HB 1-1994 Technical Drawing for Students

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SAA/SNZ HB1:1994

Joint Handbook

TECHNICAL DRAWINGfor students


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SAA/SNZ HB1:1994

This Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Handbook was published on

17 October 1994.

Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

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SAA/SNZ HB1:1994

Joint Handbook

Technical drawing for students

First published as SAA HB1 1980.

Second edition 1986.

Third edition 1988.

Fourth edition 1 992.Revised and designated as Joint H andbook

SAA/SNZ HB1:1994.

PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY:

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA1 T he Crescent,Homebush NSW 2140 Australia

STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Level 10 , Standards House,155 The Terrace,Wellington 6001 New Zealand

ISBN 0 7262 9196 X


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2SAA/ SNZ HB1:1994 2

INTRODUCTION

Technical drawing is not an art form concerned with aesthetics, but is primarily a

method of transmitting technical information from one party to another. It is ineffect a technical language. It has evolved over the years, increasing insophistication as the complexity of technology increased.

It is a matter of history that variations in the form of graphical presentation evolvedin different countries with the result that until fairly recently the internationalinterchange of technical information was difficult, because it was not easy toprecisely decipher the requirements. This factor, coupled with the rapid growth ofhigh technology and multinational industries, and the necessity for technicaldrawing to be more precise and less ambiguous, made it imperative that thistechnical language be standardized and promulgated throughout the world.

This has now been achieved through the medium of the International Organizationfor Standardization (ISO), and for these reasons and also because we live in anage of high technology, both in industry and in day-to-day living, it is increasingly

important that young people and more mature students are made aware of thebasics of this technical lingua franca. It is equally important that the communitygenerally is made aware of the concepts and benefits of standardization and itseffect on their d aily lives.

This handbook has been prepared by Standards Australia in collaboration withStandards New Zealand and education authorities to meet these needs, byintroducing high school and college students to standard drawing practiceestablished in Australia and New Zealand by Joint Standards Committee ME/72 inliaison with ISO. The acceptance and use of this handbook will not only benefitstudents, but in the long term will have a marked, positive effect on industry andcommerce. The handbook was initially published in 1980. The handbook will berevised periodically to take into account changes in national and internationaldrawing practice and symbology, as they occur.

Essentially this handbook is an abridgment of AS 1100, Technical drawing, withselected extracts from AS 1101, Graphical symbols for general engineering, acomplete listing of the parts of which is given in Appendix D.

The AS 1100 series of Standards are currently harmonized Standards inNew Zealand (replacing the NZS 5902 series of Standards) and will become JointAustralian/New Zealand Standards at the next revision.

Electrotechnical aspects of drawing are covered in SAA HB3, Electrical andelectronic drawing practice for students.

NOTES ON THE USE OF THIS HANDBOOK

The figures used in the document are not intended to be examples of fullydimensioned working drawings. They are drawn to show the point explained in thetext.

Although most of the examples given are of a mechanical nature, the principlesdemonstrated are equally applicable to structural a nd architectural drawings.

In the illustrations, capital letters are used for notes that are intended to appear onthe drawings, and lower-case letters for explanatory notes that are not intended toappear on the drawings.

Values of dimensions and tolerances are typical examples only.

Obviously this handbook is not, nor does it purport to be, a replacement for thetechnical drawing Standard, and that Standard is commended to the reader for amore comprehensive treatment of the subject. It does however contain sufficientinformation to enable the student to understand the basic techniques and principlesused in contemporary technical drawing practice.


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33 SAA/ SNZ HB1:1994

CONTENTS

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND TERMINOLOGY

1.1 SCO PE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2 TER MINOL OG Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

SECTION 2 LAYOUT OF DRAWINGS

2.1 DR AWING SH EETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 12.2 TITLE BL OCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 22.3 MATERIAL OR PARTS LISTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

SECTION 3 LINES

3.1 GENER AL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 43.2 TYPES OF LINES AND THEIR APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.3 PR ESEN TATIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4

SECTION 4 LETTERING AND NUMERALS

4.1 GENER AL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1

4.2 CH ARACTER STYLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 14.3 CH ARACTER HEIGH T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 14.4 DIRECTION OF LETTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.5 UN DER LIN IN G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1

SECTION 5 METHODS OF PROJECTION

5.1 GENER AL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 35.2 ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235.3 INDICATION OF THE METHOD OF PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

SECTION 6 VIEWS ON DRAWINGS

6.1 GENER AL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 56.2 NU MBER OF VIEWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5

6.3 AD DITION AL VIEWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 56.4 SYMMETRICAL VIEW S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5

SECTION 7 SECTIONS

7.1 USE OF CUTTING PLANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297.2 HATCH ING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 97.3 TH IN SECTION S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 17.4 HALF SECTION S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 17.5 LOCAL SECTIONS (PART SECTIONS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317.6 SU CCESSIVE SEC TIO NS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 27.7 REVOLVED AND REMOVED SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327.8 EXCEPTIONS (RIBS, BOLTS, NUTS, ETC.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

SECTION 8 CONVENTIONS AND SYMBOLS

8.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATIONS TO BE USED IN DRAWINGS 348.2 GENERAL ENGINEERING SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388.3 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.4 ARCHITECTURAL CONVENTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.5 WELDING SYMBO LS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 28.6 OTHER SYMBO LS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2

SECTION 9 SCALES

9.1 GENER AL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 69.2 RECOMMENDED SCALE RATIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469.3 IN DIC ATION O F SC ALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6


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4SAA/ SNZ HB1:1994 4

SECTION 10 PRINCIPLES OF DIMENSIONING

10 .1 GENER AL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 710.2 FUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4710.3 STANDARD SIZES AND PRODUCTION METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . 47

SECTION 11 PROJECTION LINES, DIMENSION LINES AND LEADERS

11 .1 PR OJEC TION L IN ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 811 .2 DIMEN SIO N L IN ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 811 .3 LEADERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0

SECTION 12 DIMENSIONS

12 .1 LINEAR DIMENSION S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 212.2 ANGULAR DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5212.3 ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5212.4 REDUNDANT DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5212 .5 BASIC DIMEN SIO NS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2

SECTION 13 METHODS OF DIMENSIONING COMMON FEATURES

13 .1 DIAMETER S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5

13 .2 RAD II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 513 .3 SIZE O F HO LES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 513.4 POSITIONING OF HOLES AND OTHER FEATURES ON ARCS . . . 5513.5 COUNTERSINKS, COUNTERBORES AND SPOTFACES . . . . . . . . 5513 .6 CH AMFERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 613.7 BOLTS, SCREWS, STUDS AND WASHERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5613 .8 SC REW TH READS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 613 .9 KEYWAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7

SECTION 14 TAPERED FEATURES

14 .1 DIMEN SIO NING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 614 .2 SYMBO L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6

SECTION 15 TOLERANCED DIMENSIONS15 .1 GENER AL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 815.2 APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3 TOLERANCING INDIVIDUAL LINEAR DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 68

SECTION 16 MACHINING AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS SYMBOLS

16 .1 MAC HININ G SYMBOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 916.2 INDICATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

APPENDICES

A TYPIC AL DRAWIN GS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0B GENERAL ENGINEERING TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

C PRACTICAL DIMENSIONS: APPLICATION OF TOLERANCESFO R FUN CTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3D LISTS OF PARTS OF AS 1100 AND AS 1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74E PICTORIAL COMPARISON OF FIRST AND THIRD ANGLE

PR OJEC TION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5F SPATIAL GEOMETRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

ALPHABETICAL INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81


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55 SAA/ SNZ HB1:1994

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Handbook

Technical drawing for students

S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D T E R M I N O L O G Y

1.1 SCOPE This document sets out the basic principles of technical drawingpractice. In essence, this document is an abridged version of AS 1100, TechnicalDrawing, which should be referred to for more detailed coverage of the subject.

1.2 TERMINOLOGY For the purpose of this document the following terminologyapplies:

Arrangement drawinga d ra win g de pi ctin g in a ny form o f p ro je ctio n therelationships of major units or systems of the item depicted. Arrangement drawingsmay be with or without controlling dimensions.

Assembly (sub-assembly)a set of two or more items fitted together to form aspecific function.

NOTE: A sub-assembly is a portion of an assembly.

Axonometric projectionthe pro jection of an ob ject in which the lines of sight areperpendicular to the plane of projection and where the object is orientated so thatits three principal axes are all inclined to the plane of projection. See Figure 1.1.

FIGURE 1.1 AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION

COPYRIGHT


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HB 1-1994 Technical Drawing for Students