Hazardous Waste_group III

TASK COMPILATION

HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

(TL 5122)

Group III

NGUYEN THI NGOC ANH (25313044)

RESTI AYU LESTARI (25314707)

KENDRA TANDEGA (25314711)

SATRIYANI KUSUMA N (25314729)

FATIMAH JUHRA (25314732)

MINDA NICELIA (25314740)

MENTARI KHAIRITA UTAMI (25314752)

VA VANDITH (25314756)

TRY KIMLENG (25314758)

Lecturer:

PROF. ENRI DAMANHURI

POST GRADUATE PROGRAM

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

BANDUNG TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE

2014

TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I HEAVY METAL

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ I-1

1.2 Heavy Metal in Waste .................................................................................................. I-1

1.2.1 Regulations of Heavy Metal Waste in Indonesia ................................................ I-1

1.2.1.1 Heavy Metal Waste From Specific Sources ............................................. I-1

1.2.1.2 Heavy Metal Waste From Expired Materials, Spill or Discharge of

Residual Packaging Products ................................................................... I-2

1.2.1.3 Heavy Metal TCLP Standard .................................................................. I-3

1.2.2 Source of Heavy Metal Pollutants ....................................................................... I-3

1.2.2.1 Electroplating Industry ............................................................................ I-3

1.2.2.2 Tannery Industry ..................................................................................... I-3

1.2.2.3 Battery Industry ....................................................................................... I-4

2.1 Mercury / Hydragyrum (Hg)

2.1.1 Definition and Characteristic ............................................................................. I-4

2.1.2 Sources ............................................................................................................... I-5

2.1.3 Influence of Mercury ......................................................................................... I-5

2.1.4 Pathway .............................................................................................................. I-7

2.1.5 Regulatory Limits .............................................................................................. I-8

2.2 Chromium (Cr)

2.2.1 Definition and Characteristic ............................................................................... I-8

2.2.2 Sources ................................................................................................................ I-8

2.2.3 Pathway ............................................................................................................... I-9

2.2.4 Influence of Chromium ....................................................................................... I-9

2.2.5 First Aid and Protective Equipment .................................................................. I-10

2.2.6 Handling and Storage ........................................................................................ I-10

2.2.7 Workplace Exposures Limits ............................................................................. I-11

2.3 Lead (Pb)

2.3.1 Definition and Characteristic ............................................................................. I-11

2.3.2 Sources .............................................................................................................. I-11

2.3.3 Pathway ............................................................................................................. I-12

2.3.4 Influence of Lead ............................................................................................... I-12

2.3.5 First Aid and Protective Equipment .................................................................. I-13

2.3.6 Handling and Storage ........................................................................................ I-13

2.3.7 Exposure Limits ................................................................................................. I-13

2.4 Hazardous Waste Treatment

2.4.1 General Treatment ............................................................................................. I-13

2.4.2 Special Treatment .............................................................................................. I-15

2.4.2.1 Chemical Precipitation ................................................................................... I-15

2.4.2.2 Ion Exchange .................................................................................................. I-16

2.4.2.3 Adsorption ...................................................................................................... I-16

2.4.2.4 Membrane Filtration ....................................................................................... I-16

3. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... I-16

CHAPTER II STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. II-1

2.2 Classification ............................................................................................................... II-4

2.2.1 Storage of Hazardous Waste .............................................................................. II-4

2.2.2 Storage and Transporting of Solid Waste ........................................................... II-5

2.2.2.1 Storage of Solid Waste ........................................................................... II-5

2.2.2.2 Transportation of Solid Waste .............................................................. II-10

2.2.3 Storage and Transporting of Liquid Waste ....................................................... II-14

2.2.4 Storage and Transporting of Gas Waste II-18 ................................................... II-18

2.2.4.1 Storing Gases Cylinder .......................................................................... II-19

2.2.4.2 Transporting Gas Cylinder ................................................................... II-21

2.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. II-22

CHAPTER III ILLEGAL TRAFFIC OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

Definition: ........................................................................................................................ III-1

3.1.Illegal Trafficking of Hazardous Waste Case in Indonesia ....................................... III-1

3.1.1.PT Hwang Hook Steel (HHS) scrap steels case in Tanjung Priok port ........... III-1

3.1.2.Case problem solving ...................................................................................... III-3

3.2. Illegal Trafficking of Hazardous Waste Case in Other Country (CS : China) ......... III-4

3.2.1.The Nanjin Korean Chemical Wastes Case ..................................................... III-4

3.2.2.Rian Hualong Plastic Chemical, Ltd. Case ..................................................... III-5

3.2.3.Fushun Plastic Products, Ltd. Case ................................................................. III-6

3.3. Cross Border Notification Based On Basel Convention ........................................... III-6

3.4. Control system for the transboundary movements of hazardous and other

Wastes ..................................................................................................................... III-10

3.4.1.Management-related control activities .......................................................... III-11

3.4.2.Control system in Basel Convention ............................................................. III-11

3.5 Cross Border Notification Procedure in Indonesia .................................................. III-13

3.5.1 Determining the case of Illegal Transboundary Movement of Hazardous

Waste ............................................................................................................ III-13

3.5.2. Export and Import Notification Procedure in Indonesia .............................. III-13

3.5.3 Cross-Border Movement rules in indonesia .................................................. III-14

3.5.4 Restrictions on Transboundary Movement ................................................... III-15

3.5.4.1 Restrictions on export for final disposal .......................................... III-15

3.5.4.2. Restrictions on export for recovery ................................................. III-16

3.5.4.3. Restrictions on import for final disposal ......................................... III-16

3.5.4.4. Restrictions on import for recovery ................................................ III-17

3.5.4.5. Restrictions on transit...................................................................... III-17

3.5.4.6. Prohibited wastes to be imported in Indonesia ............................... III-17

CHAPTER IV E-WASTE RECYCLING ACTIVITIES IN A DEVELOPING

COUNTRY BY INFORMAL SECTORS

4.1. Background Of E-Waste

4.1.1. Definition ..................................................................................................... IV-1

4.1.2. Source and Classification of E-Waste .......................................................... IV-1

4.2. Substance And Environmental Impact Of E-Waste

4.2.1. Hazardous Substances of E-Waste ............................................................... IV-2

4.2.2. Human Health and Environmental Impact ................................................... IV-6

4.3.E-Waste Management

4.3.1. Recycling ..................................................................................................... IV-7

4.3.2. Disposal ........................................................................................................ IV-9

4.3.3. Policy approaches in managing e-waste in Asian countries ...................... IV-10

4.4. Some Case E-Waste Recycling Activities In Some Countries In Asia

By Informal Sector

4.4.1. Some cases E-waste recycling activities in China ..................................... IV-13

4.4.2. Some cases E-waste recycling activities in Vietnam ................................. IV-16

4.4.3. Some cases E-waste recycling activities in Indonesia ............................... IV-18

REFERENCES

TASK A3-HEAVY METALS

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CHAPTER I

HEAVY METALS

1.1 Introduction

A heavy metal is a member of a loosely defined subset of elements that exhibit metallic properties.

Many different definitions have been proposedsome based on density, some on atomic number or

atomic weight, and some on chemical properties or toxicity. The term heavy metal has been called a

"misinterpretation" in an International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) technical report

due to the contradictory definitions and its lack of a "coherent scientific basis". There are many heavy

metals in our environment both naturally and from pollution. If metallic element has a high atomic

weight and a density much greater (at least 5 g/cm3) than water, it is called heavy metal. There are

more than 20 heavy metals, but four are of particular concern to human health: lead (Pb), cadmium

(Cd), mercury (Hg), and inorganic arsenic (As). Others are including copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc

(Zn), play important roles in our bodies. Heavy metals are natural components of the Earth's crust.

They cannot be degraded or destroyed. To a small extent they enter our bodies via food, drinking

water and air. As trace elements, some heavy metals (e.g. copper, selenium, zinc) are essential to

maintain the metabolism of the human body. However, at higher concentrations they can lead to

poisoning. Heavy metal poisoning could result, for instance, from drinking-water contamination (e.g.

lead pipes), high ambient air concentrations near emission sources, or intake via the food chain.Heavy

metals are dangerous because they tend to accumulate in organism. Bioaccumulation means the

increasing of concentration of a chemical in a biological organism over time, compared to the

chemicals concentration in the environment. Compounds accumulate in living things any time they are

taken up and stored faster than they are broken down (metabolized) or excreted.

1.2 Heavy Metal in Waste

Heavy metal waste come from human activity, both domestic or industrial contain heavy metals. This

waste with specific requirements can be classified as hazardous and toxic waste that must be managed

specifically in order not to pollute the environment.

1.2.1 Regulations of Heavy Metal Waste in Indonesia

General regulations on heavy metal waste in Indonesia is regulated in Government Regulation No. 18

junction to 85 in 1999. Both of this rule regulate waste belonging to the hazardous category consisting

of hazardous waste from non-specific sources, hazardous waste from specific sources, as well as waste

from expired materials, spill of the packaging or disposal of products that do not meet classification. In

this regulation, heavy metal waste should be managed as hazardous waste in accordance with

applicable regulations.

1.2.1.1 Heavy Metal Waste From Specific Sources

Table 1 lists the hazardous heavy metal waste from specific sources in Indonesian Government

regulation number 18 of 1999 conjunction to 85 of 1999:

Table1. List of heavy metal waste from specific activities

No Specific Activites Heavy Metals

1 Fertilizer As, Hg

2 Pesticide As, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Th

3 Chloro alkali process Hg

4 Polymer Cd, Pb, Sb, Sn


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No Specific Activites Heavy Metals

5 Petrochemical Cr, Ni, Sb

6 Smelting / processing of iron and steel As, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Thdan Zn

7 Refinement steel operation As, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Th, Zn

8 Lead smelting As, Pb, Cd, Zn, Th

9 Smelting and refining of copper Cu, Pb, Cd, Th

10 Ink Cr, Pb

11 Textile As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn

12 Manufacturing and assembly of vehicles and

machinery

As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ag, Hg, Cu, Ni, Zn, Se, Sn

13 Electroplating dan galvanizing Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, As, Ba, Hg, Se, Ag, Ni, Zn, Sn

14 Paint As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Se, Ag, Zn

15 Dry cells battery Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Hg

16 Wet cells battery Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Sb

17 Components and electronic equipment As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ag, Hg, Cu, Ni, Zn, Se, Sn, Sb

18 Exploration and production of oil, gas and

geothermal

Ba, Cr, Pb, Ni

19 Oil and gas refinery Ba, Cr, Pb, Ni)

20 Mining Not specific

21 Coal powerplant Not specific

22 Tannery Cr, Pb

23 Dyestuffs and pigments Cr, Zn, Pb, Hg, Ni, Sn, Cu, Sb, Ba

24 Pharmacy As

25 Recycling of used lubricating oils Zn, Pb, Cr

26 Processing animal fat / vegetable and derivates Cr, Ni, Zn

27 Zinc smelting and refinement Zn, Cr, Pb, Th

28 Non-ferrous metal process As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb

29 Metal hardening Ba, Cr, Mn

30 Industrial WWTP As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Se, Ag, Cu, Ni

31 Glass ceramics Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Ba

32 Seals, gaskets, packing Pb, Hg, Zn

1.2.1.2 Heavy Metal Waste From Expired Materials, Spill or Discharge of Residual Packaging

Products.

Government regulation Number 18 of 1999 conjunction to 85 of 1999, heavy metal waste included in

this category are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. List of heavy metal waste from expired materials, spills or disposal

of residual packaging products

Num Waste name Waste code

1 Acetic lead D3104

2 Chromate lead D3105

3 Nitrate lead D3106

4 Oxide lead D3107

5 Phospate lead D3108

6 Mercury and its compounds D3113

7 Cyanide silver D3157


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1.2.1.3 Heavy metals TCLP standard

Table 3 shows the quality standards of heavy metal that determines the nature of a toxic waste by the

Indonesian Government regulation number 18/1999 conjunction to 85/1999:

Table 3.Quality Standard Which Determines The Heavy Metal Toxicity of a Waste

Num Heavy metal Concentration standard in waste extraction (TCLP) (mg/l)

1 Arsen 0,2

2 Barium 5

3 Boron 100

4 Cadmium 0,05

5 Chromium 0,25

6 Copper 0,19

7 Lead 2,5

8 Mercury 0,01

9 Selenium 0,05

10 Silver 2

11 Zinc 2,5

1.2.2 Source of Heavy Metals Pollutants

Sources of heavy metal pollutants in the environment can come from industries that use the metal base

material. As the industry is using Cu electroplating, chemical industries that use dyes, leather tanning

industrial metals containing chromium, as well as industrial batteries. In this paper we will discuss the

sources of pollution of the few industries that during the process produces wastewater containing

heavy metals.

1.2.2.1 Electroplating Industry

One example of metal-based industries is the electroplating industry. Electroplating activities produces

solid and liquid wastes and emissions. Solid waste come from activities polishing and removing the

crust. Wastewater come from washing, cleaning and plating processes. The wastewater contains a lot

of dissolved metals, solvents and organic compounds and other dissolved inorganic.

Electroplating industry is an industry that make metal plating with the help of electric current. Metal

coating process consists of washing, cleaning, coating, rinsing and drying. Water from the washing

process metals, cleaning and flushing usually contain metals such as Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb.

1.2.2.2 Tannery Industry

Waste of tanning industry is divided in to solid waste and sludge, liquid and gases (odor). Waste

leather tanning industry is also determined by the use of raw materials both large and small leather

skin, auxiliary materials (chemical drugs) as well as the use of process technology and hold process,

capacity up to the type of product produced.

The main sources of waste leather tanning industry consists of:

a. The parts of the skin that must be removed, including feathers, various proteins and oil, remnants

of leather cutting, splitting and the rest of the chemicals used during the tanning process;

b. Excess chemicals from tanning process. The waste beside being form of solids, liquids and gases

can also be mixed waste containing some substance.


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The nature and characteristics of tannery wastewater by type of process stages in Table 6.

Table 6. The Nature And Characteristics Of Tannery Wastewater By Type Of Process Stages

Input Process Waste

Dried rawhide, 200-1000 % water,

1 g/l wetting drug and antiseptic

(tepol, molescal)

Soaking Meat offal, blood, feathers, salt,

minerals, dust and dirt.

Skin that has been soaked, 300

400% water, 610% (Ca(OH2), 3

6% Sodium Sufide (Na2S)

Liming Greenish white water, and dirty,

containing calcium, sodium sulfide,

albumin, fur, meat offal and fat

Chromium sulphate alkaline chrome tanning chrome

1.2.2.3 Battery Industry

Battery has three important component namely anode, cathode, and electrolytes. Primary battery or

disposable battery for example is made of zinc as anode, carbon as cathode and electrolytes which is

used as pasta mixture MnO2 powder, carbon and NH4Cl. While secondary batteries that can be filled

generally have re-anode from cadmium, and cathode from nickel with electrolytes alkaline (KOH). In

addition, lead (Pb) also often used for battery manufacturing. These components compilers battery will

have a negative impact for the environment, such as cadmium, and manganese.The concentration of

cadmium into the ground will enlarge the arrest elements volume was advanced by plants and food

chain entered. Impact that emerged when poisoning volume cadmium would be high blood pressure,

renal impairment, decrease of red blood cells, stomach disorders and fragile bones. Manganese in large

number can cause poisoning and damage thenervous system for humans.

In this paper will be discussed 3 kind of heavy metals those Mercury(Hg), Chromium hexavalent

(Cr+6

) and Lead (Pb)

2.1 Mercury/ Hydrargyrum (Hg)

2.1.1 Definition and Characteristics

Mercury is made by cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) and form [Hg(0)], [Hg(I)], [Hg(II)], [MeHg] in

nature. Mercury is a peculiar metal. The important way to exposure man and the environment to

mercury are two other properties:

a. Under reducing conditions in the environment, ionic mercury changes to the uncharged elemental

mercury [Hg(0)], which is volatile and may be transported over long distances by air;

b. Mercury may be chemically or biologically transformed to methyl mercury and dimethyl mercury,

of which the former is bioaccumulative and the latter is also volatile and may be transported over

long distances;

Physical Characteristics:

a. Fluidity at room temperature;

b. Shiny;

c. Silvery white;

d. Volatile.

Chemistry Characteristics:

a. Mr = 200,59

b. Density = 13,534 g/cm3


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c. Vapour Pressure = 0,3 Pa

d. Melting Point = 38,870C

e. Boiling Point = 356,720

2.1.2 Sources

a. Mercury in Nature

Fig. 2 Source Hg in Nature

b. Mercury in Waste

1. Zinc and lead metallurgy;

2. Thermometers;

3. Dental amalgams;

4. Batteries;

5. Laboratory analyses;

6. Fluorescent tubes;

7. Barometers;

8. High-voltage discharge lamps;

9. Primary zinc production;

10. Basic metal industry;

11. Dredged sediment;

12. Chlorine-alkali industry;

13. Lamp production;

14. Petrochemical and other industry;

15. Large household waste;

16. Power plants;

17. Hospitals and laboratories;

18. Sewage sludge;

19. MSW residues.

2.1.3 Influence of Mercury

a. Humans

Mercury and its compounds are toxic to humans. The toxicity varies among the different types of

mercury. Generally, organic forms are much more toxic than the inorganic forms because organic

form are easier to absorb and mobile in human tissue than in organic form.

Methyl mercury

Methyl mercury is kind of organic mercury and represents the most important toxic impact of mercury

to humans. It is present worldwide and the general population is primarily exposed to methyl mercury


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through their diet, in particular through the consumption of fish and fish products. Most of the total

mercury in fish is in the form of methyl mercury (may be close to 100% for older fish, especially in

predatory species). Due to long-range atmospheric and aquatic transport of mercury, methyl mercury

is also present in the environment in remote areas without local or regional mercury sources.

The high toxicity of methyl mercury is well documented. Methyl mercury has been found to have

adverse effects on several organ systems in the human body as well as in animals. These include the

central nervous system (mental retardation, deafness, blindness, impairment of speech etc.) and the

cardiovascular system (blood pressure, heart-rate variety and heart diseases). Research on animals has

given evidence of effects on the immune system and the reproduction system.

Methyl mercury in our food is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestine),

readily crosses the placental barrier and enters the brain. A series of large epidemiological studies have

recently provided evidence that methyl mercury in pregnant women's marine diets appears to have

subtle, persistent effects on the children's mental development (cognitive deficits) as observed at about

the age of school start.

Inorganic mercury

The general population is primarily exposed to inorganic mercury through the diet and dental

amalgam. Acute inhalation exposure to mercury vapour may be followed by chest pains, dyspnoea,

coughing, haemoptysis, and sometimes interstitial pneumonitis leading to death (WHO 1991). The

central nervous system is the critical organ for mercury vapour exposure. Subacute exposure has given

rise to psychotic reactions characterised by delirium, hallucinations, and suicidal tendency.

The kidney is the critical organ following the ingestion of inorganic divalent mercury salts.

Occupational exposure to metallic mercury has been associated with the development of proteinuria,

both in workers with other evidence of mercury poisoning and in those without such evidence (WHO

1991).

b. Environment

Birds and mammals

Experiments on certain groups of animals have shown that the central nervous system and the kidneys

are the organs most vulnerable to damage from methyl mercury and inorganic mercury exposure.

Effects include neurological impairment, reproductive effects, liver damage and significant decreases

in intestinal absorption. These effects may appear at animal tissue concentrations above 25-60 mg/kg

wet weight (AMAP 1998). Birds fed inorganic mercury show a reduction in food intake and

consequent poor growth. Adverse effects on birds hatching have been observed at above 2 mg/kg wet

weight (free ranging birds and experimental). Other more subtle effects on enzyme systems,

cardiovascular function, blood parameters, the immune response, kidney function and structure, and

behaviour have been reported.

Other aquatic organisms

The organic forms of mercury are generally more toxic to aquatic organisms than the inorganic forms.

Aquatic plants are affected by mercury in the water at concentrations approaching 1 mg/litre for

inorganic mercury, but at much lower concentrations of organic mercury. High concentration of

inorganic mercury affect macroalgae by reducing the germination. Aquatic invertebrates vary greatly

in their susceptibility to mercury. Generally, larval stages are more sensitive than adults. A wide

variety of physiological and biochemical abnormalities has been reported after fish have been exposed


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to sublethal concentrations of mercury, although the environmental significance of these effects is

difficult to assess. Reproduction is also affected adversely by mercury.

Other terrestrial organisms

Plants are generally insensitive to the toxic effects of mercury compounds. Mercury is, however,

accumulated in taller plants, especially in perennials. The primary effect in plants is associated with

the root tips.

Microorganisms

Mercury is toxic to microorganisms. Inorganic mercury has been reported to have effects at

concentrations of the metal in the culture medium of 5 g/litre, and organo mercury compounds at

concentrations at least 10 times lower than this (WHO 1991). Organo mercury compounds have been

used as fungicides.

These effects are often irreversible, and mercury at low concentrations represents a major hazard to

microorganisms. Subtle, but notable impacts are believed to take place in large parts of Europe in

forest soils dominated by organic material and potentially in many other locations in the world with

similar characteristics. The microbiological activity in soil is vital to the material balances for carbon

and nutrients in the soil and is affecting trees and soil organisms, which form the basis for the

terrestrial food chain.

2.1.4 Pathway

The main human exposure to mercury is via inhalation of the vapour of elemental mercury, ingestion

of mercury and methyl mercury compounds in food . The driver of most environmental Hg and

CH3Hg studies is the perception that human health risk from CH3Hg exposure has increased with

industrialization and the increasing cumulative release of Hg to the environment from anthropogenic

sources. CH3Hg concentrations are elevated in fish and shellfish, particularly piscivorous fish such as

tuna. Dietary consumption of marine fish and other seafood is a major route of CH3Hg exposure

among human populations with many populations dependent on fish for food, protein, and nutrients.

In addition to the global commercial fishery, CH3Hg exposure can be important at the local

consumer scale. Local consumers include

a. Recreational anglers who eat their catch;

b. People who rely on local marine fish and marine mammals for a majority of their protein and

nutrition;

c. Immigrant communities who catch their own fish and may have different eating habits such as

consuming whole fish instead of fillets;

d. Consumers who prefer to eat local seafood. Indigenous peoples around the world that rely on local

fish catch for subsistence living.


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Fig 3.Bioacummulation of heavy metals

2.1.5 Regulatory Limits

a. EPA 2 parts per billion parts (ppb) in drinking water;

b. FDA 1 part of methyl mercury in a million parts of seafood;

c. OSHA 0.1 milligram of organic mercury per cubic meter of workplace air and 0.05 milligrams

per cubic meter of metallic mercury vapor for 8-hour shifts and 40-hour work week.

d. Indonesia: depend on the food

2.2 Chromium (Cr)


Chromium is a metallic element with oxidation states ranging from chromium(-II) to chromium(+VI)

with the trivalent (III) and hexavalent (VI) sates being the most predominant. Elemental chromium,

chromium(0), does not occur naturally. Although there is a divalent state, chromium II (chromous), it

is relatively unstable under environmental conditions and is readily oxidized to the trivalent (III or

chromic) state. Chromium compounds are most stable in the trivalent state under environmental

conditions and occur in nature in ores, such as ferrochromite (FeCr2O4). The hexavalent (VI or

chromate) is the second most stable state; however, it only occurs naturally in rare minerals such as

crocoite (PbCrO4) (Hurlbut 1971; Papp and Lipin 2001). Hexavalent chromium compounds primarily

arise from anthropogenic sources (Alimonti et al. 2000; Barceloux 1999; EPA 1984a; Johnson et al.

2006; Shanker et al. 2005).


a. Hard;

b. Steel-gray;

c. Shiny.


a. Mr = 51,966



d. Melting Point = 19070C

e. Boiling Point = 26710C

2.2.2 Sources

a. Chromium in Nature

Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in animals, plants, rocks, and soil and in volcanic

dust and gases. Chromium has oxidation states (or "valence states") ranging from chromium(-II) to

chromium(VI). Elemental chromium (chromium(0)) does not occur naturally. Chromium compounds

are stable in the trivalent (III) state and occur in nature in this state in ores, such as ferrochromite. The


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hexavalent (VI) form is the second-most stable state. However, chromium(VI) rarely occurs naturally,

but is usually produced from anthropogenic sources (EPA 1984a).

b. Chromium in Waste

The best known sources of effluents containing chromium ions are chromium plating shops working

with electrolytes based on aqueous solutions of chromic acid, metallurgic plants producing or

processing alloyed steels (where types with high chromium and nickel content are dominating) and

running acidic pickling baths, textile industry and leather tanning.

2.2.3 Pathway

Respiratory

How to enter chrome through the respiratory system by inhaling dust chromium are generated from the

production process. Chromium (VI) was found in the breathing zone of the worker welding section

with a concentration between 3.8 to 6.6 gr/ m3.

Digestive tract

How to enter chrome can be through food or swallowed. The content of chromium in the diet ranged

from 5-250 gr / kg. foods that have high levels of chromium, namely pepper and beer yeast (Schroeder et al, 1962).

Skin

The nature of the chrome the chromic compounds, dichromate and chromium (VI) in addition to

irritants also corrosive, in case of direct contact is likely to cause allergies. Chromium chromate

particular, many cause allergies and dermatitis biggest cause for workers.

2.2.4 Influence of Chromium

a. Humans

The general population is exposed to chromium by inhaling ambient air, ingesting food, and drinking

water containing chromium.Dermal exposure of the general public to chromium can occur from skin

contact with certain consumer products or soils that contain chromium. The primary route of non-

occupational workers, however, is food ingestion. Chromium content in foods varies greatly and

depends on the processing and preparation.

Chromium Hexavalent

Clinical effects

Effect of chromium on health which may develop respiratory problems and also interfere with

digestion. Chromium (VI) is known to cause a variety of health affects. When a mixture of chromium

in the leather products, it can cause allergic reactions, such as skin rash. After breathing chromium

(VI) can cause nose and nosebleeds. Other health problems that are caused by chromium (VI) is skin

rashes, gastrointestinal effects, problem in respiratory, weakened immune system, kidney and liver

damage, lung cancer and even death.

Acute Effects: Chromium (VI) is much more toxic than chromium (III), for both acute and chronic exposures.

The respiratory tract is the major target organ for chromium (VI) following inhalation exposure

in humans. Shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing were reported in cases where an

individual inhaled very high concentrations of chromium trioxide..

Other effects noted from acute inhalation exposure to very high concentrations of chromium (VI)

include gastrointestinal and neurological effects, while dermal exposure causes skin burns in

humans.

Ingestion of high amounts of chromium (VI) causes gastrointestinal effects in humans and

animals, including abdominal pain, vomiting, and hemorrhage.


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Acute animal tests have shown chromium (VI) to have extreme toxicity from inhalation and oral

exposure.

Chronic Effects (Non cancer)

Chronic inhalation exposure to chromium (VI) in humans results in effects on the respiratory

tract, with perforations and ulcerations of the septum, bronchitis, decreased pulmonary function,

pneumonia, asthma, and nasal itching and soreness reported.

Chronic human exposure to high levels of chromium (VI) by inhalation or oral exposure may

produce effects on the liver, kidney, gastrointestinal and immune systems, and possibly the

blood.

Dermal exposure to chromium (VI) may cause contact dermatitis, sensitivity, and ulceration of

the skin.

Reproductive/Developmental Effects: Reproductive effects of chromium (VI) in humans exposed by inhalation suggest that exposure to

chromium (VI) may result in complications during pregnancy and childbirth.

Cancer Risk: Epidemiological studies of workers have clearly established that inhaled chromium is a human

carcinogen, resulting in an increased risk of lung cancer. Although chromium-exposed workers

were exposed to both chromium (III) and chromium (VI) compounds, only chromium (VI) has

been found to be carcinogenic in animal studies.

Animal studies have shown chromium (VI) to cause lung tumors via inhalation exposure.

b. Environment

Chromium can affect the air quality through coal manufacturing, which eventally can lead to water or

soil contamination. Water contamination is fairly limited to surface water, and will not affect

groundwater because chromium strongly attaches to soil and is generally contained within the silt

layer surrounding or withing the groundwater reservoir. Water contaminated with chromium will not

build up in fish when consumed, but will accumulate on the gills, thus, causing negative health effects

for aquatic animals; chromium uptake results in increased mortality rates in fish due to contamination.

When consumed by animals, the effects can include "respiratory problems, a lower ability to fight

disease, birth defects, infertility and tumor formation."

2.2.5 First Aid and Protective Equipment

For eye contact, immediately flush with large amounts of water, lifting upper and lower lids. For

further medical treatment, seek for some medical attention. For skin contact, quickly remove

contaminated clothing. Immediately wash contaminated skin with large amounts of soap and water.

For inhalation, remove the person from exposure and transfer the person promptly to a medical

facility.

To prevent some injuries, protective equipment is recommended. Gloves and clothing is highly-

recommended to avoid skin contact. The glove and clothes must be made from a material which

cannot be permeated or degraded by this substance. Wear an eye protection such as goggles to prevent

an eye contact and wear respiratory to prevent chromium exposure through inhalation.

2.2.6 Handling and Storage

a. Chromium may react violently or explosively with some other compounds;

b. Chromium is not compatible with oxidizing agents;

c. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area.


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2.2.7 Workplace Exposure Limits

a. OSHA The legal airborne permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 1 mg/m3 averaged over an 8-hour

workshift

b. NIOSH The recommended airborne exposure limit (REL) is 0,5 mg/m3 averaged over an 8-hour

workshift.

c. ACGIH The threshold limit value (TLV) is 0,5 mg/m3 averaged over an 8-hour workshift.

2.3 Lead (Pb)


Lead is a naturally occurring metal found in the Earth's crust at about 1520 mg/kg. In comparison to the two most abundant metals in the Earth, aluminum and iron, lead is a relatively uncommon metal.

Lead rarely occurs in its elemental state, but rather its +2 oxidation state in various ores throughout the

earth. The most important lead containing ores are galena (PbS), anglesite (PbSO4), and cerussite

(PbCO3).


a. Bluish-white;

b. Ductile;

c. Soft.


a. Mr = 207,2



d. Melting Point = 327,460C

e. Boiling Point = 17490C

2.3.2 Sources

a. Lead in Nature

Lead is a naturally occurring metal found in the earth's crust. There is a high occurrence of lead ore

deposits around that are gathered, and distributed around the world. A person's environment is full of

lead. People are exposed to lead in many different ways (such as paint, gasoline, solder, and consumer

products) and through different pathways (such as air, food, water, dust, and soil). Although all there

are several exposure sources, lead-based paint is the most widespread and dangerous high-dose source

of lead exposure. Additionally, lead in drinking water accounts for 10 to 20 percent of human

exposure. Infants who consume mainly mixed formula can receive 40-60 percent of lead through

drinking water

b. Lead in Waste

Automotive industry: wheel weights, bearings, friction additive in clutch facings and brakes,

storage batteries

Construction industry: flashing, pipe, sheeting, counterweights, paint additives

Electronic industry: cathode-ray tubes, radiation shielding, solder

Resource industry: fishing sinkers, rifle bullets, backstops at rifle and pistol ranges

Printing industry: letter blocks

Miscellaneous: paint, insecticides, fungicides, chemical reagents, gasoline

additives, pigments, dyes

Automotive industry: spent glycol solution removed from cooling systems with heat

exchangers made from alloys containing lead as an adhesive

Oil field construction: joining compound (pipe dope)


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Automotive industry: ceramic products, paints, rubbers, dyes, corrosion inhibiting pigment in

paints and primers

Miscellaneous: manufacture of explosives, blasting caps, matches and pyrotechnics, chemical

reagents, pigments, dyes

2.3.3 Pathway

Air

Most of the lead in ambient air is in the form of sub-micron-sized particles. Some 3050% of these inhaled particles are retained in the respiratory system. Virtually all of this retained leadis absorbed

into the body. Particles in the size range of 13 m are also efficiently depositedin the lungs. Larger particles are deposited with variable efficiency, mainly in the upperrespiratory tract with incomplete

absorption. All lead particles that are cleared by the lung canbe swallowed and result in further lead

absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

Drinking-water

Lead concentrations in drinking-water and groundwater vary from 1 g/l to 60 g/l. In most European

countries, the levels of lead in domestic tap water are relatively low, normally 20 g/l. Consequently,

exposure to lead through water is generally low compared with exposure through food. Nevertheless,

in old houses with lead pipes used for the domestic drinking-water supply, blood lead levels in six-

year-old children were found to be elevated by about 30% relative to houses without lead pipes. In

areas with soft water, where leadwater pipes and lead plumbing are common, the contribution of lead

in drinking-water to thetotal lead intake may even be more pronounced.

Food

Most people receive the largest portion of their daily lead intake via food. Most lead entersfood during

storage and manufacture, for example in canned food and in alcoholic drinks. The most important

pathway whereby atmospheric lead enters the food chain is thought to be direct foliar contamination of

plants. This contamination depends on the rate of fallout of lead in thedistricts where food is grown; it

tends to be higher in heavily industrialized areas.Additionally, air deposits raise the level of lead in

soil, which, in the course of decades andcenturies, may result in an increased uptake of lead through

the roots.

2.3.4 Influence of Lead

a. Humans

Infants and children who drink water containing lead in excess could experience delays in their

physical or mental development. Young children could show slight deficits in attention span and

learning abilities. Adults with exposure, over years, may develop kidney problems or high blood

pressure. Even low levels of lead exposure can result in decreased performance on intelligence tests.

Lead exposure in adults is also associated with fertility problems and cataracts. Additionally, lead is

stored within bones/teeth, and can be released into the blood stream at times of stress. As new

information has emerged about the neurological, reproductive, and possible hypertensive toxicity of

lead, the CDC has progressively increased the level of concern for blood lead levels. CDC case

management guidelines are designed to keep children's blood lead levels below 10 g/dL, and adults

below 30 g/dL. The maximum contaminate level goal of lead in drinking water is zero, but the EPA's

final rule is set at 15 g/L.

b. Environment

Lead is commonly found within plant tissues and in their roots. Most lead will accumulate in cell walls

or vacuoles. This shows that big amounts of lead can now easily enter the food chain via plants. High

tolerance to lead in plant roots is quite unfavorable for other members in the food chain, including

man.


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2.3.5 First Aid and Protective Equipment

For eye contact, immediately flush with large amounts of water, lifting upper and lower lids. For

further medical treatment, seek for some medical attention. For skin contact, quickly remove

contaminated clothing. Immediately wash contaminated skin with large amounts of soap and water.

For inhalation, remove the person from exposure and transfer the person promptly to a medical

facility.

To prevent some injuries, protective equipment is recommended. Gloves and clothing is highly-

recommended to avoid skin contact with Lead. The glove and clothes must be made from a material

which cannot be permeated or degraded by this substance. Wear an eye protection such as goggles

with a non-vented, impact resistant ability to prevent an eye contact from fumes, gases or vapors, and

wear a face shield along with goggles when working with corrosive, highly irritating or toxic

substances. Wear a respiratory to prevent lead exposure through inhalation, such as half-mask

purifying respirator, fullfacepiece, powered-air purifying respirator with high efficiency filters.

2.3.6 Handling and Storage

a. A regulated, marked area should be estabilished where Lead is handled, used or stored b. Lead reacts violently with other compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, ammonium nitrate c. Lead is not compatible with oxidizing agents and strong acids d. Store in tightly closed containers in a coolm well-ventilated area

2.3.7 Exposure Limits

a. OSHA The legal airborne permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 0,05 mg/m3 averaged over an 8-

hour workshift

b. NIOSH The recommended airborne exposure limit (REL) is 0,05 mg/m3 averaged over a 10-

hour workshift. Air concentrations should be maintaned so that blood Lead is less than 0,06 mg/

100 grams of whole blood

c. ACGIH The threshold limit value (TLV) is 0,05 mg/m3 averaged over an 8-hour workshift

2.4 Hazardous Waste Treatment

2.4.1 General Treatment

Fig 4. General Hazardous Waste Treatment


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Rapid Mix

The goal of the rapid mix operation is to first raise the wastewater pH to form metal hydroxide

particles. After the addition of caustic, the next step is to add aluminum or iron salts, or organic

polymers (coagulants) directly to the wastewater. These polymers attach to the metal solids particles.

The small metal hydroxide particles become entangled in these polymers, causing the particle size to

increase (form flocs), which promotes settling.

Fig 5. Rapid Mix Influence To Hazardous Metal

Sedimentation

Once particles become enmeshed in the polymer, they are allowed to settle so that they are removed

from the wastewater. The particles settle since they are heavier than water. This settling occurs in the

sedimentation tanks. Sedimentation tanks, in contrast to rapid mixing units, are designed to have no

mixing, to produce a calm flow for settling

Fig 6. Sedimentation Process

Filtration

Water emerging from the sedimentation basin is routed to the filtration unit. The filtration unit is

designed to trap those particles that did not settle in the sedimentation basin (because they were too

small) or did not have sufficient time to settle and were carried out of the basin. Water entering the

filtration unit is passed through silica sand, diatomaceous earth, carbon, or cloth to capture the

remaining metal hydroxide particles. Metal particles stick to the filtering material and are removed

from the water. Filtration completes the metal treatment process. Only now should the pH be reduced

for discharge, if necessary, or pH can now be adjusted for water reuse.

As filtration progresses and more metal hydroxides and other solids clog the filter material, pressure

drop through the filter rises and some solids may pass through the filter. When either of these two

situations occurs, the filter must be backwashed by reversing the flow of water through the filter. This

backwash water is sent back to the rapid mix tank for mixing with the incoming water since it contains

a significant concentration of solids from the dislodging that has occurred. Furthermore, the pH of this


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water (since it will be diluted with incoming water) may drop significantly and pose the problem of

redissolving all of the metal hydroxides solids.

Fig 7. Filtration Process

Sludge Treatment

The solids produced in the sedimentation stage (and possibly solids from filtration) are denoted as a

sludge and periodically removed. In diatomaceous earth and fiber filters, the entire filter media

(diatomaceous earth, filter cartridge) is dumped with the captured metal hydroxide solids. This sludge

may be sent to a dewatering stage to remove excess water and leave only solids. The water from the

dewatering stage may not be completely free of metals and should be piped to the rapid mix tank. The

sludge now contains the precipitated metal hydroxide solids, made up of identifiable quantities of

heavy metals, which are regulated according to state and federal guidelines. The solids produced from

heavy metal wastewater treatment must then be disposed of as a hazardous waste

2.4.2 Special Treatment

2.4.2.1 Chemical precipitation

Water containing hevy metals is treated with a chemical oxidation-reduction process. Some chemicals

are needed to make suitable pH for heavy metal to be precipitated. A retention time of 45 minutes is

usually maintained to ensure adequate mixing and reaction with the sulfur dioxide or other chemicals.

This process converts the valent of heavy metal so it can be precipitated.

a. Hydroxide precipitation NaOH or Ca (OH)2, pH 8 11

Figure below explain about the relationship between the concentration of heavy metals and the pH

so the heavy metal can be precipitated. The colour area is the area that heavy metal will be

precipitated.

Fig. 8 The Relationship between Heavy Metal Concentration and pH


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b. Addition of coagulants possible

c. 99 % removal possible

d. Requires high concentration, produces sludge, some metal hydroxides are amphoteric, inhibition

by complexing agents

e. Also sulfide precipitation (possible using sulfate-reducing bacteria), chelates

2.4.2.2 Ion exchange

Characteristic:

a. High efficiency, fast process

b. Synthetic resins are most common

c. Research with natural zeolite

d. cost-effective at high concentration, secondary pollution from regeneration

Fig 8. Ion Exchange

2.4.2.3 Adsorption

Characteristic:

a. Activated carbon price increasing

b. Carbon nanotubes (CNT)

c. Low-cost or bioadsorbents (e.g. zeolite, clay; potato peels, eggshell, banana peels etc.)

d. Separation of biosorbents still a problem

2.4.2.4 Membrane filtration

Characteristic:

a. Ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis

b. high energy cost and membrane restoration

c. Flotation

d. Ion flotation = imparting the ionic metals hydrophobic an d removal by air bubbles

e. Electrochemical methods

f. Electrocoagulation

3. Conclusion

The general population does not face a significant health risk from methyl mercury, although certain

groups with high fish consumption may attain blood levels associated with a low risk of neurological

damage to adults. Since there is a risk to the fetus in particular, pregnant women should avoid a high

intake of certain fish, such as shark, swordfish and tuna. Fish, such as pike, walleye and bass, taken

from polluted fresh waters should especially be avoided.


I-17

Children are particularly vulnerable to lead exposure. Blood levels in children should be reduced

below the levels so far considered acceptable, recent data indicating that there may beneurotoxic

effects of lead at lower levels of exposure than previously anticipated. Although lead in petrol has

dramatically declined over the last decades, thereby reducing environmental exposure, there is a need

to phase out any remaining uses of lead additives in motor fuels. The use of lead-based paints should

also be abandoned, and lead should not be used in food containers. In particular, the public should be

aware of glazed food containers, which may leach lead into food.

Some treatments of heavy metals waste are precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption and membrane

filtration. Before using this special treatment, primary and secondary treatment is needed. Choosing

the kind of the treatment depend on the efficiency, budget and some other technical and non technical

aspects.

TASK B3 STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

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CHAPTER II

STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

2.1 Introduction

According to UNDP, Hazardous wastes: wastes (solids, sludges, liquids, and

containerized gases) other than radioactive wastes which, by reason of their chemical

activity or toxic, explosive, corrosive, or other characteristics, cause danger or likely

will cause danger to health or the environment, whether alone or when coming into

contact with other wastes . Or In Indonesia Law32/2009, Hazardous waste is the

residual of activities that contains substances that are dangerous or poisonous which

because of its characteristics and or concentration and or quantity, directly and

indirectly can pollute and or damage the environment and or endanger the

environment, health, life sustainability of human and other living things. Therefore,

Hazardous waste management deals with minimizing harmful effects on humans and

environment by applying special techniques which begins as soon as the waste has

been generated and continues through all subsequent stages to final treatment and

disposal. In the simplest form, a hazardous waste management system comprises

three units:

a. Storage upon generation

b. Collection and transportation

c. Final treatment and disposal

Handling and storage are both important factors in all of these management

stages, from cradle to grave. Different materials have to be handled in different ways,

and may have special storage requirements. For this reason proper identification and

labelling of materials is essential, and is likely to represent the difference between a

safe hazardous waste management system and a dangerous one. Correct handling,

storage, packaging and labelling are vital if accidents are to be avoided and the

environment is to be protected.

Hazardous waste materials must be stored somewhere. Ideally the storage

should be near the place where the hazardous wastes were generated. However,


II - 2 -

storage can be managed on-site or off-site. On site storage - within the premises of

the waste generator requires a storage site away from the manufacturing and

processing areas, and also from the areas of employee activities, but in a place not

subject to flooding. Off-site storage outside the premises of the waste generator -

may be, for example, at waste collection or transfer stations, pending final treatment

and disposal. In the United States, industries may store hazardous waste for up to

ninety days without obtaining a paermit as a storage facility. In the United Kingdom,

this is limited to 28 days and even this exemption is being eliminated in certain

instances.

Collection and transportation has become practice in most countries, but now

many countries require a more stringent licensing procedure. Similarly a manifest

system is used by all of the countries listed except Japan, India, and the countries in

Southern Africa. The nature of the manifest system does vary considerably. In the

United States, primary responsibility for identifying lost shipments is placed on the

generator, who must report exception to the authorities. In other countries it is the

government (local or regional) that does the checking of manifest forms to assure that

shipments of waste have not been lost.

The objectives of the transportation of Hazardous Waste are:

a. To ensure the correct packaging, temporary storage and collection of a waste

prior to transportation, so as to prevent accidental spillage into the

environment and minimise the impact should a spillage occur;

b. To ensure that the Hazardous Waste is never lost: this is achieved by use of

a system of documentation or a manifest system;

c. To ensure that the waste arrives safely at a permitted facility;

d. To ensure that emergency procedures are in place before an accident occurs,

and that the Hazardous Waste is correctly marked so as to aid the emergency

team.

Based on Government Regulation No. 85 1999 and Government Regulation

No. 74 in 2001 the waste includes hazardous waste is the characteristics as the


II - 3 -

following: Explosive Waste, Combustible Waste, Reactive Waste, Toxic waste,

Infectious and corrosive.

General regulations on management of hazardous waste in Indonesia is

regulated in Government Regulation No. 18 junction to 85 in 1999, decision of the

head of Bapedal No.1 in 1995 about Technical Requirements And Procedures The

Storage And Collection Of Hazardous waste and then cradle to grave concept for the

transportation of hazardous waste.


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2.1 CLASSIFICATION

2.2.1. Storage of Hazardous Waste

At the moment, the industry is growing by leaps and bounds in terms of

variety and numbers in Indonesia. Every industry has the potential to cause the waste

resulting from the production process. The remaining material is waste resulting from

an activity and the production process, both on the scale of household, industrial,

mining, etc. The waste can be a form of gas and dust, liquid or solid (Cesar, 2010).

Hazardous waste should be stored appropriately, when danger is likely to be

prevented. The storage facilities and procedures should accommodate the salvation

from all possible dangers. Hazardous waste storage is meant to prevent escape into

the environment hazardous waste so that the potential danger to humans and the

environment can be avoided. To enhance security, then prior to storage of hazardous

waste must be packaged in advance. Given the diversity of characteristics of

hazardous waste, then the packaging needs to be also regulated the right way so that

waste can be stored safely.

Hazardous waste packaging is an activity Pack, filling in or entering

hazardous waste into a container and or packaging, close and seal. In Indonesia, the

provisions of the packaging and storage of hazardous waste is regulated in the

decision Heads Bapedal No. 01/09/1995/Bapedal. General packaging requirements

are as follows :

a. Packaging of hazardous waste must be in good condition, undamaged and free

of corossion and leakage.

b. The size and shape of the hazardous waste packaging material adapted to the

characteristics of the hazardous waste that will be packed with considering

security and ease in handling.

c. Packaging can be made from a container or tank-shaped cylinder vertical as

well as horizontal or drums made from metal, drum made from plastic

(HDPE, PP or PVC) or metal materials subject to packaging materials used do

not react with the stored hazardous waste.


II - 5 -

d. Waste material that does not fit its characteristics must not be stored together

in one package.

e. To prevent the risk of danger during storage, the amount of packaging waste

in the filling should consider the possibility of the development of the volume

of waste, gas formation or the occurrence of elevated pressure.

f. If hazardous waste is packaging in conditions which are not feasible (e.g.

going on permanent damage or rust) or if it starts to leak, the hazardous waste

must be transferred into other packages that qualify as packaging for

hazardous waste.

g. The packaging that has contained sewage should be labelling in accordance

with the applicable provisions and stored by fulfilling the provisions about the

manner and terms for the collection and storage of hazardous materials.

2.2.2 Storage and Transporting of Solid Waste

Solid waste comes from industrial and domestic activities. Domestic waste is

generally shaped household solid waste, solid waste activities in Commerce, offices,

farms, agriculture as well as from public places. The types of solid waste: paper,

wood, rubber/leather imitation, plastic, metal, glass, organic, bacteria, egg shells, etc.

2.2.2.1 Storage of Solid Waste

In most office and commercial buildings, solid wastes that accumulate in the

individual offices or work locations usually are collected in relatively large container

mounted on rollers. Factors that must be considered in the onsite storage of solid

wastes includes:

1. The type of container to be used ( examples, steel, fiber, or plastic drums )

2. The container location

The type of container to be used

Typical applications and limitations of containers used for the onsite storage

of solid wastes :

1. Small types :

- Container, plastic or galvanized metal


II - 6 -

Very low-volume waste sources, such as individual homes, walkways in

parks, and small isolated commercial establishment; low-rise residential areas

set out collection service. And the limitations, containers are damaged

over time anddegraded in appearance and capacity; containers add extra

weight that must be lifted during collection operations; containers are not

large enough to hold bulky wastes.

- Disposable Paper Bags

Individual homes with packout collection service; can be used alone or as a

liner inside a household container; low-rise and medium-rise residential areas.

And the limitations, bag storage is more costly; if bags are set out streets or

curbside, dogs and other animal tear them and spread their contents; paper bag

themselves add to the waste load.

- Disposal Plastic Bags

Individual homes with set out collection service; can be used alone or as a

liner inside a household container; for cold climates, bags are useful in

holding wet garbage inside household container as well as in commercial

container; low-, medium-, and high-rise residential areas; commercial areas;

and industrial areas and the limitations, bag storage is more costly;bags tear

easly, causing litter and unsightly conditions; bags become brittle in very cold

weather, causing breakage; plastic lightness and durability causes later

disposal problems

2. Medium Types

Medium-volume waste sources that might also have bulky wastes; location

should be selected for direct-collection truck access; high-density residential

areas; commecial areas; industrial areas and the limitations, snow inside the

containers forms ice and lowers capacity while increasing weight; containers

are difficult to get to after heavy snows.


II - 7 -

3. Large Types

- Container, open top

High-volume commercial areas; bulky wastes in industrial areas; low-density

rural residential areas; location should be within a covered area but with

direct-collection truck access and the limitations, initial cost is high, snow

inside containers lowers capacity.

- Container, used with stationary compactor

Very high-volume commercial areas; location should be outside buildings

with direct-collection truck access and the limitations, intial cost is high; if

container is compacted too much, it is difficult to unload it at the disposal site.

To a large extent, the types and capacities of the containers used depend on

the characteristics of the solid wastes to be collected, the collection frequency, and

the space available for the placement of containers. And Storage of solid wastes is

relatively simple. Solid waste may stored either in small containers such as drums and

boxes, large container such as 20 cubic yard (or larger) roll-off boxes. Usually Small

containers, steel drums, fiber and plastic drums, and similar containers are used for

most hazardous waste other than heavy sludges or contaminated oil. After knowing

the characteristics of solid waste that will be storage. Then the procedures of the solid

waste storage area must be in accordance with the criteria.


II - 8 -

Fig 2.1 Container

The Procedures Solid Waste Storage :

- The storage system must be made of blocks and each block is composed of 2 x 2

packs.

- The width of the aisle between the blocks for the human traffic of at least 60 cm

(Fig. 2.2)

- A pile of metal drums of 200 litres maximum of 3 layers, each layer being given any

pallet, as pallets trays for 4 drums. Stack more than 3 laps/packaging of plastic have

to use shelf.

- Pile high with a roof and a wall of at least one metre

- Packaging containing hazardous waste that is not mutually suitable stored

separately, not in one block.


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Fig 2.2 The storage system with block is composed of 2 x 2 packs

Onsite storage are function of the types and amount of hazardous waste

generated and the time period over which waste generation occurs. Usually, when

large quantities are generated, special facilities are used that have sufficient capacity

to hold wastes accumulated over a period a several days. When only small amounts of

hazardous wastes are generated on an intermittent basis, they may be containerized,

and limited quantities may be stored for periods covering month or years.

Container and facilities used in hazardous waste storage and handling are

selected on the basis of the characteristics of the wastes. For example, corrosive acid

or caustic solutions are stored in fiber glass or glass-lined containers to prevent

deterioration of metals in the container. Great care must also be exercised to avoid

storing incompatible wastes in the same containers or locations. Disposal of

incompatible wastes can lean to the development of hazardous situations through heat

generation, fires, explosions,or release of toxic substances.

Container Location

Placement of solid waste from domestic industry usually containers used are

placed at the sides or rear of the house, in alleys where alley collection is used, in

garage or where available, some common location specifically designated for that

purpose. When two or more dwellings are located in close proximity, a concrete

pad may be constructed at some convenient location between them.


II - 10 -

For industrial waste the location of container at existing commercial and

industrial facilities depends on both the location of available space and service-

access conditions. And the location building of container storage building must be:

a. Is a flood-free area, making it safe from possible flood affected

b. The minimum distance between the location of the public facility is 50 meters.

2.2.2.2 Transportation of Solid Waste

The collection of hazardous wastes for delivery to a treatment or disposal

facility normally is done by the waste generator or specialized hauler. Typically, the

loading of collection vehicle is completed in one of two ways :

1. Wastes stored in large-capacity tanks are either drained or pumped into

collection vehicles

2. Wastes stored in sealed drums or other sealed containers are loaded by hand

or by mechanical equipment onto flatbed trucks.

All storage containers collected with the wastes are transported unopened to

the treatment or disposal facility. At no time in the collection cycle should the

collector come directly in contact with the wastes. To avoid accidents and the

possible loss of life, two collectors should always be assigned when hazardous wastes

are to be collected. The equipment used for collection varies with the waste

characteristics. For short haul distances, drum storage and collection with a flatbed

trucks is often the preferred method. As hauling distances increase, larger tank trucks,

trailers and railroad tank cars are used.

The type of transfer operation to be used

Motor vehicles, railroads, and ocean-going vessels are the principal means now

used to transport solid waste. Pneumatic and hydraulic systems have also been

used.

1. Motor vehicles transport

Where the point of final disposition can be reached by motor vehicles, the most

common means used to transport solid wastes from transfer stations are trailers,

semitrailers, and compactors. All types of vehicles can be used in conjunction


II - 11 -

with either types of transfer station. In general, vehicle used for hauling on

highway should satisfy the following requirements :

a. Wastes must be transported at minimum cost

b. Wastes must be covered during the haul operation

c. Vehicles must be designed for highway traffic

d. Vehicle capacity must be such that allowable weight limits are not exceeded

e. Methods used for unloading must be simple and dependable

- Trailer and semitrailers : in recent years, because of their simplicity and

dependability, open top trailers and semitrailers have found wide acceptance.

When equipped for use with a dolly supporting the front end, semitrailers can be

used interchangeably as the first or second trailer in tractor-trailer-trailer

combinations , thus lending flexibility to the operation.

Methods used to unload the transport trailers may be classified as:

1. self emptying, transport trailers are mechanisms such as hydraulic dump beds,

powered diaphragms, and moving floors that are part of vehicle. Moving floor

are an adaptation of equipment used in the construction industry for unloading

trailers that carry gravel and asphalt.

2. requiring the aid of auxiliary equipment

Unloading systems that require auxiliary equipment are usually of the " pull-off

" type, in which the wastes are pulled out of the truck by either a movable

bulkhead or wire-cable slings placed forward to load. the disadvantage of

requiring auxiliary equipment and workforce to unload at disposal site a

relatively minor in view of the simplicity and reliability at the method. an

additional disadvantage, however, is the unavoidable waiting time during which

the haul vehicle remains idle at the disposal site until the auxiliary equipment

can be placed in the required position.

- Compactors, large-capacity container in conjunction with stationary compactors

are also used in a number of transfer stations. In some cases, the compaction

mechanism is an integral part of the container. Representative data for such unit


II - 12 -

are reported. When containers are equipped with a self-contained compaction

mechanism, the movable bulkhead used to compress the waste is also used to

discharge to compacted wastes. the contents of containers used with stationary

compactors usually are unloaded by tilting the container and allowing the contents

to fall out by gravity. If the wastes are compressed too tightly, unloading can be a

problem. various ejection devides also are available to empty the contents of the

containers. the most common device is the movable bulkhead that pulled out by

cables.

- Other vehicle, almost every imaginable type of vehicle has been used at one time

or another for the transport of solid wastes.

Fig 2.3 Modern Compactors

2. Railroad Transport

Although railroads were commonly used for the transport of solid wastes in

the past, they are now used by only a few communities. However, renewed interest

is again developing in the use of railroads for hauling solid wastes, especially to

remote areas where highway travel is difficult and railroads lines now exist, and

where railroads own property or adjacent land for filling is available.

3. Water transport

Barges, scows, and special boats have been used in the past to transport solid

wastes to processing locations and to seaside and ocean disposal sites, but ocean

disposal is no longer practiced by united states. Although some self-propelled


II - 13 -

vessels (such as United States Navy garbage scows and other special boats) have

been used, the most common practice is to use vessels towed by tugs or other

special boats.

On of the major problems encountered when ocean vessels are used for the

transport of solid wastes is that it is often impossible to move the barges and boats

during storms or during times of heavy seas. In such cases, the wastes must be

stored and the construction of costly storage facilities may be necessary.

4. Pneumatic, hydralic and other systems of transport

Both low-pressure air and vacuum conduit transport systems have been used

to transport solid wastes. The most common application is the transport of wastes

from high density apartement or commercial activities to a central location for

processing of for loading into transport vehicles.

From a design ang operations standpoint, pneumatic systems are more

complex than hydraulic systems because of the complex control valves and

ancillary mechanism that are required. The necessity to use blower or high-speed

turbines further complicates the installation from a maintenance standpoint.

Because installation costs for such systems are quite high, they are most cost-

effective when used in new facilities.

The concept of using water to transport wastes in not new. Hydraulic

transport is now commonly used for the transport of a portion of food wastes.

One of the major problems with this method is that ultimately the water or waste

water used for transporting the wastes must be treated. As a result of

solubilization, the organic strength of this waste water is considerably greater

than that of other domestic waste water. Hydraulic systems may be pratical is

areas where proper preprocessing and postprocessing facilities are incorporated

into the treatment systems. Usually, such applications are limited to areas with

high population densities.

Other systems that have been suggested for the transport of solid wastes

include various types of conveyors, air-cushion and rubber-tired trolleys, and


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underground conduits with magnetically transported gondoles,but these systems

have never been put into operation.

Transporting Solid Waste (according to case studies in PT Bayern)

Internal Transport

a. Documents required in the transportation of the production unit to a temporary

shelter was waste transfer document specifying the identification of the type,

amount and sources of hazardous waste, or news event the handover

document.

b. Operator

Transport of hazardous waste using hand lift and fork lifts. For the driver of

the forklift must be experienced in the field, have qualified as a driver of a

transport means will be used, having a work permit letter, follow the work

safety training.

2.2.3. Storage and Transporting of Liquid Waste

Storage of large quantities of liquid waste are advised to use the tank to the

provisions:

a. Around the tank must be made embankment equipped with drains leading

tank.

b. Bak container must be watertight and able to accommodate liquids of at least

110%, and the maximum capacity of the tank volume

c. The tank should be arranged so that when rolled over will occur in the

embankment and will not overwrite another tank

d. The tank must be protected from solar radiation and direct entry of rain water.

Building requirements for the placement of the tank (Damanhuri, 2010) :

a. Hazardous waste storage tanks must be situated outside of the building waste

storage.

b. The construction of the wall, without having a protective roof with a waterproof

floor


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c. Tank and sump as well as embankment area shielded from the sun shines directly

and avoid the entry of rainwater directly or indirectly.

The location of the storage tank building (Damanhuri, 2010) :

a. It is a flood free area, or attempted to secure from possible flooding affected

b. The minimum distance between the location of the public facility is 50 meters.

Fig 2.4 Storage tank of liquid hazardous waste. (Damanhuri,2010)

Transportation of hazardous material and hazardous waste is the same. The

difference of them just in the manifest used.

1. Hazardous Liquid Material/Waste Transportation in Indonesia

Hazardous transportation in Indonesia is managed by special company but the

industry producing hazardous material/waste can be the transporter and fulfill all

of the requirements. Some of the companies are PT. Horas Miduk and PT.

Andhika Makmur Persada.

The transporter have to get permit or legitimacy from Kementerian

Perhubungan for all of the truck used. For liquid hazardous material/waste, the

capacity of the truck usually 2000 liter. Before transporting, symbol and label is

needed on the packaging to inform the people in charge about the characteristic of

the hazardous waste/material. Almost all of the hazardous transportation in

Indonesia using truck eventhough it acrosses the sea. There is no special ship that

carry hazardous in Indonesia.


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2. Hazardous Liquid Material/Waste Transportation in RCRA

Regulation of Hazardous material/waste transportation in USA include 30.000

hazardous materials using vessel, tank car, tank truck, intermodal portable tank,

cylinder, drum, barrel, can, box, bottle and cask.

Most of transportation use:

a. Cargo tank is kind of transportation that made by steel, aluminium, titanium,

nikel or stainless steel. The capacity of the transportation is 4000 12000

gallon and maximal weight is 36 ton. Inlet and outlet (except safety relief

valves) shall be marked to designate whether the inlet and outlet communicate

with vapor or liquid, when the tank is filled to its maximum permitted filling

density.

b. Tank car can be used for bulky tranpostation than can carry maximal 34500

gallom and 107 ton in weight. Tank Car is made by steel or aluminium. About

66% hazardous material/waste in USA is chemical and 23% is fuel.

c. Tank barges is kind of transport used in water, that can carry 300.000 600.000

gallon.

All kind of transportation need the symbol and label to give information to the

people in charge and to prevent accident on duty.

Before transporting, hazardous waste/material liquid have to be:

a. Packed with the closures of the inside packaging in the upright position

b. Marked "THIS SIDE UP" or "THIS END UP" on the outside packaging

c. Arrowed symbol on the outside packaging to show upright orientation of

packages.

When bringing hazardous waste to household hazardous waste collection services,

take the following precautions:

a. Don't mix products

b. Keep products in their original containers

c. Label products that arent in their original containers


II - 17 -

d. Secure products so they can't tip over and/or leak. Transport similar containers

in cardboard boxes NOT garbage bags/bins, etc.

e. Secure the Load in the vehicle or trailer. Vehicles arriving at public or private

transfer stations in King County with unsecured loads can be charged

an unsecured load fee.

f. Store products away from the passenger compartment and separate waste

products from those that will be retained.

3. Case of Emergency

RCRA views the cleanup of accidental or intentional spilling, leaking,

pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, or dumping of hazardous waste into or on

any land or water as the transporters responsibility. The transporter regulations

are designed to protect human health and the environment. The foremost

responsibility of the transporter is to notify the appropriate authorities.

The transporter must notify the National Response Center if a hazardous

waste discharge results in:

a. Death

b. Hospitalization

c. property damage exceeding $50,000

d. fire, breakage, spillage, or suspected contamination involving radioactive

materials

e. fire, breakage, spillage, or suspected contamination involving etiologic agents

f. danger to life at the site; or

g. release of a reportable quantity of a CERCLA hazardous substance

Hazardous waste releases from water transport must give the same notice as

given for oil discharges. The second step for the transporter is to clean or contain

the situation so the hazardous waste will not pose a threat to human health or the

environment . Approval by federal, state, or local officials may be necessary

before cleanup can begin. The government authority in control of the situation can


II - 18 -

bring an unrelated transporter that does not have an EPA identification number to

remove the discharged waste.

A follow-up report must be written by the transporter and sent to the Office of

Hazardous Materials Regulations, Material Transportation Bureau, Department of

Transportation, Washington, D.C. The report must include the quantity of waste

removed from the scene, where the contaminated materials were sent, the manner

of disposition of any remaining waste, and a copy of the waste manifest.

2.2.4. Storage and Transporting of Gas Waste

Classifying hazardous chemicals in storage absolutely necessary, so that

there is a place or space that can be best utilized and safe. Gases can also have

corrosive properties, eg Ammonia. The class of gas defines its physical

properties and transport requirements. However, it is also important for

considering storage and handling/usage requirements. One of the classification of

hazardous waste is a compressed gases which is a gases that is stored under

pressure or liquefied gases or gases dissolved in a solvent under pressure

(Wardan, 2012).

In general, there are three types of gas cylinders :

a. High Pressure Cylinders High pressure cylinders come in a variety of sizes,

examples of gases supplied in High pressure cylinders include Nitrogen,

Helium, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide.

b. Low Pressure Cylinders Low pressure cylinders come in a variety of sizes,

Some examples of gases supplied in low pressure cylinder are LPG and

refrigerant gases.

c. Acetylene Cylinders aggregate filled and acetylene is dissolved in acetone to

get sufficient product into the cylinder.

The gas cylinder valve is the primary safety mechanism on a gas cylinder

and shall not be tampered with. It is a device used to contain the contents of the

cylinder that is under pressure. Cylinder valves are fitted with pressure relief

valves of different types (depending on the cylinder) to protect against


II - 19 -

catastrophic failure of the cylinder v