HARVARD L U M N I

BULLETIN

INTERNATIONAL LAW, BY PROFESSOR HUDSON

COMMITTEE REPORTS FOR A NEW CHAPEL

EXCAVATIONS I N EGYPT OPEN ANCIENT DOORS

March 19, 1925 P U B L I S H E D F O R T H E H A R V A R D A L U M N I A S S O C I A T I O N

B Y T H E HARVARD BULLETIN, INCORPORATED, BOSTON, MASS.

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E e a A The Plateau at Giza as seen from the Great Cheops Pyramid.

A New Discovery in Egypt .

URING the early part of last week It is at the left corner of the mastaba D George A. Reisner, ’89, A.M. ’91, nearest the bottom of the photograph, and Ph.D. ’93, Professor of Egyptology at just off the causeway which runs from the Harvard, who is giving courses in Cam- great pyramid to the edge of the cliff, that bridge during the second half of the pres- the new tomb was discovered. T h e spot ent academic year, received word from is indicated by a small white square in the Harvard-Boston Egyptian Expedition, the first photograph. This point is ap- of which he has been in charge since its proximately 100 meters due east of the formation in 1905, of the discovery of a great pyramid of Cheops. During the tomb at Giza which has been definitely final clearing of the rock surface, a patch dated to the reign of Sneferuw, first king of white plaster was noted which covered of the IVth Dynasty, that is, about masonry consisting of massive stone 3,000 B. C., plus or minus 100 years. blocks laid in plaster. O n removing the This is the only important intact tomb yet plaster, a stairway was disclosed filled with found by any expedition previous to the blocks of stone also laid in plaster. O n re- VIth Dynasty. Mr. Alan Rowe, an Aus- moving these, eleven steps appeared which tralian, Professor Reisner‘s first assistant, l e d down southwards to the side of a and Mr. Duncan Greenlees, a young Ox- square shaft, blocked in a similar manner; ford graduate, the second assistant, were and the stones there were laid very care- in charge of the Expedition at the time of fully to imitate the natural rock. At eight the discovery. meters down the shaft, a closed recess was

T h e Expedition had been at work on found in the shaft wall, which contained the district about Giza since 1909. T h e a sacrificial offering consisting of a bull’s first of the two photographs which are head and legs, matting, and pots. At a reproduced with this article shows the area. depth of twenty-six meters the top of the as seen from three-quarters up the pyramid burial chamber was reached on the south of Cheops. T h e large plateau rises some side of the shaft. T h e bottom of the 150 feet above the town of Kafr-es- shaft was reached at thirty meters. After Seman, which appears in the background. the removal of the top course of stone in In the immediate foreground are two pyr- the masonry block which closed the door amids, those of Cheops’s wives, and be- of the burial chamber, the chamber itself tween them the dark, ship-like outline of was seen to be about eighteen feet long a small excavation, the tomb of a funeral by twelve feet wide,. boat, which is marked by a small white Inside there was an alabaster sarcopha- circle in the first photograph. In the gus intact, and on the coffin lay an elab- center of the panorama, and separated by orate, woven-gold mat with a line of in- definitely marked “avenues” running par- cised hieroglyphics, giving the name Neb- parallel with the base of the picture, are four ti-Sneferuw, which is apparently the name mastabas, or tombs, of the sons and daugh- of the person buried in the coffin. T h e ters of Cheops. These mastabas are about name indicates that the person was a wo- 16 meters wide and 70 meters long. T h e man, probably a princess. T h e posts of first avenue is some 17 meters wide; the the sarcophagus are sheathed in gold, and others, about 6 meters. A fifth mastaba the floor of the chamber is covered with lies at the end of the row, nearest the town, vessels of bronze and alabaster and a quan- but it has not yet been excavated sufficient- tity of gilded, wooden furniture, which is

to be recognizable. T o the right are in bad condition. Many objects at the further, partially disclosed mastabas. time of the dispatch were not yet identifiable

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tifiable. T h e Egyptian authorities have put a barbed-wire fence around the area of excavation, and the work of clearing the tomb is not to be undertaken until Professor Reisner’s return to Egypt.

Although the date of the tomb is that of King Sneferuw, the first king of the IVth Dynasty, and the predecessor of King Cheops, the tomb is not, according to Professor Reisner, that of either King Sneferuw or Cheops. I t was in existence when the pyramid of Cheops, the first pyramid at Giza, was erected; and the superstructure of the tomb must have been cleared away by the architects of the latter king when they built the causeway which led from the valley to the temple in front of the Cheops pyramid. Professor Reisner ner believes that Cheops was buried in his own pyramid. T w o pyramids are identi- fied with King Sneferuw: One, Dahs- hur, about fifteen miles south of Giza, and another, Medum, still farther south. I t is probable that Sneferuw is buried in the pyramid of Dahshur. T h e objects taken from this tomb will probably be placed in the Cairo Museum.

T h e photograph reproduced on the next page shows the second funeral boat- tomb. T h e excavation of the first boat- tomb uncovered at the Giza excavations appears in the lower left-hand corner of the panoramic view. These tombs of the

sun ships,” as they are called, were built to enclose the boat in which the dead king or queen was supposed to sail the heavens with Ra, the great god of the sun. T h e photograph reproduced herewith shows the Ptolemaic cross-structures within the tomb, erected over 2,000 years later, after the wooden boat had been removed.

T h e Harvard-Boston Egyptian Expe- dition was begun in 1905, under an agree- ment between President Eliot and Gardiner ner Martin Lane, ’81, then president of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. I t has already completed nineteen years of ar- chaeological research in the Nile Valley. Its primary interest has always been the re- covery of historical material and, as Pro-

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Tomb of a Sun Ship

fessor Reisner has said, the greatest attention force comprises about 100 men. Addition- has been devoted to the development al casual labor of from 100 to 150 men

of scientific methods of excavating and of is also engaged as the occasion demands. recording the excavations. At the present T h e camp and headquarters of the Expe- time, in addition to the two assistants, dition are located behind the Pyramid of Rowe and Greenlees, the Expedition em- Cheops, about Three minutes by Ford from ploys Said Ahmed Said, the bahreis, as the scene of work. chief of the excavating force, and Mahmud T h e accompanying map of the Nile mud Ahmed, “the Mummy,” as chief of basin shows the extent of the Expedition’s the camp staff. T h e organized working operations since 1905. T h e names of the

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Bates, William Sturgis Bigelow sistants have worked are underlined. T h e Black Mrs. T. J. Bowlker, Mrs.

bury, Alexander Cochrane, Mrs. Stephen Van R. cataracts of the Nile are indicated by num- Crosby, Georgiana G. Eaton, William numbers. Besides the excavations at Giza, A. F. Estabrook, F. W. Fabyan, Endicott, which are still going on, the following G. Fitz, H. C. Frick, Mrs. L. M r s . Henrietta important pieces of excavation have been Edward J. Holmes, Augustus Hemenway, James

Fund, Gardiner Martin Lane , Mrs. Lane, Morris Loeb, A. Lawrence Lowell T-

carried out: The pyramid temples of King Mycerinus Mrs. William S. Paine, Emily Esther Sears

cerinus, who built the Third Pyramid at Fund, A. Shuman, w. S. Spaulding, C. A. Stone Giza (about 2,750 B. C.), 1908, 1910. for Whitneys, S. D. Warren, George Robert

of princes, courtiers, and officials beside Professor Reisner returned to the the Giza Pyramids, 1905-07, 1912-16. United States only recently. He is giving

3. T h e rock-cut tombs of the feudal three courses in Egyptology at Harvard' lords of the Hare-nome at Bersheh, 1915. during the second half of the present aca- 4. T h e Nubian archaeological survey demic year: One on the Egyptian lang-

for the Egyptian Government, 1907, uage, one on Egyptian history, and a third 1908. on "Archaeological field work as a method

the Israelite kings at Samaria, for the Harvard vard Palestinian Expedition, 1909, 19l0. TEACHERS OF ENGLISH

6. T h e excavation of the fort and Turner F. Garner, A.M. '22, Ed.M. cemetery of the Egyptian administration '23, dean of the Day School of Commerce of Ethiopia at Kerma, in the Sudan, of Northeastern University, Alfred D. (1900-1600 B. C.), 1913, 1914, 1915, Sheffield, '96, of Wellesley College, and 1916. Augustus D. Zanzig, Sp. '21-22, director

7. Excavations at Napata, the capital of music in the Brookline public schools, of Ethiopia (Sudan), 1916-1920: (a) spoke at the annual meeting of the New Temples at Gebel Barkal; (b) Royal England Association of Teachers of Eng- cemetery of the Egyptian XXVth Dynasty lish, held in Boston on March 19. nasty at El-Kur'uw; (c) Royal cemetery T h e following Harvard men were of Tirhaqa and the later kings of Ethi- elected officers of the association: Vice- opia at Nuri. president, Professor J. L. Lowes; editor,

8. Excavation of the pyramids of Charles S. Thomas, '97, lecturer on the Meroe, the later and southern capital of teaching of English in the Graduate Ethiopia, 1920-23. School of Education; secretary and treasurer

Since its inception, the cost of the Har- urer, A. Bertram de Mille, A.M. '03, of vard-Boston Expedition has been borne Simmons College; members of the execu- largely by annual subscriptions given by tive committee, Percy W. Long, '98, public spirited men and women of Boston A.M. ’00, Ph.D. '06, of the Massachu- ton. Among the subscribers the name of setts State Board of Education, and Augustus Hemenway is particularly to be George F. Cherry, '13, of Loomis Insti- noted for large and frequent contributions. tute, Windsor, Conn. In all periods of difficulty the Trustees of the Museum have made appropriations for the work from Museum funds.

. . places which Professor Reisner and his as-

1.

2. About half of the great cemetery White.

5. T h e excavation of the palaces of of historical research”.

MOTOR BUSSES ON BROADWAY T h e Bostop Elevated electric cars have

been taken off Broadway, Cambridge, and motor busses are now running on that street between Harvard Square and Ken-

A full list of the subscribers follows:

Mrs. George R. Agassiz, F. Lothrop Ames, Miss Mary S. Ames, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Miss Ellen B. Ayer, Francis Bartlett, Oric Bates, Mrs. Kendall Square.

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M.D. '20-Robert M. Harbin, S.B. (Univ. and was a member of its graduate committee. Georgia) '16, has been appointed Professor of As an undergraduate at Harvard he took an Orthopedic Surgery at the Western Reserve Uni- active part in Phillips Brooks House, and was versity School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. interested also in athletics, particularly in row- He has also been appointed orthopedic surgeon ing; but his great height made it impossible to to the Lakeside and Rainbow Hospitals, Cleve- find a place for him in an eight-oared shell, land. and consequently his strength and endurance

'21-George N. Carpenter's address is 611 could not be utilized. In the years just after West Lemon St., Lancaster, Pa. his graduation, however, he went, fo r several

successive seasons, to Gales Ferry with the Harvard vard freshman crewsj he did no coaching in

’08 - CHARLES BINNEY TUPPER. Died at rowing, but was adviser, councillor, and friend New York City, March 9, 1925. He was a to the young oarsmen. Frbm 1 9 1 1 to 19 18 he stock broker. He had travelled extensively, was graduate secretary of the Phillips Brooks and a number of years ago formed a company House Association j in that capacity he performed in Berlin and carried on business in central his greatest service to the University and its Europe. He married Miss Hermine L. Eppinger, students and graduates. He was also treasurer in 1908. She survives, as do his brother, Walter of the Harvard Union from 1913 to 1916. In W. Tupper, ’10, A.M. ’12, S.D. '18, and a August, 1918, he retired from Brooks House sister. and became director of personnel fo r the Slatersville

’11 - ARTHUR BEANE. Died in New York Finishing Co., Slatersville, R. I., one of City, March 15, 1925, after a brief illness, from the plants of the Kendall Mills, Inc. He con- pneumonia. He was one of the most widely tinued with that concern, and became general known Harvard men. Born in Massawippi, P. manager and vice-president of the Slatersville Q., June 27, 1880, he spent his boyhood and Finishing Co. and a director of the parent early manhood in the sturdy life of that farming company. At first he spent all his time community. At a time when he was older than in Slatersville, but as his increasing responsibili- the usual preparatory schoolboy, he entered Mt. ties took him frequently to Boston and New Hermon School, Mt. Hermon, Mass., where York, at length he moved back to Cambridge his vigorous personality developed into leader- where he lived at 26 Fresh Pond Parkway. In ship and his spiritual nature acquired a religious 19 12 he married Miss Ruth B. Richards of

. devotion which continued through his life. He Washington, D. C., She survives, with four always retained a deep interest in Mt. Hermon children.

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