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Power System Harmonic Mitigation for Water/Wastewater Applications
Power Quality Correction
Ben Banerjee
Sept. 30 & Oct. 2, 2008
Power Quality Correction
BenefitsBenefitsFor Harmonics MitigationFor Harmonics Mitigation
For Water & Waste Water ApplicationsFor Water & Waste Water Applications
•• Improved Bottom LineImproved Bottom Line::* System Cost Reduction* System Cost Reduction* Maximize System Reliability* Maximize System Reliability* Improve Energy Efficiency* Improve Energy Efficiency* System Capacity Release* System Capacity Release
Power Quality Correction
Agenda* Characteristic of a Typical W/WW Facility* Impact of Non-Linear Loads* Harmonics Fundamental* Effects of Harmonics* Harmonics Standard IEEE 519-1992 * Cost-Effective Harmonics Mitigations* AccuSine Solutions* Application Considerations
Power Quality Correction
Distribution System/ Load CharacteristicsOf
A Typical W/WW Facility
Division - Name - Date - Language 6
Wastewater PlantsMany pumps for fluid movement (VFD)
– VT– Centrifugal pumps
– CT– Progressive cavity pumps (semi-solids)
Solids handling (VFD)– Conveyors
Aeration blowers (VFD)– CT & VT types
Disinfectant – UV systems (ultraviolet)
– Electronic ballasts – 3Φ– Ozone generators (SCR power supplies)
HVAC
Typical W/WW Applications / Loads
Division - Name - Date - Language 7
Water PurificationMany pumps (VFD)UV systems (electronic ballasts)Reverse osmosis
– Centrifugal pumps (VFD)Ozone generators (SCR power supplies)
Typical W/WW Applications / Loads
Power Quality Correction
Elect. Loads& System CharacteristicsFor Typical W/WW Facility
> Mostly Motor Loads* Typically 40% to 50% FVNR (Linear Loads)* Typically 30% to 40% VFDs (Non-Linear Loads)* Typically 5% to 10% RVSS
MCC / SWGR/ SWBR Fed Either From Utility Or GeneratorVFDS may be within MCC or remote located
> Generator Normally Sized for Critical Loads> For Water/ Waste Water Facility:
* Sometime UV System (Non-Linear Loads)* Sometime Ozone Generator ( Non-Linear Loads)
Power Quality Correction
Harmonics FundamentalsHarmonics Fundamentals
Power Quality Correction
v i
Until recently, most electrical equipment Until recently, most electrical equipment drew current in a drew current in a ““linearlinear”” fashion:fashion:
Today, many electrical loads draw Today, many electrical loads draw current in acurrent in a““nonnon--linearlinear”” fashion:fashion:
• Current (i) is periodic, but not “sinusoidal”v i
• Current (i) & Voltage (v) are both “Sinusoidal”
Linear vs NonLinear vs Non--LinearLinear
Power Quality Correction
What produces What produces ““NonNon--linearlinear”” Current?Current?
• Computers
• Fax Machines
• Copiers
M • Variable Frequency Drives
• ElectronicBallasts
• Almost Anything Power Electronics
ExamplesExamples
Power Quality Correction
D isto rted Wave =f1 + f3 + f5 + f7
0
0.5
1
1 3 5 7 9 1 1
0
0.5
1
1 3 5 7 9 1 1
0
0.5
1
1 3 5 7 9 1 1
0
0.5
1
1 3 5 7 9 1 1
0
0.5
1
1 3 5 7 9 1 1
f1 = 60 H z
f3 = 3 x 60hz =180 hz
f5 = 5 x 60 hz =300 hz
f7 = 7 x 60 hz =420 hz
f1
f3+
f5+
f7+
=
60 Hz
180 Hz
300 Hz
420 Hz
Time Domain Frequency Domain
All Periodic Waves Are Generated With Sine Waves Of Various FreqAll Periodic Waves Are Generated With Sine Waves Of Various Frequenciesuencies
Now We Can Define Harmonics:
– A harmonic is a component of a periodic wave having a frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental power line frequency [ In USA , 60Hz]
• Characteristic harmonics are the predominate harmonics seen by the power distribution system
– Predicted by the following equation:• hC = characteristic harmonics to be
expected• n = an integer from 1,2,3,4,5, etc.• p = number of pulses or rectifiers in
circuit
For Six Pulse Drive:
Harmonic FrequencySequence
1 60Hz
5 300Hz
7 420Hz
11 660Hz
13 780Hz
Fundamental
3rd Harmonic
5t1h Harmonic
7th Harmonic
Hc = np +/- 1
Multi-pulse ConvertersHarmonic Orders Present
Hn1 phase 4-pulse
2 phase 4-pulse
3 phase 6-pulse
3 phase 12-pulse
3 phase 18-pulse
3 x x5 x x x7 x x x9 x x11 x x x x13 x x x x15 x x17 x x x x19 x x x x21 x x23 x x x x25 x x x x27 x x29 x x x31 x x x33 x x35 x x x x x37 x x x x x39 x x41 x x x43 x x x45 x x47 x x x x49 x x x x
Harmonics present by rectifier designType of rectifier
Hn = NP +/- 1
Hn = harmonic order present
N,n = an integer
P = number of pulses
Power Quality Correction
Issues With High System HarmonicsIssues With High System Harmonics
•• System ReliabilitySystem Reliability•• Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency•• System Capacity System Capacity
Power Quality Correction
Power Quality Correction
Power Quality Correction
““KK”” Factor Rated TransformerFactor Rated TransformerFor Dry Type Transformer, To For Dry Type Transformer, To Determine What Amount Of Harmonic Determine What Amount Of Harmonic Current Can Be Tolerated, Current Can Be Tolerated, ““KK”” Factor Factor Calculation Is Made Instead Of Using Calculation Is Made Instead Of Using The THD(I) FormulaThe THD(I) Formula
Power Quality Correction
Corporate Presentation 12-Apr-2004 EN
Buildinga New Electric World
How do you know if Harmonics are present in your system?
Random logic faults: CNC, PLCs, drives, UPSs, computersRandom Breaker Thermal TripsClocks Running Faster
Other Common symptoms of harmonics include:
Corporate Presentation 12-Apr-2004 EN
Buildinga New Electric World
Common Symptoms of Harmonics (cont.)
Potential Resonance Condition> Over Voltage
Power Factor Capacitor > Harmonic heating effect> Trips on over-current
Limits on capacity of UPSsGenerator faulting-Unable to do frequency regulation
Corporate Presentation 12-Apr-2004 EN
Buildinga New Electric World
SYSTEM CAPACITY ISSUE
Displacement Power FactorTrue or Total Power Factor
Power Quality Correction
Power Factor is the ratio of Power Factor is the ratio of Active PowerActive Power to to Total PowerTotal Power::
Power Factor = Active (Real) PowerTotal Power
= kW kVA
= Cosine (θ)= Displacement Power Factor (DPF)
Total Power (kVA)
φActive Power (kW)
ReactivePower
Power Factor is a measure of efficiency (Output/Input)
The Power Triangle:The Power Triangle:
Total Power FactorTPF = (DPF) x (Harm coefficient)
DPF =KW
KVAf= Cos φ
Harm coefficient =1
1 + THD(I)2
TPF = Total or true power factor
DPF = Displacement power factor
Harm coefficient = Harmonic power factor
= Cos δ
Total Power Factor Example
• Variable frequency drive (PWM type)
• DPF = .95
• TDD = 90% – (no DC choke & no input line reactor)
• Harm coefficient =
• TPF = .95 x .7433 = .7061
11 + .92
= .7433
Power Quality Correction
How are Harmonic measured ?How are Harmonic measured ?
North American StandardANSI Standard IEEE 519-1992
IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Power Systems
ANSI Standard IEEE 519-1992
• Chapter 11– Addresses THD(V) delivered by utility to user– THD(V) must be < 5% [< 69 KV systems]
• Chapter 10– Defines the amount of TDD a user can cause– Based upon Demand Load & System Fault Level– Table 10.3 for systems < 69 kV– Defines limits for voltage notches caused by SCR
rectifiers – Table 10.2
• Defines PCC (point of common coupling)
Power Quality Correction
IEEE 519-1992 Table 10.2Limits on Commutation Notches
(Applies to SCR rectifiers – only)
*Special Applications – Airports, Hospitals** Dedicated System – Dedicated exclusive to converter loads
Table 10.2Low-Voltage System Classification and Distortion Limits
*SpecialApplications
GeneralSystem
**DedicatedSystem
Notch Depth 10% 20% 50%THD (Voltage) 3% 5% 10%Notch Area, μVs 16,400 22,800 36,500
Note: Notch area for other than 480 V systems should be multiplied by V / 480.
IEEE 519 - Harmonic Distortion Limits
• Table 11.1 - Voltage Distortion Limits
100*1
50
2
2
V
VTHD h
h∑==
Bus voltage at PCC Max. individual Voltage
distortion (%) Total Voltage distortion THD (%)
69kV and below 3.0 5.0 69.001 kV through 161kV 1.5 2.5 161.001kV and above 1.0 1.5 The limits listed above should be used as system design values for the “worst case” for normal operation (conditions lasting longer than one hour). For shorter periods, during start-ups or unusual conditions, the limits may be exceeded by 50%.
Power Quality Correction
TTotal otal HHarmonic armonic CCurrent urrent DDistortionistortionIs Same AsIs Same As
TTotal otal DDemand emand DDistortionistortion (TDD)(TDD)
+ += ×
∑I I I
I
I
ITDD
h22
4
1 1
100 100L
%
h2
2= × =I 32
%+
∞
2
IEEE 519-1992 Table 10.3Current Distortion Limits for General
Distribution Systems (<69 kV)
Isc/Iload <11 11<=h<17 17<=h<23 23<=h<35 h>=35 TDD<20 4.0% 2.0% 1.5% 0.6% 0.3% 5.0%
20<50 7.0% 3.5% 2.5% 1.0% 0.5% 8.0%50<100 10.0% 4.5% 4.0% 1.5% 0.7% 12.0%
100<1000 12.0% 5.5% 5.0% 0.2% 1.0% 15.0%>1000 15.0% 7.0% 6.0% 2.5% 1.4% 20.0%
Isc = short circuit current capacity of sourceIload = demand load current (fundamental)
(TDD = Total harmonic current distortion measured against fundamental current at demand load.)
TDD = Total Demand Distortion
•
Utility
Customer 1 Customer 2
PCC 1 PCC 2
Other customers
IEEE 519-1992 Chapter 10 states “…Within anindustrial plant, the PCC is the point between the nonlinear load and other loads.”Most harmonic problems are not at PCC with utility
>Occurs with generators & UPS>Occurs where nonlinear loads are concentrated
>Occurs inside the plant
Need to protect the user by moving the harmonic mitigation requirements towhere harmonic loads are located
Specification Issues• Write Separate harmonic spec from nonlinear
load spec (Section 16)– Write standard nonlinear load specification– It is System Standard & NOT Product Standard
• Universal solution is more Cost Effective– Good for all nonlinear loads– Apply AHF per electrical bus (best economics)
• 5% TDD per load or bus inside the plant ?– IEEE 519-1992 Chapter 10 states “…Within an industrial plant, the
PCC is the point between the nonlinear load and other loads.”
• Write TDD specs not THD(I)
Methods For Harmonics Mitigation
**Individual Device Solution•Embedded Solution
**System Solution
Individual Device Solution
Harmonic Mitigation Methods
• Typically applied per device:-Isolating Harmonic Loads--Line reactors– 5th harmonic filters (Only 5th)– Broadband filters (up to 13th)Embedded Solutions:
– Multi-pulsing (6-Pulse,18-Pulse)– Active front end (AFE) converter– C-Less Technology
• System solution– Active Harmonic Filter– Harmonics Mitigation Transformer (Up to 19th)
Inductors
•Pros:– Inexpensive & reliable– Transient protection for loads– Big TDD reduction (90% to 35% w/3% Z)– Complimentary to active harmonic control
•Cons:– Limited reduction of TDD at equipment
terminals after 3% Z
– Reduction dependent on sourceImpedance
Input Current Distortion as a Function of inductor Size
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%
0 1 2 3 4 5
Inductor Size (% on Drive Base)
Inpu
t Cur
rent
Dis
torti
on (%
)
Power Quality Correction
Current Distortion THD(I) or TDD as a function of Rsce Current Distortion THD(I) or TDD as a function of Rsce With 6With 6--pulse power converterpulse power converter
Multi-pulse ConvertersHarmonic Orders Present
Hn1 phase 4-pulse
2 phase 4-pulse
3 phase 6-pulse
3 phase 12-pulse
3 phase 18-pulse
3 x x5 x x x7 x x x9 x x11 x x x x13 x x x x15 x x17 x x x x19 x x x x21 x x23 x x x x25 x x x x27 x x29 x x x31 x x x33 x x35 x x x x x37 x x x x x39 x x41 x x x43 x x x45 x x47 x x x x49 x x x x
Harmonics present by rectifier designType of rectifier
Hn = NP +/- 1
Hn = harmonic order present
N,n = an integer
P = number of pulses
Harmonic mitigation methodsVFD mitigation topologies
• 6-Pulse converter
“C-less” or 3% reactance min (if included); small footprint, simplified cabling
Current waveform distortedTDD 30% to 40% with 3% reactor (depending on network impedance)
Externally mounted 3 winding transformer; more wire andcabling; complicated
Current slightly distortedTDD 8% to 15% (depending on network impedance)
• 12-Pulse converter • 18-Pulse converter
Large footprint, more steel& copper (losses)
Current wave form goodTDD 5% to 7% (depending on network impedance)
0
100
A
6 pulse
0
100
A
12 pulse
0.0s 0.02s
0
100
A
18 pulse
+
-
DC Bus Load
Delta
Delta
Wye
AC Line
A
B
C
DC+
DC-
LineReactor
Rectifier Assembly
TransformerTertiary
MultipulseTransformer
A
BC
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
DC LinkReactor
M
Multi-Pulse Drives
Description: Drives/UPS with two (12 pulse) or three (18 pulse) input bridges fed by a transformer with two or three phase shifted output windings.
•Pros:– Reduces TDD to 10% (12 pulse) & 5% (18 pulse) at
loads– Reliable
•Cons:– High installation cost with external transformer– Large footprint (even w/autotransformer)– Series solution with reduction in efficiency– One required for each product– Cannot retrofit
Division - Name - Date - Language 48
Active Front End ConverterProducts with active power converter and input broadband filter to create sinusoidal current & voltage waveforms on AC lines.
AC
Source Filter
Converter Inverter
DC Bus
AC Motor
IGBT IGBT
VFD
Division - Name - Date - Language 49
AFE Converters>Pros:
Meets 5% TDD limit of IEEE 519
200 KVA rated
PWM VFD
DC Drive
PF caps
100 KVA rated
AFE VFD
Mains
>Cons:Larger and more expensive than 6 pulse drivesApproximately twice the size & priceMains voltage must be free of imbalance and voltage harmonics
– Generates more harmonicsWithout mains filter THD(V) can reach 40%Requires short circuit ratio > 40 at PCCSwitched mode power supplies prohibitedCapacitors prohibited on mainsIGBT & SCR rectifiers prohibited on same mains
– No other nonlinear loads permitted
Division - Name - Date - Language 50
Harmonic mitigation methods(Applied per VFD)
Solution Advantage Disadvantage Typical % TDD Typical Price Multiplier*
Increase short circuit capacity Reduces THD(V)Increases TDD Not likely to occur**
Dependent upon SCR***
Cost of transformer and installation change out
C-Less Technology
Lower TDDSimplified designLess cost
Compliance is limited Application limitedSize limited 30 - 50% TDD 0.90 - 0.95
Impedance (3% LR or 5% DC choke)
Low cost adderSimple Compliance difficult 30 - 40% TDD 1.05 - 1.15
5th Harmonic filter Reduces 5th & total TDDDoes not meet harmonic levels at
higher orders^ 18 - 22% TDD 1.20 - 1.45
Broadband filter Reduces TDD (thru 13th)Large heat losses Application limited 8 - 15% TDD 1.25 - 1.50
12-pulse rectifiersReduces TDD Reliable
Large footprint/heavyGood for >100 HP 8 - 15 % TDD 1.65 - 1.85
18-pulse rectifiersReduces TDDReliable
Large footprint/heavy Good for >100 HP 5 - 8% TDD 1.65 - 1.85
Active front end converterVery good TDD Regeneration possible
Large footprint/heavyVery high cost per unit High heat losses < 5% TDD 2.0 - 2.5
* Price compared to a standard 6-pulse VFD.
** Utilities and users are not likely to change their distribution systems.*** Increasing short circuit capacity (lower impedance source or larger KVA capacity) raises TDD but lowers THD(V).^ Can be said for all methods listed.
Division - Name - Date - Language 51
System SolutionApplied to one or many nonlinear loads
When wave shapes with different phase shifts are combined
Application of Harmonic Mitigation Transformers
54
AccuSine® PCS
**Guarantees elimination of harmonic problems – both TDD and THD(V)** 2nd through 50th order
System SolutionActive Harmonic Filter
• Applied to one or many nonlinear loads– VFD, UPS, UV, DC drives, DC power
supplies• Provides DPF correction• More cost effective for multiple loads• Saves space• Lower heat Losses
Active Harmonic Filter:System Solution
AHFLoad
CT
Source
AHF
•Parallel connected
•Is + Ia = Il
•Ia includes 2nd to 50th harmonic current
•Is <5% TDD
L
Is
Ia
I l
~
57
Active Harmonics Filter
Source non linearload
activeconditioner
I.s I.h
I.ac
I. source I. Harmonics
-2-1,5-1
-0,500,51
21,5
=+-2
-1,5-1
-0,50
0,51
1,52
-2-1,5-1
-0,50
0,51
2
1,5
-2-1,5-1
-0,50
0,51
1,52
I. Active Conditioner I. resultant
AHF off AHF onOrder % I fund % I fundFund 100.000% 100.000%3 0.038% 0.478%5 31.660% 0.674%7 11.480% 0.679%9 0.435% 0.297%11 7.068% 0.710%13 4.267% 0.521%15 0.367% 0.052%17 3.438% 0.464%19 2.904% 0.639%21 0.284% 0.263%23 2.042% 0.409%25 2.177% 0.489%27 0.293% 0.170%29 1.238% 0.397%31 1.740% 0.243%33 0.261% 0.325%35 0.800% 0.279%37 1.420% 0.815%39 0.282% 0.240%41 0.588% 0.120%43 1.281% 0.337%45 0.259% 0.347%47 0.427% 0.769%49 1.348% 0.590%% TDD 35.28% 2.67%
AHF HarmonicsPerformance
AHF injection
Source current
At VFD Terminals
Division - Name - Date - Language 59
AccuSine® PCS Overall Performance
Harmonic compensation2nd through 50th order Includes inter-harmonicsIndependent of source impedance
– Selection and operation same whether on AC line or backup generator or UPS output
Obtain 5% TDD (current distortion)
Reactive current injection ( VAR Correction)Reactive current injection is secondary to harmonic mitigation
Either or both functionsVAR compensation
100 μsecond detect-to-injectDynamic response
½ cycle to full control for step load changes
Dual Mode Operation
Ias = Ih2 + Ir
2
Ias = rms output current of AHF
Ih = rms harmonic current
Ir = rms reactive current
Ias Ih Ir100.0 10.0 99.5100.0 20.0 98.0100.0 30.0 95.4100.0 40.0 91.7100.0 50.0 86.6100.0 60.0 80.0100.0 70.0 71.4100.0 80.0 60.0100.0 90.0 43.6100.0 95.0 31.2
Examples
Division - Name - Date - Language 61
AccuSine® PCS
AdvantagesHighly effective (2nd to 50th orderscancelled)Scalable
– Parallel units as neededUniversal solution
– Handles many loads– Many types of loads at same
timeHMI & Modbus CommunicationBest cost for multiple loads
– Lowest heat profileSmallest footprint with std VFD/UPS
DisadvantagesHeat from high speed switching of IGBTCost issues possible forsingle load
ConsiderationsLoad must have input impedance (3%)
– Protects load– Limits size of AHF
Need branch circuit protection
Division - Name - Date - Language 62
AccuSine® PCS Specifications
Universal Application208 – 480 VAC
– No user action required to set50 or 60 HzUse highly customized transformers for higher voltages (to 15 kV)
Fuse protected (200,000 AIC)UL 508 & CSA approvedCE (EMC) - 400VLogic ride through – 1 to 10 minutes
Power Diagram For A Typical AHF
+C
E
C
E
C
E
C
E
C
E
C
E
C
LineInductor
FilterBoard
Pre-charge Contactor
Inductor
Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
ACLines
DC Bus Capacitors
S4
S5
S6
S1
S2
S3
IGBT Module
Division - Name - Date - Language 64
Product Package
Standard (UL/CSA, ABS)Three sizes-50A,100A,300ANEMA 1, 1A, 12, & 3R Enclosed – NEMA 1
50 amp – 52” x 21” x 19”– Weight – 250Lbs
100 amp – 69” x 21” x 19”– Weight – 350 Lbs
300 amp – 75” x 32” x 20”– Weight – 775 Lbs
Chassis – IP00Wall mount – 50 & 100 ampFree standing – 300 amp with disconnect
Division - Name - Date - Language 65
Product PackageInternational enclosures
NEMA 12, IP30, IP54– 50 amp – 75” x 31.5” x 23.62”– Weight – 661 Lbs– 100 amp – 75” x 31.5”x 23.62”– Weight – 771 Lbs– 300 amp – 91” x 39.37” x
31.5”– Weight – 1212 Lbs
Free standing with door interlocked disconnectCE Certified, ABS, UL, CUL
Division - Name - Date - Language 66
Product Re-packaging
Maximum ambient into air inlet – 400CMust meet air flow at inlet of AccuSine
50 amp – 300 CFM100 amp – 500 CFM300 amp - 1250 CFM
Heat released50 amp – 1800 watts100 amp – 3000 watts300 amp – 9000 watts
HMI considerations requiredOn chassisRemote with cable
Division - Name - Date - Language 67
Product Re-packaging
MCC Packaging50 & 100 amp models onlyRequires one vertical 20” x 20”sectionIncludes circuit breaker in section
Division - Name - Date - Language 68
Comparison of 18-P VFDTo
AccuSine + 6-P VFD+3%LR
Division - Name - Date - Language 69
System SolutionAccuSine® PCS Sizing Example
A 125 HP variable torque 6-pulse VFD with 3% LRRequired AHF filtering capability = 47.5 amperes
Two 125 HP VT 6-pulse VFD w/3% LRRequired AHF size = 84.4 amps
Three 125 HP VT 6-pulse VFD w/3% LRRequired AHF size = 113.5 amps
Six 125 HP VT VFD w/3% LRRequired AHF size = 157.6 amps
– (not 6 x 47.5 = 285 amps)
Division - Name - Date - Language 70
Footprint requiredAccuSine PCS+ Std VFD less than 18-P VFD (w/autotransformer) for all conditions
Heat lossesAccuSine PCS+ Std VFD less than 18-P VFD
– Exception at single units of 50-75 HP, advantage 18-P VFDLess Operating Cost AccuSine PCS+ 6-P VFD
Less site cooling required with AccuSine PCS + Std VFDPrice ( Installed Cost)
When more than one VFD, AccuSine PCS + 6-P VFD always beats 18-P VFDIf only one VFD involved, 300-500 HP sizes favor 18-P VFDSQ D Software Tool
System solutionComparison of 18-P VFD to AccuSine + 6-P VFD+3%LR
AccuSine to18-pulse Comparisons
IR: 10.00% kWH rate: $.10 Days/week: 7Years: 10 Hours/day: 24
System: 1x 125 HP 1x 150 HP 1x 200 HP 1x 300 HP 1x 400 HP 1x 500 HP
18-pulseAccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System
User Price 35,914.49 31,342.92 38,893.84 43,866.16 50,507.30 47,771.37 62,107.17 71,451.53 70,875.00 89,389.61 77,962.50 99,703.69Sq Ft 9.03 5.02 9.03 5.02 9.03 5.02 18.06 10.81 18.06 10.81 18.06 10.81Annual operating costs 4,228.22 3,960.89 5,084.35 4,342.66 6,534.53 5,102.25 9,286.37 8,428.81 12,116.83 10,178.29 15,331.68 11,968.30
NPV Cash Flow 6,257.33
Advantage: AccuSine System -295.25
Advantage: 18-pulse 11,767.77
Advantage: AccuSine System -4,277.20
Advantage: 18-pulse -6,290.32
Advantage:18-pulse -531.93
Advantage:18-pulse
System: 2x 125 HP 2x 150 HP 2x 200 HP 2x 300 HP 2x 400 HP 2x 500 HP
18-pulseAccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System
User Price 72,909.11 56,776.63 77,787.68 78,288.60 101,014.59 86,099.03 124,214.34 110,330.12 141,750.00 127,318.85 155,925.00 173,686.31Sq Ft 18.06 7.37 18.06 10.03 18.06 10.03 36.11 15.34 36.11 15.34 36.11 18.00Annual operating costs 8,456.45 6,885.12 10,168.70 8,598.35 13,069.06 10,132.22 18,572.74 16,664.58 24,233.66 20,373.23 30,663.36 24,273.86
NPV Cash Flow 26,041.16
Advantage: AccuSine System 9,401.64
Advantage: AccuSine system 33,435.03
Advantage: AccuSine System 25,916.93
Advantage: AccuSine system 38,774.77
Advantage: AccuSine system 22,540.43
Advantage: AccuSine system
System: 3x 125 HP 3x 150 HP 3x 200 HP 3x 300 HP 3x 400 HP 3x 500 HP
18-pulseAccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System 18-pulse
AccuSine System
User Price 109,363.67 88,590.87 116,681.51 96,415.47 151,521.89 117,574.82 186,321.52 139,746.79 212,625.00 190,969.18 233,887.50 247,668.92Sq Ft 27.09 12.39 27.09 12.39 27.09 12.39 54.17 20.84 54.17 23.49 54.17 25.20Annual operating costs 12,684.67 10,504.07 15,253.06 12,198.66 19,603.58 14,125.78 27,859.10 23,563.31 36,350.50 29,184.76 45,995.04 35,958.34
NPV Cash Flow 34,523.50
Advantage: AccuSine System 39,526.83
Advantage: AccuSine system 68,489.71
Advantage: AccuSine System 73,663.68
Advantage: AccuSine system 66,842.42
Advantage: AccuSine system 49,509.34
Advantage: AccuSine system
Division - Name - Date - Language 72
AccuSine® PCSInstallation Considerations
AHFInstallation Considerations
This configuration provides individual AHF operation per side regardless of breaker positions.
Main – Left Main – Right
CBml CBmr
Tie
CTml CTtl CTtr CTmr
AHF-RAHF- L
CBal CBar
Main-tie-main
AHF Installation Considerations
Regardless of Main Power CB and Generator CB positions, AHF limits harmonics for both sources.
AHF
Main Power CB
Generator
Generator CB
Utility
CTm CTg
CBa
~
AccuSine PCS Limitations
• 3-Phase / 3-Wire design only– Does not help neutral harmonics
• “Sine-Wave” Product for 3-Phase / 4-Wire System
AccuSine Selection• Use Spreadsheet—SQ D Software• No Harmonics Analysis required• Information Required for Sizing:
* One Line* All VFDs Details—HP & CT or VT* All Linear Loads Details-HP/KW* Other Non-Linear Loads—UV / OG* If DPF Correction is required.* Both LV & MV Bus
* Add 3% LR for all Non-Linear Loads
Generator & Harmonics Load
Generator Feeding Nonlinear Loads
• Soft Source• High Impedance with limited over load capacities• High Impedance produces excessive THDv• High THDv directly affects Voltage Regulation• Many existing Generators with old Regulator Design can fail• High THDv affects Electronics Loads & can fail
Power Quality Correction
Voltage distortion THD(V) as a function of RSCE Voltage distortion THD(V) as a function of RSCE with 6with 6--pulse power converterpulse power converter
Generator Feeding Nonlinear Loads
*Harmonics Current Generates Excessive Heatingin the Windings*Derating of Generator needed with Nonlinear Loads
Generator Feeding Nonlinear Loads:AccuSine Advantages
*Helps Generator runs “Cooler”*Helps Voltage Regulation*Helps Older Existing Generators in the Field*Helps Retrofits– Space & Generator Rating*Helps Environment
Solution Approach
Solution Cycle
Measure
Simulate
Specify & Propose
Supply & Commission
Analyze & Report
Power Quality Correction
Thank You !Thank You !Questions?Questions?
For More Information, Please Contact:B. Ben BanerjeePower Quality Correction GroupSchneider ElectricSan Francisco Field OfficeDirect: 925-463-7103Cell: 925-858-2182E-mail: [email protected]