He Kōtaha o ngā Rōpū Māngai Iwi/Māori - Te Puni Kōkiri...of Plenty) and some Te Arawa (Lakes settlement) and Taranaki (Tama, Ruanui, Rauru and Mutunga) groups from 2003 to 2006

0 A Profile of Iwi and Māori Representative Organisations

He Kōtaha o ngā Rōpū Māngai Iwi/Māori

A Profile of Iwi and Māori Representative Organisations

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DISCLAIMER This publication is intended to provide information on the matters contained herein. It has been written, edited and published and made available to all persons and entities strictly on the basis that its authors, editors and publishers are fully excluded from any liability or responsibility by all or any of them in any way to any person or entity for anything done or omitted to be done by any person or entity in reliance, whether totally or partially, on the contents of this publication for any purposes whatsoever.

© Te Puni Kökiri

ISBN 978-0-478-34514-8

March 2011

March 2011

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CONTENTS

PART ONE: OVERVIEW............................................................................. 3

PART TWO: NATIONAL AND URBAN MĀORI ORGANISATIONS........ 17

PART THREE: REGIONAL SUMMARIES.............................................. 23

TE TAI TOKERAU..................................................................................... 24

KAIPARA, TĀMAKI AND HAURAKI ........................................................ 33

WAIKATO-TAINUI..................................................................................... 39

TAURANGA MOANA................................................................................ 43

MATAATUA............................................................................................... 46

TE ARAWA AND CENTRAL NORTH ISLAND ........................................ 52

TAIRĀWHITI, TĀKITIMU AND WAIRARAPA .......................................... 60

HAUĀURU................................................................................................. 68

TE MOANA A RAUKAWA ........................................................................ 75

TE TAU IHU............................................................................................... 79

WAIPOUNAMU TO REKOHU................................................................... 84


FOREWORD

Tēnā koutou kātoa

I am pleased to present this reference document on Iwi and Māori representative organisations.

In providing an overview of iwi and Māori organisations, it is intended to demonstrate the breadth of Māori organisations in New Zealand at a time when Crown-Māori relationships are to the fore. Although there are some omissions in key sectors such as land trusts and incorporations the extensiveness and scope of Māori organisations in New Zealand is undeniable.

There is also a commentary on the events and issues which have impacted on Māori over the past 20 years as a prelude to the two main sections.

Part Two contains the national and urban Māori organisations while Part Three has been organised by region but focuses on iwi representative organisations.

It is our intention that this document serve as a handy resource and reference tool for fellow officials across the public service who are increasingly interested in learning more about iwi and Māori organisations. Hopefully, it answers many of their initial questions.

As it is, I hope that this publication provides a useful picture of the organisations which represent Māori interests at a national and regional level.

Leith Comer Chief Executive

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PART ONE: OVERVIEW


PURPOSE

This report provides an overview of the status of iwi and Māori organisations and a general commentary on the key events, developments and issues that have influenced their evolution in the past 20 years in particular.

The main body of the report (Part Three) has been organised by region, with a focus on iwi representative organisations. Although the report also provides a summary of other forms of Māori organisation, it does not include details of the many trusts and incorporations that exist to manage the land interests of whānau and individual Māori, and in so doing provide a mechanism to connect owners to their land interests. It may be useful to include information on these organisations at some future time, in turn building a comprehensive picture of the mechanisms and arrangements through which Māori govern and manage their interests.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

The report draws from a number of publicly available sources, including government and other websites, annual reports and accountability documents, internal Te Puni Kōkiri reports, as well as various media releases and coverage of key events in the Māori Affairs and Treaty negotiations sectors. Although all of these sources were referred to in different measures, the report is primarily drawn from the Te Kāhui Māngai website www.tkm.govt.nz, a Directory of Iwi and Māori Organisations, maintained by Te Puni Kōkiri.

The brief historical summaries in the opening sections of each region were informed by the online Encyclopedia of New Zealand www.teara.govt.nz, as well as the various Claimant Community Profiles prepared by Te Puni Kōkiri to inform its advice in Treaty negotiations matters.

The quarterly and four-monthly reports produced by the Office of Treaty Settlements and available at www.ots.govt.nz, along with summaries of settlement progress including the various Deeds of Settlement and Agreements and Offers published on this website, also provided a comprehensive picture of the Treaty negotiations landscape at November 2010.

A limited number of texts were also consulted. The publications Weeping Waters: The Treaty of Waitangi and Constitutional Changes, edited by Malcolm Mulholland and Veronica Tawhai, Huia, 2010, and The Politics of Indigeneity: Challenging the State in Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand, by Roger Maaka and Augie Fleras, University of Otago Press, 2005, informed this report’s opening sections in particular.

SUMMARY

Iwi and Māori

In pre-European times, ‘iwi’ was synonymous with ‘nationality’ and described the people to whom a person belonged and owed allegiance. By the 20th century, iwi described a much larger social unit, more like a tribe or clan.

The term ‘Māori’ first came into use in New Zealand in the 1820’s (Levine, H. B 2002, The Māori iwi – contested meanings in contemporary Aotearoa/NZ). The adoption of this term signalled the very beginnings of a gradual process of de-tribalisation in most parts of the country that culminated in the drift of most Māori to urban areas in the 1950’s and 60’s.

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Then the 1970’s saw a resurgence of Māori language and culture, a refocus on tribal structures within a relationship with the Crown referencing the Treaty of Waitangi. The establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal in 1975 to consider grievances under the Treaty signalled a fundamental institutional response by the Crown that set a course for the Crown-Māori relationship for the next four decades.

The 1980’s and 90’s were characterised by a ‘re-tribalisation’ and a proliferation of iwi and Māori organisations around:

• the mainstreaming of the Department of Māori Affairs and an attempt at devolution of government services to iwi Rūnanga (under the Rūnanga Iwi Act 1990 – now repealed) or tribal authorities;

• the ‘pan-tribal’ Māori Fisheries settlement; and

• the first major historical settlements with Waikato-Tainui in the North Island and Ngāi Tahu in the South Island.

Emergence of iwi and urban Māori organisations

The Māori Fisheries settlement in 1992 led to the decision in 1995 by Te Ohu Kaimoana (the Commission set up to hold Māori fisheries assets in trust until allocation to representative iwi organisations) to embark on a project of ‘iwi identification’ to confirm ‘iwi status’ for fisheries allocation purposes. For the purpose of receiving fisheries assets under that settlement, an iwi must be able to show that it had the following characteristics: shared descent from tipuna, hapū, marae – a takiwā – and an existence traditionally acknowledged by other iwi.

Although the government had moved away from the devolution policies articulated in statements such as ‘He Tirohanga Rangapu’ (Partnership Perspectives 1988, K Wetere) of the late 1980’s, it did continue to pursue policies that recognised the importance of iwi organisations in the delivery of social services to Māori. The emergence in the 1990’s of significant urban Māori organisations such as Te Waipareira Trust and the Manukau Urban Māori Authority in Auckland created issues for Te Ohu Kaimoana and government social services alike. The urban Māori authorities went to court to secure benefits from the Fisheries settlement, and after a claim and supportive findings of the Waitangi Tribunal, in 1998 the Waipareira Trust was recognised as the first non-tribal group eligible to be an iwi social service provider.

After a relative hiatus in historical Treaty settlements (after Ngāti Tahu and Waikato-Tainui) in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s, settlements were achieved with Ngāti Awa, Tūwharetoa (Bay of Plenty) and some Te Arawa (Lakes settlement) and Taranaki (Tama, Ruanui, Rauru and Mutunga) groups from 2003 to 2006. The government refined its negotiations framework around these negotiations, specifying in even more detail the requirements of iwi post-settlement governance entities in terms of mandate, accountabilities and general preparedness to receive and manage settlement assets. Then in 2007 and 2008, the outgoing government achieved a flourish of major settlements, including the Central North Island (CNI) Collective Forestry settlement with eight central North Island iwi, and comprehensive settlements with Te Roroa, Te Pūmautanga o Te Arawa, Ngāti Apa and Taranaki Whānui.

A much larger set of on-account settlements and/or Agreements in Principle was also reached during this period, including with Waikato River groups, Ngāti Manawa and Ngāti Whare, Ngāti Raukawa, Whanganui, Ngāti Makino and Waitaha, Te Tau Ihu (top of the South Island) groups, Ngāti Porou, and Ngāti Pāhauwera.


In addition to the groups listed immediately above, other settlements expected to come to fruition in 2010-2011 include the five Te Hiku iwi, as well as the Kaiparaāmaki groups.

These run-on settlement negotiation milestones, combined with the current government’s aim to settle claims by 2014, have meant that – for better or for worse – ‘iwi’ and the structures that support this tribal institution have become central in the Crown-Māori relationship.

National Māori organisations

Since the 1950’s there have been a small number of national Māori organisations, mostly established and maintained for a specific purpose or purposes and functions, operating alongside the regionally based iwi organisations. Perhaps the most well known of these organisations are the New Zealand Māori Council (1962), the Māori Women’s Welfare League (1951) and the National Māori Congress (1990).

Since the 1970’s a number of national Māori organisations or associations have also formed to support and advocate for Māori involved in various sectors, industries or endeavours. These include the Federation of Māori Authorities, Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust (1981), Te Rūnanga o Ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori, Te Tau ihu o Ngā Wānanga Ngā Kaiwhakapūmau i te Reo Māori (1983), Te Whakaruruhau o Ngā Reo Irirangi Māori, Kawea Te Rongo, and Ngā Aho Whakaari.

This list of national organisations is by no means exhaustive; there are many others in the health, music, business, IT, science, arts, culture and other sectors.

Aside from the historical connection between the New Zealand Māori Council and its 16 district councils that operated in the same space as hapū and marae at one point, and the original subscription by iwi to the National Māori Congress, most of these organisations might be considered ‘ethnicity-based’ rather than tribal-based organisations.

The profile and intensity of activity by all of these organisations in the Crown-Māori relationship tend to wax and wane depending on the significance and relevance of issues that need to be considered and addressed by Māori at any given time. For example the New Zealand Māori Council has been integral in leading the action now well known as the State Owned Enterprises Assets/Lands Case (1987) and the proceedings which required the Crown to define Māori fishing rights, ultimately resulting in the Māori Fisheries settlement.

In the 1990’s the New Zealand Māori Council, joined by the National Māori Congress and various other Māori language advocacy organisations, was successful in securing broadcasting resources and assets (including radio spectrum) for Māori language broadcasting and participation in the telecommunication industry.

Where to from here?

It seems clear that in the past 30 years iwi or tribal organisations have consolidated their position and are now taking a central role in a wide range of dealings with the Crown. This may have occurred for a number of reasons.

First, an increased number of iwi groups are engaged in direct negotiations with the Crown under a framework that focuses heavily on the concept of a group’s historical connections to tipuna via hapū, and land and resources. Mana whenua of land is proven through historical accounts focusing on tipuna, where they resided and moved historically. This intense and highly detailed historical accounting in the settlement process has placed a powerful focus on

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the credibility of iwi groups, which cannot be achieved to the same extent by ethnicity-based Māori organisations.

Secondly, the mentoring and leadership roles that have emerged from the Māori side of the Treaty relationship come from iwi – particularly those iwi who have received assets back through settlements and steadily grown the value of these over a decade. Those iwi have developed a foundation, strength and durability based on their whakapapa-focused historical accounts and mandating processes that means they are now ambassadors for their tribes. This is not to say that these iwi are insulated from internal power struggles or tussles with other iwi, but they are models of success for Māori and they have generally gained a level of respect for their experience and efforts to maintain accountability.

Thirdly, the Crown has begun to deal more with iwi-based organisations on national policy matters through emerging iwi leadership groups. To an extent, it would seem that the Māori Party has replaced some of the ‘ethnicity-based’ organisations as the national advocate and contributor to discussions on matters of national importance to Māori.

As more iwi groups enter negotiations and settle, it seems inevitable that they will continue to cement their positions in a regional and national context, and:

• join up with each other to discuss national policy matters according to their relevance (as they have done to form the Iwi Leaders Groups for Foreshore and Seabed, Climate Change and other matters);

• form collectives to develop resources – such as forestry, geothermal, water, minerals etc; and

• lobby central and local government on other policy and regulatory matters.

Many commentators have raised concerns about proliferating iwi organisations. However, it would seem that the zenith of proliferation (as a principal consequence of the Fisheries settlement) has already occurred and various factors are causing constructive self-adjustments. The historical settlements process has created impetus for iwi to consolidate a range of separate organisations formed in an ad hoc manner over the past two decades. The changes proposed this year to the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 to allow the assets of a mandated iwi organisation (MIO) to transfer to a post-settlement governance entity are a strong signal of this direction.

As a consequence of being involved in negotiations directly with the Crown (as opposed to previous negotiations led by pan-tribal or national organisations), more iwi are developing more sophisticated capabilities for the accountability processes and asset management structures required to most effectively manage and grow the value of their businesses for the benefit of their affiliates. Those larger iwi who were early adopters have broken valuable ground and are providing models and guidance for this evolution.

Iwi have also come to appreciate the value of designing and implementing robust mandating processes which must be able to stand up to the rigorous testing of the Waitangi Tribunal and the courts. Clear and strategic thinking is also being applied to succession planning for the transition of the roles of iwi organisations from a mandated team for negotiations, to an elected governance body holding settlement assets in trust, to a corporate organisation with a clear separation of governance and commercial asset management functions.

There was a time not so long ago when a Friday night ring-around and a Saturday morning hui were thought to be adequate to secure a mandate. Similarly, there were those who would


argue, under the guise of a ‘Māori management model’, that the benefits outweighed the risks of mixing governance and management objectives in the structure of an iwi organisation.

As a consequence of attracting qualified internal expertise, including experienced, committed people with sound governance skills, organisations have reached a stage that demonstrates broad-based iwi political stability. It is likely that the role of ethnicity-based organisations will diminish over time, as Māori and iwi development will be driven by those who have more tangible stakes in the policy and resources required for this development. The traditional elements and the history of tribally focused organisations create obligations to ancestors of previous generations and descendants of future generations. The deals that iwi make now and in the future are driven by a completely different set of incentives from those of organisations drawn together by a common ethnic background and formed around a sector, service delivery, business development or other common objectives.

However, Māori (as opposed to iwi) organisations will remain important to Māori development for different reasons. For example, it is likely that these organisations will continue to play an integral role in the design and implementation of social and economic/business development services – because they bring a Māori dimension to initiatives that are easier for the Māori target groups to relate to. The contribution of these types of organisations will be primarily focused on the effective design, development and delivery of services to Māori.

THE MĀORI FISHERIES SETTLEMENT

An inquiry by the Waitangi Tribunal into Māori fishing in Muriwhenua in 1987 led to court actions concerning the Quota Management System, the primary policy for the regulation of New Zealand commercial fishing. Hailed as historic, the 1992 Māori Fisheries settlement saw the Crown enter into a full and final settlement with Māori to purchase fishing assets, valued then at $170 million, and to transfer these, along with 20 percent of the quota for each new species to enter the Quota Management System, to the newly established Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Commission. It was the first national settlement to affect all iwi, and the first settlement to fully extinguish claims.

The intervening years to 2004 saw the Commission work closely with iwi to determine an appropriate model to allocate the Fisheries settlement assets. The process was a lengthy one, with agreement beset by legal challenges to delay the allocation process and influence the final allocation model. Key issues at that time included:

• whether quotas should be allocated on an iwi population or a coastline basis;

• what the entitlements for ‘urban Māori’ disassociated from their iwi should be; and

• whether the entire settlement should be distributed out or consolidated in a central organisation.

In 2003 an allocation model supported by 93 percent of iwi was presented to the Minister of Fisheries. The model then formed the basis of the Māori Fisheries Bill which was introduced in late 2003 and passed in September 2004. Continued legal challenges to the proposed allocation approach were finally terminated by the Court of Appeal, which noted that the level and the length of the consultation process for fisheries allocation, spanning as it had over 10 years, were unprecedented in New Zealand.

The Māori Fisheries Act 2004 has seen over half of the Fisheries settlement assets allocated and transferred to iwi, with the balance remaining under a centralised management. A finite

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schedule of 54 iwi are identified as being eligible to receive fisheries assets by the Act, which contemplates all Māori will affiliate by whakapapa to at least one of the named iwi. A corresponding list of recognised representative iwi organisations is also identified under the Act. Once a recognised iwi organisation has met the governance criteria set out in the Act, its status then changes to that of being a mandated iwi organisation (MIO) and it becomes eligible to receive its share of the fisheries assets on behalf of that iwi. The Act allows for only one MIO per listed iwi group.

As at June 2010, some 53 of the 58 recognised iwi organisations listed in the Act have achieved MIO status, leaving only 5 percent of named iwi still to receive their fisheries assets. The recognised iwi organisations that are yet to achieve MIO status include Ngāti Kurī, Ngāti Raukawa, Te Whānau ā Apanui , Ngāti Maru (Taranaki) and Ngāti Tama (Taranaki).

Iwi receiving fisheries assets are steadily commercialising these through special purpose asset-holding companies that are separate from the iwi governance entities. For example, Ngāpuhi Fisheries Ltd is an asset-holding company under the provisions of the Māori Fisheries Act 2004. The company receives all settlement quotas and income shares allocated to Ngāpuhi in accordance with the Act. It holds these assets as trustee for the benefit of its shareholder, Te Rūnanga a Iwi O Ngāpuhi. Income from fisheries-related activities is a primary source of income for the Rūnanga, which receives an estimated $2.6 million from Ngāpuhi Fisheries Ltd per annum.

The Fisheries settlement has been criticised for creating a proliferation of iwi organisations – and to some extent this is true. However, it is true also that the configuration of organisations resulting from the settlement was a pragmatic response to getting a deal done around fisheries assets in a landscape of negotiations or discussion around a variety other interests and assets. In hindsight the relationships and arrangements formed within iwi and across iwi to facilitate representation on a range of interests may seem cumbersome and inefficient. However, from a pragmatic perspective, they may have been necessary. Te Arawa is an example.

Each of the 15 or so iwi and hapū of Te Arawa has formed its own iwi organisation to represent its specific interests. These comprise a collection of charitable trusts, private trusts and incorporated societies.

Of the 16 iwi and hapū:

• 12 have settled their fisheries assets through membership of a single organisation, Te Kotahitanga o Te Arawa Waka Fisheries Trust Board. Until 2006, when the Ngāti Tūwharetoa Fisheries Charitable Trust was formed, Ngāti Tūwharetoa’s fisheries interests were also represented by Te Kotahitanga;

• 11 are represented on the Te Arawa Lakes Trust, through which the Crown formalised the Lakes settlement; and

• 11 are represented by Te Pūmautanga o Te Arawa for their comprehensive historical Treaty settlements and the CNI Forestry settlement.

The remaining four or five Te Arawa iwi and hapū either do not have interests in the collective settlements above or they have decided to negotiate their comprehensive settlements separately. This includes groups such as Whakaue, Tapuika, Rangiteaorere, Rangiwewehi, Makino and Waitaha. In this sense, there has been no standard formula for how some Te Arawa groups have decided to align themselves with one collective and not another (even


though they may have been eligible and it may have been logical). For example, the Te Arawa groups that are represented by the Lakes and Fisheries Trusts are not necessarily the same groups represented by Te Pūmautanga o Te Arawa. In some cases, factors such as inter-group dynamics, leadership, personalities and differences of philosophy and aspirations could have played a part in the configurations. It might be fair to surmise that these factors also played a part in the organic, but necessarily ad hoc, way in which relationships within and across iwi are configured throughout the country.

TREATY OF WAITANGI CLAIMS/TREATY SETTLEMENT NEGOTIATIONS

There are two distinct processes for addressing historical Treaty claims. Claimant groups with demonstrable and accepted Treaty breaches may choose to begin the process through direct negotiations with the Crown, or they may prefer to await the findings and recommendations of a Tribunal inquiry before approaching the Crown for negotiations.

Both of these process options require that a group (or, in the case of the Waitangi Tribunal, a person or persons of Māori descent) must first have registered its claims with the Waitangi Tribunal. The closing date for registering historical Treaty of Waitangi claims was 1 September 2008. Once its claim has been registered, a group is then eligible to enter into direct negotiations with the Crown, or it may instead elect to have its claims heard by the Tribunal before entering into negotiations.

It should be noted that although the Tribunal may deliberate extensively and produce detailed findings and recommendations in relation to the claims of an iwi or other group, redress for grievances and full and final settlements can only be reached through negotiations directly with the Crown.

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Tribunal process

Once research has been completed and claim issues specified, the Tribunal hears evidence from claimants and the Crown and completes a report to relevant Ministers on its findings. If the Tribunal finds that a claim is well founded, it can recommend to the Crown that action be taken to compensate for the prejudice or to prevent the prejudice arising in the future.

In the past, the hearings and subsequent reporting process for claims before the Waitangi Tribunal may have taken some years to complete. In recent years, however, the Tribunal has introduced a number of innovations, each of which have contributed to a reduction in the time required to produce a completed report. This has included the casebook approach, which sees the completion of research and evidence produced before hearings commence, and a ‘modular’ variation to this, which allows claimants to opt for some Waitangi Tribunal involvement, but not necessarily a full inquiry. This option is particularly useful for groups who are primarily focused on entering direct negotiations, and for whom the historical research and findings of the Waitangi Tribunal may offer a source of authoritative guidance in support of the negotiations process.

Direct negotiations process

As noted above, before being eligible to enter into direct negotiations, groups must have first registered a historical claim with the Waitangi Tribunal and have had their mandate to negotiate recognised by the Crown. To reduce the time and expense involved for both the Crown and claimant groups, and to give claimants the opportunity to resolve overlapping claims within the context of a single negotiation, the Crown prefers to negotiate with large natural groupings, that is, to negotiate either all of the claims of a large group or iwi, or all of the claims of a cluster of smaller groups or iwi. Once a negotiating group’s mandate has been recognised by the Crown, it then enters into negotiations for all of that group’s historical claims (breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi and its principles that occurred before 21 September 1992). This culminates in an Agreement in Principle, which is then ratified by the claimant community. Further negotiations then take place through to a final Deed of Settlement and the establishment of an approved post-settlement governance entity. Legislation is then passed to give effect to the settlement.

Treaty settlement progress

Historical Treaty settlements are currently occurring at a rate of about one every six months. The Office of Treaty Settlements notes that progress in historical Treaty settlements is best measured by the number of claimant groups moving towards settlement of their claims, rather than by how many Waitangi Tribunal claims have been settled or are being addressed in negotiations. The Treaty of Waitangi Act provides that any Māori may lodge a claim with the Waitangi Tribunal and many separate claims may have been lodged by the same individual, or individuals within the same claimant group. Accordingly, each settlement reached covers multiple Tribunal claims, including those that may not have been formally registered.

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Settlements concluded following Tribunal reports

It is apparent from the broad range of the settled claims outlined below that most historical Treaty settlement negotiations with the Crown have been informed by the reports and findings of the Tribunal. The following section includes details of settlements concluded over the past 15 years to June 2010 that have been the subject of Waitangi Tribunal reports to the government.

Ngāi Tahu – Wai 27

The website of the Waitangi Tribunal states that the various reports dealing with the Ngāi Tahu claims constitute the Tribunal’s most exhaustive treatment of an inquiry. The three volumes of the Ngāi Tahu Report 1991 total more than 1,200 pages and the Sea Fisheries and Ancillary Claims reports add another 400 pages each to the Tribunal’s coverage of Ngāi Tahu issues.

Negotiations between Ngāi Tahu and the Crown first commenced in 1991 and these were concluded when Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and the Crown signed a Deed of Settlement for the settlement of all Ngāi Tahu historical claims in November 1997. The Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act was passed to give effect to the Deed in September 1998.

The settlement legislation contained a Crown apology and a number of what at that time were considered innovative redress items. In addition to a cash settlement and other commercial redress, the Ngāi Tahu settlement package included:

• the vesting of all pounamu within the Murihiku and Arahura purchase blocks in Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu;

• joint management of the Crown-owned Titi Islands;

• access to nohoanga and mahinga kai for customary use;

• the renaming of important Ngāi Tahu places and landmarks; and

• the return of Aoraki/Mt Cook to Ngāi Tahu.

Along with the 1995 Waikato-Tainui Raupatu settlement, the 1998 Ngāi Tahu settlement heralded a new era in historical Treaty negotiations.

Ngāi Turangitukua – Wai 84

The Tribunal’s 1995 Turangi Township report proposed claimants and the Crown negotiate a settlement. The parties were unable to agree on a settlement at that time, and claimants returned to the Tribunal in 1998 for remedies hearings. As a result, the Tribunal made general and binding recommendations for the return of certain lands and recommended monetary compensation. The Crown and Ngāti Turangitukua reached a settlement before the 90-day deadline for the recommendations to become binding expired.

The Ngāti Tūrangitukua Claims Settlement Act 1999 put the negotiated settlement into practice, in effect implementing the Tribunal’s recommendations. The Act included a Crown apology, and commercial and cultural redress.


Pouakani – Wai 33

The Pouakani settlement implements most of the Tribunal’s recommendations relating to Pouakani in its 1993 report. The Pouakani Claims Settlement Act 2000 came into effect on 1 March 2001.

The Taranaki Report: Kaupapa Tuatahi

The Taranaki Report was released in July 1996. The report dealt with 21 claims concerning the Taranaki district and canvassed the land wars and confiscations in the area, as well as the story of Parihaka. At November 2010, settlements have been reached with four of the eight Taranaki iwi.

i. Ngāti Ruanui – Wai 143

Settlement negotiations with Ngāti Ruanui began in April 1999 and a Heads of Agreement on the main components of a settlement package was signed later that year. The Ngāti Ruanui Claims Settlement Act 2003 was passed in May 2003.

ii. Ngāti Tama – Wai 143

The second of the eight Taranaki settlements to be concluded, the Ngāti Tama Claims Settlement Act was passed in November 2003.

iii. Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi – Wai 143

The Crown and representatives of Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi signed a Deed of Settlement settling their historical claims in November 2003. The settlement package also included what was then innovative redress intended to create a platform for building the future relationship between Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi and the Crown. The Paepae Rangātira Accord involves ongoing and regular meetings between Ministers, government departments and the iwi to discuss issues of mutual importance.

Legislation to give effect to the Deed of Settlement between Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi and the Crown was passed in June 2005, the Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi Claims Settlement Act 2005.

iv. Ngāti Mutunga – Wai 143

Negotiations between the Crown and representatives of Ngāti Mutunga commenced in 1997, with a Heads of Agreement signed in 1999. Ngāti Mutunga members ratified a Deed of Settlement which was signed in July 2005 and legislation to give effect to the Deed was passed in November 2006, the Ngāti Mutunga Claims Settlement Act 2006.

Ngāti Awa – Wai 46

Formal negotiations leading to the Deed of Settlement with Ngāti Awa commenced in 1997. The Tribunal’s Ngāti Awa Raupatu Report was released in 1999. A Deed of Settlement was signed in March 2003, and settlement legislation was passed in March 2005, the Ngāti Awa Claims Settlement Act 2005.

Ngāti Tūwharetoa (Bay of Plenty)

The history of the interaction between Ngāti Tūwharetoa (Bay of Plenty) and the Crown is detailed in the Waitangi Tribunal’s Ngāti Awa Raupatu Report, published in 1999. An account

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of this historical background was agreed between the Crown and Ngāti Tūwharetoa (Bay of Plenty) in a Deed of Settlement signed in June 2003.

The Ngāti Tūwharetoa (Bay of Plenty) Claims Settlement Act was passed in May 2005.

Te Roroa – Wai 38

The Waitangi Tribunal heard the main Te Roroa claims over nine hearings between June 1989 and May 1991.

The Tribunal’s report on Te Roroa was received by the government in 1992 and Te Roroa commenced negotiations with the Crown for the settlement of its historical Treaty claims in 1998. A Deed of Settlement between Te Roroa and the Crown was signed in December 2005. Legislation to give effect to the Deed was introduced in February 2007 and the Te Roroa Claim Settlement Act was passed in September 2008.

Te Ika Whenua – Wai 212

Following the release of the Tribunal’s Te Ika Whenua Report in 1998, the Crown indicated to claimant group representatives that it was willing to negotiate a comprehensive settlement of all land and river claims. Since that time, the Crown has negotiated settlements with both Ngāti Whare and Ngāti Manawa as part of the Central North Island Collective Forestry settlement in 2009, and subsequent comprehensive negotiations with each group in 2010.

The Wellington District – Wai 145

Separated from Wai 54 in June 1990 and registered as Wai 145, the ‘Wellington Tenths Claim’, this report was received by the government on 16 May 2003. The Tribunal’s main finding was that the Crown seriously breached the Treaty in the Port Nicholson block causing prejudice to Te Atiawa, Ngāti Toa, Ngāti Tama, Ngāti Rangatahi, Taranaki and Ngāti Ruanui.

The Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika Settlement Deed was signed on 19 August 2008. Legislation implementing the settlement was passed in July 2009. The settlement includes a commitment to form arrangements with Ministers and their agencies across various social service portfolios, facilitated by an annual relationship forum chaired by the Prime Minister.


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PART TWO: NATIONAL AND URBAN MĀORI ORGANISATIONS


NATIONAL MĀORI ORGANISATIONS

Iwi Leader Chairs (Leaders) Forum

Although not formally established as a ‘national organisation’, in the period since late 2008 the Iwi Leaders Forum, comprising the chairs of almost all iwi representative organisations, has come together on a regular basis to respond to and consider policy and other issues before the government that are particularly important to iwi Māori.

Some of the more prominent and active members of the Forum in 2010 include:

• Te Ariki Tumu te Heuheu – Ngāti Tūwharetoa;

• Tukoroirangi Morgan – Waikato-Tainui;

• Mark Solomon – Ngāi Tahu;

• Raniera (Sonny) Tau – Ngāpuhi;

• Professor Margaret Mutu – Ngāti Kahu;

• Toko Renata – Hauraki iwi;

• Ngahiwi Tomoana – Ngāti Kahungunu iwi;

• Apirana Mahuika – Ngāti Porou; and

• Matiu Rei – Ngāti Toa.

Until his death in September 2010, the late Sir Archie Taiaroa was also a key member of the Iwi Leaders Forum.

At their most recent meeting, in August 2010, more than 50 iwi were represented and they discussed and debated a wide range of issues including:

• public/private partnerships;

• foreshore and seabed;

• the Crown Minerals regime;

• freshwater management;

• education;

• constitutional change;

• climate change and the Emissions Trading Scheme; and

• Whānau ora.

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Typically, one member of the Iwi Leaders Forum will assume the role of facilitating the discussion of ideas and positions on these types of issues and presenting them to the government. Smaller ‘iwi leader groups’, chaired by a designated leader, form around these types of issues – the Iwi Leaders Foreshore and Seabed Group, chaired by Mark Solomon, is one example. The Forum generally convenes on a quarterly basis to consider these issues, and relevant Ministers of the Crown, including the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, have attended parts of these hui to receive presentations and discuss these types of issues with the Forum.

Federation of Māori Authorities (FOMA)

FOMA is a voluntary, subscription-based organisation established in 1985 by the late Sir Hepi te Heuheu to foster and promote the development, effective management and economic advancement of Māori authorities, and to raise living standards for Māori. In operational terms, FOMA has become a national network of Māori businesses, representing a nationwide membership of 150 Māori Trust Boards, iwi settlement bodies and Māori land entities. FOMA is best known for the provision of business development services, including asset governance and management training, to its members.

Since its establishment, FOMA has also assumed a strong advocacy role by supporting other national Māori organisations in endeavours on behalf of Māori more generally. Some of these have included:

• formation of the Crown Forestry Rental Trust;

• reform of Māori land legislation under Te Ture Whenua Māori/Māori Land Act 1993;

• reform of the Producer Board Act;

• government policy on genetic modification and climate change;

• reserved lands reform under the Māori Reserved Lands Amendment Act 1997, including compensation to Māori land owners;

• Māori Authority taxation reform;

• opposition to the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004;

• aquaculture reform and settlement; and

• participation in trade missions to China and other trading partner countries.

New Zealand Māori Council (NZMC)

Originally established under the Māori Welfare Act 1962 (later to become the Māori Community Development Act 1962), the New Zealand Māori Council has played a pivotal role in the affairs of Māori over the last 50 years. The emphasis of the 1960’s legislation saw a shift away from the ‘tribally’ based imperatives of previous Māori Affairs statutes – from a time when Māori still largely spoke te reo and continued to operate under traditional leadership and tikanga – to reflect new influences and a vastly different social, cultural and economic environment. The role of the NZMC as set out in the Act was (and still remains) among other matters to:

“....promote, encourage and assist Māori in social, economic and cultural endeavours, [and to] promote harmonious and friendly relations between Māori and Pākehā and other races within the community”.


The Act also replaced earlier ‘tribal’ committees with committees representing broader Māori groups and areas, as the government wanted to deal with Māori as a whole and not as individual tribes. It provided for the establishment of several tiers of district-based representation leading to 16 District Māori Councils, each of which nominates three delegates to the New Zealand Māori Council.

Through the 1960’s the Council attracted many fledgling organisations to its side and became the government’s main source of advice on Māori policy. These early groups went on to form stronger organisations, each capable of representing their own people in their dealings with the Crown across the multitude of social, economic and cultural sectors in which Māori operate. The Council in turn shifted its attention to the economic, political and social injustices faced by Māori as a result of Crown failures to uphold the Treaty of Waitangi. The role of the New Zealand Māori Council in bringing matters of significance to the national stage, through the courts, the Waitangi Tribunal and the process of law making, is well documented. The Māori Community Development Act 1962 is presently being reviewed, and it is possible that this exercise may see amendments to the Act to further reflect the role that the Council has created for itself over the last 20 years.

The New Zealand Māori Council is currently chaired by Sir Graham Latimer. Until his death in September 2010, the Deputy Chair, the late Jim Nicholls, maintained responsibility for the day-to-day operation of the Council.

National Māori Congress

The National Māori Congress was launched in 1990 after three national Māori leaders – Sir Hepi te Heuheu, Dame Te Atairangikaahu and Mrs Te Reo Hura – sought to establish a national Māori body on behalf of all Māori. Although the role of Congress has been legitimised through various formal arrangements with the government as well as in statutes providing for the participation or representation of the Congress in various governance or decision-making bodies, the increase in the presence and capability of both sector-based and post-settlement entities in recent years has seen the formal presence of the Congress on the national stage reduce.

Māori Women’s Welfare League – Te Rōpū Wahine Māori Toko i te Ora

Established in 1951 to promote the well-being of Māori women and their families, the Māori Women’s Welfare League became a significant force for managing social change in Māori communities. Branches were set up throughout the country, and in the cities they provided a focus for Māori women who were cut off from their tribal roots.

At its inaugural conference in Wellington in September 1951, the 90 women delegates present elected Whina Cooper as President of what was to be the first national Māori organisation in New Zealand, Te Rōpū Wahine Māori Toko i te Ora. Today the League has branches throughout New Zealand and several branches overseas with a membership of approximately 3,000. It has been responsible for leading a number of national initiatives to promote Māori well-being including:

• promotion of the immunisation of Māori babies;

• promotion of the ‘smoke-free’ message through a healthy lifestyle; and

• the national Māori Netball programme.

The National League’s current President is Megan Joe.

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Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust

Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust was formed in 1981 and funded by the then Department of Māori Affairs to deliver early childhood education in a total immersion environment to Māori pre-school children. The programme is made available largely through a network of kōhanga reo whānau centres under the umbrella of Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust. By the mid 1990’s there were some 800 licensed kōhanga reo centres providing total early childhood immersion education to more than 13,000 children.

Te Rūnanga o Ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori

Te Rūnanga o Ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori is the national co-ordinating body for Kura Kaupapa Māori, primary and secondary level schools providing a total immersion Māori language education programme. By 2006 there were more than 66 official (state-funded) Kura Kaupapa Māori, which were linked with over 400 other organisations with similar objectives throughout the country.

Te Ataarangi Incorporated

Developed during the late 1970’s, Te Ataarangi was designed as a community-based programme of Māori language learning in which native speakers of te reo Māori were trained to be tutors. The Ataarangi programme, which continues to be delivered on a national basis through tertiary and other institutions, uses coloured rods and large amounts of spoken language as a means of language learning.

Te Tauihu o Ngā Wānanga

Te Tauihu o Ngā Wānanga is the national co-ordinating body for the three Māori tertiary institutions – Te Whare Wānanga o Raukawa (Otaki), Te Whare Wānanga o Awanuiārangi (Whakatāne) and Te Whare Wānanga o Aotearoa (Waikato).

URBAN MĀORI AUTHORITIES

The urban Māori authorities have been established by Māori in various urban centres to foster the economic, social and community development of urban Māori. They include:

• Te Whānau o Waipareira Trust (founded in West Auckland in 1984);

• The Manukau Urban Māori Authority (South Auckland);

• Te Rūnanga o Kirikiriroa Trust (Hamilton);

• Te Rūnanga o Ngā Maata Waka (Christchurch); and

• Te Roopu Awhina ki Porirua Trust.

These organisations have established relationships with central government and local bodies and are active in education, commercial ventures, health, pre-employment and other social services.

In 1994, Te Whānau o Waipareira Trust made a claim to the Waitangi Tribunal for recognition as a legitimate representative of urban Māori. Subsequently there were law changes so that government agencies formally recognise the Trust as a social service provider to Māori. The urban Māori authorities also successfully challenged the proposed allocation model for the


Māori Fisheries settlement of 1992 and secured benefits from that settlement as a consequence.

National Urban Māori Authority

In 2003 a National Urban Māori Authority (NUMA) was formed as a national body for city-dwelling Māori. Its members are the authorities referred to above. NUMA was established for the strategic co-ordination of NUMA affiliates by bringing them together as a national collective. NUMA is a charitable trust that aims to:

• promote programmes and projects that are beneficial to Māori living in urban localities;

• provide schemes, services and facilities for the promotion of the social, cultural and economic welfare of Māori living in urban localities;

• advance and promote amongst Māori living in urban localities education in connection with te reo me ona tikanga;

• provide scholarships and other financial assistance to Māori living in urban localities to attend schools, universities, technical institutes and other educational and training institutes;

• provide sustenance and means of obtaining sustenance to any employee or ex-employee of the trust and the families of employees or ex-employees; and

• support, and provide resources and loans for, the upgrading of existing housing and the provision of new housing and public amenities including roads and other similar facilities for Māori living in urban localities.

The NUMA members representing their affiliated authorities include:

• John Tamihere – CEO, Te Whānau O Waipareira;

• Willie Jackson – CEO, Manukau Urban Māori Authority;

• Mere Balzer – CEO, Te Rūnanga O Kirikiriroa;

• Norm Dewes – CEO, Te Rūnanga O Ngā Mataa Waka Otautahi; and

• Tahi Tate – CEO, Te Roopu Awhina ki Porirua Trust.

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PART THREE: REGIONAL SUMMARIES


TE TAI TOKERAU

Te Tai Tokerau

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Partly by virtue of its extreme northerly location, Muriwhenua has been regarded as the first arrival point for many of the great voyaging waka from which most Māori trace their descent. However, many of these waka later journeyed on to other parts of the country. The main waka associated with early settlement at Muriwhenua are the Kurahaupo, the Ruakaramea, the Waipapa, Mahuhukiterangi, Tinana and Mamaru. The stories associated with these waka often refer to lengthy and eventful voyages from Hawaiki, during which some crews changed from one waka to another en route. Their histories and descent lines are therefore entangled and complex and many leading Muriwhenua ancestors can trace descent from several waka.

The five main Muriwhenua or Te Hiku tribes today are (from north to south of their traditional rohe) Ngāti Kurī, Te Aupōuri, Ngāi Takoto, Te Rarawa and Ngāti Kahu. The five are closely interconnected and their tribal territories often overlap, at times entirely encompassing one another.

Ngāpuhi, with an estimated 121,200 population at Census 2006, is situated below the five Te Hiku groups, from the Hokianga through to the Bay of Islands. At its widest from east to west, the Ngāpuhi area of interest extends some 85 km, and its average north to south extent is some 40 km.

2006 2001 1996 1991

Ngāti Kurī 5,757 4,647 2,391 1,395

Te Aupōuri 9,333 7,848 7,092 6,720

Te Rarawa 14,895 11,526 8,130 5,919

Ngāi Takoto 774 489 303 186

Ngāti Kahu 8,313 6,957 5,862 4,275

Ngāpuhi 122,214 102,984 95,451

Ngāti Kahu ki Whangaroa 1,746 1,962 357

The Waitangi Tribunal has released three reports as a result of its inquiries in the Muriwhenua region: the Muriwhenua Fishing Report (1988); the Muriwhenua Pre-1865 Land Report (1997); and the Muriwhenua Land Claims Post-1865 Report (2002). Initial arrangements saw the parties intending to enter into negotiations with the Crown through Te Rūnanga o Muriwhenua, which received claimant funding to represent the Muriwhenua groups for this purpose. However, cross-claim and representation issues started to impede negotiations and consequently various alliances were formed outside of the Rūnanga to represent groups individually with the Crown. Limited progress was made in the intervening years, with several groups seeking further recourse to the Waitangi Tribunal over negotiation-related matters. By 2002 the Crown determined that the most appropriate way forward was instead to recognise the mandates of individuals elected by the respective iwi to negotiate on behalf of iwi directly.

A decade of often contentious stop-start historical Treaty settlement negotiations with the Crown resulted in Agreements in Principle being reached at different times with Te Aupōuri,


Te Rarawa and Ngāti Kahu. In 2008 the five Te Hiku iwi (Ngāti Kurī, Te Aupōuri, Ngāi Takoto, Te Rarawa and Ngāti Kahu) re-formed to establish Te Hui Topu o Te Hiku o Te Ika (the Te Hiku o Te Ika Forum) to resolve their overlapping claims issues and work towards a collective agreement to settle the historical claims of all of the groups.

An Agreement in Principle was reached in January 2010. Key features of the Te Hiku agreement include:

• an acknowledgment of the cultural, historical and spiritual significance of Te Oneroa a Tōhē/Ninety Mile Beach to Te Hiku iwi, along with proposals for the governance and management of the Beach; and

• the intention to enter into a ‘Social Accord’ between Ministers of the Crown and iwi leadership within the region to work together and design processes to deliver better outcomes for whānau, hapū and iwi of Te Hiku o Te Ika.

As at June 2010, the five groups continued to work with the Crown towards Deeds of Settlement, which will also include their individual commercial and cultural redress components.

Ngāpuhi has elected to have the Waitangi Tribunal hear its claims before it enters into direct negotiations with the Crown. As at June 2010, the Te Paparahi o Te Raki (Northland) inquiry had completed two of the expected four weeks of hearings into some 297 individual Wai claims brought by members of Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Whātua, Ngāti Wai, Ngāti Hine, Ngāti Rehua and Te Roroa.

In addition to the eventual report on the Northland inquiry, there are a number of existing Waitangi Tribunal reports which will also contain evidence of relevance to future Ngapuhi negotiations. These include the:

• Muriwhenua Fishing Report (1988);

• Te Roroa Report (1992);

• Ngāwhā Geothermal Resources Report (1993);

• Muriwhenua Land Report (1997);

• Mangonui Sewerage Claim Report (2000);

• Muriwhenua Land Claims Post-1865 Report (2002);

• Kaipara Interim Report (2002); and

• Kaipara Report (2006).

The following section includes summary information on each of the Te Tai Tokerau groups, including Ngāti Kahu ki Whangaroa, which is situated on the eastern coastline south of Ngāti Kahu.

NGĀTI KUR Ī

Ngāti Kurī claims status as tangata whenua from North Cape down both coasts to Hukatere in the west and across to the southern tip of Maunga Tohora in the east. Ngāti Kurī was for a long time considered to be homogeneous with Te Aupōuri, reflecting to a large extent intermingling genealogies and recent shared history. It claims a boundary which is virtually co-extensive with Te Aupōuri.

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Ngāti Kurī Trust Board

The Ngāti Kurī Trust Board’s mandate to represent Ngāti Kurī in settlement negotiations was originally recognised in December 2000, but this was withdrawn in 2002 following divisions within the settlement team. Final recognition of the Trust Board’s mandate was achieved in September 2009 in advance of the signing of the Te Hiku iwi Agreement in Principle in January 2010.

Although Ngāti Kurī is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, Te Ohu Kaimoana has yet to confirm its representative entity as an MIO.

TE AUPŌURI

The Te Kāhui Māngai website (www.tkm.govt.nz) records the Te Aupōuri tribal boundary as being from Te Wharau (at North Cape), west to Te Reinga, then south to Puketutu and on to Te Oneroa A Tōhē/Ninety Mile Beach, and then east to Tangonge and Kaitāia.

Te Aupōuri currently has three representative organisations, although 2010 has seen consultation with the people of Te Aupōuri on options to rationalise these into one post-settlement governance entity.

Aupouri Māori Trust Board

The Board was first constituted in 1953 under the Māori Purposes Act, and exists today as a Trust Board under the Māori Trust Boards Act 1955. It receives royalties from the mining of Pārengarenga sands and this has been the cause of much dissension with the more recently established Ngāti Kurī Trust Board (see above), which claims mana whenua over this same area. The Trust Board represents Te Aupōuri as an ‘iwi authority’ for the purposes of the Resource Management Act 1991.

Te Aupōuri Fisheries Trust

The Te Aupōuri Fisheries Trust is an MIO under the Māori Fisheries Act and its mandate to receive fisheries assets was recognised by Te Ohu Kaimoana in March 2008.

Te Aupōuri Negotiations Company Limited

The mandate of Te Aupōuri Negotiations Company Limited to represent the Te Aupōuri in historical Treaty settlement negotiations was recognised by the Crown in December 2000. The Crown and Te Aupōuri signed an Agreement in Principle in September 2004; however, negotiations towards a Deed of Settlement stalled when in 2006 Te Aupōuri joined with Ngāti Kahu in seeking a further remedies hearing before the Waitangi Tribunal.

Progress towards a settlement resumed in 2008 when Te Aupōuri and the other four Te Hiku iwi established the Te Hiku Forum to negotiate the collective interests of the five iwi in the Tai Tokerau region. A collective Agreement in Principle was reached with the Crown in January 2010. As at June 2010, negotiations towards a Deed of Settlement remained ongoing.


TE RARAWA

Te Kāhui Māngai notes that the traditional rohe of Te Rarawa extends from Hukatere on Te Oneroa a Tōhē/Ninety Mile Beach to the Hokianga, and covers an area of approximately 100,000 hectares. Te Rarawa has the largest number of marae of all of the five Muriwhenua iwi, and the interests of 23 of these are represented by Te Rūnanga o Te Rarawa.

In addition to its participation in historical Treaty settlement negotiations, in 2008 Te Rarawa entered into Terms of Negotiation with the Crown in respect of its claims to the foreshore and seabed. These negotiations are on hold while the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 is under review and are expected to resume in early 2011 when the new foreshore and seabed regime comes into force.

Te Rūnanga o Te Rarawa

The Rūnanga, which is also an MIO under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, had its mandate to represent Te Rarawa in Treaty settlement negotiations recognised in April 2002. Te Rarawa and the Crown signed an Agreement in Principle in September 2007, and the following year it joined the Te Hiku Forum to negotiate the collective interests of the five iwi in the Tai Tokerau region. A collective Agreement in Principle was reached with the Crown in January 2010. As at November 2010, negotiations towards a Deed of Settlement remain ongoing.

Te Rūnanga o Te Rarawa is a significant provider of social services in the Tai Tokerau region and is currently chaired by Haami Piripi.

NGĀI TAKOTO

Ngāi Takoto is considered to be an ancient iwi with considerable mana. Its boundaries extend from the tip of the Aupōuri peninsula as far south as Ahipara, excluding the south-eastern region of Muriwhenua. The smallest of the Muriwhenua iwi, Ngāi Takoto’s claim area is almost wholly encompassed within the Te Rarawa claim area.

NgāTaonga a Ngāitakoto Trust

NgāTaonga a Ngāitakoto Trust was one of the first listed organisations under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 to have its MIO status confirmed by Te Ohu Kaimoana. This saw Ngāi Takoto’s fisheries interests settled in September 2005.

Ngāi Takoto Iwi Research Unit

The mandate of Ngāi Takoto Iwi Research Unit to negotiate its historical Treaty claims was recognised in 2008. The iwi is one of the five Te Hiku groups that signed a collective Agreement in Principle with the Crown in January 2010. As at November 2010, negotiations towards a Deed of Settlement remain ongoing.

NGĀTI KAHU

The Maungataniwha Range is at the southern boundary of Ngāti Kahu’s traditional territory, which extends to Tākou Bay south of Whangaroa Harbour and north to Rangaunu Harbour, inland through Kaitāia and to the top of the Maungataniwha Range, taking in Pamapuria, Takahue and Mangataiore (Victoria Valley). The main sea area associated with Ngāti Kahu is Tokerau (Doubtless Bay).

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Te Rūnanga-a-Iwi o Ngāti Kahu

Te Rūnanga-a-Iwi o Ngāti Kahu was formally established as a Charitable Trust in 1990 to become a body separate from the then Ngāti Kahu Trust Board as the representative authority for Ngāti Kahu, including for the purposes of historical Treaty settlement negotiations. The Rūnanga is chaired by Professor Margaret Mutu.

Te Rūnanga-ā-Iwi o Ngāti Kahu was recognised as an MIO under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 in June 2007. Its mandate to represent Ngāti Kahu in historical Treaty settlement negotiations was recognised by the Crown conditionally in May 2002 and unconditionally in March 2003. Terms of Negotiation were signed in May that year and an Agreement in Principle with the Crown was reached in September 2008. A key feature of the Agreement was the inclusion of $7.5 million in addition to quantum to assist Ngāti Kahu in its focus on social revitalisation.

Ngāti Kahu is also a member of the Te Hiku Forum and is a party to the collective Agreement in Principle with the Crown signed in January 2010. As at November 2010, negotiations towards a Deed of Settlement remain ongoing.

NGĀTI KAHU KI WHANGAROA

Also located within the Tai Tokerau region, but not part of the Te Hiku Forum, is Ngāti Kahu ki Whangaroa – an iwi of approximately 2,000 people whose area of interest lies between the Whangaroa and Mangonui Harbours in the Far North.

Ngāti Kahu ki Whangaroa Trust Board – Kahukuraariki Trust Board

Ngāti Kahu ki Whangaroa established the Ngātikahu ki Whangaroa Trust Board (later renamed the Kahukuraariki Trust Board) to progress their claims with the Crown. The Trust Board’s mandate to negotiate historical Treaty settlements was recognised by the Crown in 2001 subject to four conditions, all of which were fulfilled by October 2004. The parties signed an Agreement in Principle in November 2007, but due to a number of internal issues within the iwi negotiations have not progressed since that time.

Ngāti Kahu ki Whangaroa is not recognised as an iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and the fisheries interests of members of this group are understood to be addressed through Ngāpuhi/Ngāti Kahu ki Whangaroa, whose representative organisation, Te Rūnanga o Whaingaroa, was confirmed as an MIO by Te Ohu Kaimoana in September 2005.

NGĀPUHI

The founding ancestor of Ngāpuhi is Rahiri, the son of Tauramoko and Te Hauangiangi. Through intermarriage with other iwi and expansionist land migration, the descendants of Rahiri formed tribes across the Northland peninsula. These actions also fostered ties with neighbouring iwi. The name Ngāpuhi came to describe the tribes settled in the Hokianga.

The present-day rohe of Ngāpuhi extends from the southern shore of the Hokianga Harbour on the west coast to the Whangaroa Harbour on the east. Its southern boundary extends from the vicinity of the Kai Iwi Lakes on the west coast to the southern head of Whangarei Harbour on the east. Over 120,000 people identified as Ngāpuhi in the 2006 Census and just over 100,000 in the previous (2001) Census, making Ngāpuhi, by a wide margin, the most populous of all iwi.


As at November 2010, Tuhoronuku, the entity established by Te Rūnanga ā iwi o Ngāpuhi to progress the settlement of Ngāpuhi’s Treaty claims, was conducting hui throughout the Ngāpuhi takiwa in anticipation of commencing pre-negotiation discussions with the Crown once a mandate for Ngāpuhi has been confirmed and recognised.

Ngāpuhi shares tribal boundaries and historical connections with a number of neighbouring iwi and hapū, and in particular those listed below:

• Ngāti Kahu;

• Te Rarawa;

• Ngāti Wai;

• Ngāti Hine;

• Te Roroa;

• Ngāti Whātua; and

• Te Parawhau and Ngāi Tahuhu.

Contemporary relationships

There are a number of related groups within the Ngāpuhi district, with a strong focus at hapū and marae level.

Although it is sometimes considered a major hapū of Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Wai, which also has links with Ngāti Whātua to its south, is also a recognised iwi in the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and is increasingly asserting its status as an independent iwi. Similarly Ngāti Hine, which is also considered in some sectors to be a hapū of Ngāpuhi, is increasingly commanding recognition as an iwi in its own right.

Tribunal hearings for Ngāpuhi commenced in May 2010. As noted above, Te Paparahi o Te Raki (the Northland inquiry), encompasses some 297 individual registered claims brought by Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Whātua, Ngāti Wai, Ngāti Hine, Ngāti Rehua and Te Roroa claimants.

The northern boundary of this inquiry runs along the ridge of the Maungataniwha Range, which is also the southern boundary of the Muriwhenua inquiry. The western boundary runs down the Te Roroa and Kaipara Inquiry districts. The southern boundary runs to the North Shore in Auckland and includes Mahurangi and Gulf Islands.

The Tribunal completed the third of an estimated four weeks of hearings in August 2010.

Te Rūnanga ā Iwi o Ngāpuhi

For the past 10 years, Te Rūnanga ā Iwi o Ngāpuhi has been the primary iwi service provider to Ngāpuhi. The Rūnanga is chaired by Raniera (Sonny) Tau, who is also a leading figure in the Ngāpuhi Claims Collective and a member of the Iwi Leaders Group for Foreshore and Seabed.

The Rūnanga was incorporated on 28 April 1989, and is registered under the Charitable Trusts Act 1957. The Rūnanga is an MIO under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, creating history when in September 2005 Ngāpuhi became the first iwi to receive its fisheries assets. It has two wholly owned subsidiaries – Ngāpuhi Fisheries Ltd and Ngāpuhi Iwi Social Services Ltd, and it represents Ngāpuhi as an iwi authority for the purposes of the Resource Management Act 1991.

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NGĀTI HINE

Regarded as a hapū of Ngāpuhi but also asserting its independent identity, Ngāti Hine’s traditional rohe is based in the Waiōmio Valley, south-west of the Bay of Islands, crossed by the Waiomio Stream.

Despite being located within the Ngāpuhi area of interest, Ngāti Hine claims a membership at least as large as that of many groups recognised in other parts of the country as iwi in their own right. Section 24 of the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 provides that if Ngāti Hine withdraws from Ngāpuhi’s MIO, Ngāti Hine will become an iwi for the purposes of that Act. Ngāti Hine has until September 2010 to withdraw and activate these provisions if it wishes to do so, and is able to meet the requirements of an MIO.

It is unclear whether Ngāti Hine will elect to have its historical Treaty interests negotiated through Ngāpuhi or, in the case of some hapū, through Ngāti Whātua ki Kaipara.

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Hine

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Hine was established in 1989 under the Māori Community Development Act 1962, as an Executive Committee of the Taitokerau Māori District Council. Ngāti Hine, through the Rūnanga and other representative bodies, manages a number of active social and business interests, including Ngāti Hine Trust Ltd, Ngāti Hine Forestry Trust, and Radio Ngāti Hine. Established in 1992, the Ngāti Hine Trust is the largest Māori Health Provider in the Te Tai Tokerau region and delivers GP services, oral health, primary nursing, disability support, home support services, health promotion and education/training.

TE ROROA

Te Roroa’s area of interest extends from Dargaville to the Hokianga. The Waitangi Tribunal report on Te Roroa’s historical claims was received by the Government in 1992 and Te Roroa commenced Treaty settlement negotiations with the Crown in 1998. An Agreement in Principle was reached in December 2004 and the parties signed a Deed of Settlement in December the following year. The Te Roroa Claims Settlement Act 2008 was passed in September 2008.

Te Roroa is not identified as an iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and its members’ fisheries interests are addressed through Ngāti Whātua.

Te Roroa Whatu Ora Trust

Established as post-settlement governance entity, Te Roroa Whatu Ora Trust is currently chaired by Turo Rahui.

TE URI O HAU

Te Uri o Hau is a Northland hapū grouping of Ngāti Whātua, whose area of interest is located in the Northern Kaipara region. Te Uri o Hau, descended from Haumoewaarangi, is recorded in Census 2006 as having 1,071 members.

Negotiations with Te Uri o Hau commenced in August 1999 and a Heads of Agreement was signed in November that year. A Deed of Settlement was signed in December 2000 and Te Uri o Hau Claims Settlement Act 2002 was passed in October 2002.


The Te Uri o Hau settlement was the first Northern Treaty settlement achieved under the current framework for Treaty settlement negotiations.

Te Uri o Hau is not identified as an iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and its members’ fisheries interests are similarly addressed through Ngāti Whātua.

Te Uri O Hau Settlement Trust

Also established as a post-settlement governance entity, Te Uri O Hau Settlement Trust is currently chaired by Mihi Watene.

NGĀTI WAI

Although often regarded by Ngāpuhi as a large hapū of that iwi, Ngāti Wai also regards itself as an iwi in its own right and is identified as such by the Māori Fisheries Act 2004. The Ngāti Wai customary rohe extends from Rākaumangamanga (Cape Brett) in the north, across to Takatū Point in the south, and across to Aotea (Great Barrier Island) including the Poor Knights and other islands.

Ngāti Wai Trust Board

The Ngāti Wai Trust Board was confirmed by Te Ohu Kaimoana as an MIO in November 2006. The Trust Board owns both Ngāti Wai Fishing Ltd, established in 1990, which pays an annual dividend to support the operations of the Trust Board, and Ngāti Wai Holdings Ltd, established in 2006 to receive, hold and manage settlement quota and income shares resulting from the Māori Fisheries Act 2004.

NGĀTI MANUHIRI

Ngāti Manuhiri is one of the 22 claimant groups currently involved in the negotiations in the Kaipara, Auckland and Hauraki regions. Ngāti Manuhiri trace their descent from the tupuna Manuhiri. Ngāti Manuhiri is not a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and its fisheries interests are addressed through Ngāti Wai. The 2006 New Zealand Census records 4,869 people as affiliated to Ngāti Wai, to whom Ngāti Manuhiri affiliates.

Ngāti Manuhiri appointed interim negotiators in July 2009, and in December 2009 signed an Offer Letter from the Crown to take effect as an Agreement in Principle.

NGĀTI REHUA

Ngāti Rehua, a further Ngāti Wai affiliated hapū, had its Deed of Mandate recognised by the Crown in December 2009. It is currently in the early stages of negotiations towards an Agreement in Principle.

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KAIPARA, TĀMAKI AND HAURAKI

Kaipara, Tāmaki and Hauraki


In June 2006 the Crown and Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei signed an Agreement in Principle to settle all Ngāi Whātua o Ōrākei claims that had not been settled to date. Previous settlements included Bastion Point (1991), Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei interests in Housing New Zealand properties (1993), and railway lands (1996).

When the Agreement in Principle was made public, overlapping groups alleged it was prejudicial to their interests. In particular, concerns were expressed regarding exclusive transfer of maunga and rights of first refusal over core Crown land in Central Auckland. An urgent Tribunal hearing was conducted in March 2007.

Overlapping Interests

The Tribunal’s June 2007 report expressed concerns about the overlapping claims process followed by the Crown during the negotiations. It recommended that negotiations with Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei be put on hold until the Crown reached Agreements in Principle with the other groups who have interests in Tāmaki Makaurau.

After the release of the Tribunal’s report, the Crown began engaging with the other groups with interests in Tāmaki Makaurau. A number of attempts were made to finalise proposals to address the various interests in Tāmaki Makaurau, but these efforts were complicated by a number of factors, including:

• mandate issues, particularly in respect of Waikato and Hauraki groups;

• uncertainties as how to address the claims in this area; and

• the implications for the original Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei Agreement in Principle.

Kaipara Negotiations

In 2008 there were a number of Ministerial commitments to progress the settlement of historical Treaty claims within the Kaipara area. These included:

• Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara ki te Tonga Claims Committee – achieved mandate and Terms of Negotiation in June 2008;

• Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Whātua – achieved mandate and Terms of Negotiation between October and December 2008; and

• Te Kawerau a Maki – achieved mandate and Terms of Negotiation between August and October 2008.

In April 2009 Sir Douglas Graham was appointed as a Crown Facilitator to progress negotiations in the Auckland region. He undertook a consultation process to investigate the issues facing iwi and hapū with interests in Tāmaki and Kaipara. Sir Douglas’ report of 24 June 2009 to the Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations and to the iwi/hapū of the Kaipara, Tāmaki Makaurau and the Coromandel set out an approach he considered could remove blockages and progress settlement negotiations in the region. Sir Douglas proposed that:

all the claimant groups in Kaipara, Tāmaki Makaurau and Coromandel-Hauraki be presented with the broad parameters of a Crown offer to settle each of their claims in a comprehensive manner;

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• three collectives be established to agree right of first refusal, maunga and harbours redress:

• each iwi/hapū be allowed to negotiate its own cultural redress;

• each iwi/hapū agree a historical account; and

• quantum offers be made transparently to all relevant hapū/iwi at the same time.

Sir Douglas’ proposal has given increased momentum to the settlement negotiations in this region.

NGĀTI WHĀTUA O KAIPARA

Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara is one of the 22 claimant groups involved in the current negotiations in the Kaipara, Auckland and Hauraki regions. Its area of interest encompasses the entirety of the southern Kaipara, from South Head to Muriwai on the west coast, and from near Wellsford to the upper Waitematā Harbour to the east.

The Waitangi Tribunal inquired into the historical claims of Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara during the Kaipara District Inquiry held from 1997 to 2001 and its report was released in 2006. The 2006 New Zealand Census records 14,724 people as being affiliated to Ngāti Whātua, over 9,000 of whom affiliate to Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara.

Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara signed terms of negotiation with the Crown in June 2008 and, following the presentation of Sir Douglas Graham’s proposal in June 2009, a period of intensive negotiations then commenced.

An Agreement in Principle between the Crown and Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara was signed in December 2009. As at November 2010, the parties continue to work towards a Deed of Settlement.

Remaining Ngāti Whātua Groups

Ngāti Whātua (represented in negotiations by Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Whātua) and the Crown continue (as at June 2010) to work towards an Agreement in Principle. As an MIO under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Whātua manages the fisheries assets of all Ngāti Whātua groups.

Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei, whose original 2006 Agreement in Principle was the trigger for the Waitangi Tribunal’s Urgent Inquiry in March 2007, signed a revised Agreement in Principle with the Crown in February 2010. The parties are currently working towards a Deed of Settlement.

Kaipara

Collective

Tāmaki

Collective

Hauraki

Collective


Tāmaki Collective

The Tāmaki Collective, which includes Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau iwi, was formed to deal with shared areas where multiple interests mean that exclusive redress cannot be provided. An Agreement in Principle between the Crown and the Tāmaki Collective was reached in February 2010.

The Tāmaki Collective Agreement provides for the Crown-owned parts of 11 maunga/volcanic cones in the Tāmaki region to be vested in the collective. The maunga/volcanic cones will be governed by a statutory body comprising equal membership of Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau and the Auckland Regional Council. Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau will also be granted a right of first refusal for 170 years from the settlement date over core Crown land in the Auckland region, including public conservation land.

Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau membership includes:

• Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei, represented in negotiations by Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei Māori Trust Board;

• Te Kawerau a Maki, represented in negotiations by Te Kawerau Iwi Tribal Authority;

• Ngāti Tamaoho, represented in negotiations by Ngāti Tamaoho Trust;

• Ngāti Te Ata, represented by Nganeko and Tahuna Minhinnick, appointed as interim negotiators pending the establishment of a representative body and the recognition of a Deed of Mandate; and

• Te Aki Tai, represented by interim negotiators pending the establishment of a representative body and the recognition of a Deed of Mandate.

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Hauraki Collective

The 12 iwi of the Hauraki Collective include:

Iwi Representative Entities

Ngāti Maru Ngāti Maru ki Hauraki Inc

Ngāti Paoa The Ngāti Paoa Trust Board

Ngāti Tamaterā Te Rūnanga ā Iwi o Ngāti Tamaterā

Patukirikiri Te Patukirikiri Iwi Inc

Ngāti Tara Tokanui Ngāti Tara Tokanui Trust

Ngāti Rahiri Tumutumu Tumutumu Marae Trustees Committee

Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki Tribal Trust Ngāi Tai Umupuia Te Waka Totara Trust

Ngāti Whanaunga Ngāti Whanaunga Incorporated

Ngāti Porou ki Harataunga ki Mataora Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou ki Hauraki

Ngāti Pūkenga ki Waiau Te Au Maro o Ngāti Pūkenga Ngāti Pūkenga ki Waiau Society Inc

Ngāti Hako Te Kupenga a Ngāti Hako In

Ngāti Hei Ngāti Hei Trust

These 12 groups have formed the Hauraki Collective, through which their wider historical interests are being negotiated. The following five groups are also members of the Tāmaki Collective described in the previous section:

• Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, represented in negotiations by Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki Tribal Trust;

• Ngāti Paoa, represented in negotiations by the Ngāti Paoa Trust Board;

• Ngāti Maru, represented in negotiations by Ngāti Maru ki Hauraki Incorporated;

• Ngāti Whanaunga, represented in negotiations by Ngāti Whanaunga Incorporated; and

• Ngāti Tamaterā , represented in negotiations through Te Rūnanga a iwi o Ngāti Tamaterā .

Interim negotiators appointed on behalf of the Hauraki Collective iwi have (at November 2010) been working with the Crown towards a Framework Agreement representing the interests of the 12 Hauraki iwi.


Hauraki Māori Trust Board

Questions of representation and mandate have continued to test the Hauraki iwi for some years, with both the Hauraki Māori Trust Board and the Marutuahu Working Group purporting to represent various of these iwi in dealings with the Crown.

The Hauraki Māori Trust Board, chaired by Toko Renata, has always claimed to represent all 12 Hauraki iwi, while the Marutuahu Working Group contends that it represents Ngāti Paoa, Ngāti Tamaterā , Ngāti Whanaunga and Ngāti Maru, whose collective area of interests extend from Matakana in the Bay of Plenty through to Matakana near Leigh on the eastern side of the Hauraki Gulf.

This issue was given further stimulus in the context of the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, which states that, for the purposes of the Act, the iwi of Hauraki must be treated as one iwi. Accordingly, in 2006 Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed the Hauraki Māori Trust Board as the mandated iwi organisation entitled to receive fisheries assets on behalf of the 12 iwi of Hauraki.

Despite these long-standing dynamics, the formation of the Hauraki Collective, presently chaired by Paul Majurey, has enabled the respective Hauraki iwi to participate in historical Treaty settlement negotiations with the Crown. As at June 2010, two of the 12 iwi (Ngāti Pūkenga and Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki) had formally mandated negotiators, and interim negotiators have been appointed to represent the remaining groups in negotiations. The Crown, through Te Puni Kōkiri, expects to work with groups to progress formal mandates throughout the Hauraki region before the end of 2010.

Taking a flexible approach to progressing negotiations among Hauraki groups and across the region generally (including Kaipara and Tāmaki Makaurau) has averted further impediments to settlement for groups such as Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei, whose 2006 Agreement in Principle with the Crown would have otherwise been unable to proceed. Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei representatives have indicated in recent months that, despite the group’s disappointment that their early Agreement with the Crown was the subject of Tribunal proceedings, the current negotiating arrangements provide meaningful opportunities for reconciling interests and sharing with other groups in the region.

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WAIKATO-TAINUI

Waikato - Tainui


WAIKATO-TAINUI

The Waikato-Tainui Raupatu settlement in 1995 was the first major settlement of historical confiscation or Raupatu claims. The settlement package, which was accompanied by a formal apology delivered by the Queen in 1995, did not include the iwi claims to the Waikato River which were subsequently resolved in the period 2008 to 2010. The resolution of the Raupatu claims through the 1995 settlement signalled the beginnings of a new era for the Kīngitanga and Waikato-Tainui, whose search for redress commenced in the late 19th century with King Taawhiao leading a deputation to England to seek an audience with Queen Victoria in respect of these breaches of the Treaty.

Similarly the Deed of Settlement for the Waikato River has been said to encapsulate a new era of co-management arrangements in respect of the river. The current government revisited the initial settlement package negotiated under the previous administration, and it is unlikely to include such wide-ranging elements of redress in future river settlements. The settlement establishes a single co-governance entity, the Waikato River Authority, made up of equal numbers of Crown- and iwi-appointed members, including other iwi with interests along the river. Through a Kingitanga Accord between Waikato-Tainui and the Crown, the settlement also provides the structure for future relationships between Waikato-Tainui, Ministers (of the Crown) and their agencies – as they work together to restore the health and well-being of the river.

A comprehensive governance and management structure has evolved within Waikato-Tainui in the time since the 1995 Raupatu settlement. (see corporate structure diagram on page 41)

Te Kauhanganui

Waikato-Tainui’s tribal parliament, Te Kauhanganui, is the sole trustee of the tribal group and has over 190 members – representing more than 65 marae associated with the Waikato Raupatu Claims settlement finalised with the Crown in 1995.

Each respective Waikato marae elects three representatives to Te Kauhanganui o Waikato, which in turn elects 10 members to the 11-member executive, Te Arataura.

Te Arataura

As the Executive Board of Te Kauhanganui, Te Arataura are the directors of the mandated iwi authority, Waikato - Tainui Te Kauhanganui Incorporated, and trustees of the charitable Waikato Raupatu Lands Trust and the Waikato Raupatu Rivers Trust. Te Arataura is chaired by Tukoroirangi Morgan, who, alongside the late Raiha, Lady Mahuta, was a chief negotiator for Waikato-Tainui’s historical claims in relation to the Waikato River. Mr Morgan is also a member of the government’s Iwi Leaders Group on the review of the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004.

Waikato-Tainui Te Kauhanganui Incorporated

Waikato-Tainui Te Kauhanganui Incorporated manages and distributes income for the collective benefit of more than 57,000 registered Waikato-Tainui members including for education, health and well-being, Marae, social and cultural development purposes.

Waikato-Tainui Te Kauhanganui Incorporated, formerly chaired by Tom Roa, is the mandated iwi authority for Waikato-Tainui and the successor to the Waikato Raupatu Trustee Company Ltd and the Tainui Māori Trust Board.

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Corporate Structure Waikato -Tainui Te Kauhanganui Incorporated

NGĀTI MANIAPOTO

Ngāti Maniapoto is descended from the Tainui waka. The Maniapoto rohe covers the northern sector of what is commonly known as the King Country or Te Rohe Pōtae. Its area of interest extends from Te Awamutu in the north to Waipingau Stream (south of the Tongaporutu River) and Taumarunui in the south.

Ngāti Maniapoto is included among the claimants involved in the Waitangi Tribunal’s Rohe Pōtae inquiry. Matters before the inquiry, which is still at the research stage, include the Crown’s relationship with the Kingitanga movement, the creation of the Rohe Pōtae, the construction of the main trunk railway through the district, the operation of the Native Land Court and the alienation of Māori land in the 19th century, and the management of Māori land in the 20th century, including waterways, environmental impacts, and public works takings.

Maniapoto Māori Trust Board

Recognised as an iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, Ngāti Maniapoto’s representative organisation, the Maniapoto Māori Trust Board, chaired by Tiwha Bell, was confirmed as an MIO in March 2007. As a party to the Waikato River settlement, Ngāti Maniapoto will also be able to participate in co-management arrangements for the Waikato River.

Ngāti Maniapoto is still at an early (pre-negotiations) stage in progressing negotiations in relation to wider historical Treaty claims with the Crown.

Waikato - Tainui


NGĀTI RAUKAWA

Ngāti Raukawa traces descent from Raukawa, who is of Tainui descent. Today Ngāti Raukawa is based primarily in the southern Waikato district and, following migrations in the early 19th century, in the Manawatū Horowhenua region.

Raukawa Trust Board

Ngāti Raukawa is represented by the Raukawa Trust Board for fisheries and Treaty negotiations purposes. Ngāti Raukawa ki Waikato is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed the Raukawa Trust Board as an MIO in September 2006. Discussions within Ngāti Raukawa to transfer the mandate to negotiate historical Treaty settlement interests to the Raukawa Settlement Trust commenced in mid 2010.

Raukawa Settlement Trust

Through the Raukawa Settlement Trust, Ngāti Raukawa is a member of the CNI (forestry) collective, and a signatory to the Waikato River Co-management Deed. This Deed does not settle the historical claims of Raukawa in relation to the Waikato River and Raukawa’s comprehensive negotiations are yet to be completed. Negotiations towards an Agreement in Principle for this purpose were ongoing as at June 2010). The Settlement Trust is currently also seeking confirmation as an MIO under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004.

Ngāti Tamaoho, Ngāti te Ata and Te Akitai are also located in the Waikato-Tainui region and are currently participating in historical Treaty settlement negotiations through the Tāmaki Collective.

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TAURANGA MOANA

Tauranga Moana


Te Arawa, Tākitimu and Mataatua waka are all associated with the Tauranga Moana region, the boundaries of which begin at Bowentown, at the entrance to Tauranga Harbour, and continue to Papamoa. The boundary then runs inland along the Kaimai Ranges and back to Bowentown.

Iwi with interests in the region include Ngāi Te Rangi, Ngāti Ranginui and Ngāti Pūkenga, along with Waitaha towards the south-east. In 2007, through Te Rūnanganui o Tauranga Moana Incorporated, the three Tauranga Moana iwi signed an agreement with the Crown to provide for the transfer of the fee simple estate of the Mauao historic reserve (Mount Maunganui) from the Crown to the three iwi.

Legislation to give effect to the agreement and transfer also recognises the ancestral associations and historical connections of Waitaha with Mauao. The transfer of Mauao was not intended to form a part of any Treaty settlement, but rather it is intended to assist in building healthy relationships between the Crown, Tauranga Moana iwi and Waitaha. The Mauao Historic Reserve Vesting Act was passed in 2008.

Tauranga District Inquiry

The Waitangi Tribunal has conducted a two-stage inquiry into over 60 claims within the Tauranga Moana region extending from Athenree to Papamoa and from the Kaimai ranges to the coast, including the offshore islands Motiti and Tuhua.

The Tribunal completed Stage One of its inquiry in 2001 and released its report on the Tauranga confiscation claims, Te Raupatu o Tauranga Moana, in August 2004.

Stage Two of the Tauranga Moana inquiry was completed in five hearings in 2006 and the Tribunal is currently in its report writing phase.

NGĀI TE RANGI

Descending from Mataatua, Ngāi Te Rangi is the largest of the three Tauranga Moana iwi, in terms of both its area of interest and the population base, recorded in the 2006 Census at 12,201.

Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Te Rangi Iwi Trust

Ngāi Te Rangi is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimona confirmed Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Te Rangi Iwi Trust as an MIO in September 2007. The Trust sought a mandate to negotiate Ngāi Te Rangi’s historical Treaty settlement interests in 2008 and the Trust and the Crown signed Terms of Negotiation in July 2010. The parties will now move towards negotiating an Agreement in Principle with a Crown letter of offer expected to be completed in late 2010.

NGĀTI RANGINUI

Descending from the Tākitimu, and the ancestor Ranginui, brother to Kahungunu, Ngāti Ranginui today has a population (at Census 2006) of 7,647. Its area of interest extends inland from the Tauranga Harbour.

Ranginui Fisheries Trust

Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed the Ranginui Fisheries Trust as an MIO in September 2007.

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Te Roopu Whakamana o Ranginui

The mandate of Te Roopu Whakamana o Ranginui to negotiate the historical Treaty claims of Ngāti Ranginui was recognised in April 2008, and Terms of Negotiation were signed in September of that year. As at June 2010, the parties were negotiating towards an Agreement in Principle, with a Crown letter of offer expected to be completed in late 2010.

NGĀTI PŪKENGA

Ngāti Pūkenga traces its descent from the Mataatua waka. Originally from the Tauranga region, they moved to the Coromandel Peninsula following a number of conflicts in the 19th century.

Ngāti Pūkenga Iwi ki Tauranga Trust

Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed the Ngāti Pūkenga Iwi ki Tauranga Trust as an MIO September 2006.

Te Au Maro o Ngāti Pūkenga

The Crown recognised the mandate of Te Au Maro o Ngāti Pūkenga to negotiate the historical Treaty claims of Ngāti Pūkenga in January 2010, and Terms of Negotiation were signed with the Trust at that time. Te Au Maro o Ngāti Pūkenga also represents Ngāti Pūkenga ki Waiau in negotiations as a member of the Hauraki Collective. As at June 2010, the parties were negotiating towards an Agreement in Principle, with a Crown letter of offer for Ngāti Pūkenga’s claims in the Tauranga Moana region expected to be completed in late 2010.


MATAATUA

Mataatua

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NGĀTI AWA

Ngāti Awa traditions record the arrival at Whakatāne of the Mataatua waka. In the centuries since then, Ngāti Awa is understood to have exercised authority in the Bay of Plenty, between Pongakawa in the west and Ohiwa in the east, and inland to Matahina, Maungawhakamana, Pokuhu, and back to Pongakawa. This included the island network of Motiti, Rurima, Moutohora and Whakaari. Today Ngāti Awa comprises 22 hapū, with 15,258 people claiming affiliation to the iwi in 2006. A significant number of these are located in towns on the Rangitāiki Plain, including Whakatāne, Kawerau, Edgecumbe, Te Teko and Matatā. Two Taurahere have also formed in recent years: Ngāti Awa-ki-Tāmaki in Auckland, and Ngāti Awa-ki-Pōneke in Wellington.

Ngāti Awa also has links with many northern tribes, including Ngāi Takoto, Te Aupōuri, Te Rarawa and Ngāti Wai.

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Awa

Formal negotiations for the tribe’s comprehensive Treaty settlement commenced in 1997. A Deed of Settlement was signed in March 2003, and the Ngāti Awa Claims Settlement Act was passed in March 2005.

Originally established as a Māori Trust Board under the Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Awa Act in 1988, Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Awa is a body corporate established under settlement legislation as the new governance body to manage settlement assets on behalf of the people of Ngāti Awa. The Rūnanga was confirmed as an MIO under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 in September 2005.

The purchase of forestry assets and receipt of accumulated rentals as part of Ngāti Awa’s comprehensive settlement has enabled the Rūnanga to establish a strong economic base through its commercial arm, Ngāti Awa Group Holdings Limited. Today, the Rūnanga maintains comprehensive interests in agriculture, fisheries, forestry, equities and property, all of which assist the Rūnanga to support a range of services to its people through its social arm, Development Ngāti Awa.

The Rūnanga was for many years chaired by Hirini Moko Mead and is now led by Te Kei Merito, who was appointed to the role in December 2008.


TŪWHARETOA (BAY OF PLENTY)

Ngāti Tūwharetoa (Bay of Plenty), also known as Ngāti Tūwharetoa ki Kawerau, is situated in the Kawerau–Matatā area. The group descends from Tūwharetoa, who lived near Kawerau. Tūwharetoa had 17 children, many of whom led migrations to other areas and in particular to Taupō.

The history of interaction between Ngāti Tūwharetoa and Ngāti Awa is outlined in the Waitangi Tribunal’s 1999 Ngāti Awa Raupatu report. The Tribunal found that while Ngāti Awa claimed Ngāti Tūwharetoa as a hapū of Ngāti Awa, and Ngāti Tūwharetoa ki Kawerau could stand with Ngāti Awa if it chose to do so, it has a separate identity, based upon distinctive lines. Accordingly, the Tribunal supported a separate settlement with Ngāti Tūwharetoa ki Kawerau not only on the basis of its distinct lineage, but also because of the group’s different role in relevant events.

The Ngāti Tūwharetoa (Bay of Plenty) Settlement Claims Act was passed in May 2005.

Ngāti Tūwharetoa (Bay of Plenty) Settlement Trust

Ngāti Tūwharetoa (Bay of Plenty) Settlement Trust succeeded the mandated settlement negotiating entity Te Rūnanga o Tūwharetoa ki Kawerau as the established post-settlement governance entity for Ngāti Tūwharetoa (Bay of Plenty). The Trust, which is based in Kawerau, is chaired by Beverley Adlam.

Ngāti Tūwharetoa (Bay of Plenty) is not a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and its fisheries interests are addressed through Ngāti Tūwharetoa Fisheries Charitable Trust, the MIO of Ngāti Tūwharetoa.

WHAKATŌHEA

Whakatōhea traces its history to the arrival of the Nukutere and Mataatua. Located in the eastern Bay of Plenty Ōpōtiki region, Whakatōhea’s area of interest extends eastwards from Ōhiwa Harbour to Ōpape along the coastline, and inland to Matawai.

Following the 1865 murder of German missionary Carl Volkner, almost 600 km² of Whakatōhea land was confiscated by the Crown under the New Zealand Settlements Act of 1863. In 1996 the Crown signed a Deed of Settlement, acknowledging and apologising for the invasion and confiscation of Whakatōhea lands, and the subsequent devastation suffered by the iwi. A settlement offer of $40 million, as compensation for all their historical claims including the invasion and the confiscation of land following the Volkner incident, was not accepted by Whakatōhea and to date the group’s historical Treaty claims remain unsettled.

Whakatōhea Māori Trust Board

The Whakatōhea Māori Trust Board, established in 1952, administers the assets of the iwi, and provides education and health services, along with training in various commercial fields, to iwi members.

Whakatōhea Māori Trust Board was recognised as an MIO in November 2006. The Trust Board is chaired by Robert Edwards.

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TE WHĀNAU Ā APANUI

Descending from the Arawa and the Tauira, today the hapū of Te Whānau ā Apanui is largely situated along the coastal strip between the Raukumara Range and the eastern Bay of Plenty. Census 2006 records Te Whānau ā Apanui membership at 11,808.

In 2004 Te Whānau ā Apanui was one of the first two iwi (the other being Ngāti Porou) to enter into negotiations with the Crown under the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004. A Heads of Agreement was reached in February 2008; however, the parties were unable to conclude a Deed of Settlement before the review of the Act commenced in January 2009. These negotiations are presently (at November 2010) in abeyance and expected to resume once the new foreshore and seabed regime comes into place in 2011.

Te Rūnanga o Te Whānau

Te Rūnanga o Te Whānau, representing Te Whānau ā Apanui, is involved in social service delivery and local economic development. The Rūnanga manages fisheries operations and is an investor in local forestry development.

Although Te Whānau ā Apanui is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, Te Ohu Kaimoana has yet to confirm the Rūnanga’s status as an MIO.

The Rūnanga has a recognised mandate to negotiate the foreshore and seabed claims of the hapū Te Whānau ā Apanui and is currently in pre-mandate discussions with the Crown to enter into historical Treaty settlement negotiations. It is chaired by Adelaide Waititi and its Chief Executive, Rikirangi Gage, is a member of the Iwi Leaders Group consulting with the government on the review of the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004.

NGĀI TŪHOE

The Tūhoe rohe covers a vast area from inland Whakatāne on its northern boundaries to Waio-o-tahe on its eastern boundaries, and stretches south to Waikaremoana, encompassing Te Urewera, and to Kaingaroa on its western front. Tūhoe ownership of land in Te Urewera was first recognised by the Crown in 1895. The communities of Tūhoe, which numbered 32,670 at Census 2006, continue to live throughout the region, including within what today is Te Urewera National Park.

Represented for different purposes by four separate organisations, Tūhoe leadership is currently working on a consolidation proposal aimed at mitigating internal mandate concerns, and consolidating iwi strategies and capacity development.

Tūhoe Fisheries Charitable Trust

Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed the Tūhoe Fisheries Charitable Trust as an MIO in September 2006. The Trust is chaired by Tuahuroa Cairns.

Tūhoe Establishment Trust

The Tūhoe Establishment Trust was created as the approved post-settlement governance entity to receive the Tūhoe component of the Central North Island Collective (Forests) Settlement. The Trust is chaired by Tamati Kruger.


Te Kotahi a Tūhoe Trust

The mandate of Te Kotahi a Tūhoe Trust to negotiate the historical Treaty claims of Ngāi Tūhoe was recognised by the Crown in September 2007 and Terms of Negotiation were signed in July the following year. Tamati Kruger chairs Te Kotahi a Tūhoe Trust.

Although the Crown and Ngāi Tūhoe seemed close to reaching an Agreement in Principle in early 2010, announcements by the government that ownership of Te Urewera National Park was unlikely to be transferred back to Tūhoe through the settlement process brought negotiations to a standstill.

Since that time the parties have been continuing to examine ways forward.

Tūhoe-Waikaremoana Māori Trust Board

Through the 1920’s and 30’s, despite the objections of Tūhoe and of Apirana Ngata advocating on Tūhoe’s behalf, the Crown levied Tūhoe land owners some £21,000 towards the cost of building arterial roads through Te Ureweras. By 1949, with many of the roads still unbuilt, Tūhoe petitioned Parliament. A compensation payment of $200,000 was made and the Tūhoe-Waikaremoana Māori Trust Board was established in 1958. Beneficiaries of the Board today remain descendants of the original land owners who were levied by the Crown. The Tūhoe-Waikaremoana Māori Trust Board has been chaired by Aubrey Temara since 1996.

NGĀTI MANAWA

Ngāti Manawa traces its descent from Tainui, Te Arawa and Mataatua. Based in Murupara, Ngāti Manawa’s traditional tribal area includes the Kuhawaea and Kaingaroa Plains and the middle and upper reaches of the Rangitāiki River. According to the 2006 Census data, Ngāti Manawa has a population of 1,938; however, Ngāti Manawa’s beneficiary register has approximately 3,500 members.

Ngāti Manawa is a party to the Central North Island Forestry settlement and it signed a Deed of Settlement in respect of its historical Treaty claims in December 2009. As at June 2010, the Crown and Ngāti Manawa were continuing to negotiate a settlement of Ngāti Manawa’s rivers and waterways claims. This process is expected to conclude in the second half of 2010, and a joint Ngāti Manawa/Ngāti Whare Settlement Bill will then be introduced to the House.

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Manawa

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Manawa was originally established in 2002. Its Trust Deed was amended in 2007 to enable the Rūnanga to comply with the requirements of the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, and subsequently ratified as a post-settlement governance entity by the people of Ngāti Manawa in December 2009. Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed the Rūnanga’s status as an MIO in January 2010. Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Manawa was chaired by the late Bill Bird until his death in May 2010.

NGĀTI WHARE

Ngāti Whare is a central North Island iwi whose rohe is based around Te Whāiti, Minginui and the Whirinaki Forest Park. Although the 2006 Census records Ngāti Whare membership at 1,281, Ngāti Whare currently maintains a register of over 3,400 registered members.

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Ngāti Whare is a party to the Central North Island Collective Forestry settlement and signed a Deed of Settlement in respect of its historical Treaty claims in December 2009. As at June 2010, the Crown and Ngāti Whare were continuing to negotiate a settlement of Ngāti Whare’s rivers and waterways claims. This process is expected to conclude in the second half of 2010, and a joint Ngāti Manawa/Ngāti Whare Settlement Bill will be introduced to the House thereafter.

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Whare Iwi Trust

Ngāti Whare established the common law trust Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Whare Iwi Trust in 1999 as the representative body of the iwi. The Trust held the mandate of Ngāti Whare to negotiate on behalf of the iwi with the Crown to resolve Ngāti Whare’s historical Treaty grievances.

In December 2008 Ngāti Whare ratified amendments to the Trust Deed in order to allow Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Whare to meet Te Ohu Kaimoana’s requirements for fisheries settlement purposes, and to meet the Crown’s requirements for post-settlement governance entities. Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed the Trust as an MIO in March 2009. Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Whare Iwi Trust is chaired by James Carlson.


TE ARAWA AND CENTRAL NORTH ISLAND

Te Arawa and Central North Island

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TE ARAWA

Te Arawa is a confederation of iwi and hapū descended from Te Arawa waka and located across the geothermal zone of the central North Island. Te Arawa groups occupy lands in a continuous line from the western Bay of Plenty coast to the volcanic mountain interior. With a combined population of upwards of 40,000, the iwi and hapū that constitute Te Arawa today include:

• Tapuika;

• Ngāti Rangiwewehi;

• Ngāti Rangiteaorere;

• Ngāti Tarāwhai;

• Tūhourangi;

• Ngāti Kearoa/Ngāti Tuara;

• Ngāti Rongomai;

• Ngāti Rangitihi;

• Ngāti Tahu/Ngāti Whaoa;

• Waitaha;

• Ngāti Makino;

• Ngāti Pikiao; and

• Te Ure o Uenukukopako/Ngāti Whakaue.

The website of Te Pūmautanga o Te Arawa Trust notes that the affiliate Te Arawa iwi/hapū traditionally operated as independent entities, coming together when prompted by common interests. The various settlement arrangements of the late 20th and early 21st centuries reflect this pattern, with different groups among the Arawa confederation forming collectives to progress negotiations for key settlement redress.

Lakes Settlement

The first of these present-day negotiations was the 2004 settlement of historical claims and remaining annuity issues relating to the 14 Te Arawa lakes surrounding the Rotorua district.

The Arawa Māori Trust Board was originally established in 1924 pursuant to an agreement reached with the Crown in 1922 which resulted in the lakes being declared the property of the Crown, and the extinguishment of any customary title Te Arawa held in respect of the lakes. The Board’s statutory role at that time was to administer an annual payment of £6,000 from the Crown for the public use of the lakes. There was no provision in the agreement for the annuity to be reviewed and the Trust Board gifted a proportion of it to the Crown during the Depression and the Second World War.

Although the Crown raised its value in 1977 from $12,000 to $18,000, as a result of inflation, the material value of the annuity had diminished significantly over time. Despite having assumed responsibility for the regulation of the lakes, the Crown, and subsequently local authorities, failed to safeguard the environmental well-being of the lakes and at the time of settlement in 2004 the health of the lakes was considered to be severely degraded.


Te Arawa Lakes Trust

The 2004 settlement saw the titles to 13 of the lakebeds vested in Te Arawa Lakes Trust, the post-settlement governance entity formed to replace the former Te Arawa Māori Trust Board, financial redress in respect of the losses suffered by Te Arawa and a further payment to capitalise the annuity Te Arawa received from the Crown. The Te Arawa Lakes Trust is chaired by Toby Curtis and represents each of the Te Arawa groups listed above except Tapuika and Waitaha.

Māori Fisheries Settlement

The Māori Fisheries Act 2004 states that, for the purposes of Part 3 of the Act, the iwi of Te Arawa must be treated as one iwi. The Act lists the iwi of Te Arawa as:

• Tapuika;

• Ngāti Rangiwewehi;

• Ngāti Rangiteaorere;


• Tūhourangi;

• Ngāti Rangitihi;


• Waitaha;

• Ngāti Makino;

• Ngāti Pikiao; and

• Te Ure o Uenukukopako/Ngāti Whakaue.

It does not include Ngāti Kearoa/Ngāti Tuara or Ngāti Rongomai.

Te Kotahitanga o Te Arawa Waka Fisheries Trust Board

Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Kotahitanga o Te Arawa Waka Fisheries Trust Board as an MIO in September 2006. With the exception of Ngāti Kearoa/Ngāti Tuara and Ngāti Rongomai, the Trust represents each of the iwi named above (for fisheries purposes) and provides scholarships and support for social purposes across these groups. It is chaired by Ron Roberts.

Until 2007, when Ngāti Tūwharetoa established its own separate entity to receive fisheries assets, Tūwharetoa’s interests were also represented by Te Kotahitanga o Te Arawa Waka Fisheries Trust Board.

Historical Treaty Settlement

Te Pūmautanga o Te Arawa Trust

Te Pūmautanga o Te Arawa represents around 24,000 people of 11 Te Arawa iwi and hapū – known as the Affiliate Te Arawa Iwi/Hapū. In 2003 the Affiliate Te Arawa Iwi/Hapū mandated Ngā Kaihautu o Te Arawa Executive Council to negotiate settlement of their historical claims.

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The Crown recognised the mandate of the Executive Council in April 2004, and negotiations on the settlement package began with the signing of Terms of Negotiation in November 2004. Te Pūmautanga o Te Arawa Trust succeeded the Executive Council as the post-settlement governance entity to receive settlement assets.

The signing of a Deed to settle the historical treaty claims of the Affiliate Te Arawa Iwi/Hapū in 2006 saw the Waitangi Tribunal recommend that the Affiliate Te Arawa Iwi/Hapū settlement legislation be deferred to allow a forum of central North Island iwi time to consider a collective approach to settling Forestry claims in this region. Following further negotiations between the Crown and Te Pūmautanga, the 2006 Deed was amended to take account of the agreements reached between the Crown and the Central North Island Collective regarding Crown forest licensed lands in the CNI region.

The revised Deed of Settlement was re-ratified and signed with the Crown by the Affiliate Te Arawa Iwi/Hapū members in June 2008. Settlement legislation was subsequently passed on 25 September 2008. Te Pūmautanga o Te Arawa Trust represents the following Te Arawa iwi/hapū for historical Treaty settlement purposes:

• Tūhourangi Ngāti Wāhiao;


• Ngāti Uenukukopako;


• Ngāti Rongomai;

• Ngāti Pikiao;

• Ngāti Kearoa-Ngāti Tuara;

• Ngāti Tuteniu;

• Ngāti Te Roro-o-Te Rangi;

• Ngāti Tura/Ngāti Te Ngākau; and

Ngāti Ngāraranui (including Ngāti Tamahika and Ngāti Tuteaiti).

Central North Island Forestry Settlement

The Central North Island Forests Iwi Collective is made up of Ngāi Tūhoe, Ngāti Tūwharetoa, Ngāti Whakaue, Ngāti Whare, Ngāti Manawa, Ngāti Rangitihi, Raukawa, and the Affiliate Te Arawa Iwi/Hapū. Together these groups have more than 100,000 members. The Crown has retained 10 percent of the value of the central North Island Crown forest lands to settle claims by groups in the central North Island who are not part of the CNI Collective. Groups who may have claims include Ngāti Hineuru, Whanganui iwi, Ngāti Maniapoto, Rereahu and Ngāti Rangiwewehi.

Membership of the CNI Collective and ownership of the CNI forestry assets (forests and cash with a transfer value of around $500 million) have been formalised under the Deed of Settlement through CNI Holdings Limited. CNI Holdings is a trust company in which the eight iwi and the Crown have shareholdings. The cash portion of the settlement, comprising rentals that have accumulated to the Crown Forestry Rental Trust, less the Crown’s 10 percent, was transferred in accordance with agreed proportions to each of the eight member iwi upon


settlement in July 2009. The forest lands (226,000 ha in total) are required to be transferred within five years of the settlement in accordance with proportions and arrangements determined by iwi through a mana whenua process, also specified and agreed in the Deed of Settlement.

NGĀTI WHAKAUE

Ngāti Whakaue has an estimated population of 10,680, with an area of interest in and around Rotorua. In April 2009 Ngāti Whakaue formed two representative entities for the purposes of the CNI settlement.

Te Komiti Nui o Ngāti Whakaue Trust

• Te Komiti Nui o Ngāti Whakaue is a private trust to appoint directors to CNI Holdings Ltd and for any other decisions relating to the business of CNI Holdings Ltd, including participating in the mana whenua allocation process.

• Te Kotahitanga o Ngāti Whakaue Assets Trust is a charitable trust, originally set up to administer funding, to receive and manage the accumulated rentals transferred under the 1 July 2009 settlement.

Ngāti Whakaue views these arrangements as interim. In the long term, following comprehensive settlement negotiations, Ngāti Whakaue intends to review its governance arrangements and put in place a more streamlined governance structure.

Te Komiti Nui o Ngāti Whakaue, which is chaired by Anaru Te Amo, has recently gained a mandate to negotiate a comprehensive historical Treaty settlement.

NGĀTI RANGITIHI

Ngāti Rangitihi’s rohe extends from the east side of the Tarawera River mouth to Ōtamarakau, inland to Lake Rotoehu, and south into the Kaiangaroa forest. It also includes the western third of the Matahina Block, Pokohu and Putauaki, and extends to the coast following the Tarawera River. In 2009 Ngāti Rangitihi had 2,350 registered members.

Te Mana o Ngāti Rangitihi Trust

Te Mana o Ngāti Rangitihi Trust was established in 2009 to receive and hold the assets from the CNI Forestry settlement. Under that settlement, Ngāti Rangitihi is entitled to receive an agreed proportion of 3.6125 percent by value of the assets associated with the CNI forest lands.

The Trust represents Ngāti Rangitihi’s interests in the mana whenua process for the CNI settlement to determine land ownership in the CNI forest lands (due to be completed in June 2011). The trustees elected in the first election in September 2009 were Stephen Tipene Perenara Marr, Cathy Dewes, Graham Pryor, Kenneth Raureti, Harina Warbrick, Martin Marr and Merepeka Raukawa-Tait.

The Trust is currently working toward gaining a mandate to negotiate Ngāti Rangitihi’s comprehensive historical Treaty settlement claims. It aims to achieve a comprehensive historical Treaty settlement with the Crown by 2013.

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NGĀTI RANGIWEWEHI, NGĀTI RANGITEAORERE AND TAPUIKA

Te Tokotoru Collective

The Crown recognised the mandates of both Ngāti Rangiwewehi and Tapuika and signed joint Terms of Negotiation with the groups in August 2008. Ngāti Rangiteaorere had its mandate recognised in July 2009 and the Terms of Negotiation for Ngāti Rangiwewehi/Tapuika were amended that month to include Ngāti Rangiteaorere. The three groups, known as Te Tokutoru, are currently (at November 2010) negotiating towards an Agreement in Principle.

Ngāti Rangiwewehi has interests in the central North Island forests and these may be realised in their comprehensive settlement, through the Crown’s 10 percent share in CNI Holdings Limited.

Te Maru o Ngāti Rangiwewehi

Situated on the north-western shores of Lake Rotorua, and next to the Te Awahou River, Tarimano Marae, Te Awahou is the home of Ngāti Rangiwewehi.

Te Maru o Ngāti Rangiwewehi, which is chaired by Te Rangikaheke Bidois, was established in 2000, following the decision of Ngāti Rangiwewehi in 1997 to restructure the Awahou Marae Committee to the Tarimano Marae Trust.

Tapuika Iwi Authority Trust

The rohe of Tapuika, known as Te Takapu o Tapuika, extends from Wairakei stream at Papamoa in a direct line west to Opoutihi across to Okere (north of Rotorua) and back to the coastline at Pukehina, east of Maketū.

The Tapuika Iwi Authority Trust, which is chaired by George Skudder, was established in December 2006 for the purposes of negotiating settlement of all Tapuika historical Treaty of Waitangi Claims with the Crown.

NGĀTI MAKINO AND WAITAHA

The Crown and Ngāti Makino/Waitaha signed separate Agreements in Principle in October 2008 and are currently (as at November 2010) negotiating toward completing Deeds of Settlement (ie two Deeds) with the Crown by May 2011.

WAITAHA

Descending from the tipuna Hei, Waitaha’s area of interest extends from Maketū, west along the coast to Papamoa, Mount Maunganui and south beyond Te Puke. Census 2006 records Waitaha membership at 735.

Waitaha Raupatu Trust

Waitaha is represented in historical Treaty of Waitangi negotiations by the Waitaha Raupatu Trust, chaired by Tapua Te Amo.

NGĀTI MAKINO

Ngāti Makino also descends from the ancestor Hei and affiliates to Te Arawa waka. Ngāti Makino’s rohe is located in the Bay of Plenty region from Lakes Rotoehu and Rotoma to the


coast. Makino’s population, which is not recorded in the New Zealand Census, is estimated at around 2,500 affiliates.

Ngāti Makino has identified interests in the western Rotoehu forests in the northern Bay of Plenty and these will be transferred as part of their comprehensive settlement.

Ngāti Makino Heritage Trust

Ngāti Makino is currently represented in historical Treaty of Waitangi negotiations by the Ngāti Makino Heritage Trust. The Crown originally recognised the Trust’s mandate in 1998 and reconfirmed it in 2008, when joint negotiations (including Waitaha) commenced in April of that year.

NGĀTI TŪWHARETOA

Descended from Te Arawa, the sons of Tūwharetoa moved from Kawerau across Waiariki and eventually into the district around Taupō, establishing the rohe of Tūwharetoa and settling in Kawerau, Waiariki and Tongariro. By the end of the 18th century, the warrior Herea had become recognised as the paramount chief. His family took the name te Heuheu and the paramount tradition continues today with Te Ariki Tumu te Heuheu assuming this role in 1997 following the death of his father, Ta Hepi te Heuheu. Te Ariki Tumu te Heuheu is the Chair of the Unesco World Heritage Committee, and a member of the Iwi Leaders Forum, including the Iwi Leaders Foreshore and Seabed Group.

In 1886 Tūwharetoa paramount chief Tukino te Heuheu gifted the present Tongariro National Park to the nation.

Today Ngāti Tūwharetoa’s area of interest extends across the central North Island, including the Lake Taupō water catchment area. It is estimated that more than 50 percent of Taupō district’s land area is owned by members of Ngāti Tūwharetoa. An agreement reached with the Taupō District Council in January 2008 granting Ngāti Tūwharetoa decision-making powers in resource consent decisions marks the first time local government has transferred powers to an iwi. The agreement will see a joint iwi/Taupō District Council committee established to oversee resource consent and private plan hearings in relation to Māori multiple-owned freehold land.

Census 2006 records 34,674 Ngāti Tūwharetoa affiliates.

Tūwharetoa Representative Structures

Tūwharetoa Trust Board

Tūwharetoa Trust Board was established in 1926 following the passing of legislation declaring the bed of Lake Taupō and the bed of the Waikato River to the Huka Falls to be the property of the Crown. The agreement reached in respect of the lake saw an annual payment of £3,000, paid to the Tūwharetoa Trust Board established for this purpose.

A 1992 settlement saw the ownership of the lake bed and the bed of the Waikato River to Huka Falls vested in the Trust Board under a guarantee of continued public access. The value of the 1926 annuity had not kept pace with inflation, and further discussions were entered into with the Crown with the intention of clarifying outstanding matters in the 1992 Deed. A final settlement reached in 2007 provided clarification of the Trust Board’s rights in regard to commercial operators (the Board has the ability to charge licence fees on a par with those

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charged by the Department of Conservation over Crown land), and included a one-off, lump sum payment and an annual, non-reviewable payment of $1.5 million. The lump sum compensates the Board for increases it would have been entitled to in perpetuity under previous arrangements.

The 2007 Deed of Settlement between the Crown and Tūwharetoa Māori Trust Board recognises the lake as a taonga of Ngāti Tūwharetoa to be held by the Board in trust for the beneficiaries of the Board and the use and benefit of the people of New Zealand. The Trust Board is chaired by Te Ariki Tumu te Heuheu.

Ngāti Tūwharetoa Fisheries Charitable Trust

Ngāti Tūwharetoa is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004. The Ngāti Tūwharetoa Fisheries Charitable Trust was confirmed as an MIO by Te Ohu Kaimoana in February 2007. The Trust is chaired by Te Kanawa Pitiroi and is also responsible for addressing the fisheries interest of Ngāti Tūwharetoa (Bay of Plenty).

Tūwharetoa Settlement Trust

Tūwharetoa is one of the eight members of the central North Island forestry collective. The Tūwharetoa Settlement Trust was established to receive and manage Tūwharetoa forestry assets. It is chaired by Te Ariki Tumu te Heuheu, who was also responsible for leading negotiations with the Crown on behalf of the CNI Collective in the Forestry settlement.

Tūwharetoa Hapū Forum

Although Tūwharetoa has completed an on-account settlement in respect of its forestry interests, it is yet to enter into comprehensive Treaty settlement negotiations. The Tūwharetoa Hapū Forum has been established to progress these negotiations and to hold pre-mandate discussions with the Crown.

NGĀTI TŪRANGITUKUA

In September 1998 the Crown signed a Deed of Settlement with the Ngāti Tūrangitukua hapū of Ngāti Tūwharetoa. The settlement covers Ngāti Tūrangitukua’s claims arising from the creation of the Tūrangi township, in the central North Island, in the 1960’s and the development of the Tongariro power scheme.

Failure to reach agreement during the course of the Tūrangitukua negotiations saw the Waitangi Tribunal make binding recommendations for the first and only time in its history. The Crown and Ngāti Tūrangitukua reached a settlement before the 90-day deadline for the recommendations to become binding expired.

The settlement is managed by the Ngāti Tūrangitukua Charitable Trust chaired by Ned Wikaira.


TAIRĀWHITI, TĀKITIMU AND WAIRARAPA

Tairāwhiti, Tākitimu and Wairarapa

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TAIRĀWHITI

Tairāwhiti district comprises the area extending from the Tūranganui River in Gisborne to Pōtikirua (a customary boundary point between Cape Runaway and Lottin Point). The inland boundary runs along the Raukūmara Range, which divides the East Coast from the Bay of Plenty, south through the Mangatū blocks, and along the Waipaoa and Waimata Rivers to emerge at the Tūranganui River.

The 2006 Census records the Māori population in the Tairāwhiti region at 24,555, representing 4.3 percent of the total New Zealand Māori population.

Descending from Nuku-tai-memeha and Horouta, Ngāti Porou and Tūranganui-a-Kiwa make up the two primary groups in the region. Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou represents seven Ngāti Porou hapū clusters in negotiations with the Crown, and Tūranganui-a-Kiwa refers to the three groupings of Gisborne iwi who have joined together for settlement negotiations: Ngāi Tāmanuhiri, Rongowhakaata and Te Pou a Haokai (consisting of Te Aitanga a Māhaki, Ngā Ariki Kaiputahi and Te Whānau a Kai).

Long-standing historical issues, including contested interests in certain areas within the region (including the Mangatū Forest), have seen Ngāti Porou and the Tūranga iwi generally acting in isolation from each other. Ngāti Porou also overlaps with groups in the Mataatua (eastern Bay of Plenty) region and has strong relationships with Te Whānau ā Apanui in particular.

NGĀTI POROU

Porou Ariki Te Matatara ā Whare Te Tuhi Mareikura o Rauru – or Porourangi as he is more commonly known – is the tipuna from whom Ngāti Porou takes its name. Porourangi is also the elder brother of Tahu Pōtiki, from whom Ngāi Tahu in the South Island takes its name. The East Coast region is typically seen as synonymous with Ngāti Porou and its tribal rohe; however, there are a number of groups throughout the coast that reject being labelled as Ngāti Porou. Leading Ngāti Porou scholars have conceded that there are whakapapa-based distinctions to be made between Ngāti Porou tūturu (of the Waiapu district) and Ngāti Porou whānui (of the wider East Coast district). In this regard, Ngāti Porou could be understood to be a confederation of tribes (similar to Te Arawa or Ngāpuhi Nui Tonu).

Today Ngāti Porou is seen as the second largest iwi by population (behind Ngāpuhi), with 71,907 affiliates at Census 2006. Despite the dynamics alluded to above, which have seen several groups resorting to the Waitangi Tribunal as a means of asserting their independence from the wider Ngāti Porou whānui, the iwi as a whole is seen by many to have retained a strong tribal culture and Ngāti Porou identity.

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou was established under the Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou Act, on 1 September 1987, in accordance with the Māori Trust Boards Act 1955. Its role is to promote, support and facilitate the cultural, economic, political and social prosperity and well-being of Ngāti Porou and it is a significant social service provider in the Tairāwhiti region. Its chairperson, Dr Apirana Mahuika, is a key figure in the Iwi Leaders Forum and a member of the Iwi Leaders Group being consulted by the government on the review of the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004.

Ngāti Porou is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimona confirmed Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou as an MIO in March 2006.


Foreshore and seabed negotiations

In 2004 Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou (on behalf of almost all hapū of Ngāti Porou) was one of the first representative iwi organisations (alongside Te Whānau ā Apanui ) to enter into negotiations with the Crown under the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004. Ngāti Porou and the Crown signed a Heads of Agreement in February 2008 and a subsequent Deed of Agreement in October that year. The Deed contains nine instruments that provide legal recognition and protection of the mana of the hapū of Ngāti Porou in relation to the foreshore and seabed, and an additional level of protection and authority where territorial customary rights have been recognised. Legislation to give effect to the signed Deed was introduced to the House in late 2008 and is currently awaiting its first reading.

The signed agreement requires that the Crown and Ngāti Porou file an application in the High Court seeking confirmation that the requirements under section 96 of the Foreshore and Seabed Act have been satisfied.

Following the government’s decision to review the Foreshore and Seabed Act in early 2009, the parties agreed, after a commitment from the Attorney-General that the government would honour the agreement entered into with Ngāti Porou, that implementation of the Deed of Agreement should await the conclusion of the review. Negotiations are expected to resume in early 2011.

Treaty settlement negotiations

The mandate of Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou to enter into Treaty settlement negotiations was recognised by the Crown in April 2008. After reaching the equivalent of an Agreement in Principle in December 2009, the parties formally initialled a Deed of Settlement in October 2010. The settlement is expected to be concluded in late 2010.

During the course of negotiations, representatives of Ruawaipu, Uepōhatu, and Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti sought an urgent hearing of the Waitangi Tribunal into the mandate of Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou to represent them in negotiations, and to settle their individual historical Treaty claims. The group sought a recommendation from the Tribunal that the Crown delay the Ngāti Porou settlement until their respective historical claims, including questions of tribal identity, had been heard by the Tribunal.

Although the Tribunal noted in its East Coast Settlement Report July 2010 that it did not inquire into matters of tribal identity, focusing instead on the actions of the Crown in recognising the Rūnanga’s mandate, ultimately the Tribunal was not prepared to recommend delaying the settlement, with the potential prejudice this might create for a significant number of Ngāti Porou claimants.

TŪRANGANUI A KIWA

The Waitangi Tribunal released its report on 12 claims in the Gisborne region in October 2004. It recommended (among other matters) that if it were feasible, the Crown and claimants should consider the benefits of a single district-wide negotiation process which could result in the creation of several discrete settlement packages. The ‘Tūranga’ hearings were the first to be held under what was then the Tribunal’s new case-book approach and the much reduced period of time between the conclusion of hearings and the presentation of the Tribunal’s report was considered a reflection of the new approach.

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NGĀI TĀMANUHIRI

Ngāi Tāmanuhiri, which numbered 1,662 at Census 2006, is located to the south of Gisborne. It borders Rongowhakaata from the south by land and mountain range and meets on the eastern coastline with Rongowhakaata to the north and Ruapani to the west.

Ngāi Tāmanuhiri is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Ngāi Tāmanuhiri Whānui Trust as an MIO in February 2006. The Trust is chaired by Na Reihana.

RONGOWHAKAATA

Descended from the Horouta, Rongowhakaata numbered 4,710 at Census 2006 and is primarily based at Manutuke, a small settlement located 11 km south of Gisborne.

Rongowhakaata is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed the Rongowhakaata Charitable Trust as an MIO in May 2006. The Trust is chaired by Stan Pardoe.

TE AITANGA A MĀHAKI

The largest of the three Tūranga groups, Te Aitanga a Māhaki north of Gisborne numbered 5,877 at Census 2006. It is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed the Te Aitanga a Māhaki Trust as an MIO in September 2005. The Trust is chaired by Pehimana Brown.

Te Rūnanga o Turanganui a Kiwa

Following a 1985 meeting of Tūranga iwi (Te Aitanga a Māhaki, Rongowhakaata and Ngāi Tāmanuhiri) to discuss the devolution of the then Department of Māori Affairs, including the potential implications this would have on the iwi, the groups agreed to form a legal entity to be the mandated iwi authority for the tribes of Tūranganui a Kiwa. Te Rūnanga o Tūranganui a Kiwa was registered in 1986. Charged with supporting the iwi, hapū and whānau of Tūranganui a Kiwa toward “tino rangatiratanga to assist them to realise their social, economic, political and cultural aspirations”, the Rūnanga continues to exist as a strong force in spite of its constituent iwi each forming their own individual representative organisations.

Chaired by Pene Brown of Te Aitanga a Māhaki, the Rūnanga is now essentially recognised as the umbrella organisation through which the respective Tūranga groups conduct their collective affairs and address matters of common interest. It is a significant provider of social services in the Gisborne region, with particular emphasis on youth development, training and learning initiatives.


Treaty settlement negotiations

In August 2005 the Crown recognised the mandate of the Turanga Manu Whiriwhiri, a collective comprising the Rongowhakaata Claims Committee, Te Pou a Haokai Central Progression Team (including Te Aitanga a Māhaki) and the Ngāi Tāmanuhiri Whānui Charitable Trust, to collectively negotiate the historical claims of the iwi of Tūranganui-a-Kiwa.

An Agreement in Principle was signed in August 2008 and (as at November 2010) the parties are continuing to work towards individual Deeds of Settlement. These were expected to be concluded in late 2010, and to be introduced to the House by way of an omnibus Tūranga Iwi Settlement Bill.

TĀKITIMU

The Tākitimu region includes the three main urban areas of Napier, Hastings and Masterton, as well as the smaller centres from Wairoa through to Featherston in the Wairarapa. The main claimants in the Tākitimu region are the hapū of Ngāti Kahungunu. Descending from the Tākitimu, Ngāti Kahungunu is today the third largest iwi grouping, with some 59,946 affiliates at Census 2006. Viewed as a collective, geographically Ngāti Kahungunu has the second largest rohe in the country, extending from the Wharerata ranges in the Wairoa district, down the centre of the North Island, and through to Cape Palliser in South Wairarapa.

In addition to the groups originating from the Tākitimu waka, the region also includes descendants of the Kurahaupo (Rangitāne) and Te Arawa waka (Hineuru).

NGĀTI KAHUNGUNU

Ngāti Kahungunu Iwi Authority Incorporated

Ngāti Kahungunu Iwi Authority Incorporated was constituted in December 1996 as a successor to the former Te Rūnanganui o Ngāti Kahungunu. It is governed by elected representatives from across each of the six Kahungunu Taiwhenua:

• Wairoa;

• Te Whanganui a Orotu – covering the Ahuriri/Napier region;

• Heretaunga – Hastings;

• Tamatea – Waipukurau;

• Tāmaki nui a Rua – Dannevirke through to Manawatū; and

• Kahungunu ki Wairarapa – Wairarapa.

Ngāti Kahungunu is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Ngāti Kahungunu Iwi Authority Incorporated as an MIO in August 2006.

Despite the establishment of the respective Taiwhenua, the geographical rather than hapū-based nature of them (there are many examples of hapū seemingly ‘straddling’ the boundaries of the Taiwhenua) appears to have resulted in a level of disconnect between the Kahungunu ‘parent’ body and the various hapū representative groups within this. Although each Taiwhenua has its own constitution, it is also required to conform to the broader constitution of the Kahungunu Iwi Authority, and this similarly creates tensions at a hapū level on issues of representation and mandate.

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The implications of this dynamic have been demonstrated in recent discussions with Kahungunu groups concerning the establishment of a (natural resources-focused) joint planning committee with the Hawke’s Bay Regional Council. Although historically the Regional Council maintains close links with each of the respective taiwhenua organisations within the region, the proposed committee will instead include representatives of nine groups with interests in the region’s catchment area.

In many respects this can be seen as a reflection of the self-correction referred to in the introduction to this report, where their increasing participation in tribal affairs and assertion of individual hapū identity in recent years have seen a corresponding increase in the capacity of individual groups to represent themselves on a whakapapa or hapū basis. This in turn has seen these groups reject the attempts of external institutions to deal with them on a geographical or territorial basis for example.

Waitangi Tribunal/Kahungunu

The Waitangi Tribunal initially included all of the claims involving Ngāti Kahungunu under the ‘umbrella’ Wai 201 claim, the boundaries of which broadly coincided with the area in which Ngāti Kahungunu claimed interests. Hearings into the Te Whanganui a Orotu and the Mōhaka River claims in the mid 1990’s saw the release of several Tribunal reports which included recommendations (among other matters) that the Kahungunu groups not be required to negotiate a comprehensive settlement of their respective claims. A further Mōhaka ki Ahuriri report was released in 2004, which saw the Tribunal similarly recommending that the groups should be supported to negotiate independently of each other.

Although this approach was inconsistent with the Crown’s policy or desire at the time to progress iwi-level comprehensive settlements, it was eventually determined that separate negotiations with hapū collectives was the most appropriate way forward. Accordingly the respective Kahungunu groups are participating or preparing to participate in negotiations along the follow lines:

NGĀTI KAHUNGUNU KI WAIROA

Represented in discussions with the Crown by Te Tira Whakaemi o Te Wairoa, this collective comprises five cluster groups of hapū in the Wairoa region. The group is currently in pre-negotiations stage and working to complete a Deed of Mandate.

NGĀTI PĀHAUWERA

Ngāti Pāhauwera is the largest confederation of Kahungunu hapū, and is centred on the Mōhaka River in northern Hawke’s Bay. Negotiations between the Crown and the Ngāti Pāhauwera Development Trust for the settlement of their historical Treaty and foreshore and seabed claims commenced in 2008, and an Agreement in Principle was signed in September 2008. Ngāti Pāhauwera was the first group to enter into dual foreshore and seabed and historical Treaty settlement negotiations.

Although discussions in respect of the foreshore and seabed component of these negotiations have been paused since the commencement of the review of the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 in early 2009, the parties have continued to progress work towards a Deed of Settlement for Ngāti Pāhauwera’s historical Treaty claims. A final Deed is expected to be signed in late 2010.


Section 30 mandate

Against a backdrop of internal conflict over representation issues in the 1990’s following the release of the Waitangi Tribunal’s Mōhaka River report, the Māori Land Court was asked to confirm Ngāti Pāhauwera representation by way of an order under section 30 of the Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993. The order was made in 1994 by Judge Hingston, and the Ngāti Pāhauwera Section 30 Representatives Cooperative Society (known now as the Ngāti Pāhauwera Development Trust) was subsequently incorporated in January 1995.

Ngāti Pāhauwera remains the only group with whom the Crown has entered into negotiations on the basis of a section 30 order, rather than further to a Deed of Mandate developed in accordance with Crown guidelines and recognised by delegated Ministers.

Other Kahungunu Groups

Pre-negotiation discussions with each of the following mandated groups have been taking place in recent months and Terms of Negotiation were agreed in June 2010. The parties are working together with a view to developing an Agreement in Principle in late 2010.

Ngāti Hineuru

Represented by Ngāti Hineuru Iwi Incorporated.

Ngāti Tū and other hapū

Represented by Maungaharuru Tangitu Incorporated.

Ahuriri

The seven Ahuriri hapū are represented in negotiations by Mana Ahuriri Incorporated. The Ahuriri hapū share interests and overlapping areas with Ngāti Tūwharetoa.

Heretaunga Tamatea

Represented by He Toa Takitini, the hapū of Heretaunga and Tamatea were, as at June 2010 in pre-mandate discussions with the Crown. Terms of Negotiation are expected to be progressed in late 2010.

WAIRARAPA

Both Rangitāne o Wairarapa and Kahungunu ki Wairarapa claim tangata whenua status in the Wairarapa region.

The Waitangi Tribunal released its report on the historical Treaty claims of Ngāti Kahungunu and Rangitāne iwi and hapū within the Wairarapa ki Tararua district in June 2010.

RANGITĀNE

Descended from the tipuna Whātonga of the Kurahaupo, Rangitāne’s area of interest now extends from Dannevirke in the southern Hawke’s Bay through the Wairarapa, Manawatū and Horowhenua regions down to Wairau in the upper South Island.

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Te Rūnanganui o Rangitāne Incorporated

Comprising representatives of five Rangitāne Rūnanga from across the North and South Islands, Te Rūnanganui o Rangitāne Incorporated is the umbrella organisation responsible for progressing matters of shared interest across the wider Rangitāne whānui. The Rūnanganui was established in the late 1980’s and is chaired by James Rimene.

Rangitāne o Wairarapa

The primary representative organisation for Rangitāne in the Wairarapa, Rangitāne o Wairarapa was at June 2010, holding pre-mandate discussions with the Crown. The parties anticipate reaching Terms of Negotiation by mid 2011.

Te Ohu Tiaki o Rangitāne Te Ika a Māui Trust

Rangitāne (North Island) is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Ohu Tiaki o Rangitāne Te Ika a Māui Trust as an MIO in June 2007. The Trust, which is chaired by James Rimene, is responsible for addressing the fisheries interests of all Rangitāne (North Island) groups.

KAHUNGUNU KI WAIRARAPA

Also in pre-mandate discussions with the Crown, the hapū of Kahungunu ki Wairarapa have established the Tāmaki nui a Rua interim working group to develop a mandate strategy to represent the Kahungunu claimants in the Wairarapa region. The Crown and the working group expect to reach Terms of Negotiation with the group by mid 2011.


HAUĀURU

Hauāuru

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TARANAKI

Descended from the Aotea, Kurahaupo and Tokomaru waka, the eight iwi of Taranaki have a shared history extending some hundreds of years. They are: Ngāti Tama, Ngāti Mutunga, Te Atiawa, Ngāti Maru, Taranaki, Ngāruahine, Ngāti Ruanui and Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi.

When the Waitangi Tribunal released The Taranaki Report: Kaupapa Tuatahi in 1996, it was hailed as one of the Tribunal’s most important reports, with the Minister in Charge of Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations at the time, the Hon Douglas Graham, urging all New Zealanders to read it. The report dealt with 21 claims concerning the Taranaki district and canvassed the land wars and confiscations in the area, as well as the story of Parihaka.

The Tribunal noted that the Taranaki claims could be the largest in the country and that there may be no others where as many Treaty breaches had equivalent force and effect over a comparable time.

“For the Taranaki hapū, conflict and struggle have been present since the first European settlement in 1841. There has been continuing expropriation by various means from purchase assertions to confiscation after war. In this context, the war itself is not the main grievance. The pain of war can soften over time.”

“The real issue is the relationship between Māori and the Government. It is today, as it has been for 155 years, the central problem.”

As discussed in the introductory section of this report, at November 2010 four of the eight Taranaki iwi have reached historical Treaty settlements with the Crown.

NGĀTI RUANUI

Located in southern Taranaki, Ngāti Ruanui, which takes its name from the tipuna Ruanui o Pokiwa and Ruanui o Taneroroa, descends from the Aotea waka. Census 2006 records 7,035 Ngāti Ruanui affiliates.

Settlement negotiations with Ngāti Ruanui began in April 1999 and a Heads of Agreement on the main components of a settlement package was signed later that year. A Deed of Settlement was signed in 2001 and the Ngāti Ruanui Claims Settlement Act 2003 was passed in May 2003.

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Ruanui Trust

Made up of 16 hapū representatives, Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Ruanui Trust was established as a post-settlement governance entity in December 2001, following the signing of the Deed of Settlement between Ngāti Ruanui and the Crown. Te Ohu Kaimoana also confirmed Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Ruanui Trust as an MIO in March 2006.

NGĀTI TAMA

The rohe of Ngāti Tama is situated along the coast in the northern part of Taranaki, bordered on the east by Te Atihaunui a Pāpārangi and in the south by Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Maru. Descending from the Tokomaru waka, Ngāti Tama recorded 1,167 members at Census 2006. Although Ngāti Tama is a Recognised Iwi Organisation (RIO) under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, Te Ohu Kaimoana has yet to confirm its representative entity as an MIO.


Settlement negotiations with Ngāti Tama commenced in April 1998 and a Deed of Settlement was signed in December 2001. The second of the four Taranaki settlements to be concluded, the Ngāti Tama Claims Settlement Act 2003 was passed in November 2003.

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Tama

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Tama was established in late 2003, following concerns that the original post-settlement governance entity approved by the Office of Treaty Settlements, the Ngāti Tama Iwi Development Trust, did not have the support of the people of Ngāti Tama. The Rūnanga is chaired by Stephen White.

NGAA RAURU KIITAHI

Prior to 1860, Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi was a prosperous iwi in south Taranaki who engaged in extensive trade with European settlements. Although Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi is often believed today to descend from the Aotea, the website of Te Kaahui o Rauru indicates that Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi existed before the arrival of the Aotea.

“Through generations, through intermarriage, the knowledge about the Kahui Rere people (from whom Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi descend) declined, letting its identity eventually become intermingled with the traditions of the Aotea waka.”

The third Taranaki iwi to conclude a historical Treaty settlement, Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi representatives started settlement negotiations with the Crown in April 2002. A Deed of Settlement was signed in November 2003 and the Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi Claims Settlement Act 2005 was passed in June 2005.

As discussed in the introductory section to this report, the settlement package also included what was then innovative redress intended to create a platform for building the future relationship between Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi and the Crown. The Paepae Rangātira Accord involves ongoing and regular meetings between Ministers, government departments and the iwi to discuss issues of mutual importance.

Te Kaahui o Rauru

Te Kaahui o Rauru was established as a post-settlement governance entity in late 2003, following the signing of the Deed of Settlement between Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi and the Crown. Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Kaahui o Rauru as an MIO in August 2007.

NGĀTI MUTUNGA

Descended from the tipuna Mutunga, Ngāti Mutunga is a coastal iwi which neighbours Ngāti Tama in the north, Ngāti Maru in the east and Te Atiawa in the south. Today its remaining marae is situated at Urenui, on the main road just north of the township. Census 2006 records Ngāti Mutunga (Taranaki) membership at 2,094.

Negotiations between the Crown and representatives of Ngāti Mutunga commenced in 1997, with a Heads of Agreement signed in 1999. Ngāti Mutunga members ratified a Deed of Settlement which was signed in July 2005 and the Ngāti Mutunga Claims Settlement Act 2006 was passed in November 2006.

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Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Mutunga

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Mutunga, which is chaired by Miriama Evans, was established as a post-settlement governance entity in 2006, following the signing of the Deed of Settlement between Ngāti Mutunga and the Crown. Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Mutunga as an MIO in September 2006.

Ngāti Mutunga also has interests outside of Taranaki – most notably the Chatham Islands. These interests are governed and managed by other Ngāti Mutunga governance entities.

NGĀTI MARU

Ngāti Maru is situated between Ngāti Mutunga and Te Atiawa in the west, the iwi of Whanganui in the east, Te Atihaunui a Pāpārangi to the north, and Ngāti Ruanui in the south. Census 2006 records Ngāti Maru as having 632 affiliates.

Ngāti Maru Wharanui Pukehou Trust

Ngāti Maru is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004; however, Te Ohu Kaimoana has yet to confirm Ngāti Maru Wharanui Pukehou Trust as an MIO. The Trust is chaired by Paul Carr.

Although the iwi has experienced a level of instability in recent years and in particular in respect of representation, Ngāti Maru is currently (at November 2010) in a pre-negotiation stage and is focusing on developing a mandate strategy for Treaty settlement negotiations.

TARANAKI (IWI)

The first ancestor of the Taranaki tribe, Rua Taranaki, came from Taupō. The rohe of Taranaki iwi extends along the west coast from New Plymouth to Opunake. With a population of 5,352 at Census 2006, Taranaki is one of the larger iwi in the region.

Taranaki Iwi Trust

Taranaki is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed the Trust’s predecessor, Te Rūnanga O Taranaki Iwi Incorporated, as an MIO in September 2006. At an AGM in December 2007, it was agreed to disestablish the Rūnanga in favour of retaining just one governing body, the Taranaki Iwi Trust established in 2006. As the representative mandated entity of Taranaki iwi, the Trust, which is chaired by Tokatumoana Walden, entered into Treaty settlement negotiations with the Crown in early 2010.

Terms of Negotiation were signed in March 2010 and negotiations towards an Agreement in Principle remain ongoing (as at November 2010).

TE ATIAWA

The iwi of Te Atiawa takes its name from Te Awa-nui-ā-rangi. The rohe of Te Atiawa is the largest in the Taranaki region and, at Census 2006, had a recorded membership of 12,852. A branch of Te Atiawa migrated to Wellington in the early 19th century and still resides there.

Te Atiawa (Taranaki) Settlements Trust

Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Atiawa (Taranaki) Settlements Trust as an MIO in September 2006.


Te Atiawa Iwi Authority

The mandate of Te Atiawa Iwi Authority to negotiate the historical Treaty claims of Te Atiawa (Taranaki) was originally recognised by the Crown in 1997. Negotiations began in 1998 and a Heads of Agreement was reached in 1999. A level of internal dissension led to the Crown withdrawing its mandate recognition in early 2002 and negotiations went into abeyance. The development and implementation of a new mandate strategy resulted in the Crown’s further recognition of the mandate of Te Atiawa Iwi Authority in late 2009.

Negotiations resumed after the signing of a new Terms of Negotiation in March 2010. As at November 2010, the parties continue to work towards an Agreement in Principle.

NGĀRUAHINE

Ngāruahine is located in south Taranaki, on the west coast between neighbouring iwi Taranaki to the west and Ngāti Ruanui to the east. Census 2006 records Ngaruahine membership at 3,726.

Ngāruahine commenced a claim to the Waitangi Tribunal in 2000, arguing that the expropriation of oil and gas under Māori lands was a breach of the Treaty and seeking a change in the Crown’s stated policy over national ownership of oil and gas, before the completion of historical Treaty settlements among Taranaki iwi.

In May 2006 Ngaruahine and other iwi renewed these claims before the Tribunal on the basis that iwi have suffered environmental, historical and cultural disadvantage, including damage to wahi tapu, as a result of not being adequately recognised in the government’s resource allocation and management framework and processes. The Tribunal has yet to report on this inquiry.

Ngā Hapū o Ngāruahine Iwi Incorporated

Ngāruahine has been engaged in pre-negotiation discussions with the Crown, and in August 2010 delegated Ministers recognised the mandate of Ngā Hapū o Ngāruahine Inc to negotiate the historical Treaty claims of the members of Ngāruahine.

Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Ngā Hapū o Ngāruahine Incorporated as an MIO in December 2007. Ngā Hapū o Ngāruahine Inc is chaired by Daisy Noble.

Ngāruahine Iwi Authority

Ngāruahine Iwi Authority, chaired by John Hooker, represents the iwi for the purposes of the Resource Management Act 1991.

WHANGANUI

The Whanganui region, which lies between Mt Ruapehu and the west coast, is the third oldest area to be settled by people in New Zealand. Its original discovery is attributed to Kupe. Iwi primarily associated with the Whanganui region include Te Atihaunui a Pāpārangi, Ngāti Hauiti, Ngāti Apa (North Island) and Ngāti Rangi.

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TE ATIHAUNUI A PĀPĀRANGI

Descended primarily from the Takitimu, Te Atihaunui a Pāpārangi, the Whanganui River iwi, came to mainstream public attention in 1995 when for 79 days the iwi occupied historic Pakaitore (Moutoa Gardens), beside the river in the city of Whanganui.

The iwi’s history of protest began, however, in the 1880’s with petitions to Parliament concerning their interests in the Whanganui River. Court action began in the 1930’s and led to the appointment of a Royal Commission in 1950 and further referrals to the Court of Appeal through to the 1960’s. This long-standing protest was given further impetus in the 1970’s when the Tongariro Power Diversion diverted water that would otherwise have flowed into the river to the Tongariro power scheme, and culminated in the 1990’s with hearings before the Waitangi Tribunal.

Te Whiringa Muka Trust

Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Whiringa Muka Trust as an MIO in August 2006.

Pakaitore Trust

Whanganui iwi have had two on-account settlements agreed with the Crown to date. The Pakaitore Trust was established following the signing of a Deed of Settlement in February 2007 for the transfer of the Whanganui Court House to Whanganui iwi as an on-account settlement of their historical Treaty claims.

A further on-account settlement was negotiated following the signing of the Ngāti Apa Deed of Settlement in October 2008. This will see the further transfer to the Pakaitore Trust of a half share in the land under the Whanganui Prison, and a half share of the Whanganui Forest not offered to Ngāti Apa. The Bill proposed to give effect to this on-account settlement is expected to have its second reading in late 2010.

Whanganui River Māori Trust Board

The Whanganui River Māori Trust Board was established in 1988 under the Māori Trust Boards Act. The Board had its Deed of Mandate to negotiate the river claims of Te Atihaunui a Pāpārangi recognised by the Crown and Terms of Negotiation were signed in 2003. In 2010, discussions commenced between the Trust Board and Whanganui River iwi in respect of their interests in the Whanganui River, and these will inform a negotiating strategy. Work on the land claim interests of Whanganui iwi is still in pre-negotiation stage.

Until his death in September 2010, Sir Atawhai (Archie) Taiaroa chaired the Whanganui River Māori Trust Board and was also a member of the Iwi Leaders Group consulted by government on the review of the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004. Sir Archie was a former Deputy Chairman of the National Māori Congress and Chair of Te Ohu Kaimoana.

NGĀTI APA (NORTH ISLAND)

The traditional rohe of Ngāti Apa (North Island) extends from between the Whanganui and Manawatū Rivers, and includes the Mangawhero, Whangaehu, Turakina and Rangitīkei Rivers. Ngāti Apa researchers have suggested that Ngāti Apa was formed as a consequence of an alliance between hapū collectives on the Rangitikei River. Census 2006 records 2,385 Ngāti Apa affiliates.


Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Apa Society Incorporated

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Apa was established in 1989 to represent the interests of the whānau and hapū of Ngā Wairiki and Rangitikei, who are generally referred to as the iwi of Ngāti Apa.

In anticipation of entering into the Treaty negotiations process, in 1991 the Rūnanga became an incorporated society. The Crown recognised the mandate of Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Apa Society Incorporated to negotiate on behalf of Ngāti Apa (North Island) in 2004. Following an Agreement in Principle in July 2007, the parties signed a Deed of Settlement in October 2008. Legislation to give effect to the deed of Settlement is currently (at November 2010) before the House awaiting its third reading.

Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Apa Society Incorporated as an MIO in March 2006. The Rūnanga is chaired by Adrian Ruawhe.

NGĀTI HAUITI

Ngāti Hauiti, centred around Rangitīkei, is recorded by Census 2006 as having 1,038 affiliates. Ngāti Hauiti’s area of interest extends from the mouth of the Moawhango River in the north to the confluence of the Waitapu Stream and Rangitīkei River in the south.

Te Patiki Trust

Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Patiki Trust as an MIO in March 2006. The Trust is chaired by Neville Lomax.

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Hauiti

Neville Lomax is also the convenor for Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Hauiti, the representative entity body for the whānau and hapū of Ngāti Hauiti. Ngāti Hauiti is not currently engaged in the Treaty settlement process in any significant way.

NGĀTI RANGI

The website of Te Kahui a Paerangi Trust, chaired by Che Wilson, notes that on the arrival of the Aotea waka, and the intermarriage of the descendants of Paerangi with the descendants of the people of Aotea, particularly Hau-nui-a-Pāpārangi, a close association with the hapū of the Whanganui River region developed. As the first iwi to populate the mountain area of the central plateau and the Whanganui River basin, however, Ngāti Rangi maintains a unique and independent identity within the region.

Statistics New Zealand does not record membership of Ngāti Rangi in its count of iwi populations, and the fisheries interests of Ngāti Rangi members are addressed through Te Whiringa Muka Trust of Te Ati Haunui a Pāpārangi.

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TE MOANA A RAUKAWA

Te Moana a Raukawa


RANGITĀNE O MANAWATŪ

As discussed previously in this report, Rangitāne descend from the tipuna Whatonga of the Kurahaupo. In addition to the Wairarapa, Rangitāne is based in the Manawatū and Horowhenua regions through to Wairau in the upper South Island. Its Manawatū interests are represented through the following organisations and entities.

Te Rūnanganui o Rangitāne Incorporated

Comprising representatives of five Rangitāne Rūnanga from across the North and South Islands, Te Rūnanganui o Rangitāne Incorporated is the umbrella organisation responsible for progressing matters of shared interest across the wider Rangitāne whānui. The constituent Rūnanga include:

• Tānenuiarangi Manawatū;

• Rangitāne o Wairarapa;

• Rangitāne o Tāmaki nui a Rua;

• Rangitāne o Wairau; and

• Rangitāne o Te Whanganui A Tara.

The Rūnanganui, which was established in the late 1980’s, is chaired by James Rimene.

Te Ohu Tiaki o Rangitāne Te Ika a Maui Trust

Rangitāne (North Island) is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Ohu Tiaki o Rangitāne Te Ika a Maui Trust as an MIO in June 2007. The Trust, which is chaired by James Rimene, is responsible for addressing the fisheries interests of all Rangitāne (North Island) groups.

Tānenuiarangi o Manawatū Incorporated

The primary representative organisation for Rangitāne in the Manawatū region, Tānenuiarangi o Manawatū had its mandate to negotiate the historical Treaty interests of its members recognised by the Crown in 1998 and a Heads of Agreement was signed in November 1999.

Mandate-related issues delayed the progress on negotiations and in 2005 Tānenuiarangi o Manawatū went through a mandate reconfirmation process. This revised mandate was further recognised by the Crown in June 2007 and formal negotiations subsequently resumed.

The parties are currently (at November 2010) working to develop a revised Agreement in Principle.

Rangitāne o Tāmaki nui a Rua

Chaired by Ataneta Paiwai, Rangitāne o Tāmaki nui a Rua represents Rangitāne affiliates in the Dannevirke area.

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MUAŪPOKO

The Muaūpoko people (formerly known as Ngāi Tara) were so named because they lived at the upoko of Te Ika-a-Māui (the North Island). Today Muaūpoko is based largely in the Horowhenua region, with Census 2006 recording membership at 2,499.

Muaūpoko Tribal Authority Incorporated

Established in 1997, the Muaūpoko Tribal Authority Incorporated, chaired by Mahanga Williams, has commenced work towards obtaining a mandate to settle Muaūpoko historical Treaty claims. Although it is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, Te Ohu Kaimoana has yet to confirm the Muaūpoko Tribal Authority as an MIO.

NGĀTI RAUKAWA KI TE TONGA

As discussed previously in this report, Ngāti Raukawa descends primarily from Raukawa of Tainui descent. Following a series of migrations in the early 19th century, Ngāti Raukawa ki te Tonga (as it has become known today) settled in the area between the Rangitīkei River and the Kukutauaki Stream in the Horowhenua region. The Te Kāhui Māngai website (www.tkm.govt.nz) identifies the population of Ngāti Raukawa ki te Tonga at 19,968.

Te Rūnanga o Raukawa Incorporated

Ngāti Raukawa ki te Tonga is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and is currently in the process of establishing a separate body to act as its MIO.

The group, which is not currently engaged in the Treaty settlement process in any significant way, is a key provider of iwi social services in the Horowhenua region.

NGĀTI TOA RANGATIRA

Having identified the strategic importance of Cook Strait as a major trading route, Te Rauparaha led Ngāti Toa in a historic resettlement campaign from Kāwhia to the Kapiti region. The battle of Waiorua on Kapiti Island in 1824 saw Ngāti Toa defeat a combined alliance of Kurahaupo tribes to settle from Kapiti through to Te Whanganui-a-Tara. According to its own website, by 1840 Ngāti Toa Rangatira was established as the pre-eminent iwi within the Kapiti, Wellington and Te Tau Ihu (northern South Island) regions.

Today, Ngāi Toa Rangatira’s area of interest spans Cook Strait, extending from the Rangitikei in the North Island, including the Kapiti Coast, Hutt Valley and Wellington, and Kapiti and Mana Islands, as well as large areas of the Marlborough Sounds and much of the northern South Island. Census 2006 records Ngāti Toa Rangatira (Wellington) membership at 3,462.

Te Rūnanga o Toa Rangatira Incorporated

Ngāti Toa Rangatira is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimona confirmed Te Rūnanga o Toa Rangatira Incorporated as an MIO in November 2009. The Rūnanga, which is chaired by Te Ariki Wineera, signed Terms of Negotiation in 2007 and a Letter of Agreement for the settlement of the historical claims of Ngāti Toa Rangatira in February 2009. The parties are currently (at August 2010) negotiating towards a Deed of Settlement. Matiu Rei, who is a member of the Iwi Leaders Group for Foreshore and Seabed is an Executive Director with Te Rūnanga o Toa Rangatira Incorporated.


ATIAWA KI WHAKARONGOTAI

Atiawa ki Whakarongotai are descendants of those ancestors of Atiawa and other Taranaki iwi (including Ngāti Tama, Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Maru Wharanui) who remained in Waikanae following the remigration of a large party back to Taranaki in 1848. Atiawa ki Whakarongotai intends to participate in the Waitangi Tribunal District Inquiry before moving into direct Treaty settlement negotiations with the Crown.

Te Rūnanga o Ati Awa ki Whakarongotai Incorporated

Atiawa ki Whakarongotai Incorporated is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Rūnanga o Ati Awa ki Whakarongotai Incorporated, which is chaired by Tetokawhakaea Graham, as an MIO in November 2005. Recent financial concerns have led to various members of Atiawa ki Whakarongotai challenging the mandate and capability of elected trustees.

TE ATIAWA (WELLINGTON)

As noted in the Hauāuru section of this report, a branch of Te Atiawa (Taranaki) migrated to the Wellington region in the early 19th century. Despite a number of return migrations in the mid to late 19th century, a significant Te Atiawa presence remained in Te Whanganui-a-Tara. Today Te Atiawa (Wellington), which numbered 1,728 at Census 2006, continues to have close connections with Te Atiawa, Taranaki, and more distantly with Ngāti Awa of the Bay of Plenty, and all share a common ancestor in Awanuiārangi.

Te Atiawa ki te Upoko o te Ika a Māui Potiki Trust

Te Atiawa Wellington is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Atiawa ki te Upoko o te Ika a Māui Potiki Trust, which is chaired by John Atiawa Warren, as an MIO in March 2006.

TARANAKI WHĀNUI KI TE UPOKO O TE IKA

Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika is a collective of over 17,000 registered members of Taranaki iwi, including Te Atiawa, Taranaki, Ngāti Tama and Ngāti Ruanui, who descend from signatories of the 1839 Port Nicholson Block purchase. Under the Port Nicholson Block Deed, which by 1840 was found by a Crown-appointed Lands Claim Commissioner to be seriously flawed, “every tenth town acre” and “every tenth 100 acre block” was to be set aside as a Māori reserve.

The Crown’s failure to ensure the Deed was adhered to was the subject of the Waitangi Tribunal’s Wellington District Report published in May 2003.

Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust

Negotiations between the Crown and the Port Nicholson Block Claims Team concerning the Crown’s dealings over an eventual acquisition of the Port Nicholson Block commenced in 2004 and a final Deed of Settlement was signed in September 2008. The Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust was established in August 2008 to receive and administer the settlement assets, on behalf of Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika. The Port Nicholson Block (Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika) Claims Settlement Act was passed in July 2009.

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TE TAU IHU

Te Tau Ihu


Today there are eight recognised iwi in the Te Tau Ihu region – Ngāti Kuia, Ngāti Apa and Rangitāne (of Kurahaupo descent), Ngāti Toa Rangatira, Ngāti Koata and Ngāti Rarua (of Tainui descent), and Ngāti Tama and Te Atiawa (of Taranaki descent).

The Waitangi Tribunal heard the Te Tau Ihu claims of all northern South Island iwi between August 2000 and March 2004, and released preliminary reports in 2007 and a final report in November 2008.

NGĀTI APA KI TE RĀ TŌ (WAIPOUNAMU)

Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō is the name given to those Ngāti Apa descendants who migrated from the Rangitikei district and established themselves as tangata whenua in the Te Tau Ihu (northern South Island) region from the mid 18th century. Today Ngāti Apa, who have close whakapapa connections with other Kurahaupo iwi (Rangitāne o Wairau and Ngāti Kuia), has an area of interest extending from the southern end of the Paparoa Range on the West Coast, northwards along the coast to Farewell Spit and to Nelson.

Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō, which numbered 741 members at Census 2006, signed Terms of Negotiation through the Kurahaupo Trust (also including Rangitāne o Wairau and Ngāti Kuia) in 2006, and a Deed of Settlement to settle the historical Treaty claims of Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō was initialled by the parties in August and signed in October 2010.

Ngāti Apa ki Te Rā Tō Trust

Ngāti Apa ki Te Rā Tō Trust was formed in 1992 to represent the people of the Ngāti Apa resident on both coasts of the northern (Te Tau Ihu) South Island. Ngāti Apa (ki te Waipounamu) is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed the Trust as an MIO in February 2006.

The Deed of Settlement initialled in August 2004 and signed in October 2010 includes reference to a proposed technical amendment to the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 to enable the (fisheries) assets of an MIO to be transferred to a different entity, as a signal that Ngāti Apa ki Te Rā Tō anticipates transferring its fisheries assets to the proposed post-settlement governance entity upon its establishment.

Kurahaupo ki te Waipounamu Trust

In September 2004 Ngāti Apa, Ngāti Kuia and Rangitāne signed a Heads of Agreement to recognise the association the three Kurahaupo iwi as a ‘large natural group’ for the purposes of Treaty settlement negotiation, and following recognition of the group’s mandate to negotiate on behalf of the three iwi the Kurahaupo ki te Waipounamu Trust was formally established in December 2004.

RANGITĀNE O WAIRAU

The Tākitimu and Te Moana a Raukawa sections of this report discussed the origins of the Rangitāne iwi and its settlement in the Wairarapa and Manawatū regions. The website of Rangitāne o Wairau records that the arrival of Rangitāne in Te Tau Ihu followed migration from the Wairarapa in the 16th century under the Chiefs Te Huataki, Te Whakamana and Tukanae. Census 2006 records membership for Rangitāne o Wairau at 969.

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Te Rūnanga a Rangitāne o Wairau Trust

Rangitāne (Te Tau Ihu) is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Rūnanga a Rangitāne o Wairau Trust as an MIO in February 2007. The Trust is chaired by Judith McDonald.


Rangitāne is also a member of the Kurahaupo ki te Waipounamu Trust, which signed Terms of Negotiation on behalf of Ngāti Apa, Ngāti Kuia and Rangitāne in 2006. Rangitāne o Wairau initialled a Deed of Settlement in respect of its historical Treaty claims in the Te Tau Ihu region in August 2010.

NGĀTI KUIA

Descended from Matua Hautere, himself a descendant of Kupe, in 1820 Ngāti Kuia was one of the three iwi who held exclusive possession of the Te Tau Ihu region. The arrival of migrant iwi from Kāwhia and Taranaki in the 1820’s and 30’s saw the establishment of whakapapa inter-connections between these groups which continue to the present day with Rangitāne and Ngāti Apa. Census 2006 records Ngāti Kuia membership at 1,548.

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Kuia Trust

Ngāti Kuia is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Kuia Trust, which is chaired by Waihaere (Joe) Mason, as an MIO in February 2006.


Ngāti Kuia is the third member iwi represented in the Kurahaupo ki te Waipounamu Collective, which signed Terms of Negotiation on behalf of Ngāti Apa, Ngāti Kuia and Rangitāne in 2006. Ngāti Kuia initialled a Deed of Settlement in respect of its historical Treaty claims in the Te Tau Ihu region in August 2010.

TAINUI TARANAKI IWI

The enmity and ensuing skirmishes between the coastal Tainui iwi (Ngāti Toa Rangatira, Ngāti Koata, Ngāti Rarua and others) and their inland whanaunga, particularly Waikato and Maniapoto, saw the retreat in 1921 of these coastal iwi to Taranaki, where they had close whakapapa connections. This migration southwards continued throughout the 1820’s and by 1830, having formed alliances with Ngāti Tama, Ngāti Mutunga and Te Atiawa, the Tainui Taranaki iwi, as they became known, had moved as far as Te Tau Ihu and beyond to the West Coast of the South Island. Today the combined area of interest of the Taranaki Tainui iwi extends from the top of the South Island down the West Coast to Hokitika.


Tainui Taranaki ki te Tonga Ltd

Tainui Taranaki ki te Tonga is a collective made up of the Wakatu Incorporation and four Tainui Taranaki iwi:

• Te Atiawa ki Te Tau Ihu;

• Ngāti Tama ki Te Tau Ihu;

• Ngāti Rarua; and

• Ngāti Koata.

In 2006 Ministers recognised the mandate of Tainui Taranaki ki Te Tonga Ltd (a company chaired by Roma Hippolite and comprising two Directors from each member iwi and the Wakatu Incorporation) to represent the four iwi in historical Treaty negotiations. Terms of Negotiation were reached in 2007 and a Letter of Agreement was signed in February 2009.

Deeds of Settlement with the four iwi are expected to be reached in late 2010.

Wakatu Incorporation

Wakatu Incorporation was established in 1977 to take over the administration of an estimated 1,400 ha of Māori reserved land. This was the remnant of lands set aside by the New Zealand Company as a condition of purchase from the original Māori owners – Ngāti Koata, Ngāti Rarua, Ngāti Tama and Te Atiawa. Based in Nelson, Wakatu has more than 3,000 shareholders, descendants of the original vendor chiefs of Ngāti Rarua, Ngāti Koata, Ngāti Tama and Te Atiawa.

Although it began as a land-based organisation, Wakatu Incorporation is today involved in seafood, wine and property businesses. From an $11 million base in 1977, it has grown to a current value of $250+ million.

NGĀTI KOATA

Having initially settled in the 1830’s at Rangitoto (D’Urville Island) Ngāti Koata today has an estimated 1,062 members.

Ngāti Koata Trust

Ngāti Koata is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimaona confirmed the Ngāti Koata Trust, chaired by Mathew Hippolite, as an MIO in February 2006.

NGĀTI RARUA

Census 2006 records Ngāti Rarua (which today is primarily based in the Motueka-Golden Bay region) membership at 954.

Ngāti Rarua Iwi Trust

Ngāti Rarua is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and the Ngāti Rarua Iwi Trust, chaired by Aomoroa Luke, was one of the first six iwi to be confirmed as an MIO in September 2005.

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TE ATIAWA KI TE TAU IHU

Te Atiawa settlement of Te Tau Ihu occurred over a period of years from the mid 1820’s and today the area of interest for Te Atiawa (ki Te Tau Ihu) extends from Golden Bay through to Wairau-Blenheim. Census 2006 records Te Atiawa (Te Waipounamu) as having 2,433 members.

Te Atiawa Manawhenua ki Te Tau Ihu Trust

Te Atiawa (Te Tau Ihu) is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed Te Atiawa Manawhenua Ki Te Tau Ihu Trust, chaired by Harvey Ruru, as an MIO in February 2007.

NGĀTI TAMA KI TE TAU IHU

One of the smaller Te Tau Ihu iwi, with a recorded 381 members at Census 2006, today Ngāti Tama (Te Waipounamu) is primarily associated with the Wakapuaka to Golden Bay region.

Ngāti Tama Manawhenua ki Te Tau Ihu Trust

Ngāti Tama (Te Tau Ihu) is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and Te Ohu Kaimoana confirmed the Ngāti Tama Manawhenua ki Te Tau Ihu Trust as an MIO in September 2006.

NGĀTI TOA RANGATIRA

As discussed in the Moana a Raukawa section of this report, the battle of Waiorua on Kapiti Island in 1824 saw Ngāti Toa defeat a combined alliance of Kurahaupo tribes to settle from Kapiti through to Te Whanganui-a-Tara and down to Te Tau Ihu.

Today, Ngāti Toa Rangatira’s area of interest includes large areas of the Marlborough Sounds and northern South Island.

Te Rūnanga o Toa Rangatira

Although Ngāti Toa Rangatira remains identified with the Tainui Taranaki iwi who migrated to Te Tau Ihu in the mid 1820’s, it is not a member of the Tainui Taranaki ki te Tonga Collective, and has been negotiating directly with the Crown in respect of its historical Treaty settlement interests in the Te Tau Ihu and greater Wellington regions.

The Rūnanga signed Terms of Negotiation in 2007 and a Letter of Agreement in February 2009. The parties were, as at August 2010, negotiating towards a Deed of Settlement. Matiu Rei, who is a member of the Iwi Leaders Group for Foreshore and Seabed, is an Executive Director with Te Rūnanga o Toa Rangatira.

As noted above, Ngāti Toa Rangatira is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004. Its representative entity, Te Rūnanga a Toa Rangatira, achieved MIO status in November 2009.


WAIPOUNAMU TO REKOHU

Waipounamu to Rekohu

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NGĀI TAHU

Ngāi Tahu members today all descend from one or more of five primary hapū: Kati Kuri, Ngāti Irakehu, Kati Huirapa, Ngāi Tūahuriri and Ngāi Te Ruahikihiki and/or the historic iwi of Ngāti Māmoe and Waitaha. The Takiwā over which Ngāi Tahu holds rangatiratanga extends over 80 percent of Te Waipounamu (the South Island). Census 2006 records Ngāi Tahu membership at 49,185 and Ngāi Tahu itself claims 45,000 registered members.

As discussed in the opening sections of this report, negotiations between Ngāi Tahu and the Crown first commenced in 1991 and concluded with the signing of a Deed of Settlement for the settlement of all Ngāi Tahu historical claims in November 1997. The Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act was passed to give effect to the Deed in September 1998.

Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu

Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and its 18 constituent Papatipu Rūnanga were established by the Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Act 1996. The Rūnanga succeeded the former Ngāi Tahu Māori Trust Board as the iwi’s post-settlement governance entity.

The 18 local or Papatipu Rūnanga are based throughout the South Island and an elected representative from each of these makes up Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, the governing body overseeing the tribe’s activities. The executive and distribution functions of the Rūnanga are carried out by the Office of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. The majority of the commercial activities and assets are managed by Ngāi Tahu Holdings Corporation Limited. The map below (taken from the website of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu) shows the location of each Papatipu Rūnanga.

Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu has been chaired since 1998 by Mark Solomon, who is also Chair of the Iwi Leaders Group for Foreshore and Seabed, and a member of the wider Iwi Leaders Forum.


Papatipu Rūnanga

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MORIORI

Moriori are the indigenous people of Rēkohu/Rangiauria, who according to tradition settled the islands about 1,000 years ago. Research suggests that Moriori first came to the Chathams from about 1500. At its peak the Moriori population reached about 2,000 and Census 2006 records Moriori numbers at 942, all of whom trace their ancestry back to Rongomaiwhenua, the founding ancestor of the Moriori.

Hokotehi Moriori Trust

Moriori is a recognised iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and, in September 2005, the Hokotehi Moriori Trust was one of the first six representative organisations to be confirmed as an MIO by Te Ohu Kaimoana. The Trust, which is chaired by Shirley King, signed Terms of Negotiation with the Crown in 2004; however, there has been very little formal negotiation activity in recent years.

NGĀTI MUTUNGA (WHAREKAURI)

The southwards migrations of the Tainui Taranaki iwi in the 1820’s saw Ngāti Mutunga, along with some Ngāti Tama, continue beyond Te Tau Ihu and the West Coast, where several of the other Taranaki groups settled, across to the Chatham Islands or Wharekauri as it was known to Ngāti Mutunga. Despite being welcomed to the islands by the Moriori, the Taranaki iwi commenced a hostile takeover that saw over 300 Moriori killed and several hundred more enslaved.

By 1870, although almost all Māori had returned to Taranaki, by applying the legal rule that those in occupation in 1840 had greatest rights, a Native Land Court established on Rēkohu to investigate competing claims by Moriori and Māori awarded 97 percent of the Chatham Islands lands to Ngāti Mutunga.

Ngāti Mutunga O Wharekauri Iwi Trust

Ngāti Mutunga (Wharekauri) is a recognised iwi under the Maori Fisheries Act 2004 and, alongside the Hokotehi Moriori Trust, the Ngāti Mutunga o Wharekauri Trust was among the first of six representative organisations to achieve MIO status in September 2005. The Trust, which is chaired by Paula Page, is not involved in historical Treaty settlement negotiations at this time.


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Documents

He Kōtaha o ngā Rōpū Māngai Iwi/Māori - Te Puni Kōkiri...of Plenty) and some Te Arawa (Lakes settlement) and Taranaki (Tama, Ruanui, Rauru and Mutunga) groups from 2003 to 2006