has the meaning of the word Europe has never changed?

7/29/2019 has the meaning of the word Europe has never changed?

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For this essay, I would take the definition of Europe to be what the ruling entity at that time

is. Yan Brekilien wrote The meaning of the word Europe has never changed. Everyone

knows what it is and has the same notion of Europe as someone from the Middle Ages or the

Enlightenment.1 This statement would not hold true in comparison between the Europe of

the Middle Ages and the Europe during the Enlightenment period. This is due to many

reasons and because of the fact that the definition of Europe is fluid, changing with each time

period. The reasons could be the maps and the ruling entities available during the each time

period. For example, in the Middle Ages, the definition was one that involved Christendom.

A definition that contrasts with the definition of Europe in the Middle Ages in the one during

the Enlightenment period. The definition was one that encompassed a weakening Holy

Roman Empire about to turn over its reign to France2.

As stated in the introduction, maps are one of the many reasons that change the definition of

Europe. This is because a nation or an entity is defined by boundaries, and boundaries were

subject to change due to geopolitical events, reflecting the concerns of the times3. Despite

what Yan Breklilien stated, the definition of Europe does change. As evident by appendix A

and B, even the maps show that what was defined as Europe in the beginning of the Middle

Ages was not the same as the definition at the end of it. At the start of the Middle Ages,

beginning of the 5th Century, Europe was defined in the maps as being the Roman Empire.

Even then, the word Europe does not have the same meaning that it does in todays society;

and the definition of Europe was restricted to the tribes that the Roman Empire had united

1 Mia Rodriguez-Salgado, Europe and 1992: In search of Europe History Today, 42, Feb 19922Department of Black Studies.,The Holy Roman Empire University of California, Santa Barbara

http://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.html(19/05/2011)3

Henk van Houtum, James Scott., Boundaries and the Europeanization of Space: The EU, Integration, andevolving Theoretical Perspectives on Borders,http://www.exlinea.comparative-

research.net/fileadmin/user_upload/reports_and_publications/State_of%20the_art_exlinea.pdf(19/05/2011)
http://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.htmlhttp://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.htmlhttp://www.exlinea.comparative-research.net/fileadmin/user_upload/reports_and_publications/State_of%20the_art_exlinea.pdfhttp://www.exlinea.comparative-research.net/fileadmin/user_upload/reports_and_publications/State_of%20the_art_exlinea.pdfhttp://www.exlinea.comparative-research.net/fileadmin/user_upload/reports_and_publications/State_of%20the_art_exlinea.pdfhttp://www.exlinea.comparative-research.net/fileadmin/user_upload/reports_and_publications/State_of%20the_art_exlinea.pdfhttp://www.exlinea.comparative-research.net/fileadmin/user_upload/reports_and_publications/State_of%20the_art_exlinea.pdfhttp://www.exlinea.comparative-research.net/fileadmin/user_upload/reports_and_publications/State_of%20the_art_exlinea.pdfhttp://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.html


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during its reign.4 In addition, what the maps had essentially defined as Europe in the 5 th

Century had changed by the end of the Middle Ages, which was around the 15th Century.

The maps in the 15th century showed the boundaries of Europe to be what was considered the

Holy Roman Empire5. (See Appendix B) The Holy Roman Empire lasted from the year 800

to 1806 and were ruled German kings who usually received imperial coronation by the

Roman popes.6 During this time, the geographical borders had shifted and shrunk due to the

Reformation and the Thirty Year War7. At the end of the Middle Ages the maps of the empire

consisted of many small states and larger states such as Bohemia, Savoy, Milan, Provence.

The larger states further prove that Yan Brekiliens statement is not valid because the states

of Milan and Provence, in the Enlightenment were already part of Renaissance Italy, which

was not created during the 15th Century. Therefore, it would be wrong to say that the

definition of Europe has remained the same because by the end of the Middle Ages, Europe

was no longer defined as the Roman Empire, it was defined as the Holy Roman Empire. It is

also because Europe can be defined by its member states, thus, the creation or demise of the

states would have changed the meaning of Europe. The definition of Europe in the Middle

Ages is contrasted with the Europe in the Enlightenment.

The beginning of the enlightenment is usually given as the 18th Century8. In the

Enlightenment, Europe still consisted of the Holy Roman Empire. However, their boundaries

have greatly shrunk, as evident in Appendix B and C. This shrinkage, as stated in the

4 Marcus Wischik, Establishing The Boundaries of Europe: Religion, Human Rights & Democracy, Marcel

Wischikhttp://www.wischik.com/marcus/essay/europe.html(19/05/2011)5Britannica Encyclopaedia,The Holy Roman Empire , Britannica Encyclopaedia

http://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/269851/Holy-Roman-Empire(19.05/2011)6

Department ofBlack Studies.,The Holy Roman Empire University of California, Santa Barbarahttp://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.html (19/05/2011)7

Ibid.,8Richard Hooker, Seventeenth Century Enlightenment Thought, Washington State University

http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/PREPHIL.HTM (19/05/2011)
http://www.wischik.com/marcus/essay/europe.htmlhttp://www.wischik.com/marcus/essay/europe.htmlhttp://www.wischik.com/marcus/essay/europe.htmlhttp://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/269851/Holy-Roman-Empirehttp://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/269851/Holy-Roman-Empirehttp://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.htmlhttp://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.htmlhttp://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/PREPHIL.HTMhttp://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/PREPHIL.HTMhttp://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/PREPHIL.HTMhttp://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.htmlhttp://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/269851/Holy-Roman-Empirehttp://www.wischik.com/marcus/essay/europe.html


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paragraph above, was due to the Reformation and the Thirty Years War, both of which

happened before the Enlightenment. The reason that the definition of Europe during the

Enlightenment changed is more to do with the fact that the power and influence of the Holy

Roman Empire has wane and thus, the axis of power shifted from the Holy Roman Empire to

France.9

Ergo, with the shifting of power, the definition of Europe would have been changed

once again because in relation to maps, each empire would have created boundaries that were

specific to their empire. In addition, it is during the Enlightenment that the identity of modern

Europe has started to form. In addition to maps changing the definition of Europe, the ruling

entities of the Middle Ages and the Enlightenment would have also changed the notion of

Europe because they would have brought in their customs, religion and their political

systems. This would have impacted to the mode of living in the geographic region.

The beginning of the Middle Ages was ruled by the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire

definition of Europe in the Middle Ages with customs, religion and political system. Some of

the customs of the Roman Empire in the Middle Ages was wearing the toga, carrying the

bride over the threshold of their home10

, and the class system. The class systems was a

hierarchy of citizens with the emperor at the top, followed by the senate, the equestrians and

lastly, the plebeians and the slaves11. Towards the end of the Roman Empire, just before and

during the start of the Middle Ages, Christianity became the state religion of the Roman

Empire. This would have further impact because Christianity would be part of the defining

characteristics of Europe in the later years.12

The political system that was part of this empire

9Department of Black Studies.,The Holy Roman Empire University of California, Santa Barbara


Public Broadcasting Services, Wedding Marriage & Divorce, Public Broadcasting Services,http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/weddings.html(19/05/2011)11

Channel 4, Time Travellers Guide to the Roman Empire Channel 4http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide03/part05.html(19/05/2011)12

Gerald Delanty, Is there a European Identity?, Center for World Dialogue, 5, 3-4, 2003.http://www.worlddialogue.org/print.php?id=269&PHPSESSID=cf62c52da6fab30468dbbb0d31db74cc

(19/05/2011)
http://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.htmlhttp://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/weddings.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/weddings.htmlhttp://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide03/part05.htmlhttp://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide03/part05.htmlhttp://www.worlddialogue.org/print.php?id=269&PHPSESSID=cf62c52da6fab30468dbbb0d31db74cchttp://www.worlddialogue.org/print.php?id=269&PHPSESSID=cf62c52da6fab30468dbbb0d31db74cchttp://www.worlddialogue.org/print.php?id=269&PHPSESSID=cf62c52da6fab30468dbbb0d31db74cchttp://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide03/part05.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/weddings.htmlhttp://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.html


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consisted of an autocratic rule with the emperor making most of the decisions. Towards the

end of the Middle ages and for most of the Enlightenment, the Holy Roman empire came into

power, and with it, another set of changes.

The Holy Roman Empire had also brought their customs, religion and political system when

they came into power. Many new customs would have been introduced because the new

empire has its background in the Germanic tribes.13Some of the customs included tribal

institutions, ethnic patterns and oral and artistic traditions14. While the Germanic tribes that

eventually made up the Holy Roman Empire adopted Christianity as their religion15, the

religion of the Holy Roman Empire was Roman Catholicism. The political system at that

time was elective monarchy. The Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empires differing

customs, religion and political system would have changed the notion of Europe because as

the introduction stated, the definition of Europe is fluid, always changing.

In addition to being defined by maps and ruling entities, Europe can also be defined by a

number of categories such as geographically, by language, the political atmosphere or by

cultural ovement. Europe geographically has always remained the same. It is bordered by

Asia, Arctic, Africa and by North America, and unlike the other definitions of Europe, the

geographical definition is independent of other factors. Besides geography, language could

also define Europe.

13Britannica Encyclopaedia, Middle Ages , Britannica Encyclopaedia

http://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/380873/Middle-Ages(19/05/2011)14

Britannica Encyclopaedia,TheMiddle Ages , Britannica Encyclopaediahttp://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58260/The-

Middle-Ages#toc58260(19/05/2011)15Britannica Encyclopaedia, Middle Ages , Britannica Encyclopaedia

http://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/380873/Middle-Ages(19/05/2011)
http://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/380873/Middle-Ageshttp://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/380873/Middle-Ageshttp://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58260/The-Middle-Ages#toc58260http://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58260/The-Middle-Ages#toc58260http://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58260/The-Middle-Ages#toc58260http://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/380873/Middle-Ageshttp://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/380873/Middle-Ageshttp://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/380873/Middle-Ageshttp://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58260/The-Middle-Ages#toc58260http://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58260/The-Middle-Ages#toc58260http://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/380873/Middle-Ages


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Language could determine the definition of Europe because it is dependent on the ruling

entity or empire at the time. This is because the lingua franca would reflect who the current

empire or the superpower is.16 Besides reflecting the empire or the superpower, lingua franca

changes the definition of Europe because if Yan Brekiliens statement is true, it would mean

that Europes lingua franca would always remain the same. With this statement in mind, the

meaning of Europe would be different in the Middle Ages and in the Enlightenment period.

This is because in the Middle Ages, the lingua franca at the beginning would have Latin due

to the rule of the Roman Empire. After the collapse of the Roman Empire and the

establishment of the Holy Roman Empire, the lingua franca then would have been German,

as it is the language of the German kings who ruled the Holy Roman Empire. In the

Enlightenment period, after the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the lingua franca then

would be French. This is due to the fact that after the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the

French was the dominant power in Europe.

Another factor that caused a change in the definition of Europe in the Middle Ages and in the

Enlightenment is the political atmosphere. Political atmosphere or environment is defined as

political events affecting opportunities at an international or local level17. In the Middle Ages,

after the fall of the Roman Empire, the political atmosphere was one of the crusades. The

crusades were religiously sanctioned military campaigns against the Muslims because Pope

Urban II wanted to regain the holy land of Jerusalem.18

This particularly defined Europe in

16Britannica Encyclopaedia,Lingua Franca , Britannica Encyclopaedia

http://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/342377/lingua-franca(19/05/2011)17

McGraw-Hill, Key Terms, McGraw-Hillhttp://highered.mcgraw-

hill.com/sites/0070916667/student_view0/chapter4/key_terms.html(20/05/2011)(the term I used is found in thedownloaded word document on the page)18

http://history-world.org/midcrusades.htm(19/05/2011)
http://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/342377/lingua-francahttp://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/342377/lingua-francahttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070916667/student_view0/chapter4/key_terms.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070916667/student_view0/chapter4/key_terms.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070916667/student_view0/chapter4/key_terms.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070916667/student_view0/chapter4/key_terms.htmlhttp://history-world.org/midcrusades.htmhttp://history-world.org/midcrusades.htmhttp://history-world.org/midcrusades.htmhttp://history-world.org/midcrusades.htmhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070916667/student_view0/chapter4/key_terms.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070916667/student_view0/chapter4/key_terms.htmlhttp://www.britannica.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/EBchecked/topic/342377/lingua-franca


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the Middle Ages because during this time, the papacy had political influence with the

monarchy as they had the right to elect, crown, and even depose emperors.19

In contrast, the political atmosphere in the Enlightenment was one that was moving away

from the church, to a more scientific thought. In addition, this was the time where there was a

sense of logic; that Truth can be arrived at through empirical observation, the use of reason,

and systematic doubt. 20 Moving away from the church could be seen as a change in the

political atmosphere because the church in the Middle Ages had a political association with

the monarchies. Thus, as a consequence of this move, people began to rely more on science,

reason and logic. This move away from the church is also seen as a difference in defining

Europe. Another area of the political atmosphere in the Enlightenment is that with the move

away from the church, the people of Europe began to define themselves as being Europeans;

they started to have an identity that bound them together.21 This also marks an important

change in the definition of Europe because before the Enlightenment, the people that lived on

the continent of Europe have not defined themselves as being European22, they were defined

as part of the Roman Empire, or after that, part of the Holy Roman Empire. Therefore, Yan

Brekiliens statement that Europe in the Middle Ages had the same definition of Europe in

the Enlightenment in not accurate.

A fourth way that caused the difference in definition of Europe in the Middle Ages and the

Enlightenment is in the cultural movement. The definition of cultural movement is given as

19Department of Black Studies.,The Holy Roman Empire University of California, Santa Barbara


Richard Hooker, Seventeenth Century Enlightenment Thought, Washington State University

http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/PREPHIL.HTM (19/052011)21 Mia Rodriguez-Salgado, Europe and 1992: In search of Europe History Today, 42, Feb 199222

Ibid.,
http://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.htmlhttp://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.htmlhttp://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/PREPHIL.HTMhttp://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/PREPHIL.HTMhttp://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/PREPHIL.HTMhttp://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/holyroman.html


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a group of people working together to advance certain cultural goals23 The cultural

movement would cause a difference in definition because Europe is defined by the

happenings inside its borders. Therefore, a change in a cultural movement would cause a

change in definition. The cultural movement in the Middle Ages was the Renaissance. It was

marked by having influences on the science, philosophy, religion and politics24

. In the

Enlightenment period, the cultural movement was the Age of Enlightenment. This movement

brought industrial revolution and the rise of the public sphere.25 Thus, because of the different

events that took place in Europe at both historical periods, the definition at both periods

would be different because each cultural movement would come to symbolize what Europe

of the time was doing.

At the end of this essay, there is a lot of evidence that show that Yan Brekiliens statement

that the definition of Europe will remain the same throughout the ages is inaccurate. This is

because Europe is influenced by maps, ruling entities, language, political atmosphere and

cultural movement. In addition, further evidence is given against Brekiliens statement

because even within the same time period, the definition of Europe is also shifting. The

example for this statement is for the Middle Ages because the start of the Middle Ages was

ruled by the Roman Empire but the end was ruled by the Germanic kings of the Holy Roman

Empire.

23cultural movement. Dictionary.com. WordNet 3.0. Princeton University.

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cultural movement(accessed: May 19, 2011).24

Medieval Times, The End of the Middle Ages, Medieval Timeshttp://www.medievaltimes.info/about-middle-ages/end-of-middle-ages.html(20/05/2011)25

http://lazacode.com/ism-terms-d-f/enlightenment-age-social-and-cultural-interpretation(20/05/2011)
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cultural%20movementhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cultural%20movementhttp://www.medievaltimes.info/about-middle-ages/end-of-middle-ages.htmlhttp://www.medievaltimes.info/about-middle-ages/end-of-middle-ages.htmlhttp://www.medievaltimes.info/about-middle-ages/end-of-middle-ages.htmlhttp://www.medievaltimes.info/about-middle-ages/end-of-middle-ages.htmlhttp://lazacode.com/ism-terms-d-f/enlightenment-age-social-and-cultural-interpretationhttp://lazacode.com/ism-terms-d-f/enlightenment-age-social-and-cultural-interpretationhttp://lazacode.com/ism-terms-d-f/enlightenment-age-social-and-cultural-interpretationhttp://lazacode.com/ism-terms-d-f/enlightenment-age-social-and-cultural-interpretationhttp://www.medievaltimes.info/about-middle-ages/end-of-middle-ages.htmlhttp://www.medievaltimes.info/about-middle-ages/end-of-middle-ages.htmlhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cultural%20movement


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Appendix A26Map of Europe in 5th Century (Start of the Middle Ages)27

26

Please note that for appendixes A, the pink part is the Roman Empire27Euratlas, A Historical Atlas and Gazetteer of Europe from Year 1 to 2000 Euratlas,http://historymedren.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.euratlas.com/summary.htm(19/05/11)
http://historymedren.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.euratlas.com/summary.htmhttp://historymedren.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.euratlas.com/summary.htmhttp://historymedren.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.euratlas.com/summary.htm


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Appendix B - Map of Europe in the 15th century (End of the Middle Ages)2829

28Euratlas, A Historical Atlas and Gazetteer of Europe from Year 1 to 2000 Euratlas,

http://historymedren.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.euratlas.com/summary.htm(19/05/11)29For appendixes B & C, the states inside the purple line delineates What was considered to be Europe for that

time period


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Appendix CMap of Europe during the Enlightenment30

30

Euratlas, A Historical Atlas and Gazetteer of Europe from Year 1 to 2000 Euratlas,http://historymedren.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.euratlas.com/summary.htm

(19/05/2011)


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Integration, and evolving Theoretical Perspectives on Borders,

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McGraw-Hill, Key Terms, McGraw-Hillhttp://highered.mcgraw-

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http://www.medievaltimes.info/about-middle-ages/end-of-middle-ages.html

Mia Rodriguez-Salgado, Europe and 1992: In search of Europe History Today, 42, Feb

1992 cultural movement. Dictionary.com. WordNet 3.0. Princeton University.

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Lazacode, Enlightenment Age: Social and Cultural Interpretation, Lazacode,

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Documents

has the meaning of the word Europe has never changed?