released. Amine-containing additives posed danger not only

in processes of rubber goods production, but also during

the storage and service of products. On the basis of

accumulated data of the International Cancer Research

Agency, the rubber industry can be classified as among

those industries having a reliably established carcinogenic

effect on the human body. Therefore, the elimination of

the formation of N-nitrosoamines in the production and

service of products of elastomer compositions is an urgent

problem of the rubber industry. This problem can be solved

by replacing traditional amine-containing compounds with

ecologically safe compounds that exhibit the properties of

sulphur vulcanisation accelerators, scorch retarders, anti-

agers and anti-fatigue agents. 80 refs.

RUSSIA

Accession no.675109

Item 126


No.752, Sept.1996, p.69-72

French

LATEST GENERATION OF ACCELERATORS

Rebours B; Krans J

DSM France; DSM Elastomers Europe

Studies were made of nitrosamine formation by a number

of accelerators in EPDM compounds, and of the effects

of nitrosamine-free accelerators on cure characteristics

and heat resistance and compression set of vulcanisates.

The results showed the possibility of reducing cure times

and compression set values through the use of

combinations of different nitrosamine-free accelerators.


NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.670803

Item 127


19, No.4, 24th Nov.1997, p.7

CARCINOGEN LIST TARGETS RUBBER

CHEMICALS

Moore M

This article provides information from the recently-

published ninth “report on Carcinogens” from the US

National Toxicology Program, which is recommending that

rubber chemicals be listed officially as known or suspected

human carcinogens. The chemicals include 1,3-butadiene

and chloroprene. Details of the situation are given.



US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL

HEALTH SCIENCES; UNITED STEELWORKERS

OF AMERICA; US,UNITED AUTO WORKERS;

US,NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAMUSA

Accession no.670721

Item 128


19, No.7, 5th Jan.1998, p.3

RUBBER CHEMICAL RAISES CANCER FLAG

A draft study by the National Toxicology Program claims

that diethanolamine, a substance used to make rubber

chemicals and other products, causes cancer in mice. The

view was met by protests from the Chemical Manufacturers’

Association, which complained of technical problems in the

research. Brief details are given of the findings which,

amongst other reports considered by the NTP’s peer review

panel, included acceptance of recommendation of a study

which found evidence that pyridine, a solvent and chemical

intermediate for rubber and other products, causes cancer in

certain breeds of laboratory rats.

US,CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSN.USA

Accession no.669294

Item 129

New York, N.Y., Van Nostrand Reinhold/John Wiley &

Sons, 1996, pp.4252. 350.00. 26/2/98 15

SAX’S DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF

INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS. 9TH EDITION. 3

VOL.SET

Lewis R J

This comprehensive three volume set contains up-to-date

hazard information on the properties of industrial

materials. Each entry includes information on molecular

formula, molecular weight, material description, physical

properties and synonyms. Data on skin irritation,

mutation, reproductive, carcinogenic and acute toxic dose

is included. Each entry is also given a hazard rating on

the basis of low, medium or high toxic, fire, explosive or

reactivity hazard. More than 20,000 materials are listed.

USA

Accession no.668233

Item 130


No.750, May 1996, p.97-102

French

MIGRATION AND RUBBERS: ANALYTICAL

PRACTICES AND REGULATIONS

Coupard A; Le Huy M; Khalfoune H

LRCCP

European Union and French regulations applicable to the

use of polymers in contact with foods are reviewed, and

mechanisms of the migration of additives and other

chemicals from rubbers into foodstuffs and of food

constituents into rubbers are discussed. Chromatographic

techniques for the detection of trace elements in rubbers

susceptible to migration are described and applied to the

detection of nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons. 1 ref.



Accession no.666453

Item 131

Elastomery

No.3, 1997, p.37-44

Polish

DETERMINATION OF TOXIC AND

MALODOROUS SUBSTANCES EMITTED TO

ATMOSPHERE BY RUBBER INDUSTRY

Ptaszynski B

Lodz,Polytechnic

A description is given of methods for determining volatile

chemicals in the atmosphere and the workplace when

processing and curing rubber goods. Results of the

determination of mercaptans, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur

dioxide, dimethyl disulphide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia,

benzene, and toluene are presented. Investigations are also

presented for the determination of gaseous emissions

formed during thermal decomposition of raw materials

used in the rubber industry. 27 refs.


Accession no.663225

Item 132


24, No.6, 1997, p.T/31-2

COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR DETERMINING

THE COMPOSITION OF GAS EMISSIONS IN

RUBBER PRODUCTION

Nudel’man Z N

NIIEMI

The creation of a database and computer program for

determination, without additional analyses, of the

composition of gas emissions for vulcanisates produced

by the rubber industry is reported. Tabulated information

is presented on the comparative intensity of gas emissions

from rubber mix IRP-1068. (Full translation of Kauch.i

Rezina, No.6, 1996, p.46)

CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA

Accession no.663034

Item 133


27, No.8, 17th Nov. 1997, p.6

OSHA BRANCHES INVESTIGATE 2

ACCIDENTS

Campanelli J



Two rubber industry accidents are currently being

investigated by the Occupational Safety & Health

Administration. Brief details are given of both incidents.

The first was at Monmouth Rubber & Plastics Corp. in

which a worker lost part of his hand when he reached

down into an internal mixer, and the second involved a

worker dying from third degree burns at Bayer when a

fire broke out in the plant’s rubber chemical area.

MONMOUTH RUBBER & PLASTICS CORP.;

BAYER CORP.USA

Accession no.662689

Item 134


179, No.8, Sept.1997, p.38-9

FUME & DUST STILL TOO HIGH IN UK

Recent checks on dust and fume levels in UK rubber

factories have shown a significant number breaching the

limits set for these materials under the UK’s COSHH

(Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) regulations.

Following inspections at about 20% of the UK’s general

rubber goods factories in 1996 (117 plants), 24

improvement notices were issued under the COSHH

regulations.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.661723

Item 135

152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.

Conference Preprints.

Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 130, pp.17.

012

RAPID ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE

DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE N-

NITROSAMINES IN BABY BOTTLE NIPPLES

Andress M; Gurley T; Harsch S

Abbott Laboratories

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

A new method for determining the concentration of

nitrosamines in baby bottle nipples is described. The

nitrosamines are purged out of the sample using a partial

vacuum and heat, collected on a solid phase cartridge,

eluted with methylene chloride and methanol, and

measured by gas chromatography and thermal energy

analysis. This method takes 3 to 4 hours to complete,

compared to 2 to 3 days in the case of extraction

procedures. 22 refs.

USA

Accession no.659571

Item 136


No.1712, 14th Nov.1997, p.11

NEW APPROACH TO POOR RECORD

The Health & Safety Executive aims to improve the rubber

industry’s poor accident record. A training pack has been

developed specifically for the industry. The

comprehensive, fully references resource pack will enable

companies to run in-house training programmes.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.659435

Item 137

IRC ’97. Conference proceedings.

Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.360-6. 012

BINDING PATTERNS OF IGE ANTIBODIES IN

SERA OF RUBBER TAPPERS TO FRESH HEVEA

LATEX SERUM PROTEINS

Hasma H; Yip E; Mok K L; Shahnaz M; Azizah M;

Nasuruddin B A

Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia; Kuala

Lumpur,Institute of Medical Research

(Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia)

The binding patterns of IgE antibodies to fresh NR latex

B- and C-serum proteins are determined by sodium

dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

immunoblotting technique. All the IgE samples are from

Malaysian rubber tappers skin prick tested with extracts

of gloves and food: avocado, potato, tomato and

watermelon. Two of the five IgE samples from tappers

react to gloves bound to latex proteins, specifically to 35,

38 and 40 kD B-serum proteins and to 30 and 75 kD C-

serum proteins. The remaining three either do not bind or

bind faintly to the latex proteins. A similar binding pattern

to only a few latex proteins is shown in one of the three

sera of tappers reacting to both gloves and food. The other

two, however, exhibit multiple bindings to a wide variety

of B-serum proteins of molecular weights less than 20 to

greater than 202 kD and to a number of C-serum proteins

between 30 to 75 kD. The heterogeneous binding pattern

is also demonstrated by 11 of the 20 IgE serum samples

of tappers reacting to food and by 25 of 136 serum samples

of tappers reacting negatively to both gloves and food.

The fact that only two of 38 serum samples that show

strong multiple binding pattern correspond to a positive

skin prick test to gloves indicates that the in vitro

immunoblotting technique is an unreliable indicator of

latex allergy. 19 refs.

MALAYSIA

Accession no.658903

Item 138

IRC ’97. Conference proceedings.

Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.353-9. 012

MEASUREMENTS OF TOTAL EXTRACTABLE

PROTEINS IN LATEX GLOVES:

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RRIM AND ASTM

MODIFIED LOWRY TESTS

Yip E



Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia


Extractable protein contents of latex gloves generated by

two commonly used methods, the RRIM (MS 1392:96P)

and the ASTM (D 5712-95) modified Lowry tests, are

examined and their relationship studied. Total extractable

proteins, EP RRIM, determined by the RRIM test, range

from 1326 micro grammes/g to under 20 micro grammes/

g for 90 gloves. Their corresponding EP ASTM values,

obtained by the ASTM test, vary from 1377 micro

grammes/g to under 50 micro grammes/g. Statistical

analysis shows a very significant correlation between

them, with a coefficient of correlation, r=0.93, P is under

0.001. Generally, EP RRIM values read higher than those

of EP ASTM. EP ASTM of 50 , micro grammes/g and

lower are found to be associated with EP RRIM, values

ranging from 267 micro grammes/g to under 20 micro

grammmes/g, suggesting higher sensitivity of the latter

measurements. Relevance of the two sets of EP in relation

to the allergenicity/allergic potential of latex gloves is

discussed. Accelerated ageing at 70 deg.C for 7 days of

latex gloves results in the lowering of protein contents.

The effect appears to be more pronounced for EP RRIM

than for EP ASTM. 13 refs.

MALAYSIA

Accession no.658902

Item 139


11, No.4, 1996, p.240-6

LATEX PROTEIN ALLERGY: PREVALENCE

STUDY OF FACTORY WORKERS

Azizah M R; Shahnaz M; Hasma H; Mok K L; Yip E;

Nasuruddin B A

Kuala Lumpur,Institute of Medical Research; Rubber

Research Institute of Malaysia

The prevalence of Type I latex protein allergy among

workers in various latex glove factories in Malaysia is

studied. A total of 149 subjects (108 females and 41 males)

with a mean age of 30.6 years are examined both by

questionnaires and by skin prick test (SPT). In the absence

of a standardised SPT latex allergen mixture, the clinical

test is carried out using six glove extracts with extractable

protein content varying from 0.02 mg/g to 0.75 mg/g of

gloves, as measured by the RRIM modified Lowry

microassay. Only three subjects are found to show wheal

size ranging from 2-4 mm when tested with glove extracts

with extractable protein content of greater than 0.6 mg/g.

Such reaction is, however, not detected in all cases when

protein levels are at 0.1 mg/g or lower This prevalence as

compared to those reported in the West is relatively low.

35 refs.

MALAYSIA

Accession no.656289

Item 140


18, No.25, 15th Sept. 1997, p.5

RUBBER INDUSTRY-RELATED DEATHS

DECLINE

Moore M

Statistics from the US Bureau of Labor are reported which

show that job fatality rates declined slightly in 1996 for

workers who make, sell, service or install tyres and rubber

products. Vehicle accidents, machinery or equipment

accidents and workplace violence were the most common

causes of on-the-job deaths in six rubber-related

employment categories last year, the National Census of

Fatal Occupational Injuries reported. Brief details are

given of numbers in each category.

USA

Accession no.655790

Item 141

Pitture e Vernici

73, No.14, Sept.1997, p.66-7

English; Italian

GROUNDLESS SUSPICIONS

Degussa AG

It is reported that studies carried out by Degussa on the

employees working at its production department do not

confirm any increase in the rate of the risk of cancer

caused by carbon black. Fine powders such as carbon

black are suspected to endanger health. However, such a

suspicion is based on tests carried out with animals and

are not based on medicinal data. Important research made

in the industrial medicine sector have not managed to

confirm these suspicions; on the contrary, studies on

morbidity (concerning the occurrence rate of the disease)

do not provide any evidence on the risk caused by carbon

black. The same conclusion was drawn following the

research on morbidity carried out by Degussa, a leading

manufacturer of carbon black in the world. The application

sector of carbon black includes the production of tyres

and rubbers for technical sector, printing inks, varnishes

and fibres. According to the results of the research, the

exposure to carbon black does not bring about any

increase in the occurrence rate of human lung and

respiratory diseases.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.651707

Item 142

Rubber India

49, No.6, June 1997, p.9-12

CHLORINATED RUBBER - A CASE STUDY

Kerres H

Bayer AG



This article discusses chlorinated rubber, looking in

particular at: the use of carbon tetrachloride (CTC) in the

chlorinated rubber process, why CTC is used as a process

agent, CTC emissions, and the chlorinated process

developed by Bayer AG of Germany.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.650088

Item 143

Hazardous Substances

8, No.7, July/Aug.1997, p.5

RUBBER INDUSTRY GUIDANCE

The HSC’s Rubber Industry Advisory Committee

(RUBIAC) has launched new publications on health and

safety in the rubber industry which give advice on

COSHH. The first is a legal guide and the other two

provide practical guidance on particular applications:

powder handling and weighing, and the use of solvents.

All three are revisions of existing guidance, to incorporate

changes in the law and experience gained within the

industry since COSHH first came into effect. They address

key issues in the industry, including occupational cancers,

dermatitis and respiratory sensitisation. The booklets

incorporate recent legislative changes such as COSHH

94 and developments in industrial practices such as the

increasing use of water-based adhesives. Useful

information on biological monitoring has also been

included. According to HSE, inspectors visited about 20%

of all rubber factories in 1996/97, and found that over

20% of these still did not have a COSHH assessment for

rubber process dust or rubber fume. Only half of those

that did exist were ‘suitable and sufficient’ in the visiting

inspector’s view. The guidance is aimed at helping

companies to comply fully with their legal obligations.

Copies of the binder package ISBN 0 7176 1373 9, priced

18 pounds sterling, are available from HSE Books and

booksellers. The COSHH section can be purchased

separately. This abstract includes all the information

contained in the original article.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.645232

Item 144

Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings.

Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.272-80. 43C6

STATE-OF-THE-ART IN THE INDUSTRIAL

HYGIENE MONITORING OF AIRBORNE TDI

AND MDI

Booth K S; Dharmarajan V

Bayer Corp.

(SPI,Polyurethane Div.)

A comprehensive review is presented of developments

in sampling and analysis procedures for the determination

of airborne isocyanates. These techniques are critically

examined, and some special considerations relating to the

sampling of isocyanates are discussed. 17 refs.

USA

Accession no.643065

Item 145



DIISOCYANATE ASTHMA AND OTHER

RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

Jolly A T

ICI Polyurethanes


An examination is made of the causes, diagnosis and

management of respiratory diseases connected with

exposure to diisocyanates.

USA

Accession no.643027

Item 146



WORK PRACTICES FOR WORKING WITH

DIISOCYANATES

Booth K S

Bayer Corp.


Safety measures which should be adopted when working

with diisocyanates are discussed. Exposure limits and

protective equipment and clothing are examined. 4 refs.

USA

Accession no.643026

Item 147


No.33, May 1997, p.1-2

SOLVENTS IN THE UK

Stear D


In this article information is presented on the use of

solvents in the UK, examining the trends in use and

application of industrial solvents, and the major driving

forces behind these trends. A recent survey carried out by

the UK Health & Safety Executive showed a persistent

lack of safety as far as exposure is concerned.

CANADA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;

EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; UK; USA; WESTERN

EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.639597

Item 148


8, No.2, Feb.1997, p.7-8



EU INDICATIVE LIMIT VALUES

It is reported very briefly that a new list has been published

of indicative limit values as a step towards generating a

uniform minimum standard for worker exposure to

airborne hazardous substances across the EU. A chart

showing the new levels is included.

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;


Accession no.636770

Item 149


26, No.11, 13th Jan.1997, p.7

STUDY LINKS CHEMICALS TO CANCER

Moore M

This article reports on the findings of a study carried out

by the US National Toxicology Programme’s Peer Review

Panel that three chemicals used in rubber production -

chloroprene, ethylbenzene and tetrahydrofuran - caused

cancer in rats after inhalation tests. Details are given.


ADMINISTRATION; DUPONT; DUPONT DOW

ELASTOMERS LLCUSA

Accession no.636354

Item 150

151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,


Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 32, pp.6. 012

DECREASING COSTS THROUGH

INFORMATION: IMPLEMENTATION OF

CHEMICAL INVENTORIES AND

MANAGEMENT OF MATERIAL SAFETY DATA

SHEETS

Lutz E A

EnviroCom Systems

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

The use of a chemical accounting or mass balancing

inventory management system to account for all chemicals

entering into and exiting out of a facility is discussed. By

coupling such a system with material safety data sheet

management software, it is possible to determine which

chemicals in a standing inventory have data sheets on

file and which do not. The advantages of these systems

in reducing the costs associated with material purchases,

process and support operations and waste disposal are

examined.

US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYUSA

Accession no.636042

Item 151




HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Read R B

Hanna M.A.,Rubber Compounding

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Aspects of industrial health and safety management are

discussed, with particular reference to accident

prevention.

USA

Accession no.636041

Item 152




OSHA VOLUNTARY PROTECTION PROGRAMS

Atkinson J R

Monsanto Co.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Details are given of the US Occupational Safety & Health

Administration’s Voluntary Protection Programmes which

are aimed at improving worker safety and health through

cooperation among management, employees and the

government. The benefits of these programmes are

illustrated by reference to the experience of Dow

Chemical, Mobil Oil and Monsanto.


ADMINISTRATION; MOBIL OIL CORP.; DOW

CHEMICAL CO.USA

Accession no.636032

Item 153


18, No.10, 17th Feb.1997, p.6

PHILADELPHIA COMPANY TO MAKE

HYPOALLERGENIC LATEX

Moore M

The US Department of Agriculture, holding a new patent

to make hypoallergenic rubber latex from guayule, is

reported to have licensed the technology to a newly-

formed Philadelphia company - Yulex. About 20 million

Americans are allergic to latex; the agency hopes that

this market will provide an impetus to popularise guayule

as the raw material for over 40,000 latex products,

including 300 designed for medical use. Details are given.

US,DEPT.OF AGRICULTURE; YULEX CORP.USA

Accession no.634279



Item 154

Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology

12, No.4, 1996, p.258-73

BLADDER CANCER IN RUBBER WORKERS. A

PHENYL BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE (PBNA)

EXPOSED WORKFORCE

Veys C A

Keele,University

An extension of the follow-up period from 1985 to 1990

for two quinquennial intakes of rubber workers (newly

engaged at a large tyre factory in the Midlands between

1950 and 1960) was undertaken to assess bladder cancer

morbidity. This gave the opportunity to examine more

closely the spatial departmental distribution of cases on a

factory plan, and to contrast this with that exhibited by

rubber workers employed before 1949, when two

carcinogenic antioxidants, Nonox S and Agerite resin,

were in use then withdrawn at the end of that year. Both

these latter agents were contaminated with about 2500

ppm of betanaphthylamine, a recognised potent human

bladder carcinogen, exposure to which had also almost

doubled the incidence of bladder tumours in the exposed

workforce. 30 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.629066

Item 155

Journal of the Adhesive and Sealant Council. Volume 1.

Fall 1996. Conference proceedings.

San Francisco, Ca. 3rd-6th Nov.1996, p.69-81. 6A1

ECONOMICAL, LOW NITROSAMINE ULTRA

ACCELERATORS

Ferradino A G

Vanderbilt R.T.,Co.Inc.

(US,Adhesives & Sealants Council)

The issue of nitrosamine formation from the

decomposition of accelerators based on secondary amines

during vulcanisation at elevated temperatures is being

actively addressed by the rubber industry. R.T. Vanderbilt

has developed two new commercially available ultra

accelerators that provide an excellent balance of low

toxicity, low nitrosamine formation, good technical

properties, and cost effectiveness. The technology was

discovered by B.F. Goodrich and is patented. The unique

combination of properties offered by the new ultra

accelerators based on diisobutylamine is discussed. 3 refs.

GOODRICH B.F.,CO.USA

Accession no.626517

Item 156


179, No.2, Feb.1997, p.24-5

LATEX GLOVES REACHING GOALS

White L

Global use of all types of dipped latex gloves has now

risen to well above 30 billion/year, possibly 35 billion.

The US is by far the largest glove user per capita with 60

gloves per person annually. Glove and other latex product

makers have put considerable resources into lowering the

protein and chemical content of their products. Powdered

gloves should be avoided as the powder can act as a carrier

to take allergenic proteins into wound sites. Synthetic

gloves are being developed, including polychloroprene

and nitrile latex surgical gloves, as alternatives for the

sensitised.

WORLD

Accession no.619823

Item 157


26, No.10, 16th Dec.1996, p.16

YEAR YIELDS MIXED GOVERNMENT

RESULTS

Moore M

This article reports that 1996 has been a frustrating year

for the US rubber industry, with regard to legislative

issues. An overview of governmental regulations is

provided, under the headings: the Clean Air Act, work-

place exposure regulations, the International Rubber

Agreement, uniform tyre grading, and association

changes.

US,GOVERNMENT; US,RUBBER MFRS.’ASSN.INDONESIA; MALAYSIA; USA

Accession no.618131

Item 158


Medicine

38, No.12, 1st Dec.1996, p.1239-47

BLADDER CANCER INCIDENCE IN

ARYLAMINE WORKERS

Ouellet-Hellstrom R; Rench J D

SRA Technologies

This paper describes an investigation into the incidence

of bladder cancer in a cohort of 700 workers, employees

at a Connecticut chemical plant, between mid-1965 and

1989. The plant produced a number of chemicals, among

them arylamines. Methods are explained, and results

presented with a discussion. An epilogue is also included.

18 refs.

USA

Accession no.617949

Item 159


39, Nos.7/8, July/Aug.1995, p.31-2

Italian

HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE



A brief survey is made of European Union legislation

relating to health and safety in the workplace, and topics

discussed at seminars held by Assogomma on health and

safety in the rubber industry are reviewed.

ASSOGOMMA; CONFINDUSTRIA; LAB

ANALISIS; CONSULENTI ASSOCIATI MILANO;

BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE ITALIA; PIRELLI SPAEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;


Accession no.616891

Item 160

Rubber World

215, No.2, Nov.1996, p.14

OSHA CUTS BUTADIENE PERMISSIBLE

EXPOSURE LIMIT TO 1 PPM UPON JOINT

RECOMMENDATIONS

The Occupational Safety & Health Administration has

reduced the permissible exposure limit for 1,3-butadiene

from 1,000 parts per million parts of air to 1 ppm. The

agency claims that almost 10,000 workers will be better

protected from cancer under the new standard. The final

standard, which is expected to prevent at least 79 cancer

deaths over a 45-year working lifetime, also includes a

15-minute short-term exposure limit of 5 ppm and an

action level of 0.5 ppm.


ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.615930

Item 161

IRC ’96. International Rubber Conference. Conference

proceedings.

Manchester, 17th-21st June 1996, paper 75. 012

NITROSAMINES IN RUBBER - LEGISLATIVE

TRENDS

Loadman M J R

Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn.

(Institute of Materials)

Before considering any legislative trends relating to

nitrosamine regulations, it is helpful to know what

legislation currently exists and how this position has

evolved. An insight is provided into the thinking which

has produced the current situation, with the aim of

applying it to a future scenario. 22 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.610139

Item 162

IRC ’96. International Rubber Conference. Conference

proceedings.

Manchester, 17th-21st June 1996, paper 35. 012

NR LATEX PRODUCTS: PROBLEMS AND

SOLUTIONS

Pendle T D

(Institute of Materials)

Western markets responsible for most of the growth in

dipped goods in recent years, through their

requirements for single-use medical products, are also

the sources of the problems facing the industry now.

Western societies appear to be involved in a search for

the perfectly safe life, i.e. one not only free of all actual

hazards but one free of even the possibility of hazard.

The two most important factors, relevant to the latex

industry, arising from this quest for safety are the desire

for nitrosamine-free products and the requirement for

minimal, or zero, allergenic potential, the demand for

these characteristics being particularly strong in the

areas of medical, food-contact and child-related

products. The demands for nitrosamine-free products

and for freedom from Type IV allergy are such that it

may only be possible to satisfy them by the use of non-

sulphur vulcanising systems. An attempt is made to

review the possible effects of these factors on the

industry, covering ways of meeting the markets’

requirements and considering the possibilities of

alternative vulcanising systems. 15 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.610051

Item 163

Plastics News(USA)

8, No.23, 5th Aug.1996, p.28

OSHA OFFICE TARGETS PLASTICS INDUSTRY

SAFETY

King R

This article focuses on the growing issue of industrial

accidents involving machinery, and looks at a pilot project

of “strategic intervention” from the US Occupational

Safety & Health Administration which urges plastics and

rubber industry companies to use machinery shut-off,

lock-out or tag-out safety devices during maintenance

shut-downs and downtime.


ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.609868

Item 164


26, No.1, 12th Aug. 1996, p.21

HEALTH CRISIS BOOSTS LATEX GOODS

Sowa S

This article investigates how the AIDS health scare

resulted in a huge rush for latex barrier gloves and latex

condoms, and reports how manufacturers reaped the



advantages. Emphasis remains on quality with these

products that serve as life-savers.

BAXTER TRAVENOL; ANSELL INTERNATIONAL;

JOHNSON & JOHNSON; ALADAN CORP.;

SAFESKIN CORP.MALAYSIA; THAILAND; USA

Accession no.609846

Item 165


57, No.10, Oct.1996, p.918-23

WORKER EXPOSURES TO NITROSAMINES IN

A RUBBER VEHICLE SEALING PLANT

Reh B D; Fajen J M

US,National Institute for Occupa.Safety & Health

Details are given of occupational nitrosamine inhalation

exposures at a rubber vehicle sealing plant. 17 refs.

USA

Accession no.608370

Item 166


No.31, Sept.1996, p.1-2

OCCUPATIONAL CONTACT DERMATITIS

Ryecroft R


This article supplies details of the incidence and causes

of occupational contact dermatitis. Less severe cases can

cause itchy, flaking, cracked, swollen and bleeding skin,

especially on the arms and forearms. More disabling cases

could mean the loss of a limb. Causative agents can be

divided into irritants and allergens. The article describes

the differences and suggests possible preventative

measures.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.607457

Item 167


25, No.27, 29th July 1996, p.15

WHO CALLS CARBON BLACK “POSSIBLE

CARCINOGEN”

Davis B; Shaw D

Carbon black has been reclassified as a possible carcinogen

by the World Health Organisation’s International Agency

for Research on Cancer. The reclassification is based almost

entirely on results of studies in which rats developed lung

tumours in an environment of “gross lung overload with

carbon black”, according to a UK consultant physician.

Degussa claims the rats in the studies were exposed daily

to carbon blacks at periods and levels that do not correspond

with actual practice. Degussa has released the results of 25

years of medical check-ups on 677 employees at its

Kalscheueren plant. The company observed no increased

incidences of skin or respiratory diseases compared with

the rest of the population.

INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON

CANCER; DEGUSSA AGWORLD

Accession no.605909

Item 168

Analyst

121, No.8, Aug.1996, p.1101-6

DETERMINATION OF COMPLEX MIXTURES

OF AIRBORNE ISOCYANATES AND AMINES. II.

TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE AND

AMINOISOCYANATE AND TOLUENE DIAMINE

AFTER THERMAL DEGRADATION OF A

TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE-POLYURETHANE

Tinnerberg H; Spanne M; Dalene M; Skarping G

Lund,University Hospital; Lund Institute of Technology

The effectiveness of derivatisation of isocyanates with

dibutylamine and selective derivatisation of amines as a

method for determination of isocyanates,

aminoisocyanates and amines in complex mixtures such

as those formed during thermal decomposition of TDI-

PU in the workplace was demonstrated. 9 refs. (Pt.I, ibid,

p.1095-9)


Accession no.604344

Item 169


Medicine

38, No.6, June 1996, p.625-30

EFFECTS OF PROLONGED LOW EXPOSURE

TO METHYL ISOCYANATE

Avashia B; Battigelli M C; Morgan K C; Reger R B

West Virginia,University; Rhone-Poulenc; Western

Ontario,University; Alderson-Broaddus College

This paper reports on an assessment of human pulmonary

effects from long-term, low-level exposure to methyl

isocyanate in over 400 workers at a large chemical facility.

Subjects and methods are explained, with results presented

and discussed. 11 refs.

CANADA

Accession no.603655

Item 170


Medicine

38, No.6, June 1996, p.569-70

MORTALITY IN CARBON BLACK WORKERS

IN THE UNITED STATES

Robertson J McD; Inman K J

Western Ontario,University; Victoria Hospital

This paper provides information from a study on the

mortality of carbon black workers in the USA, which



updated an earlier study to include an additional 20,000

person-years of observation and extended the follow-up

from 1935 to 1994. Methods are explained, and the results

obtained are presented and discussed. 12 refs.

CANADA; USA

Accession no.603654

Item 171

Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe

49, No.7-8, July/Aug.1996, p.514/20

PROCESS OILS FOR THE RUBBER INDUSTRY -

LEGAL BASIS AND ASSESSMENT OF

POTENTIAL CARCINOGENICITY

von Meyerinck L; King D; Riley A; Wommelsdorff R

BP Oil Europe; BP Oil Deutschland GmbH; BP Oil

Product Stewardship Group

The development and current status of European

legislation relating to the carcinogenicity classification

of the range of aromatic naphthenic and paraffinic process

oils supplied to the rubber industry are reviewed. The

available analytical markers and short-term tests for the

assessment of carcinogenic potential are considered and

discussed in relation to process oils. 31 refs.

BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN

EUROPE

Accession no.602880

Item 172

Reinforced Plastics

40, No.9, Sept.1996, p.17

STUDY POINTS TO CANCER RISK FROM

STYRENE

A major international study carried out by the World

Health Organisation’s International Agency for Research

on Cancer has found some increased risk of cancer in

workers exposed to styrene. The participants’ exposure

to styrene was reconstructed through job histories,

environmental and biological monitoring data, and

production records of the plants in the study.


CANCEREUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.602764

Item 173


39, No.5, May 1995, p.16-21

Italian

CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES IN THE

WORKPLACE

Garlanda B

The provisions of EU legislation concerning the use of

carcinogenic substances in the workplace are examined.

A list is presented of 157 substances and their

classifications as at March 1995.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN

EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.598417

Item 174

Occupational Health Review

No.62, July/Aug.1996, p.5

BEWARE OF HIDDEN LATEX ALLERGIES

Occupational asthma due to latex is reported to have

remained undiagnosed in a hospital worker for about five

years because her exposure to latex was purely indirect

and therefore unsuspected. It seemed unlikely because the

woman, a medical secretary, did not handle medical gloves

during her work. She also had not used cleaning gloves, or

other latex materials, including condoms. Moreover, all

cases of latex-induced occupational asthma had been

reported only in workers manufacturing or using latex

gloves. The source of the woman’s asthma remained a

mystery; skin-prick tests with common inhalant allergens

gave negative results. Sensitisation to latex was only

considered after she developed contact urticaria from

wearing household latex gloves. It was also observed that

asthma symptoms became less frequent after the hospital

changed to PVC examination gloves. The woman had

developed occupational asthma from inhalation of airborne

latex allergens. She became exposed to the aeroallergy

when she had to walk though the emergency rooms to carry

medical files. Very brief details are noted. 1 ref.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.597503

Item 175


7, No.7, July/Aug.1996, p.1

HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT: NEW

BRITISH STANDARD

The British Standards Institute has launched a new

standard, BS 8800, as a strategy document for compliance

with the Management of Health and Safety at Work

Regulations 1992. Described as a do-it-yourself kit for

managers with little or no experience of health and safety

management, it has sections on risk assessment,

organising management systems, planning and

implementation, performance measurement and auditing.

The suggested quick benefits of implementing BS 8800

are a reduction in accidents and work-related ill health,

which together have been estimated by HSE as costing

businesses 10% of their annual profits through sick pay,

insurance claims, lost production and other similar factors.

Brief details are given.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.596181



Item 176

Plastics News International

June 1996, p.24

STATIC ELECTRICITY...INVISIBLE HAZARD

White G

Allendale Products

Electrostatic discharge is reported to be a potential hazard

in the plastics and chemicals industries, and measures

need to be taken to avoid injuries. It is the sudden transfer

of electrical energy from one object to another, and can

be observed when high voltages are stored in capacitors

or on charged insulators. This sudden discharge releases

all their stored energy. Details are given.

KASUGAAUSTRALIA

Accession no.592867

Item 177

Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi

67, No.9, 1994, p.603-14

Japanese

SAFETY OF RUBBER CHEMICALS

Watanabe T

Yokohama

A survey is presented of trends in the safety and hygiene

of organic rubber chemicals. Definitions of toxicity

criteria are given and data on toxicity of rubber chemicals

are listed. 49 refs. Articles from this journal can be

requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra

produced International Polymer Science and Technology.

JAPAN

Accession no.592335

Item 178

Muanyag es Gumi

31, No.9, 1994, p.228-31

Hungarian

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE RUBBER

INDUSTRY

Scheuring I

A brief review is given of the hazardous materials in

general use in the rubber industry. Details are given of

different carbon blacks, ageing inhibitors, accelerators and

vulcanising agents. The European Community

recommendations concerning the treatment, classification

and packaging of hazardous materials are also reviewed.

20 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for

translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced

International Polymer Science and Technology.

EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN

UNION; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.592332

Item 179

149th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1996.


Montreal, 5th-8th May 1996, paper 19, pp.7. 012

PANDORA’S BOX

Jarrett E L

Elastochem Inc.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

A general review is presented of currently existing

regulations for the handling, warehousing and use of

hazardous chemicals in the rubber industry. Their impact

on packaging and materials handling and the potential

alternative methods of using hazardous materials safely

and efficiently are discussed. Information is based upon

current United Nations, US Department of Transportation,

US Environmental Protection Agency, and US

Occupational Safety & Health Administration Regulations.

USA

Accession no.591660

Item 180


40, No.1, Feb.1996, p.65-77

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CARBON

BLACK IN ITS MANUFACTURE: DATA FROM

1987 TO 1992

Gardiner K; Calvert I A; van Tongeren M J A;

Harrington J M


This paper describes the exposure to carbon black dust in the

first and second phase of a large multi-national epidemiological

study investigating the magnitude of exposure-related effects

such as respiratory morbidity. 29 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.587194

Item 181

Chimica e l’industria

76, No.12, Dec.1994, p.774-8

CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM

DISTILLATES FOR TOXICOLOGICAL

PURPOSES: A METHODOLOGICAL

APPROACH

Locati G; Fantuzzi A; Maggi L; Riganti V

Pirelli SpA; Pavia,University

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in

aromatic distillates used as plasticisers in the rubber

industry were determined by mass spectrometry and gas

chromatography. The results were compared with those

obtained by the IP 346/80 method used in the

determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds, and by

the Grimmer method for the determination of polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on the results, suggestions

are made for approaches to the toxicological classification

of petroleum products. 11 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.586668



Item 182

Rubber World

213, No.4, Jan.1996, p.17

ESTIMATION OF PROTEIN CONTAMINATION

IN LATEX

Alam A

Geno Technology Inc.

Because of the health risk associated with latex protein,

latex-based products that are likely to come into contact

with humans require removal of the protein and careful

monitoring of the protein content in the finished products.

A simple and reliable method for estimation of protein

content in latex called the Latex dotMetric protein assay

has been developed. A proprietary test strip and reagent

solutions have been developed such that when a 1 ul

protein solution is applied onto the test strip, it produces

compact and symmetrical protein spots. The diameters

of the protein spots are proportional to protein

concentration. This method has been found to be more

sensitive than the Lowry method. 1 ref.

USA

Accession no.584541

Item 183


178, No.4, April 1996, p.27-30

MANAGING LATEX PROTEIN ALLERGY

White L

The Finnish National Public Health Institute and a team

from the Universities of Helsinki and Tampere recently

reported a step forward in establishing which proteins

in latex cause allergic reactions. This work identified

hevein, which has been extracted from a highly

allergenic brand of surgeon’s gloves, as a significant

latex allergen. Between 5 and 17% of healthcare workers

are reported to be sensitised to latex because of their

high exposure to the material, mainly in the form of

gloves. Powder-free gloves are said to be essential to

minimise environmental contamination and subsequent

patient and employee exposure to latex proteins bound

to powder particles. Improved test methods and

standards are still called for.

WORLD

Accession no.584489

Item 184

148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.


Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 12, pp.14.

012

DOWNSTREAM PROCESS IMPACTS OF

SPECIALITY ANTITACKS, PELLET AND STRIP

McAlaine R M

Namico Inc.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

An examination is made of problems associated with the

use of antitack agents in the tyre industry. Effects on

downtime and tyre quality and aspects of health and safety

and maintenance, cleaning and disposal costs are

discussed.

USA

Accession no.580200

Item 185

London, 1995, pp.16. 10ins. 30/6/95. 123

SAFE TO BREATHE. DUST AND FUME

CONTROL IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY

UK,Health & Safety Commission

This leaflet was prepared by the Rubber Industry Advisory

Committee, and agreed by the Health & Safety

Commission. It contains notes on good practice which

are not compulsory, but which may prove helpful in dust

and fume control.

Accession no.576849

Item 186


17, No.3, 13th Nov.1995, p.5

OSHA REOPENING FILE ON METHYLENE

CHLORIDE

Moore M

OSHA has reopened its record on methylene chloride

following carcinogenicity studies carried out on mice by

Zeneca Central Toxicology Laboratories for the

Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance. The study

reported that although mice are uniquely sensitive at high

exposure levels to methylene chloride-induced lung and

liver cancer, other species including humans were not at

similar risk. Brief details are given of the study.


ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.576389

Item 187

Archives of Environmental Health

50, No.5, Sept.-Oct.1995, p.337-40

OUTBREAK OF NAPHTHALENE

DIISOCYANATE-INDUCED ASTHMA IN A

PLASTICS FACTORY

Fuortes L J; Kiken S; Kakowsky M

Iowa,University; US,National Institute for

Occupa.Safety & Health; Iowa Methodist Occupational

Medicine

Seven cases of possible naphthalene diisocyanate related

occupational asthma occurred in 1987 and 1988. These

cases were reported to the National Institute for

Occupational Safety & Health by personnel at a factory

that manufactures plastic wheels for fork-lift trucks. The

reporting of cases prompted (a) an evaluation of the work-



place, including a medical screening of workers, to detect

additional cases; and (b) an industrial hygiene survey to

determine level of exposure to isocyanates. 14 refs.

USA

Accession no.568082

Item 188


177, No.11, Nov.1995, p.38

BLIC SAYS TYRE DEBRIS NO HAZARD

White L

The Brussels based organisation of European rubber

manufacturers’ associations, BLIC, has issued a statement

refuting some of the more dramatic claims in a Swedish

National Chemicals Inspectorate (KEMI) report on tyre debris.

The KEMI data raised the question of health hazards resulting

from the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of

the high aromatic oils used in tyre formulations. BLIC claims

that studies have shown that when tyre rubber is abraded onto

the road during normal tyre wear, both the rubber and the

PAHs in it are rapidly broken down and destroyed by natural

biological and thermo-oxidative processes.

BLICBELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.567591

Item 189

Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe

47, No.6, 1994, p.399-404

German

NITROSAMINE-FREE VULCANISING

SYSTEMS FOR EPDM

Hofmann W; Diederichsen J

Deutsche Oelfabrik

The author outlines the problems with N-nitrosamines in

the rubber industry, covering the biological effect of N-

nitrosamines and their hazards, laws relating to the

handling of these substances and the consequences of

these for the rubber industry, and methods of reducing

their formation (use of sulphenamides, safe amines,

triazines, xanthogenates and dithiophosphates). Articles

from this journal can be requested for translation by

subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer

Science and Technology.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.565950

Item 190


48, No.9, Sept.1995, p.600-5

German

NEW EVALUATION OF DITHIOPHOSPHATES

WITH REFERENCE TO ACCELERATORS

INCAPABLE OF FORMING N-NITROSAMINES

Graf H J; Issel H M

Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH

The introduction of dithiophosphates in rubber chemistry

is shown to offer an alternative to classical accelerators

with reference to technological, economic and

toxicological factors, the dithiophosphates being unable

to form N-nitrosamines. Examples are given of optimised

mixtures based mainly on dithiophosphates and exhibiting

a comparable set of physical properties to conventional

systems. The potential design of bloom-free curing

systems for EPDM via dithiophosphates is described. 13

refs. (dkt ’94, Stuttgart, Germany, June 1994)


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.564587

Item 191


24, No.19, 10th April 1995, p.6

EPA: RUBBER INDUSTRY CUTS 1993 TOXIC

RELEASES

Moore M

With figures from the US Environmental Protection

Agency, this article reports that US industry cut its toxic

chemical releases by 12.6% in 1993, with the rubber

industry generally showing larger decreases.

US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY;

DUPONT; GOODYEARUSA

Accession no.561249

Item 192

Rubbercon ’95. Conference Preprints.

Gothenburg, 9th-12th May 1995, Paper F2, pp.10. 012

RESPONSIBLE CARE IN THE SWEDISH

RUBBER INDUSTRY

Ringstrom A

Association of Swedish Chemical Industries

(Nordic Council of Rubber Technology)

The objectives of the responsible care initiative in

improving health, safety and environmental protection in

the Swedish rubber industry are outlined. Examples are

presented of improvements which have been achieved in

the substitution of hazardous additives and cleaning

materials and the organisation of safety procedures in the

workplace, and reference is made to a project which was

undertaken to assess the environmental impact of rubber

chemicals and vulcanisation fumes.

CEFIC; KAROLINSKA HOSPITALEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.560454



Item 193


Medicine

37, No.6, June 1995, p.749-54

DEATHS FROM ACUTE EXPOSURE TO

TRICHLOROETHYLENE

Ford E S; Rhodes S; McDiarmid M; Schwartz S L;

Brown J

US,National Center for Environmental Health;

Baltimore Gas & Electric Co.; Occupational Safety and

Health Administration; Georgetown,University;

Ramsey Clinic

Details are reported on deaths attributed to

trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure that occurred between

1975 and 1992. A case history is reported from the most

recent death, including tissue concentration modelling.

Recommendations are given on working practices to

reduce the risk from exposure to TCE. 31 refs.

USA

Accession no.558288

Item 194


Medicine

37, No.6, June 1995, p.725-38

MAN-MADE VITREOUS FIBRES AND RISK OF

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CANCER: A REVIEW

OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE

I-Min Lee; Hennekens C H; Trichopoulos D; Buring J

E

Harvard Medical School; Harvard School of Public

Health

A review is presented of the available evidence regarding

the safety, in particular the epidemiologic data, on man-

made vitreous fibres (MMVF) and the risk of respiratory

system cancer. Glass fibres (especially glass wool) have

been studied most extensively. Taken together, the data

indicate that among those occupationally exposed, glass

fibres do not appear to increase risk of respiratory system

cancer. Details of studies on rock and slag wool are

examined. There are no published studies, in humans, of

refractory ceramic fibres. 42 refs.

USA

Accession no.558287

Item 195

Sudbury, 1994, pp.12 8 ins. 15/3/95. 921

GETTING TO GRIPS WITH MANUAL

HANDLING. RUBBER - A SHORT GUIDE FOR

EMPLOYERS


A guide for employers is presented providing information

about manual handling in the rubber industry, and the

responsibilities of the employer to minimise any risks to

personal injury by implementing proper training, the use

of automation where appropriate, and the provision of

mechanical aids if necessary.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.556647

Item 196

Urethanes Technology

12, No.1, Feb/March 1995, p.3

MOCA’S BACK - YET AGAIN

Reed D

The article supplies brief details of a report in the Sunday

Times which alleges that three separate studies of workers

at Hickson International, a former manufacturer of

MOCA, have been suppressed. The studies reveal that

workers involved in the manufacture of MOCA have

above average levels of bladder cancer. The BRMA have

advised members to try to find a potentially less toxic

curing agent.

HICKSON INTERNATIONALEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.555305

Item 197


9, No.4, 1994, p.270-7

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IDENTIFY

DIFFERENT ANTIGENS IN PROTEINS ELUTED

FROM NATURAL RUBBER LATEX GLOVES

OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES

Cardosa M J; Hamid S; Samuel-Verghese S; Yeang H Y

Universiti Sains Malaysia; Rubber Research Institute of

Malaysia

An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used

to show that proteins eluted from different samples of

NR latex gloves contained different relative proportions

of various antigens as defined by monoclonal antibodies

directed against B-serum and C-serum proteins. Some

gloves with low total protein content were shown to have

a high proportion of one of these antigens, but negligible

amounts of other antigens, while some other gloves had

high levels of more than one antigen tested. These

differences became important if some of these antigens

were more allergenic than others. This report highlighted

the inadequacy of total protein quantification in the

absence of specific immunoassays as a measure of the

safety of a product. 7 refs.

MALAYSIA

Accession no.555244

Item 198


48, No.5, May 1995, p.364-9

German



N-NITROSAMINES - THE CHALLENGE AND

THEORETICAL/PRACTICAL APPROACH TO

SOLVE THE PROBLEM

Seeberger D; Raabe G

Eidgenossische Materialprufungs- und

Forschungsanstalt; Huber & Suhner AG

The results of toxicological studies, via animal testing,

of N-nitrosamines and of the carbocations and carbenium

ions derived therefrom are discussed and the initiation of

carcinogenesis in animals by these metabolites of N-

nitrosamines is considered. The widely-accepted

metabolism of N-nitrosamines to carbenium ions is

demonstrated. In order to understand the carcinogenic

potential of one carbenium ion and not of another,

however, the heat of formation is calculated for carbenium

ions from readily-available thermodynamic data.

Calculation of the energies of formation is described and

a hypothesis on carcinogenicity/non-carcinogenicity is

formulated. 19 refs. (dkt 94, Stuttgart, June 1994)


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.553723

Item 199


38, No.5, May 1994, p.21-3

Italian

AROMATIC AMINE CONTAINING

PREPARATIONS: HOW SHOULD THEY BE

LABELLED?

Garlanda B

A survey is made of requirements under EC and Italian

regulations for the labelling of packages for preparations

containing aromatic amines.


WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.552402

Item 200


50, No.1, Jan/Feb.1995, p.44-60

EFFECTS ON RESPIRATORY MORBIDITY OF

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CARBON

BLACK: A REVIEW

Gardiner K


A number of studies have used chest radiographs,

spirometry, and respiratory symptoms as a means of

assessing the various populations, but almost all of the

studies have either methodological shortcomings or fail

to report the necessary detail. However, exposure-related

effects are evident in those populations studied in terms

of small opacities, reduction in forced expiratory volume

in 1 s and forced mid-expiratory flow, and symptoms of

chronic bronchitis. 45 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.551532

Item 201


48, No.4, April 1995, p.276-80

CURING FUMES - A LARGE-SCALE STUDY

Asplund J

Trelleborg Industri AB

Five carbon black-filled rubber compounds with typical

sulphur-curing systems and one rubber compound with a

peroxide-curing system, based on different polymers and

other ingredients, were studied. The results showed that

amines and sulphur compounds were the main compounds

in the vapour phase of curing fumes from sulphur curing.

Amines together with aliphatic and aromatic

hydrocarbons were the main components of the vapour

phase of curing fumes from peroxide curing. The emission

of curing fumes contributed only slightly to the pollution

in the urban environment in comparison with other

sources, e.g. the traffic. Cleaning methods, using oxidation

(thermal and catalytic), adsorption (active carbon),

absorption (scrubbing), biofiltration and condensation,

were studied with regard to curing fumes. The adsorption

on active carbon was shown to be the most economic of

the methods studied. 11 refs.


Accession no.550871

Item 202


11, No.1, 1995, p.86-8

CORRIGENDUM. BLADDER CANCER IN

RUBBER WORKERS

Veys C A

Keele,University

A correction is presented to an earlier paper on bladder

cancer as an industrial disease in the British rubber

industry (ibid, 8, No.1, 1992, p.1-14). A misprint in the

original paper led to a misalignment of some of the age-

groups in the initial array for the technique of comparative

cohort analysis and the expectation of bladder tumour

morbidity (incidence) thus became artificially elevated.

3 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.550804

Item 203


Medicine

37, No.3, March 1995, p.336-48



OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES AND FEMALE

BREAST CANCER MORTALITY IN THE

UNITED STATES

Cantor K P; Stewart P A; Brinton L A; Dosemeci M

US,National Cancer Institute

Mortality records from 24 states, gathered from 1984 to

1989 and coded for occupation and industry, were used

to develop leads to workplace exposures as possible breast

cancer risk factors. Suggestive associations were found

for styrene, several organic solvents (methylene chloride,

carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde), and several metals/

metal oxides and acid mists. 37 refs.

USA

Accession no.548635

Item 204


Medicine

37, No.3, March 1995, p.288-93

OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS FOR BRAIN

TUMOURS AMONG WOMEN IN SHANGHAI,

CHINA

Heineman E F; Yu-Tang Gao; Dosemeci M;

McLaughlin J K

US,National Cancer Institute; Shanghai Cancer

Institute

Occupation and industry at the time of diagnosis were

identified for 276 incident primary brain tumour cases

among women in Shanghai for 1980-4. Standardised

incidence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were

calculated for all occupations and industries with at least

three female cases. Data were compared with census

information on the occupation for the urban population

of Shanghai. Statistically significant excesses of brain

tumours were seen among grain farmers, rubber workers,

and workers in transportation equipment and repair.

Elevated but non-significant risks were seen among, e.g.

plastics products workers. 22 refs.

CHINA; USA

Accession no.548634

Item 205


16, No.12, 20th March 1995, p.3

STUDY SAYS LATEX RISK MAY BE GREATER

Moore M

Results are discussed of a study carried out amongst

personnel at the Mont-Godinne Hospital in Belgium, to

find the percentage of asthmatic reactions amongst those

working with latex. Skin prick and inhalation tests were

used. As a result of the study, latex allergy experts claim

these results underscore the need to label products

containing latex, and even setting protein content limits

for latex goods.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.548375

Item 206


39, No.1, Feb.1995, p.55-61

PROTOCOL FOR SYSTEMATIC WORKPLACE

INVESTIGATION IN THE RUBBER

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

van Tongeren M; Kromhout H; Swuste P

Birmingham,University; Wageningen,Agricultural

University; Delft,University

A protocol for systematic workplace investigation in the

Dutch rubber manufacturing industry was developed. The

protocol, based on results and experiences of an industry-

wide hygiene study, made it possible to evaluate and

control hazardous working conditions in rubber

manufacturing facilities not included in the hygiene study.

Emphasis was on assessment of exposure to particulates,

rubber fumes, solvents and noise, and of dermal exposure

to contaminants, but also of exposure to vibration, extreme

climatic conditions, deleterious working postures,

accident risks and unhealthy working habits. Data were

collected by using questionnaires and check-lists with the

analysis being performed using a large number of decision

trees which were based on the best technical means of

controlling hazardous working conditions. It was found

that the protocol could be a useful tool for evaluating

control measures, for indicating better means of

controlling hazardous working conditions and for setting

priorities for exposure monitoring and workplace

improvement. 8 refs.



Accession no.547263

Item 207


24, No.15, 13th Feb.1995, p.6

OSHA TO RETHINK PROPOSED MC RULE

Moore M

OSHA has withdrawn its draft workplace exposure rule

on methylene chloride, it is reported, to carry out further

studies, following complaints from federal budget

watchdogs. Methylene chloride is a suspected carcinogen,

which is used as an auxiliary blowing agent for super

soft and low density flexible polyurethane foams. Brief

details are given of the concerns over methodology used

by OSHA to determine the cancer risk.


ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.545352



Item 208

JANUS

No.18, 1994, p.7-8

CANCER RISKS DUE TO WORKING WITH

CERTAIN CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES - A STUDY

USING REGISTERS

Hansen J

Working Environment Fund

It is explained that scarcity of data is a problem with

research into the causes of work-related cancer, and

animal experimentation is often of dubious interpretation.

This article looks at a Danish research project to see if it

was possible to utilise existing data from a number of

computerised registers. Verifying the validity of the

method is explained, results obtained are given, and

conclusions drawn.

DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.542037

Item 209


177, No.2, Feb.1995, p.18-9

NITROSAMINES: THE DEBATE GOES ON

White L

Calls were made at a recent symposium for a new

European-wide research initiative on methods for

nitrosamine analysis. Doubts were expressed about the

validity of analytical methods specified in the regulations

on latex products and in the new EC directive concerning

the release of N-nitrosamines and nitrosatable substances

from elastomer or rubber teats and soothers. It was pointed

out that it is extremely difficult to prevent cross-

contamination in a manufacturing environment and that

measurable levels of N-nitrosamines can be found in a

product formulated to be nitrosamine free. Further

extensive reformulation of latex products is likely to be

needed to meet the latest regulatory needs and property

requirements. Here, the value of the latest computerised

experimental design software was pointed out.


Accession no.540097

Item 210

New York, NY, Marcel Dekker, 1993, pp.xviii, 461.

10ins. 12/7/93. 51B

CARBON BLACK SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY. 2ND EDITION

Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.;

Panjab,University; Degussa AG

Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J

The revised and expanded second edition of this practical

reference text comprises 14 chapters covering carbon

black manufacture, the mechanism of its formation, its

microstructure, morphology, physical and other

properties, the chemical structure of carbon black surface,

its fractal geometry and the role of carbon black in

elastomers, plastics and xerographic toners. Individual

chapters deal with STM, surface energy, conductivity, and

health effects of carbon black.


GERMANY; INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.539313

Item 211

Shawbury, 1994, pp.105. LS.150. 12ins. 11/1/95. 123-

92171T

RUBBER FUME : INGREDIENT/EMISSION

RELATIONSHIPS

Willoughby B


This comprehensive review covers the Rapra

Vulcanisation Fume Project - a unique study analysing

cure volatiles from a suite of formulations using a

common pool of ingredients. The experiments were

conducted under strict laboratory control and the

analytical findings are presented, discussed, and where

appropriate compared with on-site data. This publication

may be purchased from Rapra Technology Ltd.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.539295

Item 212

Ends Report

No.239, Dec.1994, p.8

AIR QUALITY STANDARDS PROPOSED FOR

1,3-BUTADIENE AND CO

This reports on proposed air quality standards for carbon

monoxide and the carcinogen 1,3-butadiene, which have

been put forward by a UK Government expert panel.

Details of the proposals are provided for each of the two

pollutants.

UK,GOVERNMENT; WORLD HEALTH

ORGANISATON; UK,DEPT.OF THE

ENVIRONMENTEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.539011

Item 213

BIBRA Bulletin

33, No.4, 1994, p.135-6

RUBBER MANUFACTURE AND METHYLENE

CHLORIDE

This article very briefly outlines a NIOSH review which

concludes that rubber manufacture employees have

suffered excess deaths from cancers. It also reviews a

further document which deals with methylene chloride

control in furniture stripping.



US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPA.SAFTEY

& HEALTHUSA

Accession no.539008

Item 214

Tyretech ’94. Conference proceedings.

Munich, 24th-25th Oct.1994, paper 14. 6T1

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE TYRE

FACTORY

Czech-Scharif-Afschar K

Continental AG


The rubber mix of a tyre consists of several compounds.

Depending on their different chemical and physical

properties, some of the materials have to be regarded as a

possible hazard to health, especially if they are not handled

correctly. A short overview is given of hazardous

substances in a tyre factory, the situation concerning

special hazardous substances in the German tyre industry,

German legislation aspects and activities of the German

and European Rubber Manufacturers’ Associations in

Germany and in Europe. 15 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.538965

Item 215


9, No.2, 1994, p.121-6

HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS OF SYNTHETIC

ALTERNATIVES TO NATURAL RUBBER LATEX

Morris M D


Considerable criticism has been directed against the use

of NR latex for the manufacture of elastic medical goods

because of the allergic reactions that can be caused. An

analysis of published data reveals that the proportion of

the population affected by latex proteins is small and that

the effects are usually not serious. The four main groups

of alternative materials (PVC, PU, NBR and neoprene,

and styrene copolymers) are considered and it is

concluded that the inferior performance of these materials

can lead to increased health and safety risks and that they

have also been known to cause toxic and allergic effects.

27 refs.

MALAYSIA

Accession no.538295

Item 216


9, No.2, 1994, p.96-108

FACTORY PRODUCTION OF EXAMINATION

GLOVES FROM LOW PROTEIN LATEX

Ghazaly H M


Low protein latex (LOPROL) developed at the RRIM was

found to be suitable for factory scale production of

examination gloves. Both pre-vulcanised and post-

vulcanised formulations could give satisfactory tensile

properties, the latter requiring modifications of the

formulations and compounding techniques. A post-

vulcanised formulation was used in the factory run. Unaged

TS of these gloves was in the region of 25 MPa to 27 MPa

and a retention of more than 90% was obtained when they

were aged at 70C for 7 days and 100C for 1 day. Although

the mechanical stability time of LOPROL was reported to

be lower than 650 s, continuous stirring of a compounded

LOPROL caused a marginal increase in coagulum content

after 7 days compared with HA latex treated in the same

manner. Short on-line wet leaching time of about 1 min

gave soluble protein contents of the LOPROL gloves to be

less than 0.1 mg/g film. When these were dry leached for

30 s, the soluble protein contents further decreased to

between 0.03 to 0.06 mg/g film. 4 refs.

MALAYSIA

Accession no.538293

Item 217


9, No.2, 1994, p.87-95

PRODUCTION OF NATURAL RUBBER LATEX

GLOVES WITH LOW EXTRACTABLE PROTEIN

CONTENT: SOME PRACTICAL

RECOMMENDATIONS

Ng K P; Yip E; Mok K L


The need to produce NR latex gloves with minimum

extractable proteins because of the reported incidence of

Type 1 hypersensitivity is discussed. The current practice

of wet gel leaching for a short period of time is inadequate

in reducing the extractable proteins. It was shown in this

study that an additional leaching operation after drying was

necessary. The most effective means was the use of a

recentrifuged prevulcanised latex with a combination of

wet gel leaching and dry-film leaching or direct water

spraying. Under the most favourable conditions, an

extractable protein content of about 0.03 mg/g could be

achieved. Physical properties of the low extractable protein

gloves were found to meet the requirements of ASTM D-

3578-91 for NR examination gloves. Their allergic

response, as tested clinically on latex-sensitive patients by

a skin-prick test, was found to be highly negative. 13 refs.

MALAYSIA

Accession no.538292

Item 218


9, No.2, 1994, p.79-86



ALLERGIC RESPONSES AND LEVELS OF

EXTRACTABLE PROTEINS IN NR LATEX

GLOVES AND DRY RUBBER PRODUCTS

Yip E; Turjanmaa K; Ng K P; Mok K L

Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia;

Tampere,University

The way in which the allergic response elicited in

hypersensitive persons by allergens in NR latex gloves

was related to the amount of extractable protein present

in the products was examined. Extractable protein content

of a total of 39 different glove samples, determined by

the RRIM-modified Lowry microassay procedure, was

shown to range from 0.020 to 1 mg/g. Allergic responses

to the proteins were evaluated by means of the skin-prick

test. Results demonstrated that higher extractable protein

contents were always associated with positive allergic

responses, while very low extractable protein levels

tended to exhibit weak or no allergic reaction. Similar

studies were also carried out with 16 dry NRs of various

commercial grades and five rubber products, including

cut threads manufactured by processes very different from

those of latex-dipped articles. The results indicated that

dry NR products were free from the protein allergy

problem reported from some latex products. 16 refs.

FINLAND; MALAYSIA; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.538291

Item 219


9, No.2, 1994, p.63-9

IMMUNOASSAYS FOR DETERMINATION OF

ANTIGENS AND ALLERGENS IN LATEX

PRODUCTS

Cardosa M J; Samuel-Verghese S; Hamid S; Yeang H Y

Universiti Sains Malaysia; Rubber Research Institute of

Malaysia

The quality control of latex products used in medical

applications has to take into account the presence of

allergens which induce a type I hypersensitivity response.

Assays to measure the total protein eluted from these

products do not address the problem of allergenicity of the

proteins extracted. The concept of enzyme immunoassay

is described and various immunoassay formats by which

antigens can be detected are considered. Several examples

are presented which show that gloves produced by different

manufacturers contain different amounts of antigens and

monoclonal antibodies are used to show that different

antigens are found in different gloves. 2 refs.

MALAYSIA

Accession no.538289

Item 220

Composites Plastiques Renforces Fibres de Verre

Textile

No.4, July/Aug.1994, p.42-5

French

ORGANIC PEROXIDES: HAZARDOUS

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

Fristel J C

Societe Chalonnaise de Peroxydes Organiques

Environmental, health and safety concerns associated with

organic peroxides are examined, and some French and

EC regulations are reviewed. 10 refs.

SCPOEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;


Accession no.537917

Item 221


38, Nos.7/8, July/Aug.1994, p.21-3

Italian

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES: SENSITISERS

Garlanda B

An examination is made of health hazards associated with

chemical substances which can cause sensitisation

through inhalation or contact with the skin. Reference is

made to some EC directives covering this subject, and

test methods used to determine the sensitising capability

of substances are reviewed.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN

EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.537899

Item 222


49, No.5, Sept/Oct.1994, p.359-65

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO NOISE AND

OTOTOXIC ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Morata T C; Dunn D E; Sieber W K

US,National Inst.for Occupational Safety & Health

This paper reviews the literature on the effects of

occupational exposure to organic solvents on the auditory

system, and identifies work settings in which exposure to

these agents might occur. References to ototoxicity were

noted for three proven neurotoxicants (carbon disulphide,

toluene, and trichloroethylene), and for two probables

(styrene and xylene). The percentage of workers exposed

to these solvents in each economic sector are shown. The

need for future research is also discussed. 55 refs.

USA

Accession no.537258

Item 223


49, No.5, Sept/Oct.1994, p.332-6

ALDH2 POLYMORPHISM AND BIOLOGICAL

MONITORING OF TOLUENE

Toshihiro Kawamoto; Koji Matsuno; Yasushi Kodama;

Kazuhiro Murata; Shinya Matsuda



Kitakyushu,University of Occupational &

Environmental Health; Foundation of Kinki Health

Administration Center

This study evaluates the effects of the genetic

polymorphism of ALDH2, (low Km aldehyde

dehydrogenase), on toluene metabolism and determined

biological exposure indices (BEI’s) of the genotypes of

ALDH2, using 45 toluene workers and 122 non-exposed

students as study subjects. The personal exposure levels to

toluene were monitored, using diffusion type samplers and

urinary hippuric acid, and creatine concentrations were

determined. Results are presented and discussed. 16 refs.

JAPAN

Accession no.537256

Item 224

Journal of Occupational Medicine

36, No.10, Oct.1994, p.1079-92

REVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH ON HEALTH

EFFECTS OF HUMAN OCCUPATIONAL

EXPOSURE TO ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Baker E L

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

This paper reviews research performed since 1985 on the

human health effects of occupational exposure to organic

solvents, with particular attention given to issues of

reversibility of neurotoxicity following exposure

cessation. Health effects involving other organ systems,

(e.g. reproductive, renal, hepatic), and further research

developments, are also discussed. Finally, the practical

implications of these recent research findings are

described, focusing on the management of prevention

programmes at the work site. 94 refs.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATIONUSA

Accession no.537254

Item 225

Chemical Week

155, No.23, 14th Dec.1994, p.22/4

RUBBER CHEMICALS BOUNCE SLOWLY

BACK TO HEALTH

Breskin I; Wiesmann G

Medium term, the 1.5 to 2 billion US dollars worldwide

rubber chemicals industry is expected to see modest

growth of about 1-2%/year, driven primarily by demand

for products used in the tyre industry. In 1994, North

American demand for rubber-processing chemicals is

projected to increase 3.3%. Consumption of

antidegradants, which include both antiozonants and

antioxidants, totalled 134,000 m.t. in the US, Japan and

Western Europe markets in 1993. The next-largest

category, accelerators and vulcanisation agents, is a

100,000-plus m.t./year market. The third, specialty

additives, is significantly smaller. Prices are at last coming

back after a prolonged period of erosion. Given the

dominance of the tyre industry, rubber chemical makers

have reconfigured product to better serve them.

WORLD

Accession no.536557

Item 226

146th Meeting, Fall 1994, Conference Proceedings.

Pittsburgh, Pa., 11th-14th Oct.1994, Paper 2, pp.8. 012

SAFE HANDLING OF ORGANIC PEROXIDES

Benge J E; Berkey B D

Hercules Inc.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Hazards associated with the use of organic peroxide curing

agents in the rubber industry are examined, and

recommendations are presented for their safe storage and

handling.

USA

Accession no.535481

Item 227


21, No.8, 1994, p.T/18-23

NITROSAMINE-FREE VULCANISING

SYSTEMS FOR EPDM

Hofmann W; Diederichsen J

Deutsche Oelfabrik

Problems with N-nitrosamines in the rubber industry are

discussed with particular reference to theory, biological

action of N-nitrosamines, legislation for handling N-

nitrosamines, and methods for reducing N-nitrosamine

formation. Translation of Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe,

No.6, 1994, p.399.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.535265

Item 228


176, No.11, Nov.1994, p.20-1

LATEX ALLERGY IS HARD TO SOLVE

Moore M

This article discusses the growing problem of latex

allergies. For health care workers, finding a substitute for

latex is imperative. Gloves made of vinyl, silicone,

neoprene and other synthetics are on the market, but none

of those has the utility of latex. There is a great deal glove

manufacturers can do to reduce protein content in latex,

but many of these methods are either expensive or

destabilising to the rubber. Latex sensitivity can range from

simple contact dermatitis to full-blown anaphylactic shock,

and there are no medications available to protect latex-

allergic people. Canada is seriously considering setting up

labelling and content standards for natural rubber latex

products to help protect latex-sensitive people.

CANADA

Accession no.532391



Item 229


47, No.9, Sept.1994, p.651/8

German

INVESTIGATION ON THE FORMATION OF

NITROSAMINES DURING PRODUCTION AND

ON STORAGE OF ELASTOMERS. II. KINETIC

ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION OF N-

NITROSODIETHYLAMINE IN THE GAS PHASE

Schuster R H; Wuensch G; Blume A

Deutsches Institut fuer Kautschuktechnologie eV;

Hannover,Universitat

The nitrosation of gaseous diethylamine using nitrogen

dioxide was investigated. It was shown that this reaction

was radical in nature and that the rate of reaction was

high both in the dark and in sunlight. It was found that

nitrogen tetroxide rather than nitrogen dioxide was the

direct nitrosating agent. Before the nitrosation took place,

an equilibrium of dimerisation between nitrogen dioxide

and nitrogen tetraoxide existed. As a result, a negative

activation energy for the whole reaction resulted. 38 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.531221

Item 230


10, No.3, 1994, p.221-46

RUBBER CHEMICALS... PROBLEMS AND

PANACEAS

Lloyd D G

Monsanto Co.

Some of the key developments in rubber chemicals since their

inception are reviewed with particular reference to their

advantages and to health and safety problems. The challenges

now facing the industry are considered. The periods covered

are pre-1918, 1919 to the end of the 1939/45 War, post-Second

World War, and the current period. Possibilities for the future

are examined, with reference to product form, accelerators,

antidegradants, second-network systems, modulus

enhancement and property assessment. 65 refs. (Institute of

Materials, Manchester Polymers Group, May 1994)

INSTITUTE OF MATERIALSBELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.531167

Item 231


176, No.10, Oct.1994, p.34/6

TRELLEBORG LOWERS FUME LEVELS

Roskvist B; Jakobsson E

Rubber industry personnel can help reduce their individual

exposure to potentially harmful curing fumes by careful use

of an aerosol monitoring process developed by health and

safety personnel at Trelleborg Industri AB in Sweden. As

well as giving an instantaneous check on fume levels in any

particular location, so that individual staff in high risk areas

can regulate their exposure, the device has also been useful

in establishing the best types of screens and the optimum air

flow to reduce fume levels on curing equipment.

TRELLEBORG INDUSTRI ABSCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.529120

Item 232


5, No.9, Oct.1994, p.9-10

RESEARCH INTO OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA

It is reported that the UK’s Health & Safety Executive

has unveiled occupational asthma research, which may

be helpful in investigating the immunological processes

involved in sensitisation by low molecular weight

chemicals. Chemicals known to provoke asthma, of both

large and small molecular weight, are listed, the lung

mechanism in an asthma reaction is explained, and the

HSE research is detailed.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.528194

Item 233


5, No.9, Oct.1994, p.6

RUBBER INDUSTRY - FUME CONTROL

GUIDANCE

Details are provided of a new guidance booklet published

by the UK’s Health & Safety Commission, aiming to give

practical advice to help the rubber industry come within

the maximum exposure limit for rubber fume.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.528192

Item 234


55, No.8, Aug.1994, p.733-7

APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING WORKPLACE

EXPOSURE TO O-TOLUIDINE, ANILINE, AND

NITROBENZENE

Pendergrass S M

US,National Institute for Occupa.Safety & Health

An approach to estimating employee exposure to o-

toluidine, aniline, and nitrobenzene, using a combination

of surface wipe, dermal badge and air samples, is

described. These health hazard evaluations were carried

out at two chemical manufacturing plants, in response to

concern generated by studies indicating a higher-than-

expected incidence of bladder cancer among workers



exposed to these chemicals during the manufacturing

process. Full details of the approach, including results

and a discussion, are presented. 12 refs.

AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF

GOVT.INDUST.HYGIENISTSUSA

Accession no.525624

Item 235

Natural Rubber: Current Developments in Product

Manufacture and Applications. Conference

Proceedings.

Kuala Lumpur, 14th-16th June 1993, p.3-18. 41C1

CHALLENGES FOR NR LATEX PRODUCTS IN

MEDICAL AND FOOD-RELATED

APPLICATIONS

Pendle T D


Edited by: Kadir A A S A


The NR latex industry is facing a number of serious

challenges to its future expansion. These challenges, if

not met and overcome, could mean erosion of established

major markets by synthetic materials. Nonetheless, each

of these challenges can be conquered and most of the

knowledge required to succeed already exists. It is merely

necessary that latex producers and product manufacturers

acknowledge that the end users - predominantly western

populations - will not reduce their demand for greater

safety and security and will go elsewhere if the NR latex

industry does not meet their demands. Aspects covered

include nitrosamines, allergies and holes. 31 refs.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.524761

Item 236


67, No.2, May-June 1994, p.299-313

MINIMISING NITROSAMINES USING

STERICALLY HINDERED THIURAM

DISULPHIDES/DITHIOCARBAMATES

Layer R W; Chasar D W

Goodrich B.F.,Co.

Sulphenamide accelerators and sulphur donors based on

secondary amines liberate all of their amine in order to

function and are thus capable of producing relatively large

amounts of nitrosamines. Thiuram disulphides and

dithiocarbamates, on the other hand, only liberate their

amines because of undesired side reactions. In an attempt to

reduce these side reactions and thus the amount of

nitrosamine formed, the effect of steric factors on nitrosamine

formation was investigated. It was found that thiurams and

dithiocarbamates made from sterically bulky amines, e.g.

diisobutylamine, produced orders of magnitude lower levels

of nitrosamine than TMTD. At the same time, when used as

a ‘kicker’ for 2-benzothiazole sulphenamides, N,N,N’,N’-

tetraisobutylthiuram disulphide had better scorch safety but

cured at the same rate as TMTD. Uniquely, N,N,N’,N’-

tetraisobutylthiuram monosulphide acted as a retarder as well

as a ‘kicker’ for 2-benzothiazole sulphenamides. 13 refs.

(ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Orlando, Feb.1993)

USA

Accession no.523873

Item 237


36, No.6, June 1994, p.637-41

TOXICITY ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE

INHALATIONAL AND DERMAL EXPOSURE TO

DIMETHYLACETAMIDE AND 1,2-

ETHANEDIAMINE

Marino G; Anastopoulos H; Woolf A D

New England Deaconness Hospital; Harvard Medical

School; Massachusetts Poison Control System

Dimethylacetamide and ethanediamine are introduced and

their uses explained. A very detailed case history is then

presented of a worker accidentally exposed to both

chemicals. Details are included of the clinical effects

experienced by the victim. 28 refs.

UNION CARBIDE CHEMICALS & PLASTICS CO.;

MICROMEDEX CORP.; DUPONTUSA

Accession no.521427

Item 238

Rubber Southern Africa

9, No.5, March/April 1994, p.12/4

NITROSAMINE-FREE CURING SYSTEMS

Stone C; Gergely A; Lloyd D G

Monsanto Technical Center

Legislation enacted in Germany over the past four years

concerning the level of certain N-nitrosamines in the

workplace has had a major impact on the choice of curing

systems for both NR and synthetic polymers. This impact

is reflected in the volume of literature and patents from

research and development groups worldwide. The concern

engendered extends from Germany to manufacturers and

suppliers wishing to export rubber products and raw

materials to Germany and to responsible companies,

worldwide, concerned with health and safety in the

workplace. The current status concerning compounding

is discussed, and it is shown how such concerns have

stimulated the application of sophisticated techniques to

the problem. This in turn is producing new information

which is improving the understanding of the vulcanisation

process.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.518363

Item 239




8, No.4, 1993, p.299-307

LATEX ALLERGY STUDIES: LOCATION OF

SOLUBLE PROTEINS IN LATEX

EXAMINATION GLOVES

Bahri A R S; Hamzah S; Ghazaly H M; Yeang H Y

Malaysia,Rubber Research Institute

The cause of soluble proteins eluting mainly from the

inner surface of latex gloves was investigated. Eleven

commercial brands of latex examination gloves were

analysed. 18 refs.

MALAYSIA

Accession no.517630

Item 240


36, No.5, May 1994, p.563-8

DELIVERY OUTCOME IN PREGNANCIES

WHEN EITHER PARENT WORKED IN THE

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. A STUDY WITH

CENTRAL REGISTRIES

Kallen B; Landgren O

Lund,University

Using a Swedish population-based medical birth registry,

linked to census for 3 years (1976, 1981, 1986), delivery

outcome was studied in women who worked as factory

workers in the chemical industry or whose cohabiting

partners had such work. No increased rate of abnormality

was seen in infants fathered by men working in the

chemical industry. Infants born of women working in such

industry showed a high rate of low birth weight and short

gestational length and also of infant death. The latter

phenomenon was only seen among infants born in 1976.

14 refs.


Accession no.516420

Item 241

Health & Safety at Work

16, No.5, May 1994, p.26

COSHH AND ASTHMA

Respiratory sensitisers are hazardous to health and are

therefore subject to the requirements of the COSHH

regulations. The article lists some known respiratory

sensitisers, and problems which may occur in the practical

application of COSHH to the specific controls required

for respiratory sensitisers. The article also supplies a 5-

point action plan for control of respiratory sensitisers.

COSHHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.516122

Item 242


55, No.5, May 1994, p.453-4

WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE

LEVEL GUIDES

The article supplies a list of Workplace Environmental

Exposure Level (WEEL) guides developed by the

American Industrial Hygiene Association for agents that

have no current exposure guidelines established by other

organisations. All WEELs in the list are expressed as either

time-weighted average concentrations or as ceiling values.

AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSN.USA

Accession no.516120

Item 243


23, No.17, 28th March 1994, p.15-8

REDUCING NITROSAMINES DURING

VULCANISATION

Chasar D W

Goodrich B.F.,Co.

Nitrosamines are ubiquitous compounds found in many

places including food and body fluids. While there is no

direct evidence that they are carcinogenic to humans, tests

make them suspect and therefore they should be handled

with caution. Nitrosamines form by the reaction of

nitrosating agents with amines. Nitrosamines of primary

amines are unstable, rearrange rapidly to diazoic acids

and thus pose little health threat. Tertiary amines do not

nitrosate directly, but must first be degraded to secondary

amines before nitrosation can occur. This degradation is

a very slow process and therefore need not be considered.

Secondary nitrosamines can nitrosate rapidly to form

persistent nitrosamines, and these are due most concern.

Many traditional accelerators and sulphur donors used

during vulcanisation are constructed from secondary

amines like dimethylamine, diethylamine, morpholine or

piperidine. During vulcanisation, these amines are

released from the accelerator and in the presence of a

nitrosating agent can be converted to a stable secondary

nitrosamine.

USA

Accession no.511048

Item 244

Surface Coatings International

77, No.4, April 1994, p.142/51

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND(VOC)-

EMISSION FROM LATEX PAINTS AND

PLASTERS DURING APPLICATION

Zeh H; Kohlhammer K; Krell M

Wacker-Chemie GmbH

The evaporation constants of a variety of VOCs from

emulsion paints (n-hexane, acetaldehyde, vinyl acetate,

n-octane, n-decane, 2-pentanol, butyl glycol acetate and

trimethylpentanediol diisobutyrate) were determined

experimentally. The evaporation constants together with



other input parameters were tested, using a dynamic

computer model, along with room size, application rate

and VOC content of the emulsion paint during application.

Theoretical predictions were compared with experimental

data measured during application of test paints. It was

shown that the theoretical model characterised the time

dependence of the VOC concentration very well during

application, but deviated increasingly after application

was finished. In a series of theoretical calculations based

on this computer model, it was shown that formulation

of emulsion paints with binders and additives of low VOC

content was the most effective way of reducing exposure

of painters to VOCs. Binders with very low VOC content,

which can be formulated without film-forming agents,

are available. Other methods for reduction of VOCs in

indoor air during paint application are discussed. 13 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.510465

Item 245

JANUS

No.15, 1994, p.4-6

SUBSTITUTION OF DANGEROUS CHEMICALS

- METHODS AND RESULTS

Many countries have introduced the substitution of

dangerous substances into their legislation on the working

environment, e.g. Denmark in 1982. Directive 90/394/

EEC introduced substitution into EC legislation. The

process-based method of substitution can be used at both

company and sector level and is described in detail,

including a survey of chemical products, the collection

of information on the composition of chemical products,

process analysis, assessment of actual danger (risk), and

suggestion for substitution. Possibilities for the

substitution of organic solvents in 62 processes within

the industry are presented.

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN

COMMUNITIESDENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SCANDINAVIA;


Accession no.507143

Item 246


38, No.1, Feb.1994, p.3-22

EMPIRICAL MODELLING OF CHEMICAL

EXPOSURE IN THE RUBBER-

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

Kromhout H; Swuste P; Boleij J S M

Wageningen,Agricultural University;

Wageningen,University; Delft,University

Chemical exposure was assessed in ten rubber-

manufacturing plants in The Netherlands. Personal

exposures to airborne particulates, rubber fumes and

solvents were measured, together with dermal

contamination. In order to identify factors affecting

exposure, the personal exposure levels and information

on tasks performed, ventilation characteristics and

production variables were used in multiple linear

regression models. 29 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN

EUROPE

Accession no.506211

Item 247

IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference

Proceedings.

Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 124, pp.9. 012

NITROSAMINES: FROM PROBLEM TO

CHALLENGE

Verhelst W F; Seeberger D B; Endstra W C

Akzo Chemicals BV

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Problems of nitrosamine formation by accelerators are

reviewed, and possible replacements for such accelerators

are examined. 38 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN

EUROPE

Accession no.505695

Item 248


Proceedings.


HIGH PERFORMANCE “SAFE” NITROSAMINE

CURE SYSTEMS FOR ELASTOMERS

Virdi R S; Chakroborty K B; Bowen J

Robinson Brothers Ltd.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Two classes of accelerators developed by Robinson

Brothers with a view to reducing nitrosamine formation

are described. These include diisopropyl xanthogen

polysulphide, which is used in combination with

secondary accelerators such as tetrabenzylthiuram

disulphide and butylbenzothiazole sulphenamide, and zinc

diisononyl dithiocarbamate. Results are presented of

studies of the performance of the former in NR

compounds and of the latter in high ammonia NR latex

and EPDM. 22 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.505685

Item 249


Proceedings.

Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 106, pp.15.

012

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CURING

SYSTEMS FOR NATURAL RUBBER

Lloyd D G; Gergely A

Monsanto Technical Center



(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Approaches to overcoming the problem of nitrosamine

formation by accelerators during NR vulcanisation are

discussed, including the use of ventilation, the inclusion

of nitrosamine inhibitors and changes to formulations.

The use of a new mass spectrometry technique in the study

of the volatiles produced during cure and the timing of

their appearance is described. Examples are given of its

application to curing systems in NR, including the study

of conventional sulphur-butylbenzothiazole sulphenamide

(TBBS) systems and efficient vulcanisation systems based

on CBS, dithiodimorpholine and tetramethylthiuram

disulphide, and the comparison of volatiles from TBBS

and butylbenzothiazole sulphenimide cures. 32 refs.

BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; USA; WESTERN

EUROPE

Accession no.505680

Item 250


Proceedings.


REALISTIC STRATEGIES TO PREVENT

CARCINOGENIC N-NITROSAMINES IN

RUBBER

Graf H J; Johansson A H

Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH; Rhein Chemie Corp.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Approaches to the reduction of nitrosamine formation

during rubber vulcanisation are reviewed. These include

the deactivation of nitrosating agents with chemicals such

as tocopherol and amine based inhibitors, the use of

alternative accelerators such as tetrabenzylthiuram

disulphide, and activation with zinc dicyanatodiamine.

The effects of such changes on cure characteristics and

the heat ageing and mechanical properties of vulcanisates

are examined. 22 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN

EUROPE

Accession no.505612

Item 251


Proceedings.


MINIMISING NITROSAMINES USING

STERICALLY HINDERED THIURAM

DISULPHIDES/DITHIOCARBAMATES

Layer R W; Chasar D W

Goodrich B.F.,Co.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

In an effort to reduce side reactions leading to the liberation

of amines from thiuram disulphide and dithiocarbamate

accelerators, a study was made of the influence of steric

factors on nitrosamine formation. It was found that such

accelerators made from sterically hindered amines such as

diisopropylamine and diisobutylamine produced

dramatically lower levels of nitrosamines than TMTD. In

addition, when used as a kicker for 2-benzothiazole

sulphenamides, tetraisobutylthiuram disulphide had better

scorch safety than TMTD whilst curing at the same rate.

Uniquely, tetraisobutylthiuram monosulphide acted as a

retarder as well as a kicker for 2-benzothiazole

sulphenamides. 13 refs.

USA

Accession no.505611

Item 252


Proceedings.


FACTORS AFFECTING NITROSAMINE

FORMATION DURING RUBBER

VULCANISATION

Chasar D W

Goodrich B.F.,Co.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

A study was made of the dependence of nitrosomorpholine

formation from accelerators during the vulcanisation of

SBR and SBR/polybutadiene blends on accelerator

structure, curing time and temperature, type of carbon

black and the effect of nitrogen oxide deactivators based

on alkaline earth oxides and hydroxides. It was shown

that these parameters could have a significant impact on

nitrosamine formation during vulcanisation. 11 refs.

USA

Accession no.505610

Item 253


Proceedings.


NITROSAMINES: MYTHS, FANTASY AND

FACTS

Loadman M J R


(ACS,Rubber Div.)

The potential dangers of low levels of N-nitrosamines in

the environment are critically reviewed. It is argued that

there is no evidence to link the presence of N-nitrosamines

in rubber products or in the working environment with

cancer in man. 31 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.505609

Item 254


Proceedings.


FORMATION OF NITROSAMINES IN AIR AND

IN RUBBER MIXTURES



Herrmann J; Schuster R H

Deutsches Institut fuer Kautschuktechnologie eV

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

The mechanisms of nitrosamine formation in the non-

polar condensed phase and during the storage and

vulcanisation of rubbers are investigated. A two-step

mechanism of nitrosamine formation in rubber-filler

mixtures is presented. Investigation of the reaction

kinetics of nitrosation in the non-polar condensed phase

allows the determination of the rate law of nitrosamine

formation in rubber-filler mixtures. 28 refs.


USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.505608

Item 255


Proceedings.


ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH RISK DUE TO

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

CONTAINED IN PROCESS OILS: RESULTS OF

STUDIES CARRIED OUT BOTH IN

LABORATORY AND IN WORKING PLACES

Locati G; Consonni G; Fantuzzi A

Pirelli SpA

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Studies were undertaken to assess the health risk arising

from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAH) contained in oils used in tyre manufacture. Gas

chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to

determine 30 types of PAH in oil samples. Extraction tests

carried out on oil extended rubbers and blends, using

artificial sweat as the extraction medium, revealed no PAH

release. The determination of airborne PAH

concentrations in working environments showed levels

well below the relevant threshold values. The results

suggested that the carcinogenic risk due to PAH in process

oils used in rubber manufacture is negligible. 11 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.505607

Item 256

Rubber Developments

46, No.3/4, 1993, p.35-7

AVOIDING THE PROBLEMS OF ODOUR

DURING RUBBER PROCESSING

Fulton W S


Cis-polyisoprene is reported to be both colourless and

odourless. It is the 5% or so of non-rubbers which give

bale NR, particularly the field grade material, its colour

and the characteristic smell generally accepted in the

rubber industry. Air pollution through odour is a problem

throughout industry, and in Europe has been a particular

target for many environmental action groups. The UK

response to a European Directive has been the

Environmental Protection Act 1990, which outlined

controls to prevent and abate a nuisance and prevent its

recurrence. A working party involving the British Rubber

Manufacturers Association, major tyre manufacturers, the

Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Association and

the Warren Spring Laboratory has been formed to specify

a programme of work to develop cost-effective abatement

options for the industry. One logical solution appears to

be the manufacture of compounds with NR specifically

made for mixing without prior mastication. 5 refs.

BRITISH RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN.;

WARREN SPRING LABORATORYEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.505252

Item 257


23, No.12, 17th Jan.1994, p.3

R&P INDUSTRY POSTS HIGH ’92 INJURY

RATES

According to government statistics, workers in the rubber

and plastics industry had a higher than average rate of

workplace injury in 1992. An official with the Rubber

Manufacturers’ Association has said that he has no idea

why the industry has a high rate of injury. Injuries in

rubber and plastics manufacturing facilities totalled 13.3

for every 100 workers, compared with 8.3 for industry

on average. Some statistics are presented.

RUBBER MFRS.’ASSN.USA

Accession no.502669

Item 258


23, No.9, 6th Dec.1993, p.3

AKRON JURY CITES GOODYEAR IN CANCER

CASE

Earle E A

An Akron jury is reported to have ruled in favour of the

widow of a Goodyear employee, who alleged that her

husband’s lung cancer death resulted from his exposure

to asbestos while at work. Unless Goodyear appeals

against the verdict, the case will return for a settlement

decision to the Industrial Commission of Ohio, which

originally considered the case as a workers’ compensation.

Details are given.

GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO.USA

Accession no.501338

Item 259

Rubber Europe ’93: The Voice of Management.

Conference Proceedings.

The Hague, 10th-11th June 1993, Paper 7. 012



NITROSAMINES INDUSTRIAL REGULATIONS

Thomsom M A

Uniroyal Chemical Co.Inc.

(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal;

Institute of Materials)

Information is presented in some detail on health and

environmental concerns for nitrosamines generated during

rubber processing. Industrial regulations, chemistry and

toxicology are discussed together with industries likely

to be affected by regulations, trends for the rubber industry

and current perspectives for worldwide legislation.

USA; WORLD

Accession no.501220

Item 260


23, No.6, 25th Oct.1993, Environmental Suppl., p.T37-8

NO PAPER TIGERS

Earle B A

Emergency response plans are discussed with reference

to some in place in large rubber companies. It is stressed

that the size of the company is irrelevant in terms of the

provision of key elements of information, e.g. details of

manufacturing process, chain of command, emergency

contacts, evacuation plans, characteristics of chemicals

on-site etc. The need for such plans is discussed and the

relevance of training and coordination with emergency

services is emphasised.

USA

Accession no.498852

Item 261


10, No.5, Oct/Nov.1993, p.26/9

HELPING TO IMPROVE WORKPLACE

HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE UK’S PU

INDUSTRY


The Rubber National Interest Group, established by the

HSE, ensures the enforcement of health and safety

standards in the workplace. Details are presented of the

work done by the group in the PU industry, particularly

regarding health hazards associated with isocyanates and

curing agents. 5 refs.

RUBBER NATIONAL INTEREST GROUPEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.495790

Item 262


35, No.6, June 1993, p.611-6

REDUCED MORTALITY AMONG WORKERS AT

A RUBBER PLANT

Carlo G L; Jablinske M R; Lee N L; Sund K G; Corn M

US,Health & Environmental Sciences Group; Johns

Hopkins University

A retrospective cohort study of mortality among current

and former male employees of a modern tyre

manufacturing plant in Texas was conducted. Vital status

was ascertained for more than 99% of the cohort of 2306

workers. Standardised mortality ratio analyses were

completed based on 102 deaths. No significant excess

for any disease-specific cause of death was identified,

and significant deficits in all-cause mortality and deficits

in cancer mortality were observed for both white and non-

white men. The analyses were consistent in indicating

that this work force has experienced no excessive disease-

specific mortality. 21 refs.

USA

Accession no.495662

Item 263


53, N0.11, Nov.1992, p.742-3

ASSESSMENT OF INTERMITTENT

TRICHLOROETHYLENE EXPOSURE IN

VAPOUR DEGREASING

Ulander A; Selden A; Ahlborg G

Orebro,Medical Centre Hospital

To validate the various sampling strategies in assessment of

trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure, urine and air samples were

obtained from 29 metal workers involved in vapour

degreasing. Urinary trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol

were useful metabolites to estimate TCE exposure on a group

basis, but the predictive value of a single urine sample was

low when related to the air concentration. With intermittent

TCE exposure, the best information is obtained by analysing

both metabolites. 5 refs.


Accession no.495650

Item 264


53, N0.11, Nov.1992, p.681-90

LUNG CANCER MORTALITY AMONG

INDUSTRIAL WORKERS EXPOSED TO

FORMALDEHYDE: A POISSON REGRESSION

ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL CANCER

INSTITUTE STUDY

Marsh G M; Stone R A; Henderson V L

Pittsburgh,University

Because previously reported analyses of the additional

Poisson regression analysis of lung cancer mortality data

from the joint National Cancer Institute Formaldehyde

Institute cohort study of workers exposed to formaldehyde

were limited to external comparisons (via standardised

mortality rates) and lacked analytical control for multiple

confounding/exposure factors, additional Poisson

regression analyses of the NCI/FI lung cancer mortality



rates were performed. This reanalysis focussed on possible

interactions involving latency and possible explanations

of the observed plant differences with respect to cumulative

formaldehyde exposure, average intensity of formaldehyde

exposure, length of formaldehyde exposure, latency, or

particular combinations of these or other co-exposures. A

second objective was to determine the extent to which short-

term workers were influencing the results. 11 refs.

US,NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTEUSA

Accession no.495649

Item 265

Occupational Health Review

No.45, Sept/Oct.1993, p.9

PAINT SPRAYERS WORSE OFF IN ASTHMA

STAKES

Figures are presented in some detail for the incidence of

occupational asthma for several categories of workers. It

is reported that the figures show the highest yearly

incidence of the illness occurring in paint sprayers (1,833

new cases per million workers) with rubber and plastics

workers having the next highest incidence (1,054 per

million). Information is reported to come from the latest

findings of the Midland Thoracic Society’s Rare

Respiratory Disease Registry Surveillance Scheme of

Occupational Asthma (SHIELD).

MIDLAND THORACIC SOCIETYEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.493311

Item 266


No.22, Aug.1993, p.6

REVERSE SUBSTITUTION DILEMMA

Robinson B


1,1,1-trichloroethane and CFC 113, both widely used

degreasing and cleaning solvents, are to be phased out

under EC regulations introduced to meet the Montreal

Protocol to protect the ozone layer. Practical alternatives,

which will not present unnecessary or unacceptable risks

to the workplace are explored. Many alternative solvents

are more toxic than 1,1,1-trichloroethane, or are

flammable. Non-ozone depleting chlorinated solvents,

flammable solvents, and aqueous cleaning are evaluated.

Contact phone numbers are given for information on

technical options and health and safety issues.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.491831

Item 267


No.22, Aug.1993, p.5

GLYCOL ETHERS - LINKS WITH

MISCARRIAGE

Williams C


There is concern over occupational exposure to glycol

ethers, solvents used in many industries, including

printing and semiconductor manufacturing. This article

reports on the results of US epidemiology studies which

indicate an increased rate of miscarriage among women

working in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. It

discusses the UK Health and Safety Executive’s reaction

to the latest information, which includes their revision of

the current occupational exposure limits.

AMERICAN SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY

ASSN.; IBM CORP.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.491830

Item 268

Health & Safety Commission Newsletter

No.90, Aug.1993, p.7

RUBBER INDUSTRY COMPETITION WINNERS

RECEIVE AWARDS

Brief information is presented on a workplace Health and

Safety Week competition held by the Rubber Industry

Advisory Committee (RUBIAC). The five winners were

announced at an awards ceremony held in Manchester.

They were reported to be;- Gates Rubber Co.Ltd.

(Dumfries), Michelin Tyre PLC (Stoke-on-Trent),

Michelin Tyre PLC (Dundee), Goodyear Great Britain

Ltd. (Wolverhampton) and Pirelli Ltd. (Carlisle).

RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.491723

Item 269

Adhesives Age

36, No.9, Aug.1993, p.24/9

IDENTIFYING, MANAGING AND STORING

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN THE

WORKPLACE

Doyle D J; O’Keeffe B

GMI Engineering & Management Institute

It is reported that, in an era of increasing awareness of

the types of hazardous materials used in many production

situations, it is not surprising that mandatory regulations

are continually being implemented. Aspects covered

include clean air act amendments, hazardous materials,

hazardous materials storage, terms and calculations and

flammability limits. 4 refs.

USA

Accession no.489103

Item 270

BIBRA Bulletin

31, No.10, Dec.1992, p.277-9

LATEX ALLERGENIC DIFFICULTIES



Hopkins J

A review is presented of the allergic reactions produced

by contact with latex in a variety of applications, including

gloves, protective medical wear, dentistry and

contraceptive devices. It is unclear whether the increased

use of latex or changes in latex production or conversion

processes is responsible for the increases in the number

of cases being reported. 35 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.488445

Item 271


46, No.7, July 1993, p.563-7

German

INVESTIGATION IN THE FORMATION OF

NITROSAMINES DURING PRODUCTION AND

ON STORAGE OF ELASTOMERS.PART 1.

KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF

NITROSAMINE FORMATION IN CARBON

BLACK/RUBBER MIXES

Hermann J; Schuster R H

Deutsches Institut fuer Kautschuktechnologie EV

The problem of nitrosamines in the workplace in the

rubber industry is discussed. A two-step mechanism of

nitrosamine formation in rubber/filler mixtures is

presented. The nitrosation reaction kinetics are

investigated in the non-polar condensed phase and the

rate law of nitrosamine formation in rubber/filler mixtures

is determined for the first time. Experimental results which

indicate a non-polar nitrosation mechanism are presented

and discussed. 31 refs.


Accession no.487401

Item 272


46, No.6, June 1993, p.486/91

German

PRACTICAL STRATEGIES TO AVOID

HARMFUL N-NITROSAMINES IN THE

VULCANISATION OF ELASTOMERS. EFFECT

OF ACCELERATOR COMPONENTS/

INHIBITORS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF

THE COMPOUND

Graf H-J

Rhein-Chemie Rheinau GmbH

The accelerators which produce N-nitrosamines can be

replaced successfully by accelerators which are already

available, but changes in the vulcanisation characteristics,

or impaired physical properties have to be accepted with

this. If newer vulcanisation chemicals are used, the

physical properties of the elastomers can be maintained

or even improved. In all tests carried out, zinc

dicyanatodiamine (Rhenogran Geniplex-80) had a

favourable effect on the ageing characteristics of the

vulcanisates. The vulcanisation characteristics can be kept

the same as in traditional systems. Inhibition also has a

role to play if the replacement of accelerators is very

expensive. Two inhibitors with different modes of action

are discussed. These are a phenolic substance (alpha-

tocopherol, Rhenogran Ronotec-50) and a substance based

on urea derivatives (Rhenogran GE 1099). The optimum

conditions of use can be specified for these inhibitors,

but further development is necessary. 9 refs.


Accession no.487392

Item 273


46, No.6, June 1993, p.462-3

EFFECT OF CARBON BLACK SUPPLIER ON

NITROSAMINE FORMATION

Chasar D W; Matheny P D

Goodrich B.F.,Co.

Nitrosamine formation from rubber accelerators depends

on a number of factors. This study showed that the source

and grade of carbon black was critical in the formation of

nitrosomorpholine from three accelerators during

vulcanisation. This may be a result of the feedstock for, or

the method of production of, carbon black. Storage

conditions of carbon blacks also provide opportunities for

the adsorption of nitrosating agents from the air. 6 refs.

USA

Accession no.487388

Item 274


No.1483, 1st May 1993, p.8

HSE’S SPECIAL RUBBER FOCUS

The Health & Safety Executive National Interest Group’s

advisory body, Rubiac, helps to set priorities and provides

an expert forum within which the ongoing health and

safety work issues in the rubber industry can be discussed.

Rubiac, the rubber industry advisory committee, held its

first meeting in March 1993. One of the main working

parties concerns itself with manual handling and the high

percentage of accidents in the industry that are still

attributed to it. Repetitive strain injury has also been

singled out by the HSE as an area worthy of investigation.

Machinery is the dominant factor in major accidents in

the rubber industry and a working party is being organised

to look at the data concerning this trend.

UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.480087

Item 275


44,No.8,Aug.1991,p.744-6



German

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CONTRIBUTION

OF FILLERS TO THE FORMATION OF

NITROSAMINES IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY

Freise R; Koenig J; Cammann K

Gesellschaft fuer Arbeitsplatz-und Umweltanalytik;

Muenster,Wilhelms-Universitat

Fillers are involved in the nitrosamine problem in the

rubber industry because they adsorb nitrogen oxides,

which act as nitrosating agents, and in this way introduce

them into the vulcanisation mixtures. By reacting fillers

with secondary amines, an attempt was made to explain

to what extent and under what conditions these nitrogen

oxides really contribute to the formation of nitrosamines.

It was found that only a relatively low nitrosating potential

originates from filler suspensions in various solvents with

different polarities. However, direct reaction of these

fillers with gaseous dimethylamine at temperatures of

approximately 180C leads to the formation of relatively

high quantities of nitrosodimethylamine. 7 refs.


Accession no.472479

Item 276


No.1478,27th March 1993,p.9

COSHH RULES STILL OK?

It is claimed that much of the plastics industry now

remembers COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous

to Health) only in the vaguest of outlines. According to

Health & Safety Executive inspectors, who have been

checking plastics processing premises since COSHH

became law in 1991, many companies have long since

grasped the concept of risk assessment which underpins

the legislation, but the initial assessment, let alone the

implementation of the regulations as a whole, is long

overdue. Details are given.


Accession no.472353

Item 277


No.1478,27th March 1993,p.8

NEW LEGISLATION: BRUSSELS TAKES UP A

LARGER ROLE

Manual handling is reported to be one key of concern

which employers will have to address under the new

Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 which

implements an EC directive on manual handling and

forms part of what the Health & Safety Executive calls

the ‘6-pack’ of European legislation. A total of six sets of

regulations to implement several European Community

directives came into force at the beginning of the year.

Details are given.


Accession no.472352

Item 278


No.1478,27th March 1993,p.8

PATTERNS OF INJURY THAT MOVE WITH THE

TIMES

Lunney A

Some of the popular image around the Health and Safety

Inspectorate is reported to revolve around accidents at

work, their investigation and the possible prosecution of

companies involved. A picture of the polymer industry’s

record in these matters, and some pointers as to the key

future directions in health and safety inspecting are

presented.

UK,HEALTH & SAFETY INSPECTORATE;


Accession no.472351

Item 279

London, HMSO, 1989, pp.30. LS.6.50. 10ins. 3/6/92.

123

DUST CONTROL IN POWDER HANDLING AND

WEIGHING

An outline is presented of some of the health risks and

fire and explosion hazards associated with the handling

and weighing of a variety of powdered chemicals used in

the rubber industry. Practical strategies for controlling dust

are outlined, including the use of less toxic additives and

dust suppressed or pre-weighed products; working

methods and work station planning; handling bulk fillers

and carbon black; and the use of local exhaust ventilation.


Accession no.470927

Item 280

London, HMSO, 1992, pp.20. LS.5.00. 10ins. 3/6/92.

921

COSHH IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY:

GUIDANCE ON THE CONTROL OF

SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH

REGULATIONS 1988


This publication gives details of how to comply with

COSHH requirements in the rubber industry, including

details relating to the assessment, training and instruction

of workers to prevent or control potential health hazards.

Detailed information and explanations of the Regulations

and examples specific to rubber industry processes are

included.


Accession no.470926



Item 281


13,No.22,24th Aug.1992,p.8

RUBBER ADDITIVES GROUP PONDERS DATA

BASE FOR RULES

The International Working Group on the Toxicology of

Rubber Additives (WTR) is considering the creation of a

database to assist rubber chemical makers to comply with

health, safety and environmental rules as required by the

OECD. Each country involved has individual

requirements for supplying information about chemical

products to the OECD, and US representation to the

OECD is through the US, Environmental Protection

Agency and the Chemical Manufacturers’ Association.

Details are given of the member companies of WTR.

WTR; OECDUSA

Accession no.464870

Item 282

Kunststoffe German Plastics

82,No.8,Aug.1992,p.7-9

SAFE PROCESSING OF PU SYSTEMS

Goebell J

3M (EUROPE)

Handling of raw materials, particularly isocyanates, is

discussed in detail, stressing the regulations which must

be observed, protective measures, waste disposal and

flammability. 12 refs. (Translation of Kunststoffe,

82,No.8,1992,p.641/4)


Accession no.464348

Item 283


14,No.8,Aug.1992,p.22-4

CARRYING OUT A COSHH ASSESSMENT

Mason L

This comprehensive article assesses the Control of

Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH)

and reviews in detail the relevant activities which all

employers should, by now, have established within their

organisations. The article also considers possible

developments regarding the regulations and discusses

potential issues for the future. The article outlines seven

basic steps to COSHH compliance.


Accession no.463305

Item 284


36,No.5,May 1992,p.53-5.

Italian

SAFETY SHEETS FOR HAZARDOUS

SUBSTANCES

Garlanda B

Guidelines are presented on the type of information to be

included in safety sheets for hazardous substances, as

required by EC legislation.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE;


Accession no.456976

Item 285

Rubber World

206,No.3,June 1992,p.51

RUBBER PROCESS OIL

Cyclolub RPO from Witco is a general purpose naphthenic

process oil for the rubber industry. It is light in colour

and is non-carcinogenic under OSHA hazard

determination rules. The product is a low viscosity oil

and possesses a low aniline point which makes it

especially suited for a wide range of natural and synthetic

rubber compounding and custom mixing applications.

WITCO CHEMICAL CORP.,GOLDEN BEAR DIV.USA

Accession no.456191

Item 286

Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1992, pp.106. LS.65. 12ins.

Rapra Review Vol.5, No.6. 3/7/92. 921

HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE RUBBER

INDUSTRY

Nutt A R;Wade J F

NUTT A.,& CO.LTD.

(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

Rapra Review Report No.54

A review is presented on aspects of health and safety within

the rubber industry within a legal context. An account is

given of the health and safety issues which are currently of

importance, and the methods which have been designed to

deal with them. A brief summary is given of laws affecting

health and safety, followed by injury statistics for the industry.

Guarding of machinery is discussed with illustrations and

examples of different types of machines. Other aspects

considered include the use of solvents, and an

epidemiological study is included to help identify potentially

toxic substances. The effects of dust and fume skin irritants,

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines are also

studied. References from the Rapra Abstracts database are

included to support this report. 475 refs.


Accession no.455983

Item 287

Rubiac

No.4,April 1992,p.2

DO YOU WORK WITH SOLVENTS?

Solvents are employed in the rubber industry as thinners,

tackifiers, degreasers and as constituent parts of rubber



formulations; common examples include toluene, xylene,

MEK and SBPs. How they can affect the health and enter

the body and the essential precautions that should be

taken, are outlined.


Accession no.454020

Item 288


8,No.1,1992,p.1-14

BLADDER CANCER AS AN OCCUPATIONAL

DISEASE IN THE BRITISH RUBBER

INDUSTRY: IN-DEPTH FACTORY STUDY TO

SHOW THE PAST EXTENT OF THE RISK AND

CONFIRMATION OF ITS SUBSEQUENT

DISAPPEARANCE

Veys C A

KEELE,UNIVERSITY; NORTH

STAFFORDSHIRE,HOSPITAL CENTRE

The results are reported of an in-depth tyre factory study

carried out between 1946 and 1985 to define the incidence

of bladder tumours in male rubber workers employed

there up to 1949. These workers were inadvertently

exposed to a human bladder carcinogen (beta-

naphthylamine) in a compounding ingredient

(antioxidant). A comparison with the incidence of bladder

tumours in new employees, who started work after

January 1950 when the hazardous chemicals had been

withdrawn, was also made (IKT ’91,Essen,23-27 June

1991). 6 refs. A selected additional bibliography on

occupational bladder cancer, with special reference to the

rubber industry, is included.


Accession no.454015

Item 289

Rubiac

No.4,April 1992,p.1

ACCIDENTS STILL TOO HIGH

According to the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee’s

latest annual accident review, accidents in the rubber

industry are continuing at unacceptably high levels. A total

of 1249 workers in the UK rubber industry have been

reported as having suffered injuries while at work during

1990/91. Details are given.

RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEEUSA

Accession no.453816

Item 290

Ends Report

No.207,April 1992,p.9

NO EVIDENCE OF CANCER EXCESS AROUND

SOLVENT INCINERATORS

No evidence of any increases in cancer of the lung and

larynx in populations living near ten solvent incinerators

has been found by a UK Government-funded study. The

research was carried out by the Small Area Health

Statistics Unit, which was set up in 1987 to develop

statistical methods for investigating reported clusters of

disease around nuclear and industrial installations.

Background details and results of the study are discussed.

SMALL AREA HEALTH STATISTICS UNITUSA

Accession no.453815

Item 291

Rubiac

No.4,April 1992,p.2

193 DEADLINE FOR EC MACHINERY

STANDARDS

It is reported that from 1st January 1993, under the

Machinery Safety Directive, most machinery made or sold

in the European Community must: satisfy wide-ranging

health and safety requirements; in some cases be subject

to type-examination by an approved body; and carry a

CE mark and certain other information. Details of this

legislation are given.

RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE;


Accession no.453808

Item 292

Medical Device Technology

3,No.3,April 1992,p.15

LATEX FATALITIES

US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION

The US FDA is investigating the use of NR for medical

devices after reports of fatal allergic reactions to latex.

The review is likely to lead to widespread relabelling of

latex products such as gloves, condoms, catheters, dental

dams, and enema kits to highlight the risks of latex

hypersensitivity.

USA

Accession no.453094

Item 293

140th Meeting,Fall 1991,Conference Proceedings.

Detroit,Mi.,8th-11th Oct.1991,Paper 42,pp.19. 012

ANALYSIS FOR N-NITROSAMINES IN

ELASTOMERIC COMPOUNDS

Hajdasz D J

UNIROYAL CHEMICAL CO.INC.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Consideration is given to the measurement of N-

nitrosamines emitted from and contained in rubber

compounds by th extraction and headspace techniques,



using the gas chromatograph/thermal energy analyser.

7 refs.

THERMEDETEC INC.USA

Accession no.452675

Item 294



AUTOMATED LABORATORY

Posey F T

GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Details are given of an automated industrial hygiene

laboratory developed by Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.

for processing worker exposure to rubber chemicals.

USA

Accession no.452027

Item 295



TETRABENZYLTHIURAM DISULPHIDE AND

N-CYCLOHEXYLBIS-2-

BENZOTHIAZOLESULPHENAMIDE AS

ALTERNATIVE ACCELERATORS TO REDUCE

THE GENERATION OF HAZARDOUS

NITROSAMINES

Jablonowski T L

UNIROYAL CHEMICAL CO.INC.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Tetrabenzylthiuram disulphide (TBzTD) and N-

cyclohexylbis-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (CBBS) were

evaluated as accelerators to reduce the generation of

nitrosamines in rubber compounds. TBzTD could replace

other thiuram disulphides, usually with minor compound

modifications. CBBS, a new experimental accelerator, was

a good substitute for delayed action sulphenamides such

as morpholinothiobenzothiazole which are widely used in

tyre applications. An activator was found to be particularly

effective in TBzTD, allowing for reduced levels of TBzTD

to be used whilst still obtaining fast cures and good

properties compared to nitrosamine generating chemicals.

Studies were carried out in an NR/polybutadiene/SBR tyre

model compound, and in NR, SBR, EPDM and nitrile

rubber compounds. 5 refs.

USA

Accession no.451977

Item 296


No.1436,23rd May 1992,p.11

HEALTH PRESSURES IN RUBBER SECTOR

Robinson S

There is reported to be a move towards additive

masterbatch in the small to medium sized sectors of the

general rubber goods industry, driven by workplace

handling, health and safety considerations. Details of

masterbatch products available from Croxton & Garry,

Akzo and Hubron Sales are presented.

BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.450066

Item 297


8,No.1,Feb./March 1991,p.18-9

SENSE IN SENSITISATION?

Reed D

The introduction of a new category of risk for substances

which can cause respiratory sensitisation in exposed

individuals and its application to isocyanates are

discussed. The reaction of the Medical Director of the

British Rubber Mfrs’ Assn. to this new category is

highlighted and some recent publications of UK

occupational hygiene bodies that are relevant to plastics

processors are listed. The listing of the PU curative,

MOCA, under the risk phrase “R45: May cause cancer”

and proposed exposure limits for acetone and n-hexane,

which are being considered as alternative non-ozone

depleting blowing agents for PU foams, are also discussed.

BRITISH RUBBER MFRS’.ASSN.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.446905

Item 298

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research

26,No.3,March 1992,p.339-56

COMPARATIVE STUDIES BY CELL CULTURE

AND IN VIVO IMPLANTATION TEST ON THE

TOXICITY OF NR LATEX MATERIALS

Ikarashi Y;Toyoda K;Ohsawa N;Uchima T;Tsuchiya

T;Kaniwa M;Sato M; Takahashi M;Nakamura A

A colony assay, an agar diffusion assay and an

implantation test were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity

and tissue toxicity of NR latex. In vivo and in vitro

parameters were compared. 28 refs.

JAPAN

Accession no.445322

Item 299

International Rubber

Conference:Communications.Conference Proceedings.

Paris,12th-14th June 1990,p.113-4. 012

BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AS

INHIBITORS OF NITROSAMINE FORMATION

(IN VULCANISATION OF RUBBERS)

Schuster R H;Badura R;Gmuender M



DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER KAUTSCHUK-

TECHNOLOGIE EV; HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG

(AFICEP)

A brief report is presented on a study of the use of alpha-

tocepherol derivatives of ascorbic acid as nitrosamine

scavengers in rubber mixes.

GERMANY; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.440974

Item 300


7,No.5,Oct/Nov.1990,p.4

SHIPPING AND STORAGE

The shipping and storage of hazardous materials,

including isocyanates used in the PU industry, are

discussed. Reference is made to the UK Health and Safety

Executive’s guidelines to compliance with 1990

regulations on Dangerous Substances (Notification and

Marking of Sites), to a seminar on interpretation of the

new shipping code produced by the International Maritime

Organisation and to the construction of a distribution

complex for hazardous materials at Rotterdam by

Distripak BV.

DISTRIPAK BV; UK,HEALTH & SAFETY

EXECUTIVEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN

EUROPE

Accession no.440857

Item 301

British Journal of Industrial Medicine

48,No.1,Jan.1991,p.9-11

MALIGNANT MELANOMAS OF THE NASAL

CAVITY AFTER OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

TO FORMALDEHYDE

Holmstrom M;Lund V J

LONDON,ROYAL NATIONAL THROAT,NOSE &

EAR HOSPITAL

Brief details are given of three cases of malignant

melanoma of the nasal mucosa in persons occupationally

exposed to formaldehyde for a long period. 29 refs.


Accession no.438573

Item 302


48,No.8,Aug.1991,p.531-7

RETROSPECTIVE COHORT MORTALITY

STUDY OF WORKERS AT AN AIRCRAFT

MAINTENANCE FACILITY. II. EXPOSURES

AND THEIR ASSESSMENT

Stewart P A;Lee J S;Marano D E;Spirtas R;

Forbes C D;Blair A

US,NATIONAL CANCER INST.;

UTAH,UNIVERSITY; WESTAT INC.

Details are given of methods used to assess historical exposures

to solvents for a retrospective cohort study, evaluating the

mortality experience of 15,000 workers at an aircraft

maintenance facility. Records were sufficient for quantification

of trichloroethylene and mixed solvents exposure. 20 refs.

USA

Accession no.438572

Item 303


48,No.8,Aug.1991,p.515-30

RETROSPECTIVE COHORT MORTALITY

STUDY OF WORKERS AT AN AIRCRAFT

MAINTENANCE FACILITY. I.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESULTS

Spirtas R;Stewart P A;Lee J S;Marano D E;

Forbes C D;Grauman D J; Pettigrew H M;

Blair A;Hoover R N;Cohen J L


US,NATIONAL CANCER INST.;

UTAH,UNIVERSITY

A retrospective cohort study of over 14,000 workers at

an aircraft maintenance facility was undertaken to

evaluate mortality associated with exposures in their

workplace. The purpose was to determine whether

working with solvents, particularly trichloroethylene,

posed an excess risk of mortality. 74 refs.

USA

Accession no.438571

Item 304


48,No.9,Sept.1991,p.583-7

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AND CANCER OF

THE PANCREAS. A REVIEW

Pietri F;Clavel F

VILLEJUIF,INSTITUT GUSTAVE ROUSSY

A brief review of publications is presented concerning

occupational exposures and cancer of the pancreas. Data

are given for the chemical and petroleum industries and

for the rubber industry. 37 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.438567

Item 305


48,No.10,Oct.1991,p.696-701

EXPOSURE TO MIXTURES OF SOLVENTS

AMONG PAINT WORKERS AND

BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS OF LIVER

FUNCTION

Chen J-D;Wang J-D;Jang J-P;Chen Y-Y

TAIWAN,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Details are given of the determination of biochemical

alterations to liver function among paint workers



associated with exposure to organic solvents. Air

concentrations of organic solvents were collected by

personal samples and analysed by gas chromatography.

17 refs.

CHINA

Accession no.438566

Item 306


47,No.7,July 1990,p.480-4

CHRONIC NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF

TOLUENE

Foo S C;Jeyaratnam J;Koh D

SINGAPORE,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Details are given of a study to assess the neurobehavioural

performance of a group of female assembly workers

exposed to toluene. The environmental and biological

monitoring of toluene was also examined. 16 refs.

SINGAPORE

Accession no.438564

Item 307


46,No.3,May/June 1991,p.161-6

DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE-INDUCED LIVER

DAMAGE AMONG SYNTHETIC LEATHER

WORKERS

Wang J-D;Lai M-Y;Chen J-S;Lin J-M;

Chiang J-R;Shiau S-J;Chang W-S

TAIWAN,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

The prevalence of liver injury associated with

dimethylformamide solvent exposure to synthetic leather

workers is discussed. Air concentrations of solvents were

measured with personal samples and gas chromatography.

21 refs.

CHINA

Accession no.438561

Item 308


45,No.4,July/Aug.1990,p.217-23

IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND

AUTOANTIBODIES IN HUMANS WITH LONG-

TERM INHALATION EXPOSURE TO

FORMALDEHYDE

Thrasher J D;Broughton A;Madison R

NORTHRIDGE,CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY;

SANTO ANA,ANTIBODY ASSAY LABORATORIES;

THRASHER & ASSOCIATES

Four groups of patients with long-term inhalation exposure

to formaldehyde were compared with controls who had

short-term periodic exposure. Differences in humoral and

cell-mediated immunity are discussed. 32 refs.

USA

Accession no.438559

Item 309


46,No.1,Jan/Feb.1991,p.16-24

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC FINDINGS

DURING EXPERIMENTAL HUMAN EXPOSURE

TO XYLENE

Seppalainen A M;Laine A;Salmi T;Verkkala

E;Riihimaki V;Luukkonen R

HELSINKI,UNIVERSITY

Acute effects of m-xylene solvent were studied in 9

subjects exposed experimentally to stable or varying

concentrations of m-xylene at rest or while exercising.

Electroencephalography was recorded at the beginning

of exposure, during and after exposure. 27 refs.

FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.438558

Item 310


44,No.3,March 1991,p.222-31

German

INVESTIGATION OF VULCANISATION FUMES.

I. AIMS AND METHODS

Schuster R H;Linde H;Wuensch G

DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER

KAUTSCHUKTECHNOLOGIE EV

After reviewing various systems for analysing

vulcanisation fumes, the authors present two reproducible

and quantitative methods for the analysis of vulcanisation

fumes of single rubber mixtures under practical

conditions. Results obtained from various rubbers are

reported. 40 refs.

GERMANY

Accession no.437465

Item 311


44,No.2,Feb.1991,p.172-8

German

RUBBER INDUSTRY - AN AREA OF

CONTINUOUS CONCERN

Lohwasser H

BAYER AG

This article outlines demands made on the rubber industry

to improve health and safety at work as well as its

environmental awareness and protection procedures.

Efforts made by the industry in these areas are discussed

as is legislation on safety at work and environmental

protection. 20 refs.

GERMANY

Accession no.436918

Item 312


174,No.1,Jan.1992,p.14



RETREADING IS A ‘RISKY BUSINESS’

An accident rate in the UK rubber industry in 1989/90 of

2109 per 100,000 employees is reported to be worrying

the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee of the UK

Health & Safety Commission. Details of the

Commission’s 1990/91 annual report are presented.

UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSIONEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.435938

Item 313


No.1413,30th Nov.1991,p.16

CONSULTANCY OFFERS HELP IN WORKING

WITH NOISE LAWS

It is reported that, increasingly vying for attention with

the COSHH regulation and the demands of the

Environmental Protection Act is the legislation aboutnoise

at work. GHS Resources has decided to specialise in the

subject and help companies who need help with acoustic

technicalities, noise control, audiometry, etc.; very brief

details are noted.

GHS RESOURCESEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.435935

Item 314


173,No.10,Nov.1991,p.16

LAW CASE MAY COST RECLAIMERS

Bebbington S

Relatives of a tyre retread worker, who died in 1991 of

bladder cancer are sueing his employers for compensation.

The firm is contesting the claim, which is based on the

allegation that the worker could only have contracted

bladder cancer by being exposed to the carcinogen beta-

naphthylamine. If the case is successful reclaim firms will

face the task of establishing the source of all tyre stocks

and workers may also have to undergo medical checks.

The comprehensive article provides the details.


Accession no.435924

Item 315

International Rubber Conference.Summaries.

Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.321-2. 012

German

STUDY OF EFFECT OF WHITE FILLERS ON N-

NITROSAMINES AND THEIR PRECURSOR

COMPOUNDS

Koenig J;Freise R

GESELLSCHAFT FUER ARBEITSPLATZ-UND

UMWELTANALYTIK

(Deutsche Kautschuk Ges.)

The formation of nitrosamines during vulcanisation

processes is discussed with reference to the results of

studies of the nitrosating effect of various fillers on

secondary amines, which are released by some sulphur

donors and accelerators during vulcanisation.

GERMANY

Accession no.435189

Item 316


Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.225-36. 012

German

CONTRIBUTION TO THE REDUCTION OF

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

FROM AROMATIC MINERAL OIL

PLASTICISERS (FOR RUBBERS)

Wommelsdorff R;Hamann W

BP OILTECH GMBH


The labelling of mineral oil plasticisers in accordance with

the German regulations relating to hazardous materials

is discussed. A new plasticiser which will not require

labelling in the future is considered and it is shown that

BP Enerthene 1849-1 is a product that contains a high

percentage of aromatic compound without having

carcinogenic potential. 14 refs.

GERMANY

Accession no.435185

Item 317


Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.221-2. 012

German

NITROSAMINE: INFLUENCE OF SKILFUL

COMPOUNDING

Engels H W;Abele M;Graf H J

BAYER AG; RHEIN-CHEMIE AG


Methods of avoiding nitrosamine formation in the

manufacture of rubber articles are discussed. It is shown

that sources for the formation of nitrosamines during

vulcanisation are polymers, fillers, curing systems and

additives, as a result of the presence of secondary amines

and nitrosating agents. The efficiency of replacements for

nitrosamine-generating compounds is examined, with

reference to Vulkacit ZBEC (zinc dibenzyl-

dithiocarbamate) curing agent. 9 refs.

GERMANY

Accession no.435184

Item 318


Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.219-20. 012

German



USE OF CARRIER-BOUND FLAME

RETARDANTS AND OF COUPLING SYSTEMS

IN RUBBER MIXES, WITH REGARD TO

HEALTH PROTECTION

Schunk W;Merkmann G;Giessmann C;

Kloecking H P;Knoll H;Berrgmann S

ERFURT,MEDIZINISCHEN AKADEMIE


Long abstract only. 4 refs.

GERMANY

Accession no.435172

Item 319


Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.327-8. 012

BLADDER CANCER AS AN OCCUPATIONAL

DISEASE IN THE BRITISH RUBBER

INDUSTRY: AN IN-DEPTH FACTORY STUDY

SHOW THE PAST EXTENT OF THE RISK

(FROM ANTIOXIDANTS CONTAMINATED BY

BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE) AND

CONFIRMATION OF ITS SUBSEQUENT

DISAPPEARANCE

Veys C A

MICHELIN TYRE PLC


Abstract only. 1 ref.


Accession no.435171

Item 320

Chemical Engineering

98,No.11,Nov.1991,p.188/93

COPING WITH ELECTROSTATIC HAZARDS

Hearn G

WOLFSON ELECTRONICS

Steps to be taken in factories to minimise the risks of a

disastrous electrostatic discharge are discussed. Ways of

measuring the potential danger are noted along with

information on minimum ignition energies for various

material types. 2 refs.


Accession no.435072

Item 321


No.1411,16th Nov.1991,p.3

FIRE HAZARD GUIDANCE

Manufacturers, suppliers, transporters and users of plastics

and other synthetic materials are reported to have been

offered guidance over the assessment of fire hazards from

flammable solids. It also covers the precautions required

for the safe storage and use of the materials. Very brief

details are noted.

FIRE RESEARCH STATIONEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.435071

Item 322


21,No.4,16th Sept.1991,p.1/22

DYNAGEN AGREES TO CLEAN-UP PACT

Meyer B

Dynagen Inc. has agreed to pay 1.4 million US dollars in

civil damages and to spend 12 million US dollars in

improvements at its Odessa synthetic rubber plant in a

settlement of a lawsuit filed by the Texas Attorney

General’s office. This comprehensive article provides

details of the lawsuit and the settlement.

DYNAGEN INC.USA

Accession no.433097

Item 323

137th Meeting Spring 1990.Conference Preprints.

Las Vegas,Nv.,29th May-1st June 1990,Paper 69. 012

CHEMICAL EXPOSURE AT WORK - A GUIDE

FOR THE SMALLER COMPANY

Menough J

DANIELS GROUP INC.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

New findings regarding exposure to demands in the

workplace and the health hazards involved are reported.

The needs and requirements of small rubber

manufacturers are noted and some inexpensive measures

are suggested.

USA

Accession no.430097

Item 324


52,No.5,May 1991,p.212-7

BIOLOGICAL MONITORING FOR

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO TOLUENE

Foo S C;Jeyaratnam J;Ong C N;Khoo N Y;Koh D;

Chia S E

SINGAPORE,UNIVERSITY

A study was undertaken to examine the relationship

between exposure of workers to toluene in the work

environment and biological indicators of toluene

exposure. Measurements were taken of toluene in expired

air, blood and urine. 21 refs.

SINGAPORE

Accession no.429852

Item 325

Adhesives ’90.Conference Proceedings.

Schaumburg,Il.,1st-4th Oct.1990,Paper 10. 6A1



TODAY’S MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET - A

WEALTH OF INFORMATION

Eisner D L

DEXTER CORP.

(Society of Manufacturing Engineers)

The modern material safety data sheet (MSDS) and its

use by the manufacturing engineer are discussed.

Consideration is given to MSDS’s growth and

development, MSDS provisions of OSHA’s Hazard

Communication Standard and the future of MSDS, as

dictated by a document entitled ‘Guidelines for the

Preparation of MSDSs’ from the Chemical Manufacturers

Assn.

CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSN.;


ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.428097

Item 326


No.1396,3rd Aug.1991,p.6

CANCER STUDY LAUNCHED

The UK Health & Safety Executive is reported to have

recently launched a survey into why bladder and urinary

tract cancers occur, based at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital,

Birmingham. A new register is to be formed by sending

questionnaires to people diagnosed as having the cancer,

so that they can outline their hobbies and work histories.

Very brief details are noted.

BRITISH RUBBER MFRS.’ ASSN.; UK,HEALTH &

SAFETY EXECUTIVEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.428096

Item 327


17,No.7,1990,p.T/14-8

MAIN ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE

PRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL RUBBER

GOODS

Nudel’man Z N

Studies of the possibility of reducing the gaseous

pollutants from factories manufacturing industrial rubber

goods are reported. Aspects covered include the

characteristics of the organic solvents used in the industry,

the characteristics of the air pollutants, volatile products

of the conversion of the components of vulcanisate mixes

and volatile substances released from rubbers in the

production of industrial rubber goods. 9 refs. (Full

translation of Kauch.i.Rezina,No.4,1990,p.16).

EASTERN EUROPE; USSR

Accession no.425181

Item 328

London, HMSO, 1990, pp.12. 8ins. 58-921

USE OF SOLVENTS IN THE RUBBER

INDUSTRY

RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE;

UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION

This booklet gives advice on the means to minimise both

the health risks and the fire and explosion hazards which

may result from the use of solvents.


Accession no.424739

Item 329


No.1388,1st June 1991,p.9

PRESSURE SYSTEMS LAW AND THE USER

Stevenson J

INGERSOLL-RAND CO.

New regulations are reported to mean that any user or

owner of a compressed air system at a pressure greater

than 0.5 bar g(7lb/sq.in.) and with an air receiver fitted

must comply with the Pressure Systems and Transportable

Gas Containers Regulations 1989 and the Approved Code

of Practice; many plastics and rubber processing

companies are thus affected. Details are given.


Accession no.423789

Item 330


20,No.20,15th April 1991,p.3

STUDY LINKS CHEMICALS TO BLADDER

CANCER

Moore M

A study by the National Institute of Occupational Safety

& Health has concluded that workers directly exposed to

two rubber chemicals are 6.5 times more likely to develop

bladder cancer than the population at large. NIOSH has

called upon the Occupational Safety & Health

Administration to place tighter workplace exposure limits

on the two chemicals, ortho-toluidine and aniline.


& HEALTHUSA

Accession no.422060

Item 331


20,No.22,13th May 1991,p.12-3

WATCHDOGS OR HOUNDS?

Moore M

Although some see them as reasonable people doing a

reasonable job, and others see them as empty-headed, havoc-



wreaking zealots, government regulators and inspectors have

enormous authority over rubber manufacturers and suppliers

in almost every aspect of their businesses. Details are given.

BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE INC.;


ADMINISTRATION; UTI CHEMICALS INC.USA

Accession no.422051

Item 332


12,No.12,25th March 1991,p.3

NITROSAMINE RUMBLINGS. SOME EXPERTS

WORRY OVER GERMAN RESTRICTIONS

Noga E;Moore M

Tougher German standards for nitrosamines, carcinogenic by-

products of rubber processing, could eventually necessitate

more stringent, costly regulations in the USA. Nitrosamine

regulatory efforts have been particularly strong in Germany

and the UK, especially in the cosmetic industry. DIK, the

German Rubber Institute, have been studying the use of

vitamin E as a nitrosamine inhibitor in rubber vulcanisation

and Hoffman-La Roche sells such a product, which also works

as an antioxidant. DIK and Hoffman-La Roche are discussing

this product with rubber product companies and carbon black

and synthetic rubber producers in the USA.

DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER

KAUTSCHUKTECHNOLOGIE EV; HOFFMAN-LA

ROCHE INC.; UNIROYAL CHEMICAL CO.INC.;


US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION;


ADMINISTRATIONEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; JAPAN; UK; USA;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.422047

Item 333


No.1381,13th April 1991,p.2

WORKING GUIDE TO SAFE USE OF NIPS IN

RUBBER INDUSTRY

According to the Health & Safety Commission’s new

booklet ‘Safeguarding of Nips in the Rubber Industry’,

there is no excuse for management or workers to operate

unsafe two-roll mills and calenders. Described as a

working guide which outlines the best industrial practice,

it is said that it should be adhered to in order to avoid

prosecution and keep machines safe.


Accession no.420896

Item 334

RadTech ’88-North America (Volume 1).Conference

Proceedings.

New Orleans,La.,24-28th April,1988,p.113-9. 895

TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT (TSCA)

PRESSURE POINTS

Hayes D J

HOGAN & HARTSON

(RadTech International)

A discussion is presented of the Environmental Protection

Agency’s evolving approach to test rules under Section 4

of the TSCA, new chemical restrictions under Section

5(e) of the statute and reporting requirements under

Section 8 of the law.


Accession no.417479

Item 335


47,No.5,May 1990,p.298-301

STOMACH CANCER AND WORK IN DUSTY

INDUSTRIES

Coggon D;Barker D J P;Cole R B

NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE,MEDICAL INSTITUTE;

SOUTHAMPTON,UNIVERSITY

Results are presented of an investigation of the

contribution of dusty industries (including the coalmining,

iron and steel, ceramics, and rubber industries) to the high

incidence of stomach cancer in Stoke-on-Trent. 26 refs.


Accession no.416318

Item 336


12,No.9,11th Feb.1991,p.3

SR PRODUCERS FRET OVER COST OF

BUTADIENE RULE COMPLIANCE

Moore M

SR experts say that compliance with a proposed

workplace exposure standard for 1,3-butadiene will cost

the synthetic rubber industry 32 times what OSHA

estimates. Government and academic toxicologists said

OSHA’s recommended limit of 2 parts per million is

necessary to protect US workers from increased rates of

leukaemia and malignant tumours, but industrial

hygienists have disputed the results of inhalation studies

on mice. The SR industry supports a limit of 10 ppm.

USA

Accession no.415388

Item 337


47,No.3,March 1990,p.154-61

EVIDENCE THAT A BETA-N-GLUCURONIDE

OF 4, 4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE)

IS A MAJOR URINARY METABOLITE IN MAN:



IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOLOGICAL

MONITORING

Cocker J;Boobis A R;Wilson H K;Gompertz D

LONDON,ROYAL POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL

SCHOOL; UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE

16 refs.


Accession no.414324

Item 338


47,No.4,April 1990,p.239-41

PERSISTENT REACTIVE AIRWAY

DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME AFTER

EXPOSURE TO TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE

Luo J C J;Nelsen K G;Fischbein A

NEW YORK,CITY UNIVERSITY

19 refs.

USA

Accession no.414194

Item 339


No.1371,2nd Feb.1991,p.20

RUBBER INDUSTRY TO REVIEW HEALTH AND

SAFETY AIMS

According to recent statisticaly work carried out by the

rubber industry advisory committee of the UK Health &

Safety Commission, manual handling by employees in

the UK rubber industry presents the most common

situation where accidents can occur. Details of this survey

are presented.


Accession no.414193

Item 340


20,No.14,21st Jan.1991,p.4

OSHA HEARS BID FOR BUTADIENE LIMIT

Moore M

An official of the US Occupational Safety & Health

Administration is reported to have made the case for a

stringent 1,3-butadiene workplace exposure standard at

a hearing on 15th January. At later hearings, however,

the synthetic rubber industry will testify that a 2 ppm

butadiene standard, as recommended by OSHA, is

unnecessary to protect workers and too burdensome for

synthetic rubber manufacturers.

INTERNATIONAL INST.OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER

PRODUCERS; US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY &

HEALTH ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.414185

Item 341

Rubber Tech ’89.Conference Proceedings.

The Hague,23rd-25th May 1989,p.86-7. 16

EFFECTS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY ON

CONTINENTAL AG BUSINESS

Kauth H

CONTINENTAL AG

(Plastics & Rubber Institute)

In Continental’s business life, health and safety issues

have always played an important role. In the past the

emphasis was on the protection against mechanical

hazards, but that has shifted towards influencing employee

attitude towards safer working. The new dimension in

health and safety work, the company believes, is how to

get control of the problem of industrial diseases.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN

EUROPE

Accession no.410928

Item 342

Rubber Tech ’89.Conference Proceedings.

The Hague,23rd-25th May 1989,p.73-6. 16

HEALTH AND SAFETY PROBLEMS FACING

THE EUROPEAN RUBBER INDUSTRY OVER

THE NEXT DECADE

Daubenfeld J P

GOODYEAR SA

(Plastics & Rubber Institute)

The effect of existing and proposed EEC legislation on

health and safety in the rubber industry is discussed.

The most important Directives affecting the industry

concern occupational health and safety, classification,

labelling and packing of dangerous chemicals/

preparations, and the environment. The main issues for

the coming years are explored, including use of

chemicals and preparations, undesired by-products,

noise, mechanical safety, new technologies, waste,

ergonomics, and people’s behaviour.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; LUXEMBOURG; WESTERN

EUROPE

Accession no.410925

Item 343

SATRA Bulletin

Oct.1990,p.118-9

DUST AND RUBBER FUME IN SHOE

MANUFACTURE

Tame R

SATRA FOOTWEAR TECHNOLOGY CENTRE

UK COSHH requirements affecting dust and rubber fume

in shoe factories are outlined. Action may be required to

control exposure in vulcanising areas.


Accession no.408372



Item 344

Rubber World

202,No.3,June 1990,p.16-7

CHEMICAL EXPOSURE AT WORK

Menough H

The first part of this article covers the control of worker

exposure to chemicals in the UK rubber industry through

a systems approach. Engineering changes, including

material modification, automation/isolation, local exhaust

ventilation and work practices are discussed. The needs

and requirements of smaller companies to improve

working conditions and reduce exposure of workers to

chemicals are emphasised.

USA

Accession no.403981

Item 345


No.1345,21st July 1990,p.6

INDUSTRY GUIDELINES ON SOLVENT USE

A guide to the use of solvents in the rubber industry (‘Use

of solvents in the rubber industry’) is available from the

Health and Safety Commission from July 1990. It

provides practical guidance on how to minimise health

risks and hazards from fire and explosion when using

solvents and contains a section on legal requirements

which outlines the relevance of the COSHH (Control of

Substances Hazardous to Health) regulations. Further

guidance on COSHH compliance, noise control and

guarding of nips is being prepared by Rubiac.



Accession no.403050

Item 346

Polyurethanes World Congress 1987: 50 years of

Polyurethanes.Conference Proceedings.

Aachen,29th Sept-2nd Oct.1987,p.156-61. 43C6

ISOCYANATE WORK PLACE ANALYSIS -

STATE OF THE ART

Brenner K S

BASF AG

(SPI,Polyurethane Div.;Fachverband

Schaumkunststoffe eV)

A review is presented of the methods and instruments

currently used for analysis of isocyanates in workplace

atmospheres, and of their performance and areas of use.

The analytical problems of isocyanate-aerosols and of

reacting PU-aerosols, especially in connection with

personal sampling and papertape monitors, are discussed

and new instrumental developments are presented. 22 refs.


EUROPE

Accession no.402125

Item 347

Polyurethanes World Congress 1987: 50 years of

Polyurethanes.Conference Proceedings.

Aachen,29th Sept-2nd Oct.1987,p.162-5. 43C6

DETERMINATION OF TOLUENE

DIISOCYANATE IN THE WORKPLACE

ATMOSPHERE BY AN ISOMER-INDEPENDENT

COLORIMETRIC METHOD

Vogel J;Keller J

BAYER AG

(SPI,Polyurethane Div.;Fachverband

Schaumkunststoffe eV)

13 refs.


EUROPE

Accession no.402122

Item 348


No.1348,11th Aug.1990,p.7

SAFETY DRIVES THE TREND TO DUST FREE

RUBBER ADDITIVES

Robinson S

Suppliers say that the rubber industry of the 1990s wants

less dust, finer fillers and purer additives. This trend is

due to health and safety concerns, coupled with a desire

to reduce labour costs. Details are given.


Accession no.401590

Item 349

Plastics News(USA)

2,No.20,16th July 1990,p.6

BLAST CRIPPLES ARCO STYRENE

PRODUCTION

Charnas D

Styrenic resin producers and their customers are reported

to face potential supply disruptions, after the explosion

and fire on 5th July 1990 at Arco Chemical’s Channelview

site. The explosion, which killed 27 employees, has shut

down 1.4 billion pounds in annual styrene monomer

production capacity; details are given.

ARCO CHEMICAL CO.USA

Accession no.401422

Item 350

London, 1989, pp.12. 12ins. 24/1/90. 12371

BS 5295:PART 4:1989 ENVIRONMENTAL

CLEANLINESS IN ENCLOSED SPACES. PART 4.

SPECIFICATION FOR MONITORING CLEAN

ROOMS AND CLEAN AIR DEVICES TO PROVE

CONTINUED COMPLIANCE WITH BS 5295:PART 1

BRITISH STANDARDS INST.

BSI.BS 5295:Part 4:1989



To be read in conjunction with BS 5295:Part 0.

UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.396281

Item 351


172,No.5,May 1990,p.20

TYRE FIRMS LOSE 1.65M US DOLLARS IN

COURT

Moore M

A federal district court is said to have awarded two tyre

workers a total of 1.65 million US dollars in the first cases

to be decided in a massive asbestos litigation project; the

two companies involved in the B.F.Goodrich Miami-

based tyre plant are Eagle-Picher Industries and Owens-

Corning Fiberglas. Brief details are noted.

EAGLE-PICHER INDUSTRIES INC.; GOODRICH

B.F.,CO.; OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORP.USA

Accession no.396248

Item 352


42,No.5,May 1989,p.426-7

German

EFFECTIVE LABOUR SAFETY

Weckerle G

CONTINENTAL AG

A report is given on measures taken by the Northeim Werk

of Continental AG to improve the safety standards and

record of its materials preparation division. The report

covers the period from 1978 to date.

WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.396107

Item 353


No.1328,24th April 1990,p.12

FLUIDISED SPRAY DRIER FOR ABM

The acquisition of a fluidised spray dryer by Rhone

Poulenc’s ABM Chemicals is discussed. The dryer will

be used in the production of ABM’s range of powder

sequestering agents used as additives in the plastics and

rubber industry. Dusting is minimised, producing a more

granular product which conforms to COSHH regulations.

ABM CHEMICALS LTD.; RHONE POULENC SAFRANCE; UK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

Accession no.395061

Item 354


19,No.11,25th Dec.1989,p.1/18

STUDY CLAIMS CHEMICAL CAUSES BIRTH

DEFECTS

Moore M

An accelerator (disulphuram) used in rubber and plastics

polymerisation has caused birth defects in tests with

laboratory animals, according to a report from the

University of Southern California. However

representatives of the rubber industry have questioned

the integrity of the study, since two of the chemicals

evaluated have never been used in polymerisation,

according to rubber industry records. These two chemicals

are bis(dichloroacetyl) diamine and d-penicillamine.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITYUSA

Accession no.394732

Item 355


16,No.7,1989,p.T/55-9

RISKS OF WORKING ON RUBBER TWO-ROLL

MILLS

Janousek V

8 refs. (Full translation of Plasty a Kauchuk,25,No.9,1988,

p.275)

CZECHOSLOVAKIA; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.394597

Item 356


19,No.14,22nd Jan.1990,p.6

EPA LABELS 43 BUTADIENE PLANTS HEALTH

RISKS

The Environmental Protection Agency has made available

updated toxic risk figures, which still show that high levels

of cancer-causing materials are coming from 43 facilities

making or using 1, 3-butadiene. Details are given.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYUSA

Accession no.394592

Item 357


19,No.10,11th Dec.1989,p.14

RMA CALLS EPA BENZENE EMISSIONS STUDY

INCORRECT

Moore M

The Rubber Manufacturers Assn. (RMA) has claimed that

the US, Environmental Protection Agency has greatly

overestimated benzene emissions from tyre plants in its

proposals on emission standards for the substance. The

RMA considers that the agency’s projections are outdated

concerning both solvent use and benzene content of

solvents in the tyre industry and that benzene emission

standards are not necessary for the tyre industry.

RUBBER MANUFACTURERS’ ASSN.;


Accession no.394588



Item 358


172,No.1,Jan.1990,p.7

TETD CAUSES RAT BIRTH DEFECTS

Moore M

Brief details are presented on the effects of

tetraethylthiuram disulphide (TETD), an ultra-accelerator

used in the rubber industry, on laboratory rats. Findings

of tests carried out are reported to include the possibility

of birth defects such as heart and lung deformities.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITYUSA

Accession no.394097

Item 359


No.1323,17th Feb.1990,p.2

FATAL BLAST HIGHLIGHTS E GERMAN

SAFETY SET-UP

An explosion and fire in one of the 12 carbide furnaces at

plastics and rubber producer VEB Chemische Werke Buna

at Schkopait East Germany, on February 9th killed five

workers and injured at least 20. The accident is expected to

affect plastics production for which carbide is used as a

feedstock, but will not interfere with output of other products

at the combine. A GDR state commission has been appointed

to study the cause of the explosion but it is generally believed

that outdated technology and poor maintenance over the

years were to blame. Brief details on the East German

Chemical Industries environmental clean up is available.

VEB CHEMISCHE WERKE BUNAEAST GERMANY; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.393121

Item 360

Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the International

Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers.Developed

from the conference proceedings.

Quebec City,Canada,16-20th May 1988,p.39-55. 012

WORLDWIDE REGULATORY ACTIVITY ON

1,3-BUTADIENE

McGraw J L

AMERICAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER CORP.

(International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers Inc.)

Details are given of the regulatory status of 1,3-butadiene

throughout the world. Some statistics are given and mention

is made of sampling procedures during polymerisation.

USA

Accession no.391112

Item 361

Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the International

Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers.Developed

from the conference proceedings.

Quebec City,Canada,16-20th May 1988,p.32-8. 012

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES FOR ASSESSING

HUMAN CANCER RISK AND NEW HEALTH

ISSUES ON 1,3-BUTADIENE

Hinderer R K

GOODRICH B.F.,CO.

(International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers Inc.)

Details are given of cancer research results, past, present

and future research objectives and assessments of cancer

risk from 1, 3-butadiene.

USA

Accession no.391111

Item 362

Contraception

40,No.5,Nov.1989,p.519-30

BARRIER METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

(CONDOMS AND DIAPHRAGMS) AND THE

RISK OF CERVICAL NEOPLASIA

Parazzini F;Negri E;La Vecchia C;Fedele L

ISTITUTO DI RICERCHE FARMACOLOGICHE;

LAUSANNE,UNIVERSITY; MILAN,UNIVERSITY

17 refs.

ITALY; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

Accession no.390015

Item 363


10,No.24,11th Sept.1989,p.3

EPA RULING WILL CUT BENZENE USE

Moore M

The US, Environmental Protection Agency has issued rules,

which are expected to cut benzene emissions by 90% and

could affect tyre manufacturers. These rules are designed

to eliminate 20,000 tons of benzene annually from the air.

PU foam and synthetic rubber manufacturers don’t consider

that the new ruling will affect them, since neither use the

chemical, contrary to what the EPA believes.


Accession no.387146

Item 364


171,No.8,Sept.1989,p.6

CANCER STUDY IMPLICATES RUBBER

McCann J

Concern has arisen after recent studies linking increased

risk of cancer in people, with the presence of prostheses,

including silicone rubber breast implants. Silicone rubber,

metals and plastics are all implicated in the increased

cancer risk. Replacements for the silicone rubber shell of

the breast prostheses, or for the silicone gel or saline

solution placed inside them are not considered likely as

no suitable alternatives are currently available.



USA

Accession no.386699

Item 365


46,No.9,Sept.1989,p.624-8

CANCER MORTALITY IN A NORTHERN

ITALIAN COHORT OF RUBBER WORKERS

Negri R;Piolatto G;Pira E;Decarli A;Kaldor J;

La Vecchia C


CANCER; LAUSANNE,UNIVERSITY;

MILAN,INSTITUTE FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL

RESEARCH; MILAN,INSTITUTE OF

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; MILAN,UNIVERSITY;

TURIN,UNIVERSITY

An analysis is presented of data from a cohort of 6629

workers employed in a rubber tyre factory in the district

of Turin, northern Italy, between 1906 and 1981. Apart

from standard descriptive analyses based on the

computation of observed and expected numbers of deaths

from selected causes, log linear models are applied to

obtain estimates of the effect of calender period and age

at first exposure, duration of exposure and period since

last exposure. Analyses are also performed to identify job

categories particularly at risk. 20 refs.

FRANCE; ITALY; SWITZERLAND

Accession no.386124

Item 366


46,No.1,Jan.1989,p.12-5

SMOKING, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO

RUBBER, AND LUNG CANCER

Zhang Z F;Yu S Z;Li W X;Choi B C K

SHANGHAI,MEDICAL UNIVERSITY;

TORONTO,UNIVERSITY

A group of 1624 employees (957 men, 667 women) in a

rubber factory in Shanghai was followed up from 1972

onwards and their 12 year mortality experience was

examined. The relative risk of lung cancer for smokers

was 8.5 for men and 11.4 for women and for rubber

workers exposed to curing agents or talc powder 3.2 for

men and 4.6 for women. 20 refs.

CANADA; CHINA

Accession no.383660

Item 367


46,No.1,Jan.1989,p.1-10

MORTALITY IN THE BRITISH RUBBER

INDUSTRY 1946-85

Sorahan T;Parkes H G;Veys C A;Waterhouse J A H;

Straughan J K;Nutt A

BIRMINGHAM,UNIVERSITY; BRITISH RUBBER

MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION; BRITISH

RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN.

The mortality experienced by a group of 36,691 rubbers

workers during the period 1946-85 was investigated.

These workers were all male operatives first employed

in any one of the 13 participating factories in 1946-60;

all had worked continuously in the industry for a minimum

period of one year. Statistically significant excesses and

deficits relating to cancer mortaility were examined.

Involvement of occupational exposures was assessed by

the method of regression models and life tables. 14 refs.

UK

Accession no.383659

Item 368

Pitture e Vernici

64,No.7,July 1988,p.35-7

Italian

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACCORDING TO

THE EPA

Details are given of a draft standard and list of highly

hazardous chemical substances published by the

Environmental Protection Agency. Threshold values are

presented for 402 substances.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY;

SAFETY ENGINEERING SRLITALY; USA

Accession no.383427

Item 369

Macplas

13,No.100,July/Aug.1988,p.98-9

Italian

UNI DRAFT STANDARD: NOISE IN THE

WORKPLACE

UNI

Details are given of UNI draft standard U20.00.003.0

relating to methods and equipment for determining levels

of personal exposure to noise in the workplace. 5 refs.

ITALY

Accession no.383426

Item 370

Analytical Chemistry

62,No.12,15th June 1989,p.238-43R

RUBBER

Krishen A


A review is presented of methods for the identification,

characterisation and determination of rubber and materials

in rubber, covering the period January 1987 to December

1988. Methods dealt with include NMR spectroscopy, IR



spectroscopy, thermal analysis, GPC, size exclusion

chromatography, analysis related to helath and safety and

several miscellaneous techniques. 124 refs.

USA

Accession no.382608

Item 371


46,No.3,March 1989,p.212-4

DERMATOSIS FROM RESORCINOL IN TYRE

MAKERS

Abbate C;Polito I;Puglish A;Brecciaroll R;Tanzariello A

MESSINA,UNIVERSITY

The skin pathology caused by resorcinol in tyre makers

is reported. Resorcinol is a diphenol that causes a

dehydrating, keratolytic, irritant, and sensitising action

on the skin. 4 refs.

ITALY

Accession no.382285

Item 372


42,No.2,Feb.1989,p.120-3

IMPACT OF N-NITROSOAMINE REGULATIONS

ON SULPHENAMIDE SELECTION

Davies K M;Lloyd D G;Orband A

MONSANTO EUROPE SA

Regulations concerning the total level of certain N-

nitrosoamines in work area atmospheres, recently

instituted in West Germany, have had an impact on the

rubber industry worldwide. N-nitrosoamines can be

generated during the cure and storage of rubber products

vulcanised with certain accelerators. This article reviews

the impact of these regulations on the range of

sulphenamides available on the market as well as choices

now available to the rubber compounder to avoid

nitrosamine generation and possible future choices. 6 refs.

BELGIUM; WEST GERMANY

Accession no.382011

Item 373


18,No.22,15th May 1989,p.15

NETHERLANDS TOUGHENS ON

NITROSAMINES IN TEATS

Shaw D

All natural rubber babies teats have been removed from

Dutch shops following a report by TNO that they exceed

regulations on the migration of nitrosamines. The level

is thirty times less than the UK limit and ten times less

than the West German one. The nitrosamine rules

combined with a list of approved chemicals effectively

make all natural rubber teats illegal in the Netherlands.

NETHERLANDS

Accession no.381081

Item 374

China Rubber Industry

36,No.4,April 1989,p.220-6

Chinese

DETERMINATION OF VAPOURS GENERATED

DURING RUBBER PROCESSING

Qingshan Z

BEIJING,RESEARCH & DESIGN INST.OF RUBBER

IND.

Several methods for determining the qualitative and

quantitative levels of vapours generated under mixing and

curing conditions during rubber processing are given.

Methods used include gas chromatography and mass

spectroscopy. 21 refs.

CHINA

Accession no.377970

Item 375


10,No.10,27th Feb.1989,p.5

RUBBER COMPANIES PAYING FOR WASTE

CLEANUP

Moore M

Rubber product manufacturers and suppliers are involved

in two Massachusetts Superfund hazardous waste clean-

up agreements with the Environmental Protection Agency.

Brief details of this operation are given. Each party will

pay a share based on the number of drums of solvent each

company contributed, plus the amount of PCBs in the

soil and water. Nearly 40 companies have refused to

participate.

RE-SOLVE INC.; US,ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION AGENCYUSA

Accession no.377260

Item 376


No.1286,20th May 1989,p.22-3

DUSTING DOWN RUBBER COMPOUNDING

MIXES

Baker-Counsell J;Heathcote M;Lunney A;

Smith A;Whitehead J

Safe and clean powder handling is particularly important

with the enforcement later this year of the Control of

Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) regulations.

A major upgrading at Avon Rubber’s mixing division is

described. Four environmentally controlled dust

extraction booths have been installed for the weighing of

powders. The company is developing a fully automated

weighing and ingredient bagging station.

AVON RUBBER CO.LTD.UK

Accession no.377120



Item 377

Plasty a Kaucuk

25,No.9,Sept.1988,p.275-9

Czech

RISKS OF WORK ON RUBBER TWO-ROLL

MILLS - ANALYSIS

Janousek V

VYZKUMNY USTAV BEZPECNOSTI PRACE

Hazards arising from working with two-roll mills are

discussed and factors influencing the implementation of

machine safety procedures are considered. Appropriate

measures will be incorporated into Czechoslovak

Standard CSN 691 309, currently being revised by the

Labour Safety Research Institute of Prague in cooperation

with the national enterprise Buzuluk at Komarov. 8 refs.

Articles from this journal can be requested for translation

by subscribers to the RAPRA produced International

Polymer Science and Technology.

BUZULUK NATIONAL CORP.; CZECHOSLOVAK

LABOUR SAFETY RESEARCH INST.CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Accession no.372526

Item 378


13,No.7,1986,p.T/14

FIRE HAZARDS AND TOXICITY PROPERTIES

OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE (A COMPONENT OF

TEXTILE DIPPING COMPOUNDS) AND

SODIUM NITRITE (A HEAT TRANSFER

AGENT)

2 refs. (Full translation of Kauch.i Rezina,No.2,1986,p.34)

USSR

Accession no.372291

Item 379

Plasty a Kaucuk

25,No.7,July 1988,p.213-5

Slovak

CARCINOGENICITY OF PHENYL-BETA-

NAPHTHYLAMINE

Veghova E

A survey of literature data is presented on the suggested

carcinogenicity of phenyl-beta-naphthylamine

incorporated as an antioxidant in the first stage of mixing

of rubber compounds. Based on epidemiological studies,

it is shown that the occurrence of carcinomas is no higher

in people exposed to phenyl-beta-naphthylamine than in

the rest of the population. 6 refs.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Accession no.370198

Item 380

Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber

Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference.

York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.7/1-7/7. 921

EXPOSURE LIMITS: TRENDS AND PROBLEMS

Nutt A R

BTR INDUSTRIES LTD.

(PRI)

A brief history of standard setting for the control of

atmospheric industrial health hazards is given. Changes

and problems generated by new maximum exposure

limits and occupational exposure standards are

discussed. 7 refs.

UK

Accession no.369840

Item 381


Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International

Conference.

York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.11/1-11/5. 921

CONTRACTOR IN YOUR FACTORY

Wade J F

UK,DEPT.OF EMPLOYMENT,HM FACTORY

INSPECTORATE

(PRI)

Details are given of the dangers of building and

maintenance work in rubber or plastics factories with

particular reference given to the legal and practical

problems of dealing with contractors.

UK

Accession no.369837

Item 382



Conference.

York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.4/1-4/9. 921

PREDICTION OF ON-SITE PERFORMANCE

FOR VULCANISATION FUME

Smith R W B;Willoughby B G

RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD.

(PRI)

Details are given of the role of gas chromatography/mass

spectrometry in studying vulcanisation fume emission.

Its use in factory air studies is discussed. 6 refs.

UK

Accession no.369834

Item 383



Conference.

York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.3/1-3/10. 921

INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL FOR

LONG TERM HAZARD OF FUME IN THE

RUBBER INDUSTRY

Blanden C R;Isherwood S A



ASSOCIATED OCTEL CO.LTD.; UK,HEALTH &

SAFETY EXECUTIVE

(PRI)

The chemical composition and biological activity of fumes

generated during the vulcanisation process were

investigated. Extracts, and their chemically separated

fractions were tested for mutagenic activity in the Ames

test and were also analysed chemically by GC/MS. 14 refs.

UK

Accession no.369833

Item 384



Conference.

York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.6/1-6/9. 921

CONTROL AT SOURCE FOR VULCANISATION

FUME

Willoughby B G


(PRI)

Details are given of reducing pollution from vulcanising

rubbers with particular attention being given to the

formulation or curing conditions. 12 refs.

UK

Accession no.369725

Item 385



Conference.

York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.5/1-5/8. 921

CONTROL OF RUBBER PROCESSING FUMES

AT 40.5 AUTOFORM TYRE CURING PRESSES

Worwood J A

BTR INDUSTRIES LTD.

(PRI)

Sources of rubber processing fume and methods for their

control are discussed with regard to 40.5 Autoform tyre

curing presses. Air sampling results are given for two tyre

curing shops. 3 refs.

UK

Accession no.369572

Item 386



Conference.

York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.9/1-9/7. 921

CHEMICAL DISPERSIONS

Garnett A A

K & K GREEFF CHEMICALS LTD.

(PRI)

Details are given of the demand for dispersions of powders

in the plastics and rubber industries. The advantages of

dispersions are described in terms of health and safety,

economics and technical aspects.

UK

Accession no.369385

Item 387



Conference.

York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.1/1-10. 921

SAFETY IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES - AN

INSURANCE VIEWPOINT

Bett K G W

ROYAL INSURANCE (UK) LTD.

(PRI)

Details are given of safety in process industries with

emphasis given to the identification of the hazard, their

quantification in terms of frequency and effect, and their

comparison with standard levels of acceptance.

UK

Accession no.369230

Item 388


No.1241,25th June 1988,p.22-3

RUBBER ADDITIVES UNDER THE

MICROSCOPE

Rhein-Chemie Rheinau is reported to have just completed

an extensive, Europe-wide survey into the factors

determining the use of pre-dispersed chemicals in the

rubber processing industry. The survey involved

interviews with technical personnel at 120 companies in

six countries. Some economic information is given.

RHEIN-CHEMIE RHEINAU GMBHWESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.368415

Item 389

IISRP 28th Annual Meeting;Conference Proceedings.

Edinburgh,8-12 June 1987,Paper III-IV,pp.21. 012

BUTADIENE OVERVIEW

Loeser E

BAYER AG

(International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers)

The results of different toxicity studies on butadiene are

analysed and the data on the metabolic fate of butadiene

in different animal species are discussed together with

human epidemiological data. An attempt is also made to

arrive at an interpretation and integration of the knowledge

on the health related butadiene data in the process of

evaluation of risk to human health.

WEST GERMANY

Accession no.368239



Item 390


10,No.7,July 1988,p.21/5

ARMING AGAINST HAZARDS TO HANDS

Protective gloves are reported to be essential everyday wear

for millions of workers, providing protection from hazards

ranging from live viruses to molten metal. Choosing the

correct glove, however, is said to be vital to ensure the

safety of employees. The main types on offer are examined,

as a starting point to matching the glove to the hazard.

UK

Accession no.367867

Item 391

PMA’s Reference Guide to Polyurethane Processing.

Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.VIII 6-14. 43C6

DETERMINATION OF MOCA CURING AGENT

IN AIR: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD

DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.

(Polyurethane Manufacturers Assn.)

The method is described in detail.

USA

Accession no.366068

Item 392


Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.VIII 15-23. 43C6

DETERMINATION OF

TOLUENEDIISOCYANATE IN AIR



The method is described in detail. 1 ref.

USA

Accession no.366067

Item 393

PMMA’s Reference Guide to Polyurethane Processing.

Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.II 1-22. 43C6

SAFE HANDLING OF ISOCYANATES,

SOLVENTS AND CURATIVES

Roman W


The possible risks involved in processing of polyurethanes

are detailed.

USA

Accession no.365562

Item 394


Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.30-49. 43C6

EMERGENCY PROCEDURE CONCERNING

MOCA DISPOSAL

Salladin G P


A comprehensive case history is described relating to

emergency procedures involved in the disposal of 45

drums of MOCA curing agent which had been damaged

by fire and water.

USA

Accession no.365531

Item 395


Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.V 1-29. 43C6

TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING OF RAW

MATERIALS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF

URETHANE PARTS

Stanton J L


A detailed account includes sources of information for

future reference, toxicological data on typical chemicals

used in the PU industry, handling recommendations

regarding these chemicals and relevant points concerning

attitudes towards safety.

USA

Accession no.365530

Item 396


9,No.22,15th Aug.1988,p.2

GROUPS SUPPORT AIR CONTAMINANT

LIMITS

Moore M

Associations for both the rubber and PU industry support

- with some reservations - the plan to tighten workplace

air contaminant standards put forward by the Occupational

Safety & Health Administration. An exposure limit of 20

parts of MOCA per billion parts of air is recommended;

brief details are noted.

POLYURETHANE MANUFACTURERS ASSN.;

RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN.;


ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.362831

Item 397

26th Annual Meeting;Conference Proceedings.

San Francisco,Ca.,13-17 May 1985,Paper II-3,pp.4.

012

US TOXICOLOGY

Thomas F B

SHELL DEVELOPMENT CO.


The research situation in the USA with regard to the

toxicity of 1, 3-butadiene is discussed and the work of

particular groups is identified, including the International

Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers and the Chemical



Manufacturers Assn. The US,National Toxicology

Program’s mouse study is outlined and work being

undertaken by Du Pont is also noted.

DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.;

US,CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSN.;

US,NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAMUSA

Accession no.361699

Item 398



012

EUROPEAN TOXICOLOGY

Loeser E

BAYER AG


The effect of the results of the long term inhalation study

with 1, 3-butadiene, done with mice in the USA, on the

regulatory and research activities in Europe is discussed.

The main regulatory actions in Germany are detailed and

a discussion of three laboratory groups’ research into the

metabolism and kinetics of butadiene in different animal

groups, conducted in Belgium and West Germany, is

presented.

BELGIUM; USA; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE-

GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.361608

Item 399

Developments in Rubber Technology-4.

Barking,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers

Ltd.,p.253-306. 021

HEALTH AND SAFETY

Willoughby B G


Edited by: Whelan A;Lee K S

A detailed review is given of health and safety in the

rubber industry, with particular reference to accidents,

dust hazards, and vapours (especially in the workplace).

122 refs.

UK

Accession no.361004

Item 400



012

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Johnson C



A study on the mortality of workers employed for one

year or more in eight synthetic rubber production plants

in the USA and Canada during 1943-79 is reviewed.

Further results are also presented since the final report

on the study was published in 1982. Additional

epidemiological studies are called for to strengthen the

credibility of the original study which indicated that

butadiene presented no significant health risk to man.

USA

Accession no.361003

Item 401



012

US REGULATORY OVERVIEW

Curcio L N

EXXON CORP.


Some of the problems and issues associated with the

regulation of 1, 3-butadiene are illustrated as an example

of the complex issues that are faced when dealing with

toxic substances that may have long term health effects.

A chronological history of events on the uses of 1, 3-

butadiene is presented leading to the present proposed

legislation on exposure levels.


ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.360998

Item 402


170,No.8,Sept.1988,p.25-7

RUBBER SLOWLY SHEDS ITS DARK IMAGE

Robinson S

According to a recent survey of various industry

associations, trade unions, processors and enforcement

agencies, cancer, toxic chemicals, noise and stress are the

main health and safety hazards confronting the rubber

industry in Europe. A separate rubber chemicals market

survey commissioned by Rhein-Chemie Rheinau is said

to provide some insights into how certain European

countries perceive both the importance of safety and

hygiene, and the influence of existing legislation. Details

are given.

RHEIN-CHEMIE RHEINAU GMBHEUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.360254

Item 403

Sheffield, 1987, pp.36. 12ins. 15/1/88. 15

RUBBER. A LIST OF HSC/E PUBLICATIONS

RELEVANT TO THE INDUSTRY

UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE

This publication lists currently available publications

produced by the Health and Safefty Executive relating to



dust and fume; electrical and electronic equipment;

environmental hygiene (workplace monitoring);

harzadous substances (storage, transport and handling);

legislation; occupational injury and disease; plant,

machinery and maintenance work; radiation; safety

(policies, duties and compliance); and toxicity. A journals

list is included.

UK

Accession no.360253

Item 404


170,No.8,Sept.1988,p.29

REACTION TO NITROSAMINES

Davis B

A new workplace environment rule, severely limiting

airborne nitrosamines, is reported to have West German

rubber companies struggling to find a solution, and the

rest of the world’s industry watching with interest. The

new guidelines allow only 2.5 micrograms of the

substance per cubic metre of air (approx 1 part per

thousand million; details are given.

CONTINENTAL AG; GOODRICH B.F.,CO.CANADA; EUROPE-GENERAL; USA; WEST GERMANY

Accession no.360251

Item 405


170,No.8,Sept.1988,p.31

MANAGING THE RISKS

The European Economic Community is said to be

proposing a directive, which names certain occupations in

the rubber industry such as ‘milling, extruding and

vulcanisation’ as ‘carcinogenic’. Currently the Commission

lists 31 chemicals, including acrylonitrile, epichlorohydrin

and N-nitroso-dimethylamine as carcinogens. The proposed

directive is planned to come into force throughout the

Community by 1st Jan.1991; details are given.

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITYEUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.360250

Item 406


170,No.8,Sept.1988,p.32

OTHER NATIONS PONDER LIMITS

At least five European countries, Japan, several Latin

American nations and the USA are reported to have enacted

or to be contemplating regulations limiting worker exposure

to 1,3-butadiene. Current or proposed standards range from

50 parts per million in the Netherlands to a predicted 1ppm

level for Latin American nations; brief details are noted.

AMERICAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER CORP.;

INTERNATIONAL INST.OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER

PRODUCERS

WORLD

Accession no.360249

Item 407


No.1238,4th June 1988,p.9

POINTS TO WATCH IN THE WORKPLACE

Guidelines are given by the Health & Safety Executive

for reducing the risk of injury during handling activities.

Points considered are integrated handling system, rest

periods, and supervision.

UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVEUK

Accession no.357063

Item 408

Macplas

12,No.91,Sept.1987,p.121-3

Italian

UNI DRAFT STANDARD: SAFETY DEVICES

FOR CALENDERS

This draft standard relates to safety devices used to reduce the

risk of operators being caught between the rollers of calenders.

ENTE NAZIONALE ITALIANO DI UNIFICAZIONEITALY

Accession no.356001

Item 409


No.1240,18th June 1988,p.12

OF MICE AND BUTADIENE: WEIGHING UP

THE RISKS

Copeman J

The main message to emerge from the recent conference

held in Quebec, Canada by the International Institute of

Synthetic Rubber Producers is that the world’s synthetic

rubber industry finds itself facing many problems including

rationalisation, health and safety and information technology.

An outline is given of two papers, presented by Goodrich’s

manager of toxicology and American Synthetic Rubber’s

Director of Industrial Relations and Regulatory Affairs,

regarding the toxicity and exposure levels of butadiene.

AMERICAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER CORP.;

GOODRICH B.F.,CO.; INTERNATIONAL INST.OF

SYNTHETIC RUBBER PRODUCERSCANADA; USA; WORLD

Accession no.355993

Item 410


69,No.12,Dec.1987,p.48-51

Italian

DANGER INDEX FOR POTENTIALLY

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

Societa Chimica Italiana



A list is presented of 402 chemical substances defined by

the Environmental Protection Agency as being potentially

hazardous to health, together with the quantities of each

which can present a hazard in the case of release. Details

are given of an empirical method for calculating highly

dangerous quantities of chemicals released. 2 refs.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY;

SAFETY ENGINEERING SRLITALY; USA

Accession no.355163

Item 411


69,No.12,Dec.1987,p.56-60

Italian

SAFETY ASPECTS OF SUBSTANCES SUBJECT

TO PEROXIDATION

Cardillo P;Ticozzi C

MILANO,POLITECNICO; STAZIONE

SPERIMENTALE PER I COMBUSTIBILI

Consideration is given to hazards arising from the

peroxidation of chemical substances, including vinyl

monomers which form peroxides which after

decomposition can initiate explosive polymerisation

reactions. Precautions to be observed in storage, labelling

procedures, distillation and the use of oxidation inhibitors

are discussed. 23 refs.

ITALY

Accession no.354741

Item 412

Elastomerics

119,No.11,Nov.1987,p.24-5

DOL BENZENE EXPOSURE RULES

ANNOUNCED

Kutz K

The new Benzene Exposure Standard announced by the

Occupational Safety & Health Administration in the

USA is discussed. The effect of this standard, which

reduces allowable worker exposure by 90%, on the tyre

industry is described. The cost to the industry of new

engineering controls and monitoring equipment is

assessed and the debate over the toxicity of benzene

fumes is outlined.


ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.351456

Item 413


4,No.4,Dec.1987/Jan.1988,p.16

MBOCA WORRIES UNIONS

A petition to the US Occupational Safety & Health

Administration from a public-interest group and five

major trade unions to issue an emergency standard for

exposure to the PU curing agent MBOCA (4, 4'-

methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)) is briefly discussed. The

petition asks OSHA to limit exposure to workers to 3

micrograms/cu.m over an 8 hour, time-weighted average

and 10 micrograms/cu.m as a 15 min., short-term

exposure limit.


ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.350644

Item 414


48,No.10,Oct.1987,p.867-72

SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN THE

DISTRIBUTION OF INHALED BUTADIENE IN

TISSUES

Bond J A;Dahl A R;Henderson R F;Birnbaum L S

LOVELACE BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL

RES.INST.; US,NATIONAL INST.OF

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES

Details are given of an investigation to determine if there

were differences in distribution in tissues of inhaled

butadiene between rats and mice. 15 refs.

USA

Accession no.348648

Item 415


29,No.8,Aug.1987,p.675-80

MORTALITY OF WORKERS IN SBR POLYMER

PRODUCTION

Matanoski G M;Schwartz L

JOHN HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

Details are given of a study reporting the mortality of

workers employed in eight SBR manufacturing plants in

the USA and Canada. Examination of risks by major work

areas such as production, utilities and maintenance are

discussed. 15 refs.

USA

Accession no.347750

Item 416

Macplas International

No.3,Feb.1987,p.102-3

ARE GLASS FIBRES DANGEROUS?

Carrino L

CENTRO MATERIALI COMPOSITI

An examination is made of hazards associated with the

handling of glass fibres. Reference is made to research

undertaken in the USA which examined the causes of

1,006 deaths among 7,049 workers exposed to glass fibres

for at least a year. It was concluded that there was no

increase in deaths from cancer when considering either



the total number with specific tumours of the digestive

or respiratory system, and that there was no increase in

the mortality rate for respiratory diseases. 3 refs.

ITALY; USA

Accession no.347204

Item 417


9,No.10,Oct.1987,p.23-4

DANGERS AT EVERY HAND

Russell-Fell R

LRC PRODUCTS LTD.

The range of hazards to hands is described, and the

protection available from the different types of industrial

glove on the market is outlined.

UK

Accession no.345785

Item 418

Macplas

12,No.89,June 1987,p.90-2

Italian

SAFETY DEVICES FOR SMALL MIXING MILLS

UNI

A shortened version of UNI draft standard No.9152 is

presented. It is applicable to open mills for rubber and

plastics, having 2 horizontal rolls of diameter less than

400mm.

UNIITALY

Accession no.345536

Item 419

132nd Meeting,Fall 1987.Preprints.

Cleveland,Ohio,Oct.6-9,1987,Paper 84

SAFE PEROXIDES FOR CROSSLINKING

de Groot J J;Bollen A G

AKZO CHEMIE BV

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

The properties of organic peroxides in relation to the

processing techniques used in the rubber industry are

analysed from a safety engineering point of view.

Consideration is given to proper peroxide selection,

behaviour of peroxides at various operating temperatures,

critical safety parameters for storage, compounding and

processing, determination of safe processing times from

induction time measurements and hazards involved when

peroxides are contaminated with accelerators. 9 refs.

NETHERLANDS

Accession no.344650

Item 420


8,No.8,Aug.1986,p.41

MORTALITY IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY

An investigation of the causes of death in workers employed

in the UK rubber industry between 1946 and 1980

(Brit.J.Ind.Med.,Vol.43,1986, p.363-73) has shown that the

risk from bladder cancer has disappeared. There now

appears, however, to be an excess number of deaths from

lung cancer and stomach cancer. This abstract includes all

the information contained in the original article.

UK

Accession no.344410

Item 421


17,No.7,2nd Nov.1987,p.12

PMA STUDY TO EXPLORE PU ENGINEERING

PROPERTIES

School R

The Polyurethane Mfrs.’ Assn. has plans to develop design

engineering data for PU elastomers and has formed a

subcommittee (the Regulatory Strategy Ad Hoc

Committee) to study a report on cancer in workers exposed

to MOCA. The goal of the design study is to develop

dynamic property data for PU-oriented applications and a

textbook on the design of cast PU engineering components

will be produced as a result of the study. The newly formed

subcommittee will work with NIOSH to evaluate tumours

found in two of more than 300 employees of Anderson

Development Co., who produced MOCA at the company’s

Michigan facility. Further details are provided.

ANDERSON DEVELOPMENT CO.;

POLYURETHANE MANUFACTURERS ASSN.;

US,NATIONAL INST.FOR OCCUPAT.SAFETY AND

HEALTHUSA

Accession no.343014

Item 422


69,No.3,March 1987,p.44-6

Italian

CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF

HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Nebuloni M

DOW LEPETIT

Consideration is given to methods used in the control and

prevention of runaway chemical reactions, with reference

to a course on this subject held in Amsterdam in November

1986 by IBC Technical Service Ltd. Topics covered

included fundamentals and theory of runaway chemical

reactions, hazard evaluation and process design, chemical

plant and process safety analysis, hazards from the

exothermic decomposition of powders, the use of

calorimetry in determining the hazardousness of chemical

reactions, and trends in reaction vent design.

BAYER AG; DOW CHEMICAL USA; FIKE

TECHNICAL SERVICES; HOECHST AG; IBC



TECHNICAL SERVICE LTD.; ICI; METTLER

INSTRUMENTE AG; SANDOZ AG; TNO PLASTICS

& RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE;

ZURICH,POLYTECHNICITALY; NETHERLANDS; SWITZERLAND; UK; USA; WEST

GERMANY

Accession no.340582

Item 423

Farbe und Lack

93,No.1,Jan.1987,p.19-21

German

HEALTH AND ISOCYANATES

Schueler D

Isocyanates find widespread use in the coatings and

adhesives industry as curing agents for PU systems. This

article reviews the types of health risks, such as skin and

respiratory diseases, which can be caused by improper

handling of isocyanates and gives advice on preventative

measures. 15 refs.

WEST GERMANY

Accession no.340581

Item 424


17,No.3,7th Sept.1987,p.1/6

OSHA ADOPTS BENZENE EXPOSURE RULE

OSHA has signed a standard which reduces the allowable

workplace exposure to benzene to 1ppm from the former

10ppm. Under the liquid exposure standard, no solvent

may contain more than 0.5% benzene; after 2 years the

allowable limit will be reduced to 0.1% benzene. The

Rubber Manufacturers Association has expressed some

misgivings about the rule.


ADMINISTRATION; US,RUBBER MFRS.’ ASSN.USA

Accession no.339926

Item 425

Hule Mexicano y Plasticos

42,No.486,Jan.1987,p.18/24

Spanish

CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND INDUSTRIAL

HYGIENE IN THE RUBBER PROCESSING

INDUSTRY

Macias A

INSTITUTO DE PLASTICOS Y CAUCHO

An examination is made of toxic hazards of rubber

compounding ingredients and of precautions to be observed

in the use of fillers, plasticisers, processing aids,

accelerators, antioxidants, retarders, solvents and curing

and blowing agents. Consideration is also given to

environmental problems caused by vulcanisation fume and

to legislation concerning the use of hazardous chemicals.

SPAIN

Accession no.339614

Item 426


48,No.2,Feb.1987,p.155-9

PERMEATION OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS

BY TOLUENE

Vahdat N

TUSKEGEE,UNIVERSITY

The relative effectiveness of protective clothing (mostly

gloves) made from various materials against toluene was

investigated. Materials tested for permeation resistance

were butyl-coated nomex, neoprene, PVAl and butyl

rubber. Breakthrough time, steady-state permeation rate

and diffusion coefficient were determined at 25 and 45C

and the solubility of toluene in these materials determined

by weighing the materials before and after immersion.

PVAl exhibited no breakthrough in 20h. 20 refs.

USA

Accession no.334103

Item 427

NR Technology

18,No.1,1987,p.1-12

FORMULATING NATURAL RUBBER TO MEET

REGULATORY NITROSAMINE LIMITS

Gorton A D T;McSweeney G P;Tidd B K

MALAYSIAN RUBBER PRODUCERS’ RESEARCH

ASSN.

The current situation with regard to nitrosamines and

nitrosatable amines in rubber products is reviewed and

investigations of these materials in raw NR and latex are

reported. The detection system using the ‘Hall’ detector is

described and discussed. The formulation of dry rubber

compounds and latex mixes to give low levels of

nitrosamine and nitrosatable amines is considered. For latex

mixes, special reference is made to the selection of the

accelerator for optimum characteristics. The use in

vulcanisates of possible ‘nitrosamine-inhibitors’ is briefly

examined. 14 refs.

UK

Accession no.333188

Item 428

SATRA Bulletin

22,No.15,April 1987,p.330

ASSESSING SOLVENT VAPOUR HAZARD

Tame R

The method by which SATRA assesses the health risks

from solvent vapours, which is endorsed by the Health &

Safety Executive, is outlined and some of the findings of

SATRA tests performed in 1986 using lapel badges to

monitor solvent vapour exposure are reported.

Recommendations to improve safety are presented.



SHOE & ALLIED TRADES RESEARCH ASSN.;

UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVEUK

Accession no.332870

Item 429


8,No.15,27th April 1987,p.1/8

TYRE-UNIT ASBESTOS POSES LITTLE RISK -

STUDY

Moore M

According to an interim report by NIOSH, potential cases

of asbestos-related disease among rubber workers are far

less on the average than the data from a private litigation

group suggests. The report was commissioned by the

United Rubber Workers International union and involved

a study of chest X-rays from workers under 40 at plants

owned by Armtek Corp., Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. and

Firestone. Reasons for the disparities between the findings

of the two reports are briefly examined.

ARMTEK CORP.; FIRESTONE TIRE & RUBBER

CO.; UNIROYAL-GOODRICH TIRE CO.; UNITED

RUBBER WORKERS INTERNATIONAL UNION;


& HEALTHUSA

Accession no.332213

Item 430


16,No.15,9th Feb.1987,p.1/3

DROPPED SUIT ENDS MOCA CONFLICT

Moore M

The Labor Department has dropped its appeal of a 1985

decision by OSHA, thus exonerating Kastalon Inc. and

Conap Inc. of charges that they endangered employees

through exposure to MOCA, an alleged cancer-causing

curative used by PU processors.

CONAP INC.; KASTALON INC.;


ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.329790

Item 431


44,No.3,March 1987,p.187-91

CANCER MORTALITY IN AN ITALIAN

RUBBER FACTORY

Bernardinelli L;De Marco R;Tinelli C

PAVIA,UNIVERSITY

The results are reported of a study carried out to assess

the mortality experience of an Italian cohort of male

rubber workers and to identify any occupational cancer

hazard that could be affecting men employed in this

industry. The cohort investigated comprised all male

workers hired by a large Italian tyre factory from 1962 to

1972, the cohort being monitored up to January 1983.

The number of deaths from all causes and from malignant

neoplasms was determined and compared with the

expected number of deaths calculated from mortality rates

for the province in which the population of the plant lived.

18 refs.

ITALY

Accession no.329789

Item 432


9,No.1,Jan.1987,p.21

PLASTICS INDUSTRY CHEMICALS SHOW

CANCER RISKS

A summary is presented of data on the carcinogenicity of

chemicals (especially monomers) used in the polymer

industry which are included in Volume 39 of the

International Agency for Cancer Research’s Monographs

on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals

to Humans.

INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH

INTO CANCERUSA

Accession no.328813

Item 433

Rubber World

195,No.4,Jan.1987,p.12-3

AN ETU ALTERNATIVE?

Menough J

HOLZ RUBBER CO.

Ethylene thiourea (ETU) has been reported to be a

carcinogen and teratogen and is known to affect the

thyroid gland. While studies in the rubber industry have

not pointed to any definitive problems with thyroid

tumours in exposed rubber workers, precautions have

been mandated. In most of these, the use of any material

that might result in dust is to be avoided. Ricon M.A.D.,

derived from adducted maleic anhydride, produces

compounds which are very similar to ETU cured

compounds. The use of Ricon M.A.D. is described,

particularly in black and clay filled neoprene compounds,

and compared with ETU control compounds.

USA

Accession no.328353

Item 434

Farbe und Lack

92,No.9,Sept.1986,p.848-54

German

INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL WORKERS

EXPOSED TO SOLVENTS IN A PAINT FACTORY

Kampmann K;Henkler R D



Studies carried out in West Germany relating to the effects

of solvents on health of painters and decorators as well

as chemical workers employed in the paint industry are

described and findings reported. Solvents investigated on

these studies are listed. No evidence of solvent-induced

damage to workers’ health was found.

WEST GERMANY

Accession no.328273

Item 435

Rubber Developments

39,No.4,1986,p.86-7

NITROSAMINES - A CHALLENGE MET

The discovery that teats and soothers could contain up to

300 parts of nitrosamines per thousand million by weight

led to legislation by, e.g. the Federal German

Bundesgesundheitsampt and the US FDA. The maximum

permitted nitrosamine level under the BGA legislation is

now 10 ppb. The response of the rubber industry to meet

these regulations is described. The accelerators used in

vulcanisation, particularly zinc diethyldithiocarbamate,

were identified as the main source of nitrosamines in

rubber products. Changes in the formulations used,

especially the use, where permitted, of zinc

dibenzyldithiocarbamate, which gives rise to a non-

carcinogenic nitrosamine of low water solubility, have

enabled teats and soothers to meet the new regulations.

6 refs.

UK

Accession no.328076

Item 436

Chemistry & Industry

No.22,17th Nov.1986,p.770-9

CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS. III.

Blackburn G M;Kellard B

SHEFFIELD,UNIVERSITY

The carcinogenicity of various C1 halocarbons (including

carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dihalomethanes and

vinylidene chloride) and of higher haloalkanes and

polychlorinated biphenyls is discussed. The activity of

hormones as carcinogens is considered and the hazards of

various types of radiation are examined. Brief descriptions

are given of the ability of cells to repair damage to their

DNA and of the test systems currently used for

identification of potential carcinogens. Some of the

evidence available to identify the occupational risk to

people who make or handle chemicals is surveyed. 54 refs.

UK

Accession no.324874

Item 437


16,No.12,29th Dec.1986,p.1/4

STUDY - ‘ASBESTOS ILLNESSES AFFECT 5,000’

Moore M

A Los Angeles attorney has tested about 19,000 rubber

workers and found 5,000 tested positive for asbestos-

related diseases, although Firestone dispute these figures.

The National Tire Workers’ Litigation Project has found

wide variation between tyre plants; this fluctuation

appears to be dependent on age of the plant and of the

workers. Many companies deny there is anywhere near

the rate of asbestos-related disease among rubber workers

as the attorney claims.

FIRESTONE TIRE & RUBBER CO.; NATIONAL

TIRE WORKERS’ LITIGATION PROJECTUSA

Accession no.324292

Item 438

Planters’ Bulletin

No.186,March 1986,p.38-44

FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HYGIENE

OF NR LATEX CONCENTRATE FACTORIES

John C K;Latiff L;Ahmat A

RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA

Destablisation of NR latex is primarily due to the build-

up of acids produced by bacteria mainly colonising the

tapping panel, tree lace and the cup used in collecting the

latex after tapping. The methods of ensuring stability of

a batch of concentrated latex are described. Quaternary

ammonium compounds were found to be more effective

than many other chemicals screened for their disinfectant

activity. The use of the Diversey Fog Gun is also

recommended.

MALAYSIA

Accession no.322821

Item 439


8,No.11,Nov.1986,p.18

RUBBER DUST EXPOSURE LIMIT

A control limit for occupational exposure to rubber

process dust has been adopted by the Health & Safety

Commission on the recommendation of its Advisory

Committee on Toxic Substances and the Rubber Industry

Advisory Committee. The limit will apply from 1st Jan.

1987 to the mixtures of dusts arising at various stages in

the manufacture of articles from NR or synthetic rubbers.

It will necessitate control so that workers’ exposure to

total inhalable mixed dust does not exceed 8 milligrammes

per cubic metre of air (as a time-weighted average over 8

hours). This abstract includes all the information

contained in the original article.


UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSIONUK

Accession no.322145



Item 440

Middlebury,Ct., 1985, pp.11. 11ins. 8/10/86. Brochure

AP-110.1. 43C6-921

TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING OF

ADIPRENE

UNIROYAL INC.,CHEMICAL DIV.

The possible health hazards associated with the handling

of Adiprene urethane rubber are reviewed. Precautions

against exposure to isocyanate vapours from small

quantities of residual free isocyanate in the uncured

polymer are discussed, with suggestions for preventive

measures to minimise workers’ exposure. Advice on

storage and handling of uncured Adiprene is also given

to prevent deterioration by moisture and heat.

USA

Accession no.321455

Item 441


7,No.22,21st July 1986,p.1/8

ASBESTOS STUDY PROMPTS DEBATE IN

TYRE INDUSTRY

Moore M

A Los Angeles attorney claims that medical testing of

tyre workers shows a large incidence of asbestosis and

other asbestos-related diseases. The Rubber

Manufacturers Assn. and tyre makers refute this claim.

Asbestos is present in talc and soapstone used to make

the rubber less tacky, and in insulation for pipes and other

equipment. A National Tyre Workers’ Litigation group

has been set up. All the law suits so far have been directed

against the producers of asbestos, talc and soapstone.

NATIONAL TIRE WORKERS’ LITIGATION

PROJECT; UNITED RUBBER WORKERS;

US,RUBBER MFRS.’ ASSN.USA

Accession no.317825

Item 442


41,No.2,March/April 1986,p.85-9

EXPOSURE TO NAPHTHALENE-

DIISOCYANATE IN A RUBBER PLANT:

SYMPTOMS AND LUNG FUNCTION

Alexandersson R;Gustafsson P;Hedensherna G;Rosen G

HUDDINGE HOSPITAL; KAROLINSKA

HOSPITAL; SWEDEN,NATIONAL BOARD OF

OCCUPA.SAFETY & HEALTH

A study on the effects of industrial exposure to

naphthalene diisocyanate and its effects on pulmonary

function in a modern rubber industry environment in

Sweden, is reported. The crystalline aggregates formed

at room temperature from the NDI used in tyre making

are described and the materials and methods used in the

investigation are outlined together with the results of

different mean air concentrations of NDI. 24 refs.

SWEDEN

Accession no.317045

Item 443


47,No.6,June 1986,p.312-21

CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINANTS AT

MIXERS AND MILLS USED IN TYRE

MANUFACTURING

Heitbrink W A;McKinnery W N


& HEALTH

A study was made of control techniques for airborne

vapours and particulates in tyre manufacturing. Emphasis

was given to local exhaust ventilation of Banbury mixers

and the processor’s ability to prevent and contain

particulate emissions. 12 refs.

USA

Accession no.316036

Item 444

129th Meeting - Spring.

New York,NY,April 8-11,1986,Paper 55,pp.9. 012

OSHA COMPLIANCE - THE NEED FOR A

WORKING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

SUPPLIER AND CUSTOMER IN THE RUBBER

INDUSTRY

Green D H;Szwarc J J

LORD CORP.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Ways in which Lord Corp., Chemical Products Group

communicates information on physical safety and health

hazards to its employees and customers are discussed in

relation to compliance with the US, Safety & Health

Administration’s Hazard Communication Standard.

Particular attention is paid to labels (in-plant and shipped

product labels), material safety data sheets, in-plant

training, and similarities to and differences from customer

plants.


ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.316035

Item 445


43,No.6,June 1986,p.363-73

CANCER MORTALITY IN THE BRITISH

RUBBER INDUSTRY: 1946-80

Sorahan T;Parkes H G;Veys C A;Waterhouse J A H

BIRMINGHAM UNIVERSITY; BRITISH RUBBER

MANUFACTURERS ASSN.



A study was made of the mortality experienced by a cohort

of 36,445 rubber workers, all male operatives first

employed in any one of the 13 participating factories in

1946-60 and all having worked continuously in the industry

for a minimum period of one year. The method of regression

models in life tables was used to compare the duration of

employment in the industry, the duration in “dust-exposed”

jobs and the duration in “fume and/or solvent exposed”

jobs of those dying from causes of interest with those of

all matching survivors. A causal association between the

risks of lung and stomach cancer and certain occupational

exposures was established. 11 refs.

UK

Accession no.312543

Item 446


No.1139,24th May 1986,p.3

BLADDER CANCER NO LONGER A PROBLEM -

BRMA

The BRMA and BRITD vice president has emphasised the

continuing progress being made by the rubber industry in

health and safety, research and development, education and

training. Work carried out over the previous 18 years, he

claims, has demonstrated that the industry no longer has a

problem with bladder cancer; but there are some indications

of problems concerning lung and stomach cancer. Brief

details of Tony Mitchard’s speech are presented.

BRITISH RUBBER INDUSTRY TRAINING

ORGANISATION; BRITISH RUBBER

MANUFACTURERS ASSN.UK

Accession no.312497

Item 447

Revista de Plasticos Modernos

51,No.355,Jan.1986,p.77/89

Spanish

CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND INDUSTRIAL

HYGIENE IN THE RUBBER PROCESSING

INDUSTRY

Macias A

INSTITUTO DE PLASTICOS Y CAUCHO

Consideration is given to health hazards associated with rubber

compounding ingredients, including fillers, plasticisers, curing

agents, accelerators, anti-scorch agents, antioxidants, blowing

agents and solvents, and with vulcanisation fume. Legislation

relating to the use of hazardous materials in the rubber industry

is reviewed. 82 refs.

SPAIN

Accession no.311755

Item 448


15,No.21,5th May 1986,p.8

PU FIRMS MAY FACE METHYLENE

CHLORIDE REGULATION

School R

The issuing of an advance notice by the Environmental

Protection Agency in the USA, on a possible increase in the

exposure standard for methylene chloride, used in PU

processing, is discussed. The possible carcinogenic effects of

methylene chloride are outlined and its use as a machine

cleaning solvent by Superior Tire & Rubber Corp. is described.

SUPERIOR TIRE & RUBBER CORP.;


Accession no.311753

Item 449


7,No.14,31st March 1986,p.4

STUDY INDICATES FORMALDEHYDE NOT A

CARCINOGEN

According to a study by the National Cancer Institute

entitled ‘Mortality among Industrial Workers Exposed to

Formaldehyde’, formaldehyde is not the carcinogen that

some authorities believe. The study, which evaluated the

mortality rates of 26,561 workers employed in facilities

making or using formaldehyde, found “slight excesses”

of Hodgkin’s disease and lung and prostate cancer. Various

groups, such as the United Auto Workers’ union, are

sceptical of the study because two major companies

helped design and write it. The OSHA has recently

proposed a rule limiting the workplace exposure to

formaldehyde to either 1 or 1.5 parts per million parts of

air on an 8h., time-weighted base.

US,NATIONAL CANCER INST.USA

Accession no.309931

Item 450


No.1127,1st March 1986,p.8-9

LOOKING AFTER THE HEALTH OF RUBBER

INDUSTRY WORKERS

Townsend P

The work of the BRMA Health Research Unit, from its

introduction in 1957 to the present day, is described with

reference to the work of Dr. Guy Parkes, the medical

director. Books published on the safe handling and toxicity

of rubber chemicals are detailed and the investigations

into bladder cancer, begun in the 1950’s, are also outlined.

Present cooperation with other occupational safety and

health organisations is described and current research

projects are briefly discussed.

BRITISH RUBBER MFRS.’ ASSN.UK

Accession no.307972



Item 451

Macplas

10,No.66,March 1985,p.46

Italian

RISK ANALYSIS OF CYLINDER MIXERS

A brief examination is made of hazards associated with

the operation of cylinder mixers, and some accident

prevention measures are reviewed.

Accession no.307103

Item 452

Wilmington,Del., c.1985-, looseleaf. 11ins. 3/6/85.

42D14-6A1-921

ELASTOMERS FOR ADHESIVES:

ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE BUILDUP WHEN

HANDLING NEOPRENE

DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,&

CO.INC.,ELASTOMERS DIV.

Neoprene chips generate static electricity when poured from

containers. Many of the solvents used with Neoprene in

the manufacture of adhesives are flammable. This brochure

therefore, aims to provide a basic understanding of some

aspects of static electricity and to relate these to the handling

of Neoprene. Test results on static buildup pouring of

Neoprene are included, as is a useful bibliography. 7 refs.

USA

Accession no.304998

Item 453


27,No.11,Nov.1985,p.835-40

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF WORKERS

EXPOSED TO ACRYLONITRILE: AN UPDATE

O’Berg M T;Chen J L;Burke C A;Walrath J;Pell S


A previous report (J.Occup.Med.22,245-252,1980)

presented the cancer mortality experience through 1976

of a cohort of 1,345 male employees with potential for

exposure to acrylonitrile at a fibres-producing plant. This

study has now been updated through 1983 for cancer

incidence and through 1981 for mortality. Overall, 43

cancer cases have occurred with 37.1 expected based on

company rates. An excess of lung cancer and prostate

cancer cases is reported upon. 10 refs.

USA

Accession no.304698

Item 454


46,No.10,Oct.1985,p.547-54

CHARACTERISATION AND TEMPERATURE

DEPENDENCE OF PAH EMISSIONS FROM A

SIMULATED RUBBER COMBUSTION

OPERATION

Jacobs B W;Billing C E

The operation investigated involved the use of two induction

furnaces for removal of rubber from tracked-vehicle treads.

A laboratory-scale simulation of the field operation was

employed to generate emissions at 399C and 677C. Emission

samples were collected using glass fibre filters and Tenax as

the sampling media. High-pressure liquid chromatography

and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to

characterise emissions. The polynuclear aromatic

hydrocarbons (PAH) were profiled as subsets and graphically

displayed as micrograms of emissions per kilogram of rubber

and as percentages of total emissions. 24 refs.

USA

Accession no.303069

Item 455

Macplas International

No.4,March 1985,p.48-50

STORAGE AND METERING OF SMALL

INGREDIENTS

Guicciardi A

SIM BIANCA

An examination is made of automated systems for the

storage, conveying, weighing and handling of small

quantities of compounding ingredients for feeding into

PVC and rubber processing machines.

ITALY

Accession no.301586

Item 456

Paper, Film & Foil Converter

59,No.8,Aug.1985,p.46-8

SOLVENT VAPOUR RECOVERY UNIT

PROVIDES NECESSARY CONTROL

The control of toluene vapour at ODC, a manufacturer of

coated fabrics, is discussed showing the importance of the

use of an Edwards Engineering Corp.’s solvent vapour

recovery unit in order to comply with the current USA

regulation on volatile organic chemicals emissions. A

description of the use of toluene at ODC during the coating

of fibreglass with silicone is presented and the refrigeration

type vapour recovery system outlined. Safety, economic

savings and production organisation benefits are briefly

detailed.

ODC INC.

Accession no.279802

Item 457


1,No.2,March 1985,p.1-17

INSTRUMENTAL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF

POLYMERS

Lawson G

A review is presented of the literature on the above,

covering spectroscopic, chromatographic, thermal



analytical and surface study techniques. Applications of

instrumental analysis are discussed with reference to

polymer identification, determination of properties of

polymer chains, additive analysis, surface analysis and

analyses relating to aspects of health and safety. 170 refs.

UK

Accession no.278815

Item 458


42,No.7,July 1985,p.481-87

MUTAGENICITY STUDIES IN A TYRE PLANT.

IN VITRO ACTIVITY OF WORKERS’ URINARY

CONCENTRATES AND RAW MATERIALS

Crebelli R;Paoletti A;Falcone E;Aquilina G;

Fabri G;Carere A

The possible contribution to urinary mutagenicity of

occupational exposures in the rubber industry was studied

by assaying the urine concentrates of 72 workmen (44

smokers) employed in a tyre plant. The in vitro

mutagenicity of the major raw materials in use at the plant

were also determined using the plate incorporation assay

with various S typhimurium strains. Smoking habits, but

not occupation, were statistically significantly related to

the appearance of urinary mutagenicity. The study of raw

materials showed that three technical grade materials were

weakly active as mutagens. 22 refs.

ITALY

Accession no.277492

Item 459


29,No.2,Feb.1985,p.20-5

Italian

EQUIPMENT FOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN

THE WORKPLACE

A review is made of industrial safety and accident prevention

equipment produced or supplied by Italian companies. This

includes gas and dust filters, respirators, fire extinguishers,

ear muffs, heat and fire resistant gloves, safety masks, visors,

spectacles and helmets, fire resistant cables, signs indicating

the presence of hazardous chemicals, and equipment for

detecting toxic gases and vapours.

ITALY

Accession no.275901

Item 460


38,No.4,April 1985,p.291-2

German

LABOUR SAFETY IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY

Stenzel E

CONTINENTAL GUMMI-WERKE AG

General aspects relating to the safety of the workforce in

the rubber industry are considered and safety measures

are discussed. Particular reference is made to the reduction

in the number of accidents occurring at Continental

Gummi-Werke.

WEST GERMANY

Accession no.274928

Item 461

Progress of Rubber Technology.Vol.46.

Barking,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers

Ltd.,1984,p.143-95. 012

VULCANISATION FUME - ITS NATURE,

ORIGIN AND THE OPTIONS FOR ITS

CONTROL

Willoughby B G

RUBBER & PLASTICS RESEARCH ASSN.OF

GT.BRITAIN

Edited by: Morrell S H

(PRI)

The nature and origins of vulcanisation fume are discussed

with reference to volatile components of the unvulcanised

mix and to volatile products of chemical reactions, e.g.

hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide, amines,

nitrosamines, isothiocyanates, peroxide by-products and

blowing agent degradation products. Options for control

of vulcanisation fume are considered, including

engineering approaches (containment or dispersal) and

chemical approaches (control at source). 66 refs.

UK

Accession no.274927

Item 462

SATRA Bulletin

21,No.14,March 1985,p.36

HELPING PEOPLE WITH ALLERGIES

Blackwell B

The most common allergens in footwear are identified

and a table is presented which lists various allergens,

where they may be found and what alternatives are

available.

UK

Accession no.270932

Item 463


6,No.12,4th March 1985,p.8

REPORT INDICATES CURRENT BENZENE

LEVELS DANGEROUS

An updated study by the National Institute of

Occupational Safety and Health indicates that workers

exposed to current allowable benzene levels may be more

than 30 times more at risk of contracting leukaemia than

those not exposed. Public Citizen and several trade unions

have filed a lawsuit against the Occupational Safety and

Health Administration over its failure to issue a proposed

rule on a revised benzene standard.




ADMINISTRATION; RUBBER MANUFACTURERS’

ASSN.; US,NATIONAL INST.FOR OCCUPATIONAL

SAFETY & HEALTHUSA

Accession no.270247

Item 464


No.1070,12th Jan.1985,p.15

CASE OF ‘PHYSICIAN HEAL THYSELF’ FOR

DUST CONTROL FIRM

Brief details are given on a new 200,000 pounds sterling

pollution control system which has been installed at Walk

Off Mats Polymers. The system was designed by Extract

Technology. It provides for extraction from a Banbury

mixer and rubber mill used to produce the mat backing

compound. Special dust control hoods were designed to

serve the carbon black loading chute. Collected dust is

ducted to a reverse jet cleaned cartridge collector.

EXTRACT TECHNOLOGY LTD.; WALK OFF MATS

POLYMERS LTD.UK

Accession no.267061

Item 465

Chemical Marketing Reporter

227,No.1,7th Jan.1985,p.41

FDA NITROSAMINE LIMITS DESIGNED TO

REDUCE EXPOSURE OF INFANTS

The toxicity of N-nitrosamine in rubber is discussed.

The permissible level for N-nitrosamine in rubber baby

bottle nipples for consumer and hospital use has been

reduced to 10 parts per billion for any individual

nitrosamine by the Food and Drug Administration from

the 1st January 1985. The original level was 60ppb.

Despite complaints by the rubber industry, the FDA

claim it is feasible to produce rubber nipples with only

10ppb. of nitrosamine.

US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.265428

Item 466


25,No.8,Aug.1983,p.598-602

LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA AND

EXPOSURES TO BENZENE AND OTHER

SOLVENTS IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY

Arp E W;Wolf P H;Checkoway H

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA

Previous epidemiological studies on one cohort of rubber

industry workers indicated that observed mortality

excesses from lymphocytic leukaemia were related to

solvent exposures. The results of a detailed examination

of the solvent exposure histories of 15 cases of

lymphocytic leukaemia from this cohort and 30 matched

industry controls, are presented. Cases were 4.5 times as

likely as controls to have had direct exposures to both

benzene and other solvents. 46 refs.

USA

Accession no.250280

Item 467

Switzerland, 1982, pp.486. LS.24.50. 10ins. 27/1/83.

IARC Monographs Vol.28. 921

RUBBER INDUSTRY: IARC MONOGRAPHS ON

THE EVALUATION OF THE CARCINOGENIC

RISK OF CHEMICALS TO HUMANS. VIEWS

AND EXPERT OPINIONS OF AN IARC

WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATION OF

THE CARCINOGENIC RISK OF CHEMICALS

TO HUMANS, LYON, FEBRUARY 16-23, 1981


CANCER

This volume is concerned with evaluation of the

carcinogenic risks of exposures to man in the rubber

industry. Particularly discussed is tyre manufacturing and

repair sector, the cable - making sector and the

manufacture of rubber goods. Natural rubber, synthetic

rubber and chemical additives are used in the industry;

however only those exposures incident to the mixing of

elastomers with chemicals and their subsequent

conversion into products are discussed.

Accession no.229843

Item 468


39,No.3,Aug.1982,p.209-220

CANCER MORTALITY IN THE BRITISH

RUBBER INDUSTRY

Parkes H G; Veys C A; Waterhouse J A H; Peters A

33815 men, who first started work in the rubber industry

between 1 January 1946 and 31 December 1960, have

been followed up to 31 December 1975 to ascertain the

number of deaths attributable to malignant disease and to

compare these with the expected number calculated from

the published mortality rates applicable to the male

population of the UK. The findings confirm the absence

of any excess mortality from bladder cancer among men

entering the industry after 1 January 1951 (the presumed

bladder carcinogens were withdrawn from production

processes in July 1949), but they confirm also a

statistically significant excess of both lung and stomach

cancer mortality. 56 refs.

Accession no.223201

Item 469


23,No.10,Oct.1981,p.677-84



MORTALITY AMONG RUBBER WORKERS. III.

CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, 1940-1978

Delzell E; Monson R R

This report describes mortality occurring between 1940

and mid-1978 among 29,087 men and women employed

in a rubber plant for at least two years. There was an excess

of deaths from bladder cancer and leukaemia among white

male employees. In addition, there were excess deaths

from several cancers during 1974 through 1978 only,

including cancers of the esophagus, large intestine, biliary

system and liver, brain and lymphatic tissues and multiple

myeloma. The present findings suggest that occupational

exposures etiologically relevant to these diseases may not

have been reduced in recent years or that sufficient time

has not elapsed for such reductions to result in decreased

mortality. 26 refs.

Accession no.216966

Item 470


38,No.3,Aug.1981,p.240-6

CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF BLADDER

CANCER IN THE UNITED STATES RUBBER

AND TYRE INDUSTRY

Cheekoway H; Smith A H; McMichael A J; Jones F S;

Monson R R; Tyroler H A

The study included 220 male cases of bladder cancer, each

of which was matched individually with two industry

controls. On contrasting work histories, it was found that

cases were more likely than controls to have worked in

milling and calendering operations. The relative risk

estimates for both operations exhibited linear trends of

increase with duration of exposure. Milling and

calendering jobs entail potential exposures to volatilised

reaction products from heated rubber stock. A better

understanding of the aetiological factors, requires further

characterisation of suspect carcinogens in the working

environment. 25 refs.

USA

Accession no.200142

Item 471


23,No.2,Feb.1981,p.103-8

CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF LEUKAEMIA IN

THE US RUBBER INDUSTRY

Wolf P H; Andjelkovich D; Smith A; Tyroler H

A matched case-control study was conducted for 72 cases

of leukaemia occurring among employees of four rubber

and tyre manufacturing companies during the period from

1964 to 1973, to determine if certain environmental

exposures were related to the risk of developing

leukaemia. This study, weakly confirms the previously

reported association of fatal chronic lymphatic leukaemia

with work histories of potential solvent exposure in one

rubber plant. There was no such association in the plants

of the other companies studied. No significant association

of fatal myeloid leukaemia with work histories of potential

solvent exposure was detected. 17 refs.

Accession no.171469

Item 472


22,No.8,Aug.1980,p.533-41

CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF PROSTATE

CANCER WITHIN A COHORT OF RUBBER AND

TYRE WORKERS

Goldsmith D F; Smith A H; McMichael A J

A matched case-control study was conducted to test the

hypothesis that prostate cancer is associated with

employment in the compounding area of a rubber and

tyre manufacturing plant. A search of death certificates

from the years 1964 to 1975 led to the identification of

88 cases of prostate cancer. These were individually

matched with 258 controls on the factors of age, race and

entry into the plant. The batch preparation work area

showed statistically significant (PL less than 0.025) risk

ratios over three exposure periods - more than one month,

more than 24 months, and more than 60 months. 46 refs.

Accession no.158666

Item 473


33, No.4, Nov.1976, p.249-64

SURVEY OF OCCUPATIONAL CANCER IN THE

RUBBER AND CABLEMAKING INDUSTRIES:

ANALYSIS OF DEATHS OCCURING IN 1972-74

Fox A J; Collier P F

This analysis compares the mortality pattern for 1972-74

with that previously reported for 1968-71 for 40,867 men

employed for at least one year in the rubber and

cablemaking industries. It indicates a significant excess

of death due to cancer of the bladder throughout the

industry, including men who had not been exposed to

acknowledged bladder carcinogens. The need to set up a

search for possible causes of these deaths is emphasised.

18 refs.

Accession no.102040

Item 474


17, No.4,APRIL 1975, p.234-9/-PH.

SOLVENT EXPOSURE AND LEUKEMIA

AMONG RUBBER WORKERS: AN

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY

McMichael A J; Spiritas R; Kupper L L; Gamble J F

The findings of the study indicate an association of death

from lymphatic leukemia with a history of having worked

in solvent exposure jobs. 14 refs.

Accession no.56037



Item 475


31, No.2,APRIL 1974, p.140-51

SURVEY OF OCCUPATIONAL CANCER IN THE

RUBBER AND CABLEMAKING INDUSTRIES:

RESULTS OF FIVE-YEAR ANALYSIS, 1967-71

Fox A J; Lindars D C; Owen R

A mortality rate study of 40867 subjects employed in the

rubber and cablemaking industries is reported. No evidence

is found of a continued excess risk and neoplasms of the

bladder in people who entered the industry after 1949. For

those employed before that date, during the period when

known bladder carcinogens were in use, standardised

mortality ratios are higher than predicted, indicating that

men are still dying with occupationally induced tumours.

In some sections of the industry there was an excess of

bronchial carcinoma. 42 refs.

Accession no.39377



Subject Index

121

Subject Index

AABRADING, 188ABSORPTION, 96 126 201ACCELERATED CURING, 49ACCELERATOR, 7 16 26 41 71 73

74 87 91 101 102 109 113 114118 125 126 130 135 155 162178 189 190 192 199 221 225227 230 236 243 247 248 249250 251 252 253 254 272 273293 295 296 315 330 354 358372 399 404 419 425 427 433435 447 458 462 468

ACCIDENT, 1 2 67 119 122 133151 152 159 163 173 184 192206 286 289 312 341 352 355359 377 399 407 408 411 422451 452 459 460

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION,159 274

ACCIDENT PREVENTION, 1 2122 134 136 151 152 159 173192 195 260 312 341 355 377408 422 451 452 459 460

ACETALDEHYDE, 244ACETIC ACID, 26 130ACETONE, 7 135 297ACID, 21 144 226ACID ANHYDRIDE, 232ACID MIST, 203ACOUSTIC INSULATION, 88ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENT,

369ACRYLIC ACID, 411ACRYLONITRILE, 71 101 411

453ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE

COPOLYMER, 156ACTIVATOR, 7 26 130 247 248

249 250 295ADDITIVE, 7 8 15 16 20 21 26 29

30 35 36 38 41 44 50 51 52 5354 59 64 65 66 68 71 73 74 7887 94 95 96 101 102 103 104108 109 113 116 118 119 125126 130 135 141 145 150 155159 161 171 173 177 178 179181 184 188 189 190 192 198199 201 210 220 221 226 229230 235 236 238 244 247 248249 250 251 252 253 254 255279 281 284 287 293 294 295

296 315 316 317 318 337 348353 365 366 370 376 379 388395 402 404 405 410 413 425441 447 455 457 458 461 462465 467

ADHESIVE, 29 89 142 232 269423 452

ADSORPTION, 118 144 201 250252 254 273 275

AEROSOL, 30 71 95 97 101 108144 145 146 199 231 346

AGEING, 73 248 250 272 433AIR CONDITIONING, 456AIR FILTER, 459AIR FLOW, 17 231AIR POLLUTION, 28 30 32 71 97

101 144 148 157 185 207 212220 247 250 252 253 311 327346 347 363 374 378 380 391392 396 399 412 425 429 439442 445 449 454 456 466

AIR SAMPLING, 26 71 97 101144 209 247 382 384 385 391392

AIRBORNE, 32 97 99 144 145 183232 246 252 255

ALARM, 119 122 144ALCOHOL, 71 101 135ALDEHYDE

DEHYDROGENASE, 223ALKALINE, 21ALKALINE EARTH, 227 252ALKYL HYDROXIDE, 71 101

135ALKYLATING AGENT, 102ALLERGEN, 9 13 14 32 57 107

166 183 219ALLERGY, 16 18 20 22 23 27 28

31 32 39 55 57 61 62 63 75 7677 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 9293 110 111 112 120 124 137138 139 143 145 153 156 162174 182 183 197 205 215 216217 218 219 221 228 235 270416 462

ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL, 272AMINE, 26 41 71 87 101 102 109

113 118 126 130 135 144 145155 168 173 189 198 199 201209 227 229 236 247 248 249250 251 252 254 315 317 319337 354 399 427 461 470

AMINO COMPOUND, 393 395

AMINOBIPHENYL, 108 173AMINOISOCYANATE, 168AMMONIA, 13 82 131 228 248AMMONIUM BISULFIDE, 108ANALYSIS, 7 16 26 28 30 64 71

101 106 117 126 130 135 144152 159 168 171 173 181 182184 209 211 218 219 238 243245 247 249 250 251 253 254255 263 264 283 293 294 310346 347 354 370 391 392 394399 411 422 427 436 454 457459

ANILINE, 49 234 330ANIMAL TESTING, 13 26 30 118

127 130 149 170 173 181 198208 237

ANTHRACENE, 108ANTI-SCORCH AGENT, 236 251

425 447ANTIBODY, 28 92ANTIDEGRADANT, 130ANTIGEN, 197 219ANTIOXIDANT, 13 118 130 154

225 234 250 288 314 319 330332 342 353 379 425 447 458468 470

ANTIOZONANT, 225ANTITACK AGENT, 184APPLICATION, 9 13 14 15 18 25

26 28 29 39 54 57 75 83 84 8590 107 108 110 111 120 123124 142 146 147 184 244 438

AQUEOUS, 21 147 266 275ARAMID FIBRE, 417AROMATIC, 181 255 316 342 454AROMATIC AMINE, 130 173 199AROMATIC OIL, 121 130 181 188

192ARSENIC COMPOUND, 108ARTIFICIAL SALIVA, 26 130ARYLAMINE, 158ASBESTOS, 44 71 101 108 173

208 258 437 441 475ASBESTOSIS, 351 429ASCORBIC ACID, 249 299ASSOCIATION, 26 67 101 102

159 161 192 214 242 253 256446

ASTHMA, 145 146 174 187 221241 265 338

ASYMPTOTIC, 126AUTOCLAVE, 27 48 228

Subject Index

122

AUTOMATION, 25 48 119 184195 294 342 355 451 455

AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION,25 26 225

AZIRIDINYL COMPOUND, 108

BBABY FEED BOTTLE, 135BACTERICIDE, 438BADGE, 428BALLOON, 183 253 270BAN, 22BARIUM HYDROXIDE, 252BARRIER PROPERTIES, 31 57 85

90 112 183BASICITY, 250 254BENTONITE, 184BENZANTHRACENE, 181BENZENE, 4 49 71 101 108 131

173 212 255 357 363 412 424463 466

BENZIDINE, 108 158 173 304BENZOFLUORANTHENE, 181BENZOIC ACID, 250BENZOPYRENE, 4 130 173 181

255 454BENZOTHIAZOLE, 7 249BENZOTHIAZOLE

SULFENAMIDE, 236 251 252BENZYL CHLORIDE, 29BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE, 288

314 319 468BINDER, 21 142 144 244 245BIOASSAY, 28BIOAVAILABILITY, 188BIOCOMPATIBILITY, 183BIOFILTRATION, 201BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, 227BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 223BISDICHLOROACETYL

DIAMINE, 354BITUMEN, 108BLADDER, 154 202 319BLISTERING, 184BLOOMING, 190 250 251BLOWING AGENT, 130 145 186

207 225 297 425 447 461BORON COMPOUND, 245BOTTLE, 135BREATHING, 145 146BREATHING APPARATUS, 95

146 459BROMINE, 192BROMOACETIC ACID, 108BRONCHITIS, 416BUILDING APPLICATION, 295BURNING, 226

BUTADIENE, 127 149 157 160173 212 336 340 356 360 361389 397 400 401 406 409 411414

BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILECOPOLYMER, 18 113 156 215250 251 254 271 272 295 383390 399 417

BUTADIENE-STYRENECOPOLYMER, 8 25 113 188225 243 250 251 252 254 255271 272 295 349 356 383 400415

BUTYL GLYCOL ACETATE, 244BUTYL RUBBER, 15 250 383 426BUTYLAMINE, 247BUTYLBENZOTHIAZOLE

SULFENAMIDE, 247 248 249BY-PRODUCT, 173 249 332

CCABLE, 29 459 473 475CADMIUM, 108 127 192 245CALCIUM CARBONATE, 71 101

184 226CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, 252CALCIUM OXIDE, 252CALENDER, 274 333 408 470CALENDERING, 115 184 233CANCER, 33 58 94 154 194 202

203 204 259 262 264 286 288319 335 360 361 362 364 365366 367 420 421 431 445 466468 470 472 473 475

CARBAMATE, 7 254CARBIDE, 359CARBOCATION, 26 102 198CARBON BLACK, 26 41 44 51 53

71 86 101 102 103 104 113 118130 141 167 170 178 180 200201 210 214 225 243 250 252254 271 272 273 279 311 332342 433 464

CARBON DISULFIDE, 49 222253 461

CARBON MONOXIDE, 212CARBON SULFIDE, 71 101CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, 15

108 142 203 436CARCINOGEN, 4 13 16 26 29 30

33 35 36 43 44 45 56 60 71 7387 94 101 102 103 105 106 108109 114 118 121 127 128 129130 134 135 141 149 154 155158 159 160 161 167 170 171172 173 181 184 186 194 196199 207 208 209 212 213 234

236 243 245 247 248 250 251252 253 254 255 258 259 271272 286 288 290 297 299 301304 314 316 319 326 330 332335 341 342 356 357 358 360361 362 363 364 365 366 367372 375 379 383 389 394 395396 397 398 401 402 404 405406 409 413 414 416 420 421429 430 431 432 433 435 436437 445 446 447 448 449 453454 463 466 467 470 471 473474

CARRIER, 318CASE HISTORY, 142 193 194CATHETER, 57 183 253 270 292CBS, 7 16 126 249 250CELLULAR MATERIAL, 17 130

145 321 363 425CELLULOSE ACETATE, 108CERAMIC FIBRE, 194CFC-113, 245 266CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 21

132CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, 1 6 25

58 114 133 134 136 140 152160 225 240 245 304 359

CHINA CLAY, 71 101CHLORINATED RUBBER, 21 142CHLORINATION, 18 27 142 228CHLORINE, 192CHLOROFLUOROCARBON, 245

266CHLOROFORM, 15 108 436CHLOROMETHANE, 15CHLOROPRENE, 127 149 411CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE,

411CHROMATE, 245CHROMATOGRAPHY, 3 7 26 71

86 101 106 130 135 144 293337 346 457

CHRYSENE, 181CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS, 108CLASSIFICATION, 16 30 37 61

107 158 159 163 167 171 173178 183 199 342

CLAY, 184 226 433CLEAN ROOM, 350CLEANING, 184 192 201 266CLINOPTILOLITE, 34CLOTHING, 28 78 83 138 146 174

390 417COATED FABRIC, 426 456COATING, 15 18 29 54 108 117

146 156 184 244 423 434CODE OF PRACTICE, 38 226 283

333

Subject Index

123

COLD-FEED EXTRUSION, 184COLOPHONY, 232COLOURANT, 130 199COLOURIMETRY, 144 182 346

347COMBUSTION, 226 282 284 454COMPOSITE, 117 155 172 184

194 196 234 241 271 283 416COMPOUNDING, 38 41 119 151

184 214 216 285 317 376 419427 433 435 447 455 472

COMPUTER AIDEDFORMULATION, 119

COMPUTER AIDED PROCESSCONTROL, 48 119 455

CONCENTRATION, 29 32 106113 182 193 216 217 218 223244 263

CONCENTRATIONDEPENDENCE, 110

CONDOM, 39 57 112 164 182 183270 292 362

CONFERENCE, 9 60 101 102 107135 144 145 146 150 151 152159 184 192 226 247 248 249250 251 252 253 254 255 293294 295 300 409 422 446

CONTACT TIME, 130CONTAMINATION, 11 38 154

182 184 226 237 253 288 419CONTINUOUS

VULCANISATION, 126CONTRACEPTIVE, 26 39 57 112

164 253 270 292 362CONTROL SYSTEM, 119 122 283

455CONVERTER, 22CONVEYING, 119 184 455CORN STARCH, 61CORROSION, 21 30 199 237 266

284 390CREATINE, 223CREOSOTE, 108CURING, 27 41 49 86 91 131 155

156 201 214 220 231 235 246254 293 295 299 304 374 440

CURING AGENT, 7 11 12 16 2629 71 73 74 86 91 101 102 118126 130 161 162 173 178 189196 198 199 220 225 226 227229 238 243 247 248 249 250251 252 261 272 297 315 317332 337 358 366 372 373 391393 394 399 413 419 423 425427 430 433 440 447 462 465

CURING TEMPERATURE, 7 102118 126 248 251 252

CUTANEOUS, 20

CYANIDE, 8 245CYCLOHEXANE, 43 71 101 181

255CYCLOHEXYL

BENZOTHIAZOLESULFENAMIDE, 247 295

CYCLOHEXYLBENZOTHIAZYLSULPHENAMIDE, 7 16

CYCLOHEXYLTHIOPHTHALIMIDE, 249

CYCLOHEXYLAMINE, 249CYTOTOXICITY, 34 298

DDATABASE, 132 150 281DBDPO, 68DECABROMODIPHENYL

OXIDE, 68DECAHYDRONAPHTHALENE,

254DECANE, 244 254DECOMPOSITION, 7 11 26 102

118 220 399 411 422DEGRADATION, 73 188 229 411

422 433DEGREASING, 245 266DENTAL APPLICATION, 270 292DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID,

118DEPROTEINISATION, 93 183

228DERMATITIS, 20 85 143 166 206

286 462DESIGN, 35 97 113 122 126 154

341 342 422DESORPTION, 26 71 101 254 294DETECTION LIMIT, 26 71 101

130 144 182 209DETERGENT, 192 266DETERMINATION, 209 273 370DI-TERT-BUTYL-P-CRESOL, 7DIALKYLAMINE, 118DIAMINE, 168 347DIAMINODIPHENYL, 108DIANISIDINE, 158DIAPHRAGM, 362DIARYLPHENYLENE

DIAMINE, 458DIATOMACEOUS EARTH, 34DIBENZOFURAN, 311DIBROMOMETHANE, 436DIBUTYLAMINE, 168 254DICHLOROBENZENE, 254DICHLOROBENZIDINE, 158DICHLOROETHYLENE, 108DICHLOROMETHANE, 7 71 101

135 253 275 436DICUMYL PEROXIDE, 226DIETHANOLAMINE, 128DIETHYLAMINE, 71 101 118 229

243 251 252 254DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMIC

ACID, 102 118DIHEXAMETHYLENETHIURAM

DISULFIDE, 251DIIODOMETHANE, 436DIISOBUTYLAMINE, 236 251DIISOCYANATE, 145 146 392DIISOPROPYL XANTHOGEN

DISULFIDE, 248DIISOPROPYLAMINE, 251DIMETHYL AMINE, 71 101 243

249 251 252 254 275DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE, 307DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE, 181DIMETHYLAMINE, 71 101 243

275DIMETHYLDISULFIDE, 131DIOL, 4401,4,-DIOXANE, 208DIOXINE, 311DIPHENYL ETHER, 7DIPHENYL GUANIDINE, 16 126

249 462DIPHENYL OXIDE, 68DIPHENYL

PHENYLENEDIAMINE, 16DIPHENYLMETHANE, 108DIPHENYLMETHANE

DIISOCYANATE, 144 145 146DIPPING, 55 156 162 184 378DIPROPYLAMINE, 254DIRECTIVE, 16 17 26 30 37 71 88

101 108 122 130 148 159 173183 199 209 220 221

DISEASE, 70 145 146 288 341DISINFECTANT, 438DISULPHURAM, 354DITHIOCARBAMATE, 126 236

248 249 250 251 252 253 317DITHIODIMORPHOLINE, 126

249DITHIOPHOSPHATE, 126 189

190 227DNA, 118DODECANE, 254DOSE-RESPONSE, 145DRYING, 184 217 353DUMMY, 26 130 209 247 248 253

435DUST, 17 28 70 71 72 134 144 167

180 183 184 233 286 343 367399 403 416 433 445 452 459464

Subject Index

124

DUST CONTROL, 184 185 279343 353 399

DUST EXTRACTION, 459 464DUST-FREE, 114 348DUST-SUPPRESSED, 185 439

455DYE, 232 234 347

EEAR MUFF, 459EDUCATION, 276EFFLUENT DISPOSAL, 184ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 15

223 403ELECTRICITY, 122ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY,

309ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE,

176 320ELUTION, 135 144 197EMISSION, 15 43 46 47 48 49 71

101 108 114 126 142 144 157173 191 192 201 211 212 233244 247 248 249 250 252 254255 290 293 343 357 363 374454 461

EMISSION CONTROL, 72 101134 231 233 260 322

EMPLOYEE, 29 37 107 111 112123 147 157 158 163 169 170208 212 213 223 234 237

ENDOCRINE, 37 54ENDOTOXIN, 183ENGINEERING APPLICATION,

421ENVIRONMENT, 15 16 30 38 68

71 73 88 101 109 150 152 159175 191 192 199 211 212 220226 244 245 247 248 249 251252 253 256 266 269 284 311314 322 327 334 341 342 348350 359 363 375 403 424 425

ENVIRONMENTALLEGISLATION, 16 71 157 207

ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION, 21 25 30 71101 114 147 192 220 253 259260 281 311 341 342

ENZYME, 27 110 219EPDM, 25 86 113 114 126 189 190

227 247 248 250 251 254 271272 295 383

EPICHLOROHYDRIN, 71 101EPIDEMIOLOGY, 16 32 43 45 52

144 180 194 208 213 255 259267 286 400 416 453

EPOXY RESIN, 21 108 232 245

ERGONOMICS, 6 3421,2-ETHANEDIAMINE, 237ETHANOL, 26 130 135 224 234ETHOXYETHANOL, 267ETHYL METHYL

NITROSAMINE, 373ETHYLAMIDE, 29ETHYLBENZENE, 149ETHYLENE THIOUREA, 433ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE

COPOLYMER, 254 271ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-

DIENE TERPOLYMER, 25 86113 114 126 189 190 227 247248 250 251 254 271 272 295383

ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATECOPOLYMER, 119

ETHYLIDENE NORBORNENETERPOLYMER, 126

EXAMINATION GLOVE, 27 90156

EXPLOSION, 17 226 328 345 359368 395 411 422

EXPLOSIVITY, 30 226EXPOSURE, 36 42 43 45 46 48 50

154 170 180 187 193 237 263264 267 294 297 343 344

EXPOSURE LEVEL, 29 37 71 72134 145 157 167 169 172 173185 186 208 209 212 222 223224 226 231 241 242 253 330332 336 389 396 397 398 399401 404 405 406 412 413 439

EXPOSURE LIMIT, 12 16 29 3037 71 88 101 121 127 144 145146 147 148 149 158 160 173207 222 223 233 234 242 247248 249 251 252 253 254 259267 399 413

EXPOSURE TIME, 145 242 416EXTRACTABILITY, 27 61 183

217 218 293 435EXTRACTION, 7 26 130 135 162

181 182 247 250 253 255 293435

EXTRUSION, 184 233 250 405EYE DAMAGE, 146 416EYE IRRITATION, 30 145 146

226 284EYE PROTECTION, 146

FFEEDING, 17 119 184FEEDSTOCK, 15 273FIBER, 26 29 194 453FIBER DIAMETER, 416

FIBRE GLASS, 144FIBROUS FILLER, 194 437FILLER, 26 35 36 50 52 53 64 71

86 94 101 102 103 104 108 113118 119 130 141 167 178 180184 200 201 209 210 214 225243 250 252 254 271 275 279311 315 317 342 348 365 366425 433 447 464

FILM, 13 235 239FILTER, 17 144 234FILTRATION, 17 201 255FIRE, 133 261 328 378 394FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT, 459FIRE HAZARD, 17 30 152 226

266 284 345 368 459FIRE PROTECTION, 152 395FIRST AID, 159 284FLAME PROOFING, 8 68FLAME RETARDANT, 8 68 192

225 318FLAMMABILITY, 8 11 17 24 30

108 199 226 266 269 282 284321 328 342 378 452 454 459

FLUORANTHENE, 181FLUORIMETRY, 130FLUORINE COMPOUND, 245FOAM, 17 130 145 186 207 261

363 425FOAMING, 184FOAMING AGENT, 130 145FOOD-CONTACT

APPLICATION, 26 38 130 235253

FOOD PACKAGING, 253FOOD SIMULANT, 26 130FOODSTUFF, 13 130FOOTWEAR, 428 462FORK LIFT TRUCK, 187FORMALDEHYDE, 71 101 130

203 208 264 308 449FORMULATION, 13 41 47 74 117

119 211 216 238 244 427FUME, 48 49 71 72 101 134 173

192 201 206 211 231 233 246247 248 249 250 251 252 255286 310 343 367 382 383 384385 399 403 425 428 445 447454 461 470

FUME REMOVAL EQUIPMENT,185

FURFURAL, 29FURNITURE, 213

GGAS, 16 30 95 126 173 275 327 459GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 3 7

Subject Index

125

26 71 86 101 106 130 135 144181 234 249 251 255 293 294305 307 310 374 382 383 454

GAS EMISSION, 126 132 226 374GAS EVOLUTION, 284 374 382GAS OIL, 173GASOLINE, 192GENETIC ENGINEERING, 25GENOTOXIC, 16 30 108GLASS FIBRE, 144 194 234 416GLOVE, 9 10 13 18 23 25 27 28 31

32 57 61 62 63 75 78 83 85 90107 111 112 120 123 137 138146 156 164 197 216 217 218219 253 270 390 417 426 459

GLUCURONIDE, 337GLYCOL ETHER, 267GUANIDINE, 7GUAYULE, 39 57 153GUM STOCK, 248

HHALF-LIFE, 144HANDLING, 2 11 38 50 114 119

146 179 184 185 189 195 199220 226 227 231 277 279 282284 296 300 376 393 394 395403 407 440 450 452 455

HAZARDOUS WASTE, 30 150220 226

HEADSPACECHROMATOGRAPHY, 250254 293

HEALTHCARE APPLICATION, 9HEAT DEGRADATION, 131HEATING, 118 126 135 145 146

226HEAVY METAL, 130 184 192HEAVY-VEHICLE TYRE, 25HELIUM, 181HEVEA BRASILIENSIS, 32 57 92

438HEXABROMOCYCLODODECANE,

68HEXACHLOROETHANE, 108HEXAMETHYLENE IMINE, 251HEXANE, 244 297HEXATRIACONTANE, 118HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID

CHROMATOGRAPHY, 7 130144

HIPPURIC ACID, 223HISTORY, 230 253 319HORMONE, 54HOSE, 48 295HUMIDITY, 47 130 144 184 234HYDROCARBON, 19 101 130

142 173 181 200 201 255 454HYDROCHLORIC ACID, 15HYDROGEN SULFIDE, 131 461HYDROLYSIS, 7 102 228 337HYDROXYBENZENE, 108 130HYGIENE, 144 145 152 159 177

213 262 294 297 403 417HYPOALLERGENIC, 18 39 57 78

153 156

IIGNITION, 320 452IMMERSION, 130 426IMMUNOASSAY, 28 137 219IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, 28 92IMMUNOLOGY, 145 221IMPLANT, 292 298 364IMPURITY, 30 173IN-VITRO, 92 221IN-VIVO, 221INDUCTION PERIOD, 7 419INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE, 144 159

180 187 294 402INDUSTRIAL INJURY, 159 163

195 222 274 341INDUSTRIAL WELFARE, 163INFLAMMATION, 34INFORMATION SOURCE, 62 283

325 395 444 450INGESTION, 118 284INHALATION, 98 108 145 146

165 173 221 224 226 237 267284 308 361 393 414 416 425447

INHIBITOR, 125 209 272 332 427INNER TUBE, 191 288INSTALLATION, 119 122 464INSTITUTION, 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 14 17

19 20 21 26 28 29 32 33 34 3536 37 43 44 45 47 48 51 52 5354 57 58 69 71 79 80 81 82 8384 87 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 99100 101 102 106 109 110 113117 118 123 127 131 132 154180 187 193 194 200 203 204245 254 262 263 264 425 447461

INSURANCE, 151INTERNAL MIXER, 133INTERNAL STANDARD, 7 135

181INVENTORY, 25 150IRRITANT, 20 30 90 110 129 145

146 166 199 221 226 284ISOCYANATE, 144 145 146 168

187 221 232 261 282 297 300338 346 347 393 395 423 440

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL, 173ISOPROPYL PHENYL

PHENYLENE DIAMINE, 16ISOTHIOCYANATE, 461

KKAOLIN, 71 101KETONE, 71 101 395

LLABELLING, 11 14 16 22 30 61

108 111 122 147 159 173 199205 220 226 228 284 316 342395 411

LATENCY, 264LATEX, 9 10 13 14 18 20 22 23 25

27 28 31 32 39 55 57 61 62 6374 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 8384 90 92 93 107 110 111 112120 124 137 138 139 153 156161 162 164 174 182 183 197205 209 215 216 217 218 219228 235 239 244 248 253 270292 298 417 427 438

LATEX SENSITIVITY, 22 28 3957 93 110 120 139

LEACHING, 18 27 110 162 216217 228

LEAD, 71 101 108 173 192LEAKAGE, 144 364 395LEAKPROOF, 30LEGISLATION, 6 9 10 13 14 16

17 19 26 30 36 37 51 52 56 5960 64 66 71 74 75 76 88 101105 108 111 116 118 122 130143 146 148 150 151 157 159161 162 171 173 179 189 192199 214 220 221 226 227 235238 245 247 248 249 253 256258 259 266 267 269 274 276277 278 281 282 284 286 291293 295 311 312 313 314 322329 331 339 340 342 345 351363 372 373 390 402 403 404405 406 409 425 430 435 444446 447 463

LEUKAEMIA, 409 463 466 471LIABILITY, 23 63 120LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY, 7

130 144 454LITIGATION, 23 63 156 322LUBRICANT, 56 59 112LYMPHOCYTE, 466

Subject Index

126

MMACHINE GUARD, 286MACHINERY, 17 88 119 122 151

152 159 163 231 274 286 291329 333 341 342 355 377 403408 418 451 455 464

MAGNESIUM, 21MAINTENANCE, 119 122 151

152 184 192 233 341 381 403MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, 433MASS SPECTROMETRY, 7 130

181 238 249 255 310 337 374382 383 454

MASTERBATCH, 251 252 273296

MASTICATION, 256MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 18

25 37 56 59 73 74 84 87 91 112114 117 125 142 147 153 156162 173 174 188 190 192 215228 235 245 250 266 317

MATERIALS HANDLING, 119134 146 274 342

MBS, 273MBT, 7 16 126 130MDI, 144 145 146 261MECHANISM, 26 94 101 102 113

118 254 271 411MEDICAL APPLICATION, 14 15

18 28 39 57 75 83 84 85 90 107110 111 120 123 124 215 219235 239 253 270 292 298 362435 465

MELAMINE RESIN, 108MERCAPTAN, 131MERCAPTOBENZTHIAZOLE, 7

16 86 126 130 249 462MERCURY COMPOUND, 108METABOLISM, 26 198METABOLITE, 263 337METHANOL, 15 71 101 135 275METHOXYETHANOL, 267METHOXYMETHYLETHOXY

PROPANOL, 29METHOXYPROPANOL, 96METHOXYPROPYL ACETATE,

29METHYL CHLORIDE, 15METHYL CHLOROFORM, 69

108METHYL CYANOACRYLATE,

29METHYL ETHYL KETONE, 96METHYL ISOCYANATE, 169METHYL METHACRYLATE, 411METHYLBENZENE, 96METHYLBENZOTHIAZOLE, 7

METHYLENE CHLORIDE, 15135 186 203 207 213 266 448

METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE), 12 196261 297 337 391 394 396 413421 430

MIGRATION, 26 27 130 253 255373

MILL, 274 333 355 377 418MILLING, 134 405 418 443 464

470MINERAL OIL, 316MIXER, 119 274 451 455MIXING, 41 113 119 134 151 184

256 285 374 376 443 451 455464

MOCA, 12 196 261 297 394 396421 430

MONITORING, 42 43 44 45 46 4748 72 123 134 144 182 206 212231 280 337 343 346 347 350392 394 399 403 412 428 431

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY, 197MONOMER, 71 101 108 130 145

146 173 199 203 221 368 397398 410 411 432 436 449

MORBIDITY, 154MORDENITE, 34MORPHOLINE, 71 101 243 249

251 252 254 275MORPHOLINOTHIOBENZOTHIAZOLE,

295MORTALITY, 58 180 193 203 262

264 288 365 366 367 415 416420 431 445 449 466

MUTAGEN, 248 252 383 398 458MUTAGENICITY, 16 30 108 173

398 458

NN-OXYDIETHYLENE

DITHIOCARBAMYL-N’-OXYDIETHYLENESULPHENAMIDE, 273

N-OXYDIETHYLENEDITHIOCARBAMYL-N’-TERTIARYBUTYLSULPHENAMIDE, 273

NAPHTHA, 173 214 253NAPHTHALENE, 108 181NAPHTHALENE

DIISOCYANATE, 187 442NAPHTHENE, 171NAPHTHENIC OIL, 255 285NAPHTHYLAMINE, 108 173 304NATURAL RUBBER, 9 10 13 18

20 22 25 27 28 32 55 61 62 63

75 76 77 79 80 81 82 83 84 8590 92 93 107 111 112 113 117124 137 139 142 153 156 157162 174 182 183 197 215 216217 218 219 228 235 238 239247 248 249 250 251 253 254271 272 285 292 295 298 373383 417 427 435 438 467

NBR, 113 156 215 271 272 383NEOPRENE, 18 149 215 228 390

426 433 452NICKEL, 108 173NICKEL SULFATE, 462NIP, 345NIPPLE, 26 130 135 162NITRATE, 71 101NITRILE RUBBER, 18 156 250

251 254 295 390 399 417NITRITE, 26 71 101NITROBENZALDEHYDE, 108NITROBENZENE, 234NITROGEN DIOXIDE, 131 212

229NITROGEN OXIDE, 26 71 101

102 118 130 135 227 248 249250 252 254 275

NITROGEN TETROXIDE, 229NITROSAMINE, 3 4 13 26 41 44

71 73 74 86 87 91 101 102 106109 113 118 126 130 135 155161 162 165 192 198 209 214225 227 229 235 236 243 247248 249 250 251 252 253 254259 271 272 273 275 286 293294 295 296 299 315 317 332341 342 373 404 435

NITROSAMINE-FREE, 126 135189 190 192 238 247 248 249250

NITROSATION, 26 71 101 102118 126 130 229 248 249 250251 252 253 254 259 271 273275

NITROSO COMPOUND, 229 427NITROSOAMINE, 3 4 13 26 41 44

71 73 74 86 87 91 101 102 106109 113 118 126 130 135 155161 162 165 192 198 209 214225 227 229 235 236 243 247248 249 250 251 252 253 254259 271 272 273 275 286 293294 295 296 299 311 315 317332 341 342 372 373 404 427435 461 465 468

NITROSOBENZENE POLYMER,458

NITROSODIBENZYLAMINE, 26NITROSODIBUTYLAMINE, 26

Subject Index

127

135 251NITROSODIETHYLAMINE, 26

118 135 229NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE, 26

113 118 126 135 251 275NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE,

468NITROSODIPROPYLAMINE, 26

135 251NITROSOHEXAMETHYLENE

IMINE, 251NITROSOMORPHOLINE, 26 135

247 251 252 273 275 468NITROXYL RADICAL, 130NOISE, 88 206 222 369NOISE ABATEMENT, 88 313 339

342 345 369 402 459NON-TOXIC, 21 87 247 316

OOCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE,

32 95 96 98OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

STANDARD, 127 147 148 149157 158 194 200 203 204 212222 223 224 233 234

OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE, 99147 187

OCTABROMODIPHENYLOXIDE, 68

ODOUR, 142 248 256OIL, 119 130 171 181 192 255OLFACTOMETRY, 256OLIVE OIL, 26 130ORGANIC PEROXIDE, 11 220

226ORGANOTIN COMPOUND, 108ORTHOTOLUIDINE, 234 330OXYDIETHYLENE

DITHIOCARBAMYL-OXYDIETHYLENESULPHENAMIDE, 273

OXYDIETHYLENEDITHIOCARBAMYL-TERTIARYBUTYLSULPHENAMIDE, 273

OZONE DEPLETION, 16 30 266297

PPACKAGING, 16 22 30 108 111

119 342PACKAGING OF CHEMICALS,

16 30 108 119 184 199 220 284PAINT, 54 108 142 146 244 305 434

PALMITIC ACID, 7PARAFFIN OIL, 130 173 181 255PARAPHENYLENE DIAMINE,

462PELLET, 184PENICILLAMINE, 354PENTABROMODIPHENYL

OXIDE, 68PENTACHLOROPHENOL, 108PENTANOL, 244PERCHLOROETHYLENE, 69 266PEROXIDE, 11 130 201 220 226

235 247 248 411 419 461PERSONAL SAFETY AID, 97PERYLENE, 181PESTICIDE, 234PETROLEUM, 173 181 255PHENOL, 108 130PHENYL BETA-

NAPHTHYLAMINE, 154 379468

PHOSPHATE, 108 189 190PHOSPHORUS, 125 310PHTHALATE, 54PIGMENT, 21 108 130 184 192PIPERIDINE, 243 252 254PLANT SHUTDOWN, 142 163PLASTICISER, 54 130 171 181

214 225 316 368 425 447POLLUTION, 16 28 30 32 38 71

95 97 101 142 144 148 157 201212 220 226 244 247 248 249250 251 252 253 255 259 284311 322 327 346 347 363 374375 378 380 382 391 392 396399 412 425 429 439 442 445449 454 455 456 461 464 466

POLLUTION CONTROL, 72 185212 256 464

POLY-P-DINTROSOBENZENE,458

POLYACRYLAMIDE, 92POLYBUTADIENE, 25 142 250

251 252 255 295POLYBUTYLENE

TEREPHTHALATE, 108POLYCHLORINATED

BIPHENYL, 108 375 436POLYCHLOROPRENE, 18 149

156 215 228 390 417 426 433452

POLYCYCLIC AROMATICHYDROCARBON, 121 130173 181 188 255 286 316

POLYETHYLENE, 108 119 142POLYETHYLENE

TEREPHTHALATE, 108POLYISOPRENE, 7 118

POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICHYDROCARBON, 71

POLYOXYMETHYLENE, 249POLYPROPYLENE, 108 142POLYSTYRENE, 108 245POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE,

144POLYURETHANE, 12 60 108 112

134 144 145 146 168 186 196207 215 237 261 282 297 300331 346 347 363 364 391 392393 394 395 396 413 421 423430 440 448

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 18 108174 215

POTASSIUM DICHROMATE, 462POWDER, 14 17 50 61 101 107

108 111 112 123 173 183 184279 376 386 399 422

POWDER-FREE, 31 61PROCESSING, 3 15 71 88 101 109

113 122 131 142 146 158 159184 206 210 218 233 244 245282 327 332 342 387 393 419425 447 455

PRODUCT LIABILITY, 23 63 120PRODUCTION, 13 25 53 88 158

200 210 235 272 273 332 359363

PROPYLENE GLYCOL ETHER, 267PROSTHESIS, 364PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, 40

146 164 173 185 270 278 390426 459

PROTEIN, 14 18 20 28 55 75 7677 78 79 80 81 90 93 110 137138 139 162 174 182 197 205215 216 217 218 219 228

PROTEIN REMOVAL, 23 55 110124 182

PROTEIN SENSITIVITY, 10 2527 61 110 120 156 183

PVC, 18 108 174 215 390 399 417455

PYRIDINE, 128

QQUALITY CONTROL, 42 119 135

144 150 175 183 184 192 219220 294

QUARTZ, 34 94 184 245

RRADIAL TYRE, 25RADIATION CURING, 27 156

Subject Index

128

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY, 28REGULATION, 6 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 19 36 38 51 52 56 59 60 6164 66 68 75 76 105 111 116 130134 143 156 157 161 162 178179 185 205 207 209 214 227233 235 238 241 242 245 256258 259 260 266 267 269 276277 278 279 280 281 282 283291 300 311 312 313 314 316322 329 331 332 334 336 339340 345 348 351 355 357 360372 373 376 390 396 398 401402 404 405 406 409 427 430435 437 439 446 448 456 463465

REINFORCED PLASTIC, 117 172194 196 234 241 283

REINFORCED RUBBER, 271REINFORCEMENT, 210 416REPAIR, 140 467REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY, 6RESIDUAL ADDITIVE, 130RESIDUAL CURING AGENT,

130RESIDUAL MONOMER, 130RESIDUE, 7 173 181 184RESORCINOL, 101 371RESORCINOL

FORMALDEHYDE RESIN,117

RESPIRATION, 50 221RESPIRATOR, 40 95 146 336 459RESPIRATORY DISEASE, 70 145

146 180 184 194 200 205 221261 297 338 416 423 442

RESPONSIBLE CARE, 114 192RETREADING, 67 72 134 188 312REVIEW, 5 20 75 83 84 90 91 94

106 110 125 154 171 177 178180 193 194 200 210 211 227230 262 270 283 286 288 304310 311 344 346 370 372 395399 403 423 436 447 457 461

RISK ASSESSMENT, 16 29 30 3746 71 98 99 100 112 122 156159 169 170 172 173 183 192203 204 208

ROCK WOOL, 194ROUND ROBIN TEST, 253

SSAFETY DEVICE, 17 40 122 152

408 418 451 459SAFETY GLOVE, 146SAFETY GOGGLES, 459SAFETY GUARD, 122 345 451

SAFETY HELMET, 459SALT BATH VULCANISATION,

26 118SAMPLING, 26 71 97 101 134 144

146 152 247 251 263 346 382384 385 391 392

SBR, 8 25 113 188 225 243 250251 252 254 255 271 272 295349 356 383 400 415

SCAVENGER, 209 247 248 250 299SCORCH, 126 248 249 251 295SCREENING, 144 187 231SCRUBBER, 201SECONDARY AMINE, 26 71 87

101 102 118 126 130 135 247248 249 250 251 252 254 271275 317

SENSITISATION, 30 145 221 371SENSITIVITY, 16 22 28 39 57 93

110 120 139 205 228SERUM, 92SILICA, 26 34 35 36 50 51 55 64

70 71 94 101 118 214 225 250SILICONE RUBBER, 26 130 228

253 364 435 456SILICOSIS, 94SKIN, 96SKIN IRRITATION, 20 90 110 129

145 146 166 221 226 248 284371 416 423 425 447

SKIN-CONTACT, 108 144 145146 221 255 267

SMOKE GENERATION, 8 24SMOKING, 366SOAPSTONE, 441SODIUM DODECYLSULPHATE,

92SODIUM HYDROXIDE, 378SODIUM NITRITE, 378SOLVENT, 7 15 19 26 43 65 66 69

71 89 95 96 101 108 128 135145 147 173 181 186 192 193203 206 208 222 223 224 234237 245 246 253 254 263 266267 275 286 287 290 302 303305 306 307 309 324 327 328345 357 363 367 368 393 395410 411 412 425 428 434 436445 447 448 452 463 466 471474

SOLVENT EXTRACTION, 7 26135 181 209 247 253 456

SOLVENT RECOVERY, 456SOUND ATTENUATION, 88SOXHLET EXTRACTION, 7 26

135SPILLAGE, 145 146 260 284 395SPRAYING, 144 145 146

SQUALENE, 118STANDARD, 6 7 12 17 29 42 51

61 88 90 122 135 157 175 183192 199 209 212 253 261 291325 332 340 342 350 355 357368 369 377 380 396 401 408412 413 418 424 444 463

STATIC ELECTRICITY, 452STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, 34 69

204 262 294 431STATISTICS, 1 2 11 15 25 27 53

56 58 134 140 147 156 160 164169 170 191 195 200 205 225232 234 257 265 270 274 286312 330 336 339 360 361 388399 429 473

STEAM, 144STEARIC ACID, 7 102 118 250

273STERILISATION, 85STORAGE, 11 13 16 17 27 119

151 199 220 226 228 229 252253 254 269 273 284 300 372403 411 419 440 455

STRONTIUM, 21STYRENE, 203 222 349 411STYRENE EMISSION, 172SULFENAMIDE, 7 26 102 118

189 192 248 249 250 251 252295 372

SULFONAMIDE, 126SULFUR, 7 26 102 118 126 130

201 247 249 250 251 252 272315

SULFUR DIOXIDE, 131 212SURGICAL APPLICATION, 18 25

27 28 31 57 61 75 83 85 90 111292 298 362 364 435 465

SURGICAL GLOVE, 18 25 27 2831 57 61 75 83 85 90 174 182183 205 216 217 228 239 292

SWELLING, 248 433SYNERGISM, 248 250 251SYNTHETIC FIBRE, 194SYRINGE, 183

TTALC, 44 71 101 112 365 366 441TAPPING, 32 438TAR, 173 192TASTE, 248TDI, 144 145 146 168 261 347 393TEAT, 26 130 135 162 183 209 247

248 253 373 435 465TERATOGEN, 433TERTIARY AMINE, 251 252TETRABENZYLTHIURAM

Subject Index

129

DISULFIDE, 126 247 248 250295

TETRACHLOROETHANE, 108TETRACHLOROETHYLENE, 69TETRACHLOROMETHANE, 15

108 142 203TETRAETHYLTHIURAM

DISULFIDE, 16 102 118 358TETRAETHYLTHIURAM

DISULPHIDE, 16 102 118 358TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, 411TETRAHYDROFURAN, 96 149TETRAISOBUTYLTHIURAM

DISULFIDE, 236 251TETRAISOBUTYLTHIURAM

MONOSULFIDE, 236 251TETRAISOPROPYLTHIURAM

DISULFIDE, 251TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM

DISULFIDE, 13 41 86 247 248249 251 458

TETRAMETHYLTHIURAMMONOSULFIDE, 462

TEXTILE, 108 237 378THERMAL DEGRADATION, 7

26 131 168 216 226 433THERMAL EXTRACTION, 26THERMOPLASTIC

ELASTOMER, 130THIOCARBAMYL

SULFENAMIDE, 227 252THIOUREA, 102THIRAM, 13 41 86THIURAM, 7 26 102 118 221 247

249 251 252 254THIURAM DISULFIDE, 236 248

251 252 295THRESHOLD VALUE, 26 30 71 101

144 146 247 248 249 253 255 284368 393 410 425 447 463

TISSUE, 193TITANIUM, 21 70TITANIUM DIOXIDE, 51TMTD, 13 41 71 86 113 126 458TOCOPHEROL, 249 250 251 252

272 299TOLUENE, 96 131 181 222 223

287 306 324 426 456TOLUENE DIAMINE, 168TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE, 144

145 146 168 261 338 347 392393

TONER, 210TOXICOLOGY, 52 68 192 210 259

281 395TOYS, 10 26 108 183 253TRADE UNION, 152 404 463TRAINING, 116 136 151 152 159

195 260 274 276 280 342 352444

TRANSPORTATION, 11 25 184220 226 284 300

TREAD, 454TRIAZINE, 189 227TRICHLOROACETIC ACID, 263TRICHLOROBENZENE, 29TRICHLOROETHANE, 69 108

266TRICHLOROETHANOL, 263TRICHLOROETHYLENE, 69 147

193 222 245 263 266 302 303TRIMETHYLPENTANEDIOL

DIISOBUTYRATE, 244TUMOUR, 173 247TYRE, 25 33 48 59 67 72 87 91

102 117 134 140 154 157 159180 183 184 188 191 214 225231 234 250 255 262 288 295296 304 312 314 319 331 342351 363 365 367 371 385 412429 431 437 441 442 443 458466 467 470 472

TYRE INDUSTRY, 6 25 357 429441 471 472

UUREA, 249 250UREA RESIN, 108URINE, 337

VVAPOUR, 71 95 101 144 145 146

173 201 266 267 393 399 428456 459

VAPOUR DEGREASING, 263VAPOUR PRESSURE, 144 145

146VENTILATION, 146 185 233 244

246 249 279 284 342 345 393395 399

VENTING, 226 422VINYL ACETATE, 244 411VINYL CHLORIDE, 71 101 108

173 411VINYL CYANIDE, 71 101VINYL PYRIDENE, 411VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE, 411

436VIRUS, 57VITAMIN E, 118 332VITREOUS, 194VOLATILITY, 7 26 71 101 108

130 132 135 155 211 244 247

248 249 252 253 327 399 456461

VULCANISATE, 7 113 126 130132 209 210 248 250 251 252272 273

VULCANISATION, 7 13 26 41 4971 87 101 102 114 118 126 130135 192 211 220 226 233 243246 247 248 249 250 251 252253 254 272 273 275 293 295299 310 315 327 332 343 382383 384 385 399 405 425 427447 461

WWASHING, 184 270WASTE, 30 152 184 191 192 220

226 284WASTE DISPOSAL, 25 150 184

188 220 226 282 284 342 375394 440

WASTE REDUCTION, 114 150152 192

WATER, 7 26 130 144 192 275 394WATER POLLUTION, 16 30 188

220 226 259WATER SOLUBLE, 110 182 183WATER-BASED, 192WAX, 119 173WEIGHING, 119 134 135 181 279

376 455WOOD FLOUR, 108WORKING CONDITIONS, 193

203 204 265 332 341 344 407424

XXANTHATE, 227XANTHOGEN DISULFIDE, 247XANTHOGENATE, 189XYLENE, 96 222 287 309 466

ZZINC, 21 184ZINC BORATE, 192ZINC

DIBENZYLDITHIOCARBAMATE,247 248 317

ZINCDIBUTYLDITHIOCARBAMATE,16 126 247 248 435

ZINCDIBUTYLDITHIOPHOSPHATE,126 249 250

Subject Index

130

ZINC DICYANATODIAMINE,250 272

ZINCDIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE,16 102 118 247 248 435

ZINCDIISONONYLDITHIOCARBAMATE,248

ZINCDIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE,247

ZINC DITHIOCARBAMATE, 26118 247 248 249 251

ZINC DITHIOPHOSPHATE, 247ZINC OXIDE, 7 13 16 71 101 102

118 184 251 272 273ZINC STEARATE, 71 101 184ZINC SULFIDE, 102