Hawk Hook Review Competition 3/12 Define as many of the
following terms as you canComplete silence or you are out of the
competition! Winner gets a 5 pt ec coupon. 1.Cartography
2.Geographic Information Systems 3.Globalization 4.Site 5.Situation
6.Vernacular Region 7.Population Cartogram 8.Distance Decay
9.Demography 10.Physiological Density 11.Agricultural Density
12.Dependency ratio 13.Population Pyramid 14.Rust Belt 15.Sun Belt
16.Ethnic Enclaves 17.Nationality 18.Gross Domestic Product Per
Capita 19.Rostows Development Model (give the name of each stage
order counts) 20.Economic Sectors of the Economy (Name and describe
the jobs of each)
Slide 2
Development: Industrialization The growth and diffusion of
industrialization, roles of technology and energy, the evolution of
economic cores and peripheries, and the effects of location on
industrial development.
Slide 3
Factors of Industrial Development The why of Industrial
Development: Situation and Site
Slide 4
Weber Model: Situation Factors Companies want locations that
minimize cost of transporting materials to factories and finished
products to consumers Where would the optimal situation be?
Slide 5
Weber:Proximity to Inputs Bulk-reducing industries: industries
where the final product weighs less than the inputs so factories
located closer to input materials Example: Steel Industry in
US
Slide 6
Evolution of US Steel: Where and Why 19 th Century Original
Steel Mills: Mid 19 th Century Pittsburgh: Iron ore and coal from
App Mts. Shift Westward towards Ohio, Chicago, Detroit on Lake
Erie: Late 19 th Century Iron ore found in Mesabi Range of S.
Minnesota Moved farther west towards Mesabi Range: Turn of the
Century New production methods meant they used more iron in
comparison to coal
Slide 7
Evolution of US Steel: Where and Why 20 th Century Moved to
Eastern and Western Coastal Cities (Baltimore, LA, NJ): Early 1900s
Why might they move their factories to these areas? Factories
Closing (left around Lake Michigan and East Coast) Mostly use scrap
metal as input today not iron ore and coal
Slide 8
Weber:Proximity to Markets Industries desiring to be closer to
markets than inputs Bulk-gaining: gains volume/weight after
production (soda bottlingwhy?) Fabricated metals and machinery:
what you make the steel, etc. into Perishable Products: Like what?
Think outside food as well.
Slide 9
Weber:Agglomeration Idea that you can drive down costs of
production by clustering like types of businesses Advantages Drive
down cost of transporting materials if suppliers and services in
same area Attracts more consumers who are more likely to go to one
area with many options (like a mall verses stores across town)
Attracts higher skilled labor who will relocate to one area with
many job opportunities in their field Best Example: Silicon Valley,
California Suppliers, and Services related to computer field
Suppliers: Parts and creators of computers and computer chips
Services: Apple, Google, Facebook, IBM, HP (to name a few) all have
headquarters there
Slide 10
Site Factors Takes cost of labor, land, and capital into
consideration (want cheapest of each)
Slide 11
Labor Labor-intensive Industries: industries where the cost of
labor is a high percentage of production costs The more labor
intensive, the more likely it will be located in a low-wage
area
Slide 12
Example of Labor Intensive Industry: Textiles Spinning (making
yarn): highly labor intensive Where would it be located? in LDCs
Weaving (fabric making): even more labor intensive 86% in LDCs
(China 1/2) High shipping costs offset by cheap labor
Slide 13
Land Look at availability of natural (minerals, ENERGY,
climate) and human resources (attractions: sports, cultural
facilities, cost of living) Where do industries get energy from?
Traditionally near rivers or forests to generate energy Later
coalfields (often near mountains)
Slide 14
Example of Energy effecting location: Aluminum Industry
Requires intense energy to create aluminum from bauxite ore Always
located near an inexpensive hydroelectric power supply Ex: Goose
Creek, SC (Where is this plant located?)
Slide 15
Capital Need to borrow money from banks to start new businesses
Why might this be a reason why most industrial regions not located
in LDCs? Ex: Silicon Valley, California #1 region for high-tech
industries because banks more willing to loan money to people
seeking to open these types of businesses despite the risk
Slide 16
DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY
Slide 17
Overview Industrial Cores of industry in 4 areas Northwestern
Europe Eastern Europe Eastern North America East Asia
Slide 18
NORTHWESTERN EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL REGIONS
Slide 19
Overview Important to industry due to proximity to raw
materials (coal and iron ore) and large markets 4 sub regions
United Kingdom Rhine-Ruhr Valley Mid-Rhine Northern Italy
Slide 20
United Kingdom Historical Trends The UK is the hearth for what
world changing event? Industrial Revolution Increased
mechanization, increasing productivity and ultimately standard of
living Decline after WWII
Slide 21
United Kingdom Cont Current Trends Boost in high-tech
industries (increase in Japanese companies) Why do they want to
come in comparison to other European nations? Low business taxes
Few government regulations No government monopolies High tech
computers
Slide 22
Rhine-Ruhr Valley Geography Located in NW Germany, Belgium, S
Netherlands, and NE France Heart: Rhine and Ruhr Rivers Rotterdam,
mouth of Rhine, Europes busiest port Flow of Rivers spreads
industry all over area, not clustered in few cities Coalfields:
concentration of iron and steel manufacturing
Slide 23
Rhine-Ruhr Valley Cont Historical Trends Political Instability
delayed diffusion of Industrialization until 19 th century Railway
construction disrupted (Why would this have an effect on
development?)
Slide 24
Mid-Rhine Geography SW Germany, NE France, and Luxembourg Lacks
raw materials except for steel production in the Alsace Lorraine
region of France and Luxembourg BUT center of large market Which
market?
Slide 25
Mid-Rhine Cont Historical Trends Center of Western German
commerce after WWII Current Trends Germany: Mercedes Benz,
pharmaceuticals, fibers, dyes,
Slide 26
Northern Italy Po River Basin of Northern Italy 1/5 of Italys
land, its pop., 2/3 of its industry 2 industrial assets: Numerous
workers willing to accept low wages Inexpensive Hydroelectricity
from Alps How attractive is this area?
Slide 27
EASTERN EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL REGIONS
Slide 28
Overview 7 Industrial Districts: 5 in Russia, 2 in former
Soviet Block nations Central (Moscow), St. Petersburg, Volga (along
Volga and Kama rivers), Ural (Ural Mountains), Kuznetsk, Eastern
Ukraine, Silesia
Slide 29
Central Industrial District Moscow: Capital and largest city No
resources Why would it produce a fourth of Russias industrial
output?
Slide 30
St. Petersburg District One of E Europes earliest nodes of
industry. What situational factor makes it the natural choice for
one of the first industrial regions? Because of this situation what
products may it specialize in?
Slide 31
Volga District Along Volga and Kama Rivers Grew during WWII
when others occupied by Germans Largest petroleum and natural gas
fields
Slide 32
Ural District Along Ural Mountains Richest deposit of various
minerals in world Development hindered by distance to energy
Slide 33
Kuznetsk District East of Urals Coal and Iron ore
Slide 34
Eastern Ukraine Home to Donetsk Coalfield: 1 of the worlds
largest coal reserves Also iron ore and natural gas
Slide 35
Silesia Southern Poland, Northern Czech Republic Steel
production Near coal fields Imports Iron ore
Slide 36
Chief Check 3/7 1.Analyze these regions in terms of their site
and situation. From this information what do you believe are 3
prerequisites for industrialization? List these factors. 2.Of these
3, which do you think is most important in terms of industrial
development, use one region from your notes to support your
answer.
Slide 37
North America
Slide 38
Overview 6 sub regions: 5 in US, 1 in Canada New England Middle
Atlantic Mohawk Valley Pittsburgh-Lake Erie Western Great Lakes St.
Lawrence Valley
Slide 39
US Overview Where do you believe the majority of the industry
has been traditionally located within this region (including
Canada)? Referred to as the manufacturing belt Factors leading to
development Why would it historically make sense? Raw materials
Transportation (canals on G Lakes, rivers) trains, highways
Slide 40
New England Previous center for cotton textiles (where did the
cotton come from?) Population grew because of what? What type of
labor is found in the NE today? How will this effect industry in
the area?
Slide 41
Middle Atlantic Between NY and Washington Many ports (NYC
largest) Attracts industries requiring importing or exporting as
well as Largest US market Attracts heavy industry (steel,
pharmaceuticals, etc) that need many consumers
Slide 42
Mohawk Valley Upper NY along Hudson River and Erie Canal
Buffalo, NY center for steel and food processing Great site:
Abundant electricity from Niagara falls
Slide 43
Pittsburgh-Lake Erie Why is Pittsburgh called the Steelers?
This regions proximity to what physical feature makes it the
perfect place for steel production?
Slide 44
Western Great Lakes Toledo, Ohio to Detroit, Michigan; Chicago,
Illinois to Milwaukee, Wisconsin Dominant market center btwn
Atlantic and Pacific Chicago: hub of transportation system (water,
rail, truck, and air)Why all 4? Why Chicago? In light of this fact,
what Industry from this area makes more sense?
Slide 45
St. Lawrence Valley, Canada Ontario Peninsula Canadas
population cluster as well Due to its location, what site benefit
does this region share with the Mohawk Valley?
Slide 46
East Asia
Slide 47
Overview East Asias site and situation Shortage of resources
Isolated from world markets So what does it have that makes it an
industrial powerhouse?? PEOPLE!!!
Slide 48
Japan Review: Why did Japan expand during the 50s and 60s?
Manufacturing concentrated around 2 central areas of the country:
Tokyo and Osaka Tokyo Osaka
Slide 49
China Concentrated on Eastern Coastal Portion of Country
Produces the second largest amount of manufactured products Largest
population employed in the secondary sector Manufacturing in
China
Slide 50
Changing Industrial Regions Shifts in the MDCs
Slide 51
Intraregional shifts in the MDCs What is the definition of
intraregional migration? According to this definition where are
factories shifting to? From core (city) to periphery (suburb or
rural area)
Slide 52
Intraregional shifts in the MDCs Reasons SPACE! How do people
in the cities have to build? 1 Floor factories more efficient Land
Cheaper Shift from rail to truck transportation Need easy access to
highways now not railway hubs
Slide 53
Interregional shifts in the MDCs ~ US Where has Industry moved
to? Rust Belt to Sun Belt (South and Westward) New areas: Gulf
Coast (oil refining) Los Angeles (textiles, food processing,
furniture production) Why LA?
Slide 54
Interregional Shifts in the MDCs ~ US Reasons: Government
policies spread infrastructure and energy (electricity) to south
Right-to-work laws: people cannot be forced to join a union as a
condition of employment Makes unionization difficult
Slide 55
Interregional Shifts in the MDCs ~ W Europe European Unions
involvement: Policies encourage growth in poor areas, discourage
growth in rich areas (Ex. Spain)
Slide 56
Changing Industrial Regions New Industrial Regions
Slide 57
Shift from MDCs-LDCs: China 1990 Policy Changes: from
isolationist to encouraging transnational corporations (dismantle
tariffs etc) Where is wealth clustered?
Slide 58
Shift from MDCs-LDCs: Latin America Maquiladora Plants From the
article what is a maquiladora? Why does Bencomo believe her job is
better than her husbands? NAFTA What does this stand for? What does
it do?
Slide 59
Shifts from MDCs-LDCs: Competition Competition btwn Latin
America and Asia Why is Latin Americas situation better for
international business? Despite this advantage, why is Asia still
causing many Latin American factories to shutdown?
Slide 60
Shift from MDCs-LDCs: Central Europe Shift from NW Europe to
areas W of Germany/E of Russia What would be the benefit of this
shift?
Slide 61
New International Division of Labor New International Division
of Labor: Due to cheaper/easier transportation: transnational
corporations shift parts of production requiring little skill to
cheap labor in LDCs while keeping highly skilled production in
high-wage MDCs
Slide 62
Outsourcing Opposite of traditional vertical integration:
manufacturers controlled every aspect of production Outsourcing:
turns certain parts of production over to independent suppliers
Economic Effects: Manufacturing more dispersed (find optimal
location to produce every single item) Social Effects: Jobs go to
the lowest bidder
Slide 63
Outsourcing Example: Auto Industry Ford, Chevrolet, Nissan,
etc. all used to produce every aspect of the car from its bolts to
seatbelts to engine, etc. Now different companies in charge of
producing just one or two items which are then shipped to another
place for assembly
Slide 64
Attractions to Traditional Regions: Labor What type of labor
exists in NE today? Some companies attracted to high-skilled labor
Motor Vehicles and Computer Manufacturing
Slide 65
Fordist Production Fordist (mass production): traditional
method of production Shifting to Post Fordist (lean/flexible
production) Focus on: Team Building: teams independently discover
how to perform tasks Problem Solving: Groups consult all parties
involved then a consensus is constructed to decide the punishment
Leveling: all treated equally
Slide 66
Attractions to Traditional Regions: Markets Just-in-Time
Delivery: inputs are expected to arrive at factories moments before
being used Cuts down on costs to store materials until being used
Means these factories must be close to their inputs to ensure quick
turn-a-round
Slide 67
Vulnerability of Just-in- Time Delivery What would a strike do
to this system? Natural disaster?
Slide 68
Unemployment of Middle Class: loss of jobs in secondary sector
must be reeducated to enter tertiary or quaternary positions
Increased Consumerism: swell in retail jobs but often part-time non
benefit work Regional Migration (where to where?) MDCS:
Socioeconomic effects of globalization of the economy
Slide 69
Increased Employment and Migration: positive addition to
personal and national income causing people to move to areas where
jobs are China: to Coastal Industrial cities Mexico: border towns
with Maquiladoras Environmental Degradation: Tragedy of the Commons
- in order to develop must use many natural resources and create
levels of pollution Cultural Change: westernization Americanization
LDCS: Socioeconomic effects of globalization of the economy
