THE HAZE PROBLEM THE IMPACT OF MISMANAGEMENT IN

SHARED WATER RESOURCES CASE STUDY IN IRAN

Sedigheh Torabi Palatkaleh

Head of Water Allocation Group

Ministry of Energy

CONTENTS

Haze Problem

Definition, Causes and Effects

Haze Problem In the region

Monitoring of Haze Problem In Iran

Major Wetlands and Basins under effect of Haze

West Part

East Part

Conclusion

HAZE PROBLEM DEFINITION, CAUSES AND EFFECTS

WHAT’S THE HAZE PROBLEM?

Dust Haze is:

an atmospheric event

with dust and any small particles

That affects the clearness of the sky

Dust Haze is caused by:

wind movement

from the dried areas like plains and dried

wetlands

5

GLOBAL DUST PRODUCING REGION

CAUSES OF HAZE PROBLEM

Land specifics and Land-use:

soil type and grain size

soil moisture

land cover and land use

Climate characteristics:

dryness and drought

climate requirements for movement of small

particles

movement of wind on the deserts with small and

dry grain size

vertical air movement and transmission of small

particles

transmission of small particles to long distances

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTICLES

SIZE AND SUBSIDENCE SPEED

Micrometer) )particles size

Win

d s

peed

(m

illi

mete

r/sec)

CAUSES OF HAZE PROBLEM

Water Resources Management:

surface water diversion

dam construction

overuse of surface water

That cause dryness of lands (include wetlands)

Land Use

Climate Water Resources

Management

HAZE PROBLEM IN THE REGION CAUSES AND EFFECTS

10

GLOBAL DUST PRODUCING REGION

Dust Storm Monitoring July 2009

Dust Storm Monitoring

2010 07 14-15

Dust Storm Monitoring

2010 07 29 - 31

14

DUST OVER IRAQ

THE MAIN REASONS

OF DUST OCCURRING

IN THE REGION

The lack of appropriate plant coverage

Destroy of forest areas and ranges in region countries

Locating in Arid and Semi Arid Zone and existence of huge

deserts

Locating in geographical latitude and global dust belt

Atmospheric instability in Syria, Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi

Arabia deserts.

Changing of air pressure and storm blow from Iraq, Syria

and Saudi Arabia deserts

Decrease of precipitation and air humidity

Climate Change and intensify of drought phenomenon

Expansion of dry areas and dryness of wetlands

Land Use

Climate Water

Resources Management

MONITORING OF

HAZE PROBLEM IN IRAN

CAUSES AND EFFECTS

THE DUST MOVEMENT IN DIRECTION PREVAILING

WIND AND TOWARD WEST SOUTH OF IRAN

INVOLVED PROVINCES WITH DUST STORM

Affected Area by Dust from the West

Caspian Sea

Aman Sea

Sever

Moderate

No Effect

MONSOON WIND IN SISTAN&BALUCHESTAN

Affected Area by Dust from the East

Caspian Sea

Aman Sea

Sever Sever

Moderate

No Effect

Affected Area by Dust from the West Affected Area by Dust from the East

Caspian Sea

Caspian Sea

Aman Sea Aman Sea

Sever Sever

Moderate

No Effect

Sever

Moderate

No Effect

AFFECTED PROVINCES WITH DUST STORM

BY MONITORING

PM10 = 2100 µG/M3 PM10 = 90 µG/M3

04-07-2009 KERMANSHAH 14-10-2009

DUST STORM IN BOOSHEHR

Crisis of dust storm on Khouzestan province

2010

POLLUTANT STANDARD INDEX

PSI CO (ppm)

8hr

O3(ppb)

1hr

NO2(ppb)

1hr

SO2(ppb)

24hr

PM10(g/m3)

24hr

0 0 0 0 0 0

50 4.5 60 150 30 75

100 9 120 300 140 150

200 15 200 600 300 375

300 30 400 1200 600 625

400 40 500 1600 800 875

500 50 600 2000 1000 1000

Dust Data

PM10 concentrations (micro grams per cubic meter)

City

city

population

2000

PM10

Concentration

1999

PM10

Concentration

2008-2009

Max PM10

(In Dust Phenomenon 2009)

Ahwaz 943,666 81 301 9360

Bandar-e-Abbas 436,889 100 165 482

Bushehr 160,184 61 126 1348

Dezful 230,117 63 --- ---

Ilam 155,792 52 --- 2600

Kermanshah 758,273 59 --- 1154

Khoramabad 315,972 66 --- 2623

Masjed Soleyman 124,425 75 --- ---

Orumiyeh 451,558 75 --- 1425

Sanandaj 309,073 57 --- 2603

Tabriz 1,328,504 69 --- 923

PARTICULATE MATTER AND HEALTH IMPACTS

Cautionary Statements Levels of

Health

Index

Values

None Good 0 – 50

Unusually sensitive people should consider reducing

prolonged or heavy exertion Moderate 51 - 100

People with heart or lung disease, older adults ,and

children should reduce prolonged or heavy exertion

Unhealthy for

sensitive

groups 101 – 150

People with heart or lung disease ,older adults ,and

children should avoid prolonged or heavy exertion. Every

one else should reduce prolonged or heavy exertion Unhealthy 151 – 200

People with heart or lung disease, older adults ,and

children should avoid all physical activity outdoors.

Everyone else should avoid prolonged or heavy exertion Very unhealthy 201 – 300

People with heart or lung disease, older adults, and

children should remain, indoors and keep activity level

low .Every one else should avoid all physical activities

outdoors.

Hazardous 301 - 500

DUST ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL EFFECTS( KHUZESTAN)

Offices

Closing (day)

Schools

Closing (day)

Number of

Flight

Cancel

Max

incidence

time (hour)

Max

concentration

(mg/m3)

Accident

number (day)

Year

- 1 4 48 2010 6 2001

- 1 2 48 2560 10 2002

- - 3 40 3600 11 2003

- - 3 36 3440 9 2004

- - - 48 2505 12 2005

- - 3 48 2740 19 2006

1 3 47 72 8360 31 2007

1 5 232 84 9360 55 2008

1 - 172 144 6200 49 2009

3 10 466 - - 202 total

Maximum Concentration of Dust (µ gr/m3 ) in Critical Provinces of Iran - 2005

Concentration

(µ gr/m3 )

>3000

2001 - 3000

501 - 2000

150 - 500

<150

Maximum Concentration of Dust (µ gr/m3 ) in Critical Provinces of Iran - 2006

Concentration

(µ gr/m3 )

>3000

2001 - 3000

501 - 2000

150 - 500

<150

Maximum Concentration of Dust (µ gr/m3 ) in Critical Provinces of Iran - 2007

Concentration

(µ gr/m3 )

>3000

2001 - 3000

501 - 2000

150 - 500

<150

Maximum Concentration of Dust (µ gr/m3 ) in Critical Provinces of Iran - 2008

Concentration

(µ gr/m3 )

>3000

2001 - 3000

501 - 2000

150 - 500

<150

Maximum Concentration of Dust (µ gr/m3 ) in Critical Provinces of Iran - 2009

Concentration

(µ gr/m3 )

>3000

2001 - 3000

501 - 2000

150 - 500

<150

32

28

13

9

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Zan

jan

Ahva

zIla

m

Ker

man

shah

Cities

Nu

mb

er

of

Days

NUMBER OF DAYS WITH DUST IN DIFFERENT CITIES IN 2007

NUMBER OF DAYS WITH DUST IN DIFFERENT CITIES IN 2008

13

107

35

6

59

2025

3

42

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Shi

raz

Kho

ram

Abad

Sha

hr-e

-Kord

Zanj

an

Tabr

iz

Ahv

az

San

anda

j

Ilam

Ker

man

shah

Cities

Nu

mb

er

of

Da

ys

101

6712

6

28

63

2114

31

45

16

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Teh

ran

Shiraz

Ham

edan

Khor

am A

bad

Shah

r-e-

Kor

d

Zan

jan

Tab

riz

Ahva

z

Oro

omieh

San

andaj

Ilam

Ker

man

shah

Cities

Nu

mb

er

of

Days

NUMBER OF DAYS WITH DUST IN DIFFERENT CITIES IN 2009

VARIATION OF

MAXIMUM DUST CONCENTRATION IN AHVAZ

150µg/m3

8860

6900

10000

1910 2505

8360

1890

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Years

Concen

tration (

µg/m

3

)

524

724

586

1426

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

2007 2008 2009 2010

Years

Co

ncen

trati

on

(µg

/m3)

150µg/m3

VARIATION OF

MAXIMUM DUST CONCENTRATION IN ZANJAN

464

771

1311

28173000

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n(µ

g/m

3)

Maximum Dust Concentration in Kermanshah

150µg/m3

VARIATION OF

MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION OF DUST IN ZAHEDAN (EAST)

4103

5912

6500

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

2008 2009 2010Years

Co

ncen

tratio

n(µg

/m3)

150µg/m3

MAJOR WETLANDS AND BASINS

EFFECTING ON HAZE

WEST PART

REGION WITH HAZE PROBLEM

INVOLVED PROVINCES WITH DUST STORM

Affected Area by Dust from the West Affected Area by Dust from the East

Caspian Sea

Caspian Sea

Aman Sea Aman Sea

Sever Sever

Moderate

No Effect

Sever

Moderate

No Effect

Wetlands in Euphrates –Tigris Basin

which are point sources of Dust

49

1976 2000

Trend of Drying Wetlands: Remained Area of Wetlands in 2000: Hour-al- Hoveize: 33%; Central Hour: 3.1%

Hour-al Hammar: 6.4%

2006

Causes of Wetland Dryness:

1- Upstream activities

2- Iraq Activities which caused dryness of wetlands in

Euphrates- Tigris Basin in the past

Tigris

Euph.

Shat-ol-Arab

Dahuk

Dookan

Darbandikhan

Hamrain

Diyala

Hadise

Kout

Debs Mousel

Fallujeh

Sarsar

Samera

EAST PART

IRAN’S RAMSAR SITES WETLANDS

GEOGRAPHY OF HIRMAND (HELMAND) BASIN

LOCATION OF PHYSICAL FEATURES AND STREAMS.

LAND COVER CHANGES IN THE SISTAN BASIN

WATER VOLUMES IN HAMOONS DURING 1985-2005

PEOPLE AFFECTED BY SAND STORMS

Buried water canal by sand

Wind erosin in bed of Hamoon lakes

Houses buried by sand

SAND STORM AND WINDS IN SISTAN AND DRIED HAMOONS

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

Mismanagement of Water Resources in Trans-boundary

Basins Caused Health Problem for People.

Most of the people think about water resources for

environmental use (like wetlands) as a Fantasy need

whereas in this case, the effect of this omission caused

very serious health problem for people in a vast area.

Although many activities took place to deal with the

problem but all of them are focused on solve the effects

of the problem not on the roots (WRM).

Results of the current activities are very expensive and it

won’t work in long term (as the causes are still existing).

The direction of any joint activities for these basins

should focus on this health problem.