HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTWritten examination

Thursday 8 November 2018 Reading time: 11.45 am to 12.00 noon (15 minutes) Writing time: 12.00 noon to 2.00 pm (2 hours)

QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Structure of bookNumber of questions

Number of questions to be answered

Number of marks

13 13 100

• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.

• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.

• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.

Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof24pages• Additionalspaceisavailableattheendofthebookifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.

Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.

©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2018

SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education 2018

STUDENT NUMBER

Letter

2018HHDEXAM 2

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Question 1 (6marks)a. Outlinehowlifeexpectancydiffersfromhealth-adjustedlifeexpectancy. 2marks

b. Explainhowchangesinpolicyandpracticerelatingto‘old’publichealthmayhavecontributedtoAustralia’shealthstatusovertime. 4marks

InstructionsAnswerallquestionsinthespacesprovided.

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Question 2 (5marks)a. Whatismeantby‘new’publichealth? 2marks

b. Analyseonewayinwhich‘new’publichealthmayhavecontributedtoimprovementsinAustralia’slifeexpectancyovertime. 3marks

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Question 3 (6marks)Samis25yearsoldandlovestoplayhockey.Samrecentlysufferedabrokenlegandwillbeunabletoplayhockeyforatleasttwomonths.WatchingtheteamplayhasledtoSamfeelingfrustratedandupset.

a. Referringtotheinformationabove,explainwhytheconceptofhealthandwellbeingisconsideredtobedynamic. 2marks

b. Explainthespiritualdimensionofhealthandwellbeing. 2marks

c. ExplainwhySamcouldstillhaveoptimalspiritualhealthandwellbeing. 2marks

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Question 4 – continued

Question 4 (8 marks)Consider the following three sources relating to the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS).

Source 1The following data is from the NDIS quarterly report (September 2017).

0

otherstroke

spinal cord injuryglobal developmental delay

multiple sclerosisvisual impairment

other sensory/speech conditionshearing impairment

acquired brain injuryprimarydisability

other physical disabilitiesother neurological conditions

developmental delaycerebral palsy

psychosocial disabilityautism

intellectual disability

5000 10000 15000 20000

number of participants

Primary disability of active participants with an approved plan

25000 30000 35000

Data: NDIS, ‘National Dashboard as at 30 September 2017’, 1st quarterly report (2017–2018 Q1), <www.ndis.gov.au>; © National Disability Insurance Scheme Launch Transition Agency

Source 2The following data is from the NDIS quarterly report (December 2017).

Percentage of NDIS participants reporting that the NDIS was helping them, 2017

0daily living

0 to before school

relationships social, communityand civic participation

work choice and control

10

20

30

40

50percentage(%)

60

70

80

9092%

52%

60%

72% 74%

43%

56% 54%

62%

43%

58%62%

22% 21%

62%

68%

100

school to 14 years 15 years to 24 years 25 years and over

Source: NDIS, ‘COAG Disability Reform Council Quarterly Performance Report’, National, 31 December 2017, p. 18; © National Disability Insurance Scheme Launch Transition Agency

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Source 3Thefollowinginformationrelatestoachildwhohasrecentlybeendiagnosedwithautism.

Anna’ssonDanielisinprimaryschoolandhasbeendiagnosedwithautism.ThisdiagnosismeansheiseligibleforassistancethroughtheNDIS.James,theNDISLocalAreaCoordinator,metwithAnnatodiscussDaniel’sneedsandgoals,anddevelopedanindividualNDISplanforDaniel.JameswasabletoconnectAnnawithworkshopsforparents,designedtodeveloptheirknowledgeofautismandwaystohelptheirchildrenbuildtheirskillsandindependence.PartoftheplanincludedfundingforabackyardplaygroundtohelpDanielparticipateinactivitiestoimprovehisimagination.

Usingtheinformationprovided,analysetheNDIS’scontributiontooptimalhealthandwellbeingasaresourcebothindividuallyandnationally.

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Question 5 (7marks)Accordingtothe2012–2013AustralianAboriginalandTorresStraitIslanderhealthsurvey:• obesityratesforAboriginalandTorresStraitIslandermalesandfemalesweresignificantly

higherthanthecomparableratesfornon-Indigenouspeopleinalmosteveryagegroup• AboriginalandTorresStraitIslanderratesforheartdiseaseweresignificantlyhigherthanthe

comparableratesfornon-Indigenouspeopleinallagegroupsfrom15–54years• AboriginalandTorresStraitIslanderratesfordiabetes/highsugarlevelswerebetweenthree

andfivetimesashighasthecomparableratesfornon-Indigenouspeopleinallagegroupsfrom25yearsandover.

Data:AustralianBureauofStatistics(ABS)website,‘AustralianAboriginalandTorresStraitIslanderHealthSurvey:FirstResults,Australia,2012–13’,cat.no.4727.0.55.001,<www.abs.gov.au>

a. SelectonesocioculturalfactorandexplainhowthisfactorcouldaccountforthedifferencesinIndigenousandnon-Indigenoushealthstatusidentifiedinthehealthsurvey. 3marks

Socioculturalfactor

b. Referringtoinformationfromthehealthsurveyabove,explainhowtheAustralian Dietary GuidelinescouldassistinimprovingIndigenoushealthstatus. 4marks

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Question 6 (10marks)

‘Kooricommunitykitchen’isasmallcookingprogramtargetingurbanAboriginalpeopleinVictoria.Theprogramaimstoempowerthecommunityandpromoteahealthierwellbeing.The‘Kooricommunitykitchen’actsasameetingplaceformembersoftheKooricommunityandprovidesanopportunitytosupportthesecommunitymemberswiththeirhealthandwellbeingissues.ThekitchenisopentoanyKooricommunitymembertomeetandhaveachatwithothercommunitymembersinaculturallyfriendlyenvironment.TheprogramrunseveryThursday…andiscoordinatedbyPeninsulaHealth.

Source:AustralianIndigenousHealthInfoNet,Programs&projects,‘Kooricommunitykitchen’,<https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au>

a. Describehowthe‘Kooricommunitykitchen’programcouldimprovesocialandemotionalhealthandwellbeing. 4marks

b. IdentifyanddescribetwoactionareasoftheOttawaCharterforHealthPromotionthatarereflectedinthe‘Kooricommunitykitchen’programandexplainhowtheyareevident. 6marks

Actionarea1

Actionarea2

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Question 7 –continued

Question 7 (10marks)Thefollowingtableshowsindicatorsofhealthstatusforarangeofcountries.

Fertility rate, total (births per woman)*

Mean years of

schooling†

Cancer death rate per 100 000

(males)‡

Chronic respiratory

disease death rate per 100 000

(males)‡

HumanDevelopment

Index†

Australia 1.8 13.2 135.9 27.8 0.939

South Sudan 4.9 4.8 121.1 63.2 0.418

Greece 1.3 10.5 157.0 34.2 0.866

France 2.0 11.6 179.8 18.7 0.897

Niger 7.3 1.7 57.5 49.1 0.353

Data:*TheWorldBank,WorldDevelopmentIndicators:Reproductivehealth,Table2.14,<www.worldbank.org>;†UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,HumanDevelopmentReports,

InternationalHumanDevelopmentIndicators,<http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries>;‡WorldHealthOrganization,Global Status Report on noncommunicable diseases 2014,pp.154–161

a. Identifyalow-incomecountryfromthetableaboveandusedatafromthetabletojustifyyourresponse. 2marks

Low-incomecountry

Justification

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b. i. DescribetheHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI). 2marks

ii. OutlineoneadvantageandonelimitationoftheHDI. 2marks

Advantage

Limitation

c. i. IdentifyonefeatureofSustainableDevelopmentGoal(SDG)3,‘Goodhealthandwellbeing’,thatisrelevanttoaddressingthehealthissuesshowninthetableonpage10. 1mark

ii. ExplainhowactionstakentoachieveSDG4,‘Qualityeducation’,couldassistinachievingSDG3. 3marks

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Question 8 –continued

Question 8 (12marks)

Afghan Farmers Adopt Modern Agricultural Practices on OrchardsFarmerAbdulAzim…isabletoirrigatehisorchardinZarshakhvillage,thankstotherecentlyinstalledsolarwaterpump.Zarshakh…isoneofthemostwaterdeficientvillagesinPaghmandistrictineasternKabulProvince[Afghanistan].Whileresidentsderivemostoftheirincomefromhorticulture,theywerehardlyeverabletoenjoyfreshfarmproducethemselves…InMarch2016,theNationalHorticultureandLivestockProject(NHLP)1…dugawaterwellandinstalledthesolarwaterpumpforAzim…Thetotalcostwasaround670000afghanis(aboutUS$10000),ofwhichNHLPcovered75percentwhiletherestwaspaidbyAzim.[AUS$190milliongrantwasprovidedbytheWorldBanktoassisttheAfghanGovernmentinfundingtheproject.]‘Weusedtospend300000afghanis(aboutUS$5500)inanygivenyeartobuyfuelforgeneratorstopowerpumpstogetwaterforourfarmland,’Azimsays.‘Withtheinstallationofthesolarwaterpump,Isavedallthatmoneyandyet,forthefirsttimeinmyvillage,Ihadenoughwaterforirrigation.’TheinstallationofthesolarwaterpumphashelpedAzimexpandhisfarmfrom1.4to2.4hectares.‘Beforethesolarpump,mostofmyfarmlandlaybarren.Ididnotevenhavevegetablesonmytableregularly,’hesays.‘Butinthesesixmonths,Inotonlyhavevegetables,Ihaveenoughtogivetomyneighbourstoo.’…NHLPcovers14districtsinKabulProvince.In2016,theprojectestablishedmorethan…1600hectares,ofnewalmond,apple,andapricotorchards,built84raisindryinghouses,and35irrigationreservoirs.Todate,17waterwellshavebeendugand12solarwaterpumpsinstalledforfarmerswhofacedwatershortage.‘OuractivitieshavehelpedfarmersinKabulandtheirproducecannowcompetewithimportedfruitsinAfghanistan,’saysBaryalayMomand,NHLP’sprovincialcoordinatorforKabul.

Source:TheWorldBank,‘AfghanFarmersAdoptModernAgriculturalPracticesonOrchards’,featurestory,23August2017,<www.worldbank.org>

1National Horticulture and Livestock Project (NHLP)–operatedbytheAfghanGovernmentandpromotesimprovedfarmingpractices

a. Describethetypeofaidrepresentedintheprogramabove. 2marks

b. Explainhowthisprogrampromoteshumandevelopment. 2marks

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c. DiscusstherelationshipbetweenthisprogramandtheachievementofSDG3. 4marks

d. Identifytwofeaturesofeffectiveaidthatareevidentinthisprogramandanalysehowthesefeaturescouldcontributetotheprogram’ssuccess. 4marks

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Question 9 (4marks)a. Explaintheterm‘discrimination’. 2marks

b. Explainhowdiscriminationmightcontributetodifferencesinhealthstatusandburdenofdisease. 2marks

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Question 10 (9marks)In2014,theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)establishedtheCommissiononEndingChildhoodObesity.Thecommissionwasestablishedtoreview,builduponandaddressgapsinexistingguidelinesandstrategies.Itdevelopedasetofrecommendationstosuccessfullytacklechildhoodandadolescentobesityindifferentcontextsaroundtheworld.

a. OutlinehowtheworkoftheWHOreflectedintheinformationabovecontributestogoodhealthandwellbeing. 2marks

b. IdentifytheWHOpriorityreflectedintheinformationabove. 1mark

c. Whyischildhoodobesitynowaglobalissueaffectinghigh-income,middle-incomeandlow-incomecountries? 6marks

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Question 11 –continued

Question 11 (10marks)

TheAMA[AustralianMedicalAssociation]wantstheGovernmenttousetaxpolicytoforceupthepricesofsugar-sweeteneddrinkstochangebehaviour…FortheAMA,taxingthemisfarfromthesinglesolutiontotheobesityordiabetesepidemics…

Source:EmilyClark,‘TheAMAwantssugar-sweeteneddrinkstaxed,butwillithappen?’,ABCNews,7January2018,<www.abc.net.au>

a. Usingyourknowledgeofeffectivehealthpromotion,includingtheOttawaCharterforHealthPromotion,explainwhytaxingsoftdrinksisnottheonlysolutiontoaddressingtheobesityepidemic. 6marks

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b. Describeandjustifytwoexamplesofsocialactionsthatcouldbetakentoaddresstheincreasingratesofchildhoodobesity. 4marks

Example1

Example2

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Question 12 –continued

Question 12 (11marks)

Adi Chocolates – Artisan chocolate from Fiji for the tourism sector and exportsInFijicocoabeanswerelefttorotunderthetreesandcocoagardenswerenotmaintained.TheGovernmentofFijihadpromotedcocoa…to[help]diversifyexportsbutwhenworldmarketprices[fell]inthe1980s,Fijibecametooexpensiveandbuyersinterestedincheapcocoainbulkstayedaway.Aroundthesametime,thetourismsectorstartedtogrowinFijiandwithitgrewthedemandforhigh-qualitylocalchocolateforuseinresortkitchensforchocolatefountainsandpastryorfortouristsinsearchofauthenticFijianproducts.InJune2012,AdiChocolatessteppedintothisgapandstartedproducinghigh-qualitydarkchocolatebyhandforthetourismsectorandexports,therebycreatinganewdemandforlocalbeansandarenewedinterestamongfarmerstostartharvestingandmaintainingtheirgardens.MDF1[MarketDevelopmentFacility]investedinapartnershipwithAdiChocolatestoupscaleproductionfromapurelymanual,kitchen-basedoperationtoapartiallymechanisedprocess,abletoproducealargervolumeandmorevarietyofchocolates…[Oneoftheactivitiesthatoccurredunderthepartnershipwastherecruitment]ofan‘outgrowermanager’tomaintainrelationswithfarmersandteachthemhowtoprunetheircocoagardensanddryandfermenttheircocoabeansforbetteryieldsandbetterqualitycocoa…AdiChocolatesnowsuppliesupto40majorresorts,restaurantsandretailersaroundFijiandalsohasstartedtoexporttoJapanaswellastosomeretailoutletsinEurope.AsAdiChocolatesopensupthemarketforFijianchocolate,demandforcocoafromFijianfarmerswillgrow.Asaresult,by2017,70farmers[wereearning]anadditionalincomeofaroundFJD200peryear.

Source:MarketDevelopmentFacility,‘PartnershipsforthePro-PoorGrowth–AdiChocolatesFiji’,<http://marketdevelopmentfacility.org>

1MDF–amulti-company,privatesectordevelopmentprogramfundedbytheAustralianGovernment

a. IdentifyonepriorityareaofAustralia’saidprogramthatthisinitiativerepresents. 1mark

b. DescribehowthisinitiativereflectsthefeaturesofAustralia’saidprogram. 3marks

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c. Increasedworldtradeandtourismisoneexampleofaglobaltrend.

Usingexamplesfromthisinitiative,analysetheimplicationsofincreasedworldtradeandtourismforhealthandwellbeing. 3marks

d. i. Whatismeantby‘sustainability’? 1mark

ii. ExplainhowtheAustralianGovernment’sinvestmentinAdiChocolatescontributestosustainability. 3marks

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END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Question 13 (2marks)PeaceisaWHOprerequisiteforhealth.

Explainhowpeacecanleadtoimprovedhealthoutcomes.

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Extra space for responses

Clearly number all responses in this space.

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Ananswerbookisavailablefromthesupervisorifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.Pleaseensureyouwriteyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedonthefrontcoveroftheanswerbook.At the end of the examination, place the answer book inside the front cover of this question and answer book.