head movement

8/11/2019 head movement

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University of pristina

Faculty of philosophy

English language and literature

Head Movement and More on Clausal Syntax

-Presentation-

Mentor: Student: Prof!ragana Spasic

"o#an $ac%ovic

&osovs%a Mitrovica'may ()*+


2/17

Head Movement and More on Clausal Syntax

,o types of movement

Phrasal movement: movement of a complete phrase. E.g. topicalisation:

[DPSuch disruptions]iwe don't need tiMovement of words (called head movement head-to-head movementas all words are heads of phrases and since when heads move

the! move to another head position". E.g.

#asishe tileft$

%he s!m&ol t(trace" mars the earlier position of the moved item". %he su&script iindicates that the trace is identical to other itemsmared with i. (%his identit! relation is called coindexation". %here are various different wa!s of indicating coindeation:

./0 a. #asisheti[)Ptread it]$ &. #as*she+t*[)Pt+read it]$

c. #as she thas[)Ptsheread it]$ d. #as she has [)Pshe read it]$

,e now discuss head movement. -ther discussions: adford (*//0:ch. 1" 2arnie (+330:ch./"

( Su#1ect-2uxiliary 3nversion as 3-to-C Movement

4es-no 5uestions are formed &! inverting the su&4ect and auiliar! (including dumm!5do":

.+0She should goShould she go$

.60

She lies it

She does lie it

Does she lie it$

'6nversion' as movement from 6nfl to 2omp (65to52 movement":

.70

2

2P

6P

DP

6'

6

)P


3/17

a.

willi

shekti

tk&u! a car$

&.

doesi

shek

ti

tkeat caes$

6nverted ver&s and complementisers compete for the same position:

.80

#e ased 'will she leave'

#e ased 'did she leave'

.90

#e ased if she will leave

#e ased whether she left

.0

7#e ased if will she leave

7#e as'ed whether did she leave

Illocutionary force distinctions (e.g. the 8uestion5statement contrast" involve 2 since 29s4o& is to relate 6P to a larger discourse.

uestions demand that the discourse &e continued with an answer. Moving 6 to 2 is an instruction to the hearer to tell the speaer

whether the proposition epressed &! 6P is true or not.

Man! other languages have question particlesin 2:.*)0

[2P[2 l] [6Ptu

si

]]$


4/17

; (Southern ?hoisan@ Aotswana"*

;

people past

come

BDid the people come$

.**0

Is I can go? Is you should eat it? Is Ben did go?

[child descri&ed in adford

(*//0:**" using isas a 8uestion particle]

,hat other languages signal with 8uestion particles English signals &! moving 6 to 2. Clternative: English also has a 8uestion particle&ut it has no phonological information associated with it so it must o&tain phonological features from the net lowest head (6nfl".

*Dr!er M. +33Position of Polar Question Particles. 6n M. #aspelmath M. Dr!er D. il and A. 2omrie (eds."

The World tlas of !anguage "tructures -ford Fniversit! Press.


5/17


6/17


7/17


8/17

,he Head Movement Constraint and the position of ver#s

Head Movement Constraint (HMC": %he onl! place a head#can move to is the

position occupied &! the head which selects#P as its complement.

2onse8uence: a ver& cannot move to 2 unless it moves to 6 first. %he #M2 doesn9t for&id this t!pe of stepwise (successi$e cyclic"movement. %he net sections illustrate this.

/* $exical ver#s in English ;uestions

Geical ver&s don't move to 2omp &ut re8uire do5support:

.*/0

7Smoes she$

7,ent she$

7Eats she caes$

.*+0

Does she smoe$

Did she go$

Does she eat caes$

.*60

2

2P6P

DP

6'

6

)P

a.

willi

shekti


9/17

tkgo home

&.

7wentishek

tktihome$ (violates #M2 in (*+""

c.

7wentishek

ti

tktihome$

d.

didishek

ti

tkgo home$

%he #ead Movement 2onstraint predicts that moving from ) to 2omp must involve moving to 6nfl first. Aut English leical ver&s don9t

move to 6nfl. Since the 2omp position must &e filled &! movement of a lower head the du%%yauiliar! dois inserted under 6nfl so

that movement from 6nfl to 2omp is possi&le. #ence the do5support in 8uestions.

/(


10/17

Ieg

)P

DP

)9

%noesti

)

DP

thouk ti

not tkti

the answer$

%here is independent e$idencethat leical ver&s moved to 6 in earlier English. ,e now that the negative particle (not" occupies a

position on the left edge of the )P i.e. one &etween 6 and ). %his is true of &oth Modern English and earlier English. 6n Earl! Modern

English notappears after the leical ver& suggesting that ) moved past not:

.*90 2FEI% EIG6S#: #e [6did] not [)hear] her plea.

ECGJ M-DEI EIG6S#:#e [6heardi]6not [)ti] her plea.

/+ Multiple auxiliaries in English

%o understand the net point we need to note that the earlier assumption that auiliaries start in 6nfl was an oversimplification since wecan have more than one auiliar!:She could have #een #eingtreated &! a decent doctor if she9d had &etter insurance. %he cluster of auiliaries is not a single head seeing it can&e &roen up &! adver&s:

She couldpro&a&l! have #een #eingtreated &! a decent doctor.

Each auiliar! seems to form a constituent with the material after it. %hese constituents can undergo ellipsis 4ust lie )P ellipsis:

They said she could have been beingtreated (y a decent doctor) (ut I didn*t think+++a. +++she could ha$e (een(eing treated (y a doctor&. +++she could ha$e(een (eing treated (y a doctorc. +++she couldha$e (een (eing treated (y adoctor

%o eplain these facts man! linguists assume that each auiliar! is a ver& forming a )P with its complement. %he highest auiliar!

moves to 6nfl (and then to 2omp in 8uestions":

2P

6P

69


11/17

)P

)P

)P

)P

)P


12/17

2 DP

6

)

))

))

DP

2ouldsheitt

have&een

&eingtreated

ti$

Iow the #ead Movement 2onstraint correctl! predicts that onl! the highest auiliar! can appear at the front of the sentence in

8uestions:

a. 2ouldithe! tihave &een &eing treated$

&. 7#aveithe! could ti&een &eing treated$ [cf.#a$eitheyti(een (eing treated?]

c. 7Aeithe! could have ti&eing treated$ [cf. Wereitheyti(eing treated?]

K

2 Draw trees for the following sentences (using triangle notation for DPs and CdvPs".

*.

Should we read it$

+. Did the people get it$

K.

Lran could have left.

. #e has &een reading.

[ad4oin tooto right of lowest )P]

.

?ate should have &een woring and Aill should too.

D.

[Earl! Modern English]: Govest thou me$

Some older Aritish speaers sa!#a$e you a pencil?while others sa!,o you ha$e apencil$ Draw trees for &oth structures and eplain

the difference &etween them.

+ 2 note on 3nfl and ver# inflection in English

6n English unlie other languages ver&s don9t move to 6nfl. %wo ideas a&out how tense and agreement information in 6nfl gets

associated with the ver&:

2.$oering: %he inflectional features in 6 lower onto ) in a process resem&ling headmovement ecept that it moves downwards. (See

e.g. the tet&oos &! 2arnie #aegeman". ".Feature raising: ) enters the s!nta full! inflected. %enseNagreement features moveto 6


13/17

&ut )9s phonological features do not move with it. (adford "yntactic Theory)++/f"

6P

6')P

)9

DP6

DP)

DP

[Present

[Present

Ksg]

Ksg]

shek

tkunderstands

the situation

6n these accounts featuresmove not morphemes. Morpheme movement is implausi&le with irregular ver&s (go-&ent". -n the first

account a&ove the morpholog! must &e postsyntactic.

6 =egation in English

6* >hy is there do-support ith negation?

English leical ver&s cannot &e negated without do5support &ut auiliaries can:


14/17

.(90

a. 7She found not her e!s@7She foundn9t her e!s

.(:0

&. She did not find her e!s@

She didn9t find her 'e!s

Lrancine cannotNma! notNmightn9tNwon9t find her e!s

C possi&le eplanation for do5support in English negative clauses (a simplification of adford "yntactic theory +K*ff":.ot-n*theads aphrase located &etween 6nfl and )P cf. (K3"a". (%he more complicated variant in (K3"&" is discussed in class."

./)0 a. 6P

&. 6P

DP6'

DP

6'

6

IegP

6

IegP

Ieg)P

not

Ieg9

not-n*t

pas

Ieg)P


15/17

n/t-ne

%he inflectional features of ver&s are incompati&le with the English Ieg head since it is not a ver&. %hus these features cannot move to

Ieg.


16/17

#ead movement and more on clausal s!nta

%he #ead Movement 2onstraint predicts that movement of features onl! occurs &etween a head and the head of its complement. %husan!thing which moves &etween ) and 6nfl would have to move via Ieg first. 6f it can9t move to Ieg then it can9t move an! further.

Cs a last resort dumm!5dois inserted in 6 to allow epression of inflectional features.

6( More on =eg

,hat was said a&out negation onl! applies to what is called clausal negationor sententialnegation. 6n cases ofconstituent negation

there9s no need fordo5support. (6n Minimalists!nta unnecessar! operations induce ungrammaticalit!."

./*0

a. She neverfound her e!s

&. 7She did neverfind her 'e!s (ne$erO not e$er"

./(0

a. She found noe!s&. 7She did find noe!s

a. %he! in no isefulfilled the re8uirements.7%he! did in no isefulfil the re8uirements.

a. Dishwashers [CdvPnotonl!] save time &ut the! clean plates &etter.

7Dishwashers do [CdvPnotonl!] save time the! also clean places &etter. #ere notnegates only not )P. not onlyis a constituent:[CdvP=otonl!] do dishwashers save time the! also clean plates &etter.

Ione of these cases involve the Ieg head seen in the last section. ather the! involve negation inside )P ad4uncts (ne$er) not only" or

negation inside a DP (no keys". So there9s no Ieg head &locing movement of features from ) to 6nfl.

%he Ieg head is pro&a&l! &est seen as concerned with polarityrather than 4ust negation since the collo8uial affirmative particlessoand

tooalso re8uire dosupport:

./60

Speaer *:

Aasil did not do that.

Speaer +:

#e did so@tooQ do that;

6/ =egation in 5uestions:Notvs nt

./70

a. #e did not go there

&. #e didn9t go there

./80

a. Did he not go there$

&. 7Did he n9t go there$

./90

a. 7Did not he go there$&. Didn9t he go there$

./t is aclitic i.e. must form a phonological unit with the auiliar!. ,hen au moves to 2 n*t must therefore move with it.

6n can*t) don*t) &on*t a special phonological form replaces the unit auRclitic..ot isn9t a clitic so there is no reason to move it with au to the 2position.

Sentences lie didn*t he goindicate that the do0support we see in 8uestions must involve insertion of doin 6nfl &efore moving the ver&.

(6.e. dois not inserted directl! in 2."


17/17

$3,EA2,UAE

Citchison H. (*//". ,ords in the Mind. Cn 6ntroduction to the Mental Geicon. +nd edition.

2r!stalD. (*//". %he 2am&ridge Enc!clopedia of the English Ganguage.

GipaG. (*//+". Cn -utline of English Geicolog!. +nd edition.

IidaE. (*/0". 2omponential Cnal!sis of Meaning.

Prcic. (*//0". TUVWXYZW Z \W^VWYZW U_Z

%a!lorH.. (*//". Ginguistic 2ategori`ation. Protot!pes in Ginguistic %heor!. +nd edition.

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