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S C E R TDirectorate of Public Instruction

Department of General Education • Government of Kerala

HardwarHardwarHardwarHardwarHardware & Networkinge & Networkinge & Networkinge & Networkinge & NetworkingTTTTTraining Module for MTraining Module for MTraining Module for MTraining Module for MTraining Module for MTs / SITs / SITs / SITs / SITs / SITCsCsCsCsCs

2008-20092008-20092008-20092008-20092008-2009

HardwarHardwarHardwarHardwarHardware & Networking Te & Networking Te & Networking Te & Networking Te & Networking Training Module for MTraining Module for MTraining Module for MTraining Module for MTraining Module for MTs / SITs / SITs / SITs / SITs / SITCsCsCsCsCs(English) • May 2008(English) • May 2008(English) • May 2008(English) • May 2008(English) • May 2008

Prepared and Published by IT@School Project on behalf of Education Department,Govt. of Kerala, in association with SCERT - Kerala

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On completion of the training, the trained personnel will

be able to acquire the following competencies:

1. Repair and maintain electrical and electronic sub

systems associated with PCs and Peripherals.

2. General awareness about system configuration.

3. Upgrade, repair and maintain stand-alone PCs and

PC connected in networking environment.

4. Install Operating systems and Application packages.

5. Repair and maintain common peripherals used with

PCs.

6. Carry out cabling and install small network

environment.

7. Set up computer with multimedia projectors and

related devices.

Duration of Training: 4 days

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1.1.1.1.1. DayDayDayDayDay-1-1-1-1-1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1111111111

1.1 Registration ....................................................... 14

1.2 Introduction to the Programme .......................... 14

1.3 Awareness about Hand tools and

basic fittings and ................................................ 14

1.4 Introduction to Computer peripherals and

system configuration .......................................... 15

1.5 UPS (Uninterrupted power supply) .................... 15

1.6 SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) ............... 17

1.7 Types of Monitor, Mouse, Keyboard (Connections,

settings & Maintenance tips) .............................. 20

1.8 Mother board and CMOS Setting ....................... 22

2.2.2.2.2. DayDayDayDayDay-2-2-2-2-2 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2929292929

2.1 CPU, Functions, speed, Common issues

related with CPU ............................................... 29

2.2 Computer Memory ............................................ 30

2.3 HDD - Formatting, Partitioning and

loading software, Common issues ...................... 33

2.4 Software Installation .......................................... 33

2.5 Networking- Cabling, HUB, SWITCH, Router .... 35

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3.3.3.3.3. DayDayDayDayDay-3-3-3-3-3 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3939393939

3.1 TCP/IP, private and public IP.............................. 39

3.2 LINUX Networking ............................................ 41

3.3 Network sharing ................................................ 45

3.4 Modem IP setting and sharing of Internet

Connections in Linux ........................................ 47

3.5 Internet Security ................................................ 49

3.6 Discussion on FAQs & Hands own Experience .. 49

4.4.4.4.4. DayDayDayDayDay-4-4-4-4-4 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5050505050

4.1 Structure of Linux Operating System and base

system instalation .............................................. 50

4.2 Kernel, Package upgradation ............................. 51

4.3 Issues and solutions in VGA Configuration ........ 52

4.4 Printer configuration .......................................... 54

4.5 Collection of Hardware Information in Linux ..... 56

4.6 Evaluation......................................................... 56

4.7 Sum Up Function .............................................. 56

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CONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTS

Hardware & Networking Training Module for MTs / SITCs

10

DISCUSSION AREAS OF THE COURSEDISCUSSION AREAS OF THE COURSEDISCUSSION AREAS OF THE COURSEDISCUSSION AREAS OF THE COURSEDISCUSSION AREAS OF THE COURSE

Sl NoSl NoSl NoSl NoSl No TOPIC /AREATOPIC /AREATOPIC /AREATOPIC /AREATOPIC /AREA

1 Introduction

2 Awareness about Hand tools and basic fittings

3 Introduction to computer Peripherals & System Configuration

4 UPS - Preliminary maintenance

5 SMPS (maintenance and trouble shooting)

6 Types of Monitor (installation and settings)

7 Installation of basic I/O devices

8 Mother board and CMOS Setting (Trouble shooting)

9 CPU

10 Memory - issues and trouble shooting

11 HDD - Formatting, Partitioning and loading software

12 Loading of Operating Systems and corresponding drives

13 Networking, establishing & sharing internet connectionsstudy on Internet security in Linux & Windows OS

14 Maintenance and trouble shooting with printer

15 Trouble shooting with LINUX OS

16 Multimedia devices

17 LCD Projectors Connection and settings

18 Preventive Maintenance and trouble shooting

19 Evaluation

Hardware & Networking Training Module for MTs / SITCs

11

DayDayDayDayDay-1-1-1-1-1

TimeTimeTimeTimeTime TTTTTopicsopicsopicsopicsopics RemarksRemarksRemarksRemarksRemarks

9.00 AM - 10.00 AM Registration

10.00 AM - 10.15 AM Introduction

10.15 AM - 10.30 AM Awareness about Hand tools andbasic fittings

10.30AM -11.00 AM Introduction to computerPeripherals & System Configuration

11.00 AM - 11.10 AM Tea Break

11.10 AM - 1.00 PM UPS-Function, maintenance tips,SMPS- Function, maintenance &Trouble Shooting

1.00 PM - 1.30 PM Lunch Break

1.30 PM - 2.30 PM Types of Monitor, Mouse, Keyboard(Connections, settings &Maintenance tips)

2.30 PM - 3.00 PM Mother board and CMOS Setting(Trouble shooting)

3.00 PM - 3.10 PM Tea Break

3.10 PM - 4.00 PM Mother board Cont.

4.00 PM - 6.00 PM Discussion on FAQs & Handsown Experience.

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DayDayDayDayDay-2-2-2-2-2

TimeTimeTimeTimeTime TTTTTopicsopicsopicsopicsopics RemarksRemarksRemarksRemarksRemarks

10.00 AM - 11.00 AM CPU, Functions, speed, Commonissues related with CPU

11.00 AM - 11.10 AM Tea Break

10.15 AM - 10.30 AM Computer Memory

11.30 AM - 1.00 PM HDD - Formatting, Partitioning andloading software, Common issues.

1.00 PM - 1.30 PM Lunch Break

1.30 PM - 3.00 PM Hard Disk Partitioning &Software Installation

3.00 PM - 3.10 PM Tea Break

3.10 PM - 4.00 PM Networking- Cabling, HUB,SWITCH, Router

4.00 PM - 6.00 PM Discussion on FAQs & Handsown Experience.

DayDayDayDayDay-3-3-3-3-3

TimeTimeTimeTimeTime TTTTTopicsopicsopicsopicsopics RemarksRemarksRemarksRemarksRemarks10.00 AM - 11.00 AM TCP/IP, private and public IP11.00 AM - 11.10 AM Tea Break11.10 AM - 12.00 PM LINUX Networking12.00 PM - 1.00 PM Network sharing1.00 PM - 1.30 PM Lunch Break1.30 PM - 3.00 PM Modem IP setting and sharing of

Internet Connections in Linux3.00 PM - 3.10 PM Tea Break3.10 PM- 3.30 PM Modem IP setting and sharing of

Internet Connections in Linux (Cont.)3.30 PM- 4.00 PM Internet Security4.00 PM- 6.00 PM Discussion on FAQs & Hands own

Experience

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DayDayDayDayDay-4-4-4-4-4

TimeTimeTimeTimeTime TTTTTopicsopicsopicsopicsopics RemarksRemarksRemarksRemarksRemarks

10.00 AM - 11.00 AM Structure of Linux Operating Systemand base system installation

11.00 AM - 11.10 AM Tea Break

11.10 AM - 11.30 PM Kernel, Package up-gradation

11.30 PM - 12.00 PM Issues and solutions inVGA Configuration

12.00 PM - 12.45 PM Printer configuration

12.45 PM - 1.00 PM Collection of HardwareInformation in Linux

1.00 PM - 1.30 PM Lunch Break

1.30 PM - 3.00 PM Evaluation

3.00 PM - 3.10 PM Tea Break

3.10 PM - 4.00 PM Evaluation

4.00 PM - 4.30 PM Sum Up Function

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Day - 1Day - 1Day - 1Day - 1Day - 1

TTTTTask Summerask Summerask Summerask Summerask Summeryyyyy

• Registration

• Introduction

• Awareness about Hand tools and basic fittings

• Introduction to computer Peripherals & System Configuration

• UPS-Function, maintenance tips

• SMPS- Function, maintenance & Trouble Shooting

• Types of Monitor, Mouse, Keyboard (Connections, settings &Maintenance tips)

• Mother board and CMOS Setting (Trouble shooting)

• Discussion on FAQs & Hands own Experience.

1.11.11.11.11.1 RegistrationRegistrationRegistrationRegistrationRegistration(9.00 AM -10.00 AM)(9.00 AM -10.00 AM)(9.00 AM -10.00 AM)(9.00 AM -10.00 AM)(9.00 AM -10.00 AM)

1.21.21.21.21.2 Introduction to the ProgrammeIntroduction to the ProgrammeIntroduction to the ProgrammeIntroduction to the ProgrammeIntroduction to the Programme(10.00 AM -10.15 AM)(10.00 AM -10.15 AM)(10.00 AM -10.15 AM)(10.00 AM -10.15 AM)(10.00 AM -10.15 AM)

1.31.31.31.31.3 Awareness about Hand tools and basic fittings andAwareness about Hand tools and basic fittings andAwareness about Hand tools and basic fittings andAwareness about Hand tools and basic fittings andAwareness about Hand tools and basic fittings and(10.15 AM -10.30 AM)(10.15 AM -10.30 AM)(10.15 AM -10.30 AM)(10.15 AM -10.30 AM)(10.15 AM -10.30 AM)

Multimeter and Star type screw driver are the main hand tools used for ITHardware maintenance. The basic fittings in computer peripherals are verysimple with logistic vision. Most of the fittings can be done by hand, that iswithout any tools.

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1.41.41.41.41.4 Introduction to Computer peripherals andIntroduction to Computer peripherals andIntroduction to Computer peripherals andIntroduction to Computer peripherals andIntroduction to Computer peripherals andsystem configuration (10.30 AM - 11.00 AM)system configuration (10.30 AM - 11.00 AM)system configuration (10.30 AM - 11.00 AM)system configuration (10.30 AM - 11.00 AM)system configuration (10.30 AM - 11.00 AM)

Computer PComputer PComputer PComputer PComputer Peripheralseripheralseripheralseripheralseripherals

1. Processor 2. RAM

3. Mother Board 4. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

5. Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) 6. CD/DVD/Combo Drive &CD/DVD Writer

7. ATX Cabinet With SMPS 8. Key Board

9. Mouse 10. Monitor

11. UPS 12. Printer

13. Scanner 14. Web Camera

15. Pen Drive etc.

System ConfigurationSystem ConfigurationSystem ConfigurationSystem ConfigurationSystem Configuration

The measure of performance of a system is called system configuration.To get optimum performance compatible peripherals are to be used.

1.51.51.51.51.5 UPS UPS UPS UPS UPS (Uninterrupted power supply)(Uninterrupted power supply)(Uninterrupted power supply)(Uninterrupted power supply)(Uninterrupted power supply)11.10 AM - 12.00 AM11.10 AM - 12.00 AM11.10 AM - 12.00 AM11.10 AM - 12.00 AM11.10 AM - 12.00 AM

UPS are two types. On-line and Off-line.

1.5.11.5.11.5.11.5.11.5.1 Off-line / Standby UPSOff-line / Standby UPSOff-line / Standby UPSOff-line / Standby UPSOff-line / Standby UPS

An off-line UPS remains idle until a power failure occurs, and then switchesfrom utility power to its own power source, almost instantaneously.

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1.5.21.5.21.5.21.5.21.5.2 WWWWWorking Porking Porking Porking Porking Procedurrocedurrocedurrocedurrocedure of an Off-line/Standby UPSe of an Off-line/Standby UPSe of an Off-line/Standby UPSe of an Off-line/Standby UPSe of an Off-line/Standby UPS

1.5.31.5.31.5.31.5.31.5.3 Online UPS (Double conversion UPS)Online UPS (Double conversion UPS)Online UPS (Double conversion UPS)Online UPS (Double conversion UPS)Online UPS (Double conversion UPS)

An on-line UPS continuously powers the protected load from its reserves(usually lead-acid batteries or stored kinetic energy), while simultaneouslyreplenishing the reserves from the AC power. On-line UPS protects againstall types of power problems and continuously use the inverter to create100% new, clean, regulated AC power for systems.

The major significant of Online UPS is, there is no transfer time in the eventof a power failure as in the case of Off-line UPS. In Laptop PCs thetechnology of Online UPS are used.

1.5.41.5.41.5.41.5.41.5.4 WWWWWorking Porking Porking Porking Porking Procedurrocedurrocedurrocedurrocedure of an Online UPSe of an Online UPSe of an Online UPSe of an Online UPSe of an Online UPS

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Tips to PracticeTips to PracticeTips to PracticeTips to PracticeTips to Practice

• Charge the UPS regularly (Minimum 4 hrs per day)

• When you switch off the main, if the working system is went offthen you can confirm the UPS battery is worn-out and has to bereplaced.

• Decrease in backup time indicates the battery level is low, then chiplevel service is required

• If UPS is not powered ON, checking of fuse is necessary.

Activity 1Activity 1Activity 1Activity 1Activity 1

• Open the UPS Case

• Remove and reattach the battery

• Checking and replacing the fuse

1.61.61.61.61.6 SMPS SMPS SMPS SMPS SMPS (Switched Mode P(Switched Mode P(Switched Mode P(Switched Mode P(Switched Mode Power Supply)ower Supply)ower Supply)ower Supply)ower Supply)(12.00 AM - 1.00 PM)(12.00 AM - 1.00 PM)(12.00 AM - 1.00 PM)(12.00 AM - 1.00 PM)(12.00 AM - 1.00 PM)

1.6.11.6.11.6.11.6.11.6.1 AAAAATX SMPSTX SMPSTX SMPSTX SMPSTX SMPS

Interior view of an ATX SMPS

A - bridge rectifier B - input filter capacitorsC - transformer D - output filter coilE - output filter capacitors

1.6.21.6.21.6.21.6.21.6.2 How an SMPS worksHow an SMPS worksHow an SMPS worksHow an SMPS worksHow an SMPS works

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In the Input rectifier stage, SMPS converts an AC input into DC. This iscalled rectification. In Inverter stage to Output rectifier and filter stage,there is doing a feedback circuit monitoring to the output voltage andcompares it with a reference voltage, which is set electronically to the desiredoutput. If there is an error in the output voltage, the feedback circuitcompensates by adjusting the timing with which the MOSFETs are switchedon and off. This part of the power supply is called the switching regulator.The “Chopper controller” shown in the block diagram serves this purpose.

1.6.31.6.31.6.31.6.31.6.3 AAAAATX PSU power up sequence and cable connector pinTX PSU power up sequence and cable connector pinTX PSU power up sequence and cable connector pinTX PSU power up sequence and cable connector pinTX PSU power up sequence and cable connector pinouts with voltagesouts with voltagesouts with voltagesouts with voltagesouts with voltages

Important Note!Important Note!Important Note!Important Note!Important Note!

On version 2 ATX Power Supplies there are four additional pins

The 2 additional pins above pin 10 are +12v yellow, and +3.3v orange

The 2 additional pins above (previously numbered) pin 20 are +5v red andground black.

ATX 20 pin Power Connector

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In sum, the classifications of cables with output voltages are asIn sum, the classifications of cables with output voltages are asIn sum, the classifications of cables with output voltages are asIn sum, the classifications of cables with output voltages are asIn sum, the classifications of cables with output voltages are asfollows:follows:follows:follows:follows:

1. +5v, red wires, pins 4,6,19, and 20

2. +5v standby, purple wire, pin 9

3. -5v, white, pin 8 (may not be present)

4. +12v, yellow, pin 10

5. -12v, blue, pin 12

6. +3.3v, orange, pins 12, and 11

7. Common or signal ground, black, pins 3, 5, 7, 13, 15, 16, and 17

Tips to RememberTips to RememberTips to RememberTips to RememberTips to Remember

1. System will not boot if the standby voltage (+5) is less than 4.7 orthe 12V line is less than 11.4V.

2. Voltage of Ground wire is always zero for a perfect SMPS

3. If the voltage of black wire is greater than zero then we can reachthe assumption that there is no proper earthing.

4. The easy way to check a SMPS is to short the pins 14 (green), 15(black) or 14 (green), 13 (black) At the time of shorting, if the fan isspinning then the SMPS is working otherwise it is not working.

5. Even if the fan is spinning and if the machine is not booting then wecan fix the voltage levels are varying. Now replacement of SMPS orchip level servicing is needed.

1.6.41.6.41.6.41.6.41.6.4 AAAAAT SMPST SMPST SMPST SMPST SMPS

In AT SMPS there are two connectors by the name P8 & P9 having sixwires. The color and corresponding voltage is as follows.

• yellow : 12v • red : +5v

• blue : -12v • Orange : 3.3v

• white : -5v • black : 0v (ground)

These connectors are used to give power to the Motherboard.

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In both AT & ATX SMPS there are other four pin connectors, used to powerHDD, CD Drive, and FDD, CPU fan etc. A pin connector consists of fourwires consist of two black, one red and one yellow.

AT SMPS works with the help of a power switch controller, while ATXSMPS functions with the help of Motherboard.

Activity 2Activity 2Activity 2Activity 2Activity 2

• Open the cabinet

• Detach all cables of SMPS from motherboard

• Power on SMPS (Short the green and black wire: Meant to checkwhether SMPS is working or not.)

• Re-attach the cables properly

1.71.71.71.71.7 TTTTTypes of Monitorypes of Monitorypes of Monitorypes of Monitorypes of Monitor, Mouse, Keyboard (Connections,, Mouse, Keyboard (Connections,, Mouse, Keyboard (Connections,, Mouse, Keyboard (Connections,, Mouse, Keyboard (Connections,settings & Maintenance tips) (1.30 PM - 2.30 PM)settings & Maintenance tips) (1.30 PM - 2.30 PM)settings & Maintenance tips) (1.30 PM - 2.30 PM)settings & Maintenance tips) (1.30 PM - 2.30 PM)settings & Maintenance tips) (1.30 PM - 2.30 PM)

TTTTTypes of Computer Monitorsypes of Computer Monitorsypes of Computer Monitorsypes of Computer Monitorsypes of Computer Monitors

There are three main types of monitors:the CRT, or Cathode Ray Tube monitor,the LCD Flat Panel monitor, and the TFT-LCD monitor.

1.7.11.7.11.7.11.7.11.7.1 CRT (Cathode Ray TCRT (Cathode Ray TCRT (Cathode Ray TCRT (Cathode Ray TCRT (Cathode Ray Tube)ube)ube)ube)ube)MonitorMonitorMonitorMonitorMonitor

This is the most inexpensive monitor inthe market today. It sports quite a large

case, which includes the flat/funnel tubes thatdisplays the images on the screen. Pixels, madeup of phosphors, are the tiny components thatmake up the image shown on screen. Thesepixels are struck by electrons, which make thepixels glow and eventually form the desiredimage on the screen.

1.7.21.7.21.7.21.7.21.7.2 LCD Flat PLCD Flat PLCD Flat PLCD Flat PLCD Flat Panel Monitoranel Monitoranel Monitoranel Monitoranel Monitor

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors were

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first developed for use with laptop computers. Also known as flat screenmonitors, they are becoming more and more common these days. Wheninitially introduced in the market, these flat screens cost quite a fortune. Butwith its proliferation, prices are continuing to drop.

LCD technology makes use of a liquid crystal solution that are present intwo panes of polarized and partitioned glasses. By adjusting the amount oflight that passes through these panelsthrough an electric voltage, images arecreated on the screen. This technology alsoreduces blurring and colour smudgingduring motion pictures, which makes thistype of monitor appropriate for gamers orfilm enthusiasts.

1.7.31.7.31.7.31.7.31.7.3 TFTTFTTFTTFTTFT-----LCD MonitorLCD MonitorLCD MonitorLCD MonitorLCD Monitor

A Thin Film Transistor (TFT) – LCDmonitor is now being more widely used with LCD monitors, because of itshigh level of resolution and sharpness. The only difference is a thin filmtransistor that is applied to the screen, which results in better control ofpixels.

Activity 3Activity 3Activity 3Activity 3Activity 3

• Remove the data cable of the monitor from the cabinet, power onand observe.

• Familiarise the application of all control buttons.

• Study the behaviour of LED.

1.7.4 Mouse - P1.7.4 Mouse - P1.7.4 Mouse - P1.7.4 Mouse - P1.7.4 Mouse - Pointing Deviceointing Deviceointing Deviceointing Deviceointing Device

A mouse is a pointing device used tointeract with a PC; there are a fewdifferent types of mouse available.

• Serial MouseSerial MouseSerial MouseSerial MouseSerial Mouse ----- This is a mousewith a serialconnector, itrequires a freeserial port on yourPC.

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• PS2PS2PS2PS2PS2 ----- This is a mouse with PS/2 connector.

• USB MouseUSB MouseUSB MouseUSB MouseUSB Mouse ----- This type of mouse has a USB connector andrequires a free USB port. In Linux, we cansee the details of the USB devices attached toour system by issuing the command $lsusb$lsusb$lsusb$lsusb$lsusb

• Cord-less MouseCord-less MouseCord-less MouseCord-less MouseCord-less Mouse - A cord-less mouse (as the name suggests) hasno cable, this type of mouse utilises batteriesfor its power supply.

• Optical MouseOptical MouseOptical MouseOptical MouseOptical Mouse ----- An optical mouse utilises optical electronicsto track the mouse’s position and movement,they are preferred over standard mechanicalmice as they tend to be more reliable andrequire less maintenance.

• Laser Optical MouseLaser Optical MouseLaser Optical MouseLaser Optical MouseLaser Optical Mouse -----Laser mouse laser technology to trackmovement. It works more accurately andspeedily.

1.7.51.7.51.7.51.7.51.7.5 Key BoardKey BoardKey BoardKey BoardKey Board

Keyboard is an arrangement of buttons, or keys. A keyboard typically hascharacters engraved or printed on the keys; in most cases, each press of akey corresponds to a single written symbol.

1.81.81.81.81.8 Mother board and CMOS Setting (TMother board and CMOS Setting (TMother board and CMOS Setting (TMother board and CMOS Setting (TMother board and CMOS Setting (Trouble shooting)rouble shooting)rouble shooting)rouble shooting)rouble shooting)(2.30 PM - 3.00 PM)(2.30 PM - 3.00 PM)(2.30 PM - 3.00 PM)(2.30 PM - 3.00 PM)(2.30 PM - 3.00 PM)

(Figure : 1.5)

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Desktop Board ComponentsDesktop Board ComponentsDesktop Board ComponentsDesktop Board ComponentsDesktop Board Components

LabelLabelLabelLabelLabel DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription

A - Front panel audio header

B - PCI bus connector 2

C - PCI bus connector 1

D - PCI Express x1 connector

E - PCI Express x16 connector

F - Back panel connectors

G - 12V processor core voltage connecor (2 x 2 pin)

H - Processor fan header (4-pin)

I - Rear chassis fan header (3-pin)

J - Processor socket

K - DIMM 0, Channel A socket

L - DIMM 0, Channel B socket

M - Chassis Instruslon header

N - Main power connector (2 x 12 pin)

O - Diskette drive connector

P - IDE connector

Q - Front chassis fan header (3-pin)

R - Serial ATA connectors

S - Front panel header

T - Speaker

U - Hi-speed USB 2.0 headers

V - Alternate front panel power LED header

W - Battery

X - BIOS configuration jumper block

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1.8.11.8.11.8.11.8.11.8.1 PPPPPororororortststststs

Ports are connectors used to connect externalcables and devices to the motherboard.

1.8.1(a) Serial P1.8.1(a) Serial P1.8.1(a) Serial P1.8.1(a) Serial P1.8.1(a) Serial Porororororts:ts:ts:ts:ts:

There are usually two serialports. Each has 9 or 10 pins(only the first 9 are used, however). To connect Mouse,Modem etc.

1.8.1(b) P1.8.1(b) P1.8.1(b) P1.8.1(b) P1.8.1(b) Parallel Parallel Parallel Parallel Parallel Pororororort:t:t:t:t:

This port has 26 holes (25 are actually used). To connect printer, Scanneretc.

1.8.1(c) PS/2 Mouse P1.8.1(c) PS/2 Mouse P1.8.1(c) PS/2 Mouse P1.8.1(c) PS/2 Mouse P1.8.1(c) PS/2 Mouse Pororororort:t:t:t:t:

The PS/2 mouse header has 5 pins. See figure given below:

1.8.1(d) USB (Universal Serial Bus):1.8.1(d) USB (Universal Serial Bus):1.8.1(d) USB (Universal Serial Bus):1.8.1(d) USB (Universal Serial Bus):1.8.1(d) USB (Universal Serial Bus):

A new technology, USB is proposed to be the new standard for connectingdevices such as keyboards, mice and external modems to the PC. Seefigure given below:

1.8.1(e) Primary and Secondary IDE (Integrated Device1.8.1(e) Primary and Secondary IDE (Integrated Device1.8.1(e) Primary and Secondary IDE (Integrated Device1.8.1(e) Primary and Secondary IDE (Integrated Device1.8.1(e) Primary and Secondary IDE (Integrated DeviceElectronics) /AElectronics) /AElectronics) /AElectronics) /AElectronics) /ATTTTTA Hard Disk InterA Hard Disk InterA Hard Disk InterA Hard Disk InterA Hard Disk Interface porface porface porface porface ports:ts:ts:ts:ts:

Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) is a standard interface forconnecting storage devices such as hard disks, CD-ROM drives inside personalcomputers. IDE -channels have 40 pins.

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1.8.2 Slots1.8.2 Slots1.8.2 Slots1.8.2 Slots1.8.2 Slots

Slots are the connective areas for Add oncards, RAM etc.

PPPPPeripheral Component Intereripheral Component Intereripheral Component Intereripheral Component Intereripheral Component Interconnectconnectconnectconnectconnect(PCI)(PCI)(PCI)(PCI)(PCI)

This type of expansion slots are in presentuse to connect internal modems, networkcards, TV tuner cards etc. The details ofPCI slots and devices attached to it will bedisplayed it you give the command $lspci. $lspci. $lspci. $lspci. $lspci. In a terminal, if you have tonarrow your list to Video Graphic Adapters (VGA-video cards) only, modifythe command as$lspci |grep VGA.$lspci |grep VGA.$lspci |grep VGA.$lspci |grep VGA.$lspci |grep VGA.

1.8.3 Pin Connectors1.8.3 Pin Connectors1.8.3 Pin Connectors1.8.3 Pin Connectors1.8.3 Pin Connectors

The motherboard provides several connectors that are attached to the caseLED indicators, and switches. These (as usual) vary by motherboard, butthe ones described here are typical. The physical layout of these connectorscan vary a lot as well.

• PPPPPower Switchower Switchower Switchower Switchower Switch : On ATX systems there will be a connector forattaching two leads from the case power on/off button. On ATX PCs the power switch sendsa signal to the motherboard to turn on thePC; it doesn’t attach directly to the powersupply as it does on older AT style systems.

• PPPPPower LED Switchower LED Switchower LED Switchower LED Switchower LED Switch : This 2-pin switch provides the facility torecognise the presence of power on a cabinetat the time of booting. Shorting of two powerLED pins will lighten the power led shown inthe front panel of cabinet.

• Reset SwitchReset SwitchReset SwitchReset SwitchReset Switch : This 2-pin switch has no polarity so you canconnect it either way. This switch helps to re-boot the machine.

• HDD LEDHDD LEDHDD LEDHDD LEDHDD LED : This connector signals the LED when themotherboard detects activity on system’s harddisk.

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• SpeakerSpeakerSpeakerSpeakerSpeaker : This is a 4-pin connector for the case speaker,but only the two outer wires are used. Thereis no polarity here either; you can connect thespeaker either way.

• CPCPCPCPCPU FU FU FU FU Fananananan : Some motherboard have a 2/4-pin connectorfor powering the processor’s fan, if the fanhas the right type of power connector.

1.8.4 Back P1.8.4 Back P1.8.4 Back P1.8.4 Back P1.8.4 Back Pannel Vannel Vannel Vannel Vannel View & Connective Device of a Mother Boardiew & Connective Device of a Mother Boardiew & Connective Device of a Mother Boardiew & Connective Device of a Mother Boardiew & Connective Device of a Mother Board

1.8.5 Jumpers1.8.5 Jumpers1.8.5 Jumpers1.8.5 Jumpers1.8.5 Jumpers

Jumpers are pins on a motherboard or other device that are used to provideconfiguration information to the hardware. A single jumper consists of apair of pins, with a small rectangular shunt that can be placed over bothpins to short them together. The hardware is programmed to act one waywhen the jumper is shorted, and another way when it is left open. Thejumpers are normally numbered JP1, JP2 etc.. For some functions, a groupof jumpers is used.

Every motherboard differs in its jumper numbering, positioning, and mostimportantly, what the settings for each jumper mean. This is why having themotherboard manual is so crucial for anyone who wants to work their PC.

Bios jumper settingsBios jumper settingsBios jumper settingsBios jumper settingsBios jumper settings

JP1 is a jumper setting for BIOS. JP1 has three pins numbered as 1, 2, and3. Shorting of pins 1 &2 is normal and shorting of pins 2 & 3 is for resettingBIOS.

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1.8.61.8.61.8.61.8.61.8.6 BIOS (Basic Input Output System) SetupBIOS (Basic Input Output System) SetupBIOS (Basic Input Output System) SetupBIOS (Basic Input Output System) SetupBIOS (Basic Input Output System) Setup

A Basic input/output system is built-in software that determines what acomputer can do without accessing programs from a disk. On PCs, theBIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard, display screen,disk drives, serial communications, and a number of miscellaneous functions.

The BIOS is typically placed in a ROM chip that comes with the computer(it is often called a ROM BIOS). This ensures that the BIOS will always beavailable and will not be damaged by disk failures. It also makes it possiblefor a computer to boot itself. Because RAM is faster than ROM, though,many computer manufacturers design systems so that the BIOS is copiedfrom ROM to RAM each time the computer is booted. This is known asshadowing.

Many modern PCs have flash BIOS, which means that the BIOS have beenrecorded on a flash memory chip, which can be updated if necessary. ThePC BIOS is fairly standardized, so all PCs are similar at this level (althoughthere are different BIOS versions). Additional DOS functions are usuallyadded through software modules. This means you can upgrade to a newerversion of DOS without changing the BIOS.

TTTTTroubleshoot Mechanismroubleshoot Mechanismroubleshoot Mechanismroubleshoot Mechanismroubleshoot Mechanism

1. Continuous re-start of a machine before entering to an OperatingSystem indicates circuit short in motherboard or motherboard relatedcomponents (RAM, CPU, PCI Devices, HDD etc.). Motherboardservicing or checkup of related components is necessary for thisissue.

2. System is not booting: Check the CMOS battery, is it worn out ornot. If worn out, replace the battery.

3. While booting, a message appears that ‘Press F1 to Continue’indicates low voltage of CMOS battery (battery is to be replaced)or in the BIOS setup boot-up floppy seek menu is enabled (disableboot-up floppy C in the BIOS settings.

Activity 4Activity 4Activity 4Activity 4Activity 4

• Detach all cables from motherboard.• Replace CMOS battery and clear the BIOS by means of jumper

settings.

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• Detach and re-attach all interphase cards and RAM.

• Apply all connections and reboot the machine.

• Enter to BIOS by press on Delete key / F2 / F10 (depends ondifferent models of motherboard).

• Study the BIOS settings.

1.91.91.91.91.9 Discussion on FDiscussion on FDiscussion on FDiscussion on FDiscussion on FAQs & Hands own ExperienceAQs & Hands own ExperienceAQs & Hands own ExperienceAQs & Hands own ExperienceAQs & Hands own Experience(4.00 PM - 6.00 PM)(4.00 PM - 6.00 PM)(4.00 PM - 6.00 PM)(4.00 PM - 6.00 PM)(4.00 PM - 6.00 PM)

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Day - 2Day - 2Day - 2Day - 2Day - 2

TTTTTask Summerask Summerask Summerask Summerask Summeryyyyy

••••• CPU, Functions, speed, Common issues related with CPU

• Computer Memory

• HDD - Formatting, Partitioning and loading software, Commonissues.

• Hard Disk Partitioning & Software Installation

• Networking- Cabling, HUB, SWITCH, Router, TCP/IP

• Discussion on FAQs & Hands own Experience.

2.12.12.12.12.1 CPCPCPCPCPU, FU, FU, FU, FU, Functions, speed, Common issues runctions, speed, Common issues runctions, speed, Common issues runctions, speed, Common issues runctions, speed, Common issues related withelated withelated withelated withelated withCPCPCPCPCPU (10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)U (10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)U (10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)U (10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)U (10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)

The central processing unit (CPU) isthe brain of any computer. It carriesout all the processing in thecomputer. Central Processing Unititself consists of three mainsubsystems. The first one is ControlControlControlControlControlUnitUnitUnitUnitUnit, the second is RegistersRegistersRegistersRegistersRegisters, and

the third is Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALArithmetic and Logic Unit (ALArithmetic and Logic Unit (ALArithmetic and Logic Unit (ALArithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)U)U)U)U).

2.1.12.1.12.1.12.1.12.1.1 The RegistersThe RegistersThe RegistersThe RegistersThe Registers

There are small groups of RAM like memory storage devices inside thecomputer which hold the data for the fast operation of the other parts ofCPU. The Registers within CPU are such temporary storage locations.

2.1.22.1.22.1.22.1.22.1.2 TTTTTypes of CPypes of CPypes of CPypes of CPypes of CPUUUUU

Based on speed, performance and company, varieties of Processors areavailable.

INTEL, AMD (Advanced Micro Devices), VIA are the major developers ofMicro Processors.

Intel Processors:Intel Processors:Intel Processors:Intel Processors:Intel Processors:

• Intel 80286 to 80486DX4 (20 MHz to 100 MHz.

• Pentium to Pentium II (166 MHz to 400 MHz)

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• Pentium III to Pentium IV ( 450 MHZ to 3.56 GHz)

• Dual Core to Core 2 guard ( 1.6 GHz to its higher)

• Celeron Processors

AMD ProcessorsAMD ProcessorsAMD ProcessorsAMD ProcessorsAMD Processors

• K6 series

• AMD Athelon

• Athelon 64 X2

• Athelon X2

• AMD Durion 64

• Sempron

• Sempron 64

VIA ProcessorsVIA ProcessorsVIA ProcessorsVIA ProcessorsVIA Processors

• VIA C7

• VIA Eden ESP

TTTTTroubleshoot Mechanismroubleshoot Mechanismroubleshoot Mechanismroubleshoot Mechanismroubleshoot Mechanism

• Hanging problem at the time of working: Overheat of CPU is thecause. Check whether CPU fan is spinning or not.

• Continuous restarting problem: Mounting of heat sink of CPU is notperfect.

• System slow: Mismatch of motherboard system BUS and CPU BUSspeed.

Activity 5Activity 5Activity 5Activity 5Activity 5

• Remove and reattach CPU

• Remove and reattach CPU Fan, heat sink

2.22.22.22.22.2 Computer MemoryComputer MemoryComputer MemoryComputer MemoryComputer Memory(11.10 AM - 11.30 AM)(11.10 AM - 11.30 AM)(11.10 AM - 11.30 AM)(11.10 AM - 11.30 AM)(11.10 AM - 11.30 AM)

There are two types of memories Primary Memory (Main Memory) &Secondary Memory.

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2.2.12.2.12.2.12.2.12.2.1 Primary Memory (Main Memory)Primary Memory (Main Memory)Primary Memory (Main Memory)Primary Memory (Main Memory)Primary Memory (Main Memory)

The primary memory or the main memory is part of the main computersystem. The processor or the CPU directly stores and retrieves informationfrom it. This memory is accessed by CPU, in random fashion. That meansany location of this memory can be accessed by the CPU to either readinformation from it, or store information in it. The primary memory itself isimplemented by two types of memory technologies. The first is called randomaccess memory (RAM) and the other is read only memory (ROM).

2.2.22.2.22.2.22.2.22.2.2 Random Access Memory (RAM)Random Access Memory (RAM)Random Access Memory (RAM)Random Access Memory (RAM)Random Access Memory (RAM)

• SDRAM: Short for Synchronous DRAM, a type of DRAM that can runat much higher clock speeds than conventional memory. SDRAMactually synchronizes itself with the CPU’s bus and is capable of runningat 133 MHz.

• DDR SDRAM: DDR SDRAM (double data rate synchronous dynamicrandom access memory) is a class of memory integrated circuit usedin computers. It achieves nearly twice the bandwidth of the preceding[single data rate] SDRAM by double pumping (transferring data onthe rising and falling edges of the clock signal) without increasing theclock frequency.

The latest DDR is know as DDR2 SDRAM (frequency from 533 MHzand above), the older version is sometimes referred to as DDR1-SDRAM (frequency lessthan or equal to 400 MHz)

2.2.32.2.32.2.32.2.32.2.3 SwappingSwappingSwappingSwappingSwapping

If a computer becomes low on RAM during intensive application cycles, thecomputer can resort to swapping. In this case, the computer temporarilyuses hard drive space as additional memory. Constantly relying on this typeof backup memory is called thrashing, which is generally undesirable becauseit lowers overall system performance. In order to reduce the dependency onswapping, more RAM can be installed.

2.2.42.2.42.2.42.2.42.2.4 ROMROMROMROMROM

CPU can only read from Read Only Memory but cannot write to its location.Read only memories are also random access in nature, which means theCPU can randomly access any location within ROM also. The unit of storagefor a memory location is usually either a byte which means eight bits.Improvement in technology for constructing flexible ROM has brought PROM,

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EPROM, and EEPROM into existence. PROM (Programmable read onlymemory), EPROM (erasable programmable read only memory), EEPROM(Electrically erasable Programmable read only memory.) Primary memorymade up with RAM is volatile in nature, the contents of RAM are lost whenthe power to it gets removed. The contents of ROM are not lost even thoughpower may not be available to it.

2.2.52.2.52.2.52.2.52.2.5 Secondary MemorySecondary MemorySecondary MemorySecondary MemorySecondary Memory

Secondary memory unlike primary memory is much slower but is far morecost effective and stores the data permanently unless it is erased. Thesecondary memory is usually available in the form of floppy disk storagemedia, hard disk, CDROM or DVD. A 3½ inch floppy disk typically stores1.44 MB of data. The data on the floppy disk is organized in terms of tracksand sectors. Hard disk can have large capacity something like 40 to 320GB’s. Hard disk itself is made up of, large number of platters. Hard disk isusually much faster compared to floppy disk. CD ROM can store up to 740MB of data. Information on CD ROM is organized in terms of a spiraltrack. A DVD is digital Versatile Disk and can store 4 Gigabyte or more ofinformation. All these CD disk are usually write ones and read many times.So are the DVDs.

TTTTTroubleshooting Mechanismroubleshooting Mechanismroubleshooting Mechanismroubleshooting Mechanismroubleshooting Mechanism

• Continuous re-starting: Circuit short in RAM (replacement of RAMneeded).

• Beep sound while booting machine: Circuit contact of RAM and RAMslot in motherboard is broken due to dust or humidity (cleaning ofRAM leads and RAM slot is needed).

• While booting the machine a dialogue appears ‘No bootable media isfound’:

(a) Circuit break of hard disk is the matter (Check data cable ofhard disk and check whether hard disk is detected in BIOS).

(b) Jumper settings in HDD and CD drive are wrong.

Activity 6Activity 6Activity 6Activity 6Activity 6

• Remove and reattach RAM

• RAM slot maintenance

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• Attaching a HDD / CD / DVD Drive / Jumper settings (SATA andPATA)

2.32.32.32.32.3 HDD - FHDD - FHDD - FHDD - FHDD - Fororororormatting, Pmatting, Pmatting, Pmatting, Pmatting, Pararararartitioning and loading softwartitioning and loading softwartitioning and loading softwartitioning and loading softwartitioning and loading software,e,e,e,e,Common issuesCommon issuesCommon issuesCommon issuesCommon issues(11.30 AM - 1.00 PM)(11.30 AM - 1.00 PM)(11.30 AM - 1.00 PM)(11.30 AM - 1.00 PM)(11.30 AM - 1.00 PM)

A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly referred toas a hard drive, is a non-volatile storage devicewhich stores digitally encoded data on rapidlyrotating platters with magnetic surfaces.

2.3.12.3.12.3.12.3.12.3.1 DifferDifferDifferDifferDifferent Tent Tent Tent Tent Types of HDDypes of HDDypes of HDDypes of HDDypes of HDD

• IDE/PATA- Parallel Advanced TechnologyAttachment.

• SATA- Serial Advanced Technology Attachment.

Inside view of Hard Disk

Capacity of a hard disk drive is usually quoted in giga bytes and tera bytes.Older HDDs quoted their smaller capacities in megabytes, the first drivesfor PCs being just 5 or 10 MB. The capacity of an HDD can be calculatedby multiplying the number of cylinders by the number of heads by thenumber of sectors by the number of bytes/sector (most commonly 512).

2.42.42.42.42.4 Software InstallationSoftware InstallationSoftware InstallationSoftware InstallationSoftware Installation(1.30 PM - 3.00 PM)(1.30 PM - 3.00 PM)(1.30 PM - 3.00 PM)(1.30 PM - 3.00 PM)(1.30 PM - 3.00 PM)

Software is often divided into two categories:

• System software :System software :System software :System software :System software : Includes the operating system and all the utilitiesthat enable the computer to function.

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Pre installation stages of Linux operating system are listed in Appendix IAppendix IAppendix IAppendix IAppendix I.

• Application software :Application software :Application software :Application software :Application software : Includes programs that do real work forusers. For example, word processors, spreadsheets, and databasemanagement systems fall under the category of applications software.

Activity 7Activity 7Activity 7Activity 7Activity 7

• Partitioning, formatting, software installation

• Installation of Linux operating system.

2.52.52.52.52.5 Networking- Cabling, HUB, SWITNetworking- Cabling, HUB, SWITNetworking- Cabling, HUB, SWITNetworking- Cabling, HUB, SWITNetworking- Cabling, HUB, SWITCH, RouterCH, RouterCH, RouterCH, RouterCH, Router(3.10 PM - 4.00 PM)(3.10 PM - 4.00 PM)(3.10 PM - 4.00 PM)(3.10 PM - 4.00 PM)(3.10 PM - 4.00 PM)

2.5.12.5.12.5.12.5.12.5.1 Local Area Networks (LANs)Local Area Networks (LANs)Local Area Networks (LANs)Local Area Networks (LANs)Local Area Networks (LANs)

A network is any collection of independent computers that exchangeinformation with each other over a shared communication medium. LocalArea Networks or LANs are usually confined to a limited geographic area,such as a single building or a college campus. LANs can be small, linking asfew as three computers, but can often link hundreds of computers used bythousands of people. The development of standard networking protocolsand media has resulted in worldwide proliferation of LANs throughoutbusiness and educational organizations.

2.5.2 Hardware Requirements2.5.2 Hardware Requirements2.5.2 Hardware Requirements2.5.2 Hardware Requirements2.5.2 Hardware Requirements

2.5.2 (a) Network Interface Card /Ethernet Card2.5.2 (a) Network Interface Card /Ethernet Card2.5.2 (a) Network Interface Card /Ethernet Card2.5.2 (a) Network Interface Card /Ethernet Card2.5.2 (a) Network Interface Card /Ethernet Card

Network Interface Cards, commonly referred to as NICs, are used to connecta PC to a network. The NIC provides a physical connection between thenetworking cable and the computer’s internal bus.

NICs come in three basic varieties: 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. The larger thenumber of bits that can betransferred to the NIC, the fasterthe NIC can transfer data to thenetwork cable. Most NICs aredesigned for a particular type ofnetwork, protocol, and medium,though some can serve multiplenetworks.

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2.5.3 Network Setup and Configuration2.5.3 Network Setup and Configuration2.5.3 Network Setup and Configuration2.5.3 Network Setup and Configuration2.5.3 Network Setup and Configuration

When two or more people want to share their resources through their ownPCs, a network has to be setup. A very common network that most officesand schools are using is the Ethernet Network (LAN). In order to build thenetwork, network cables, network interface card hub/switch/router is used.

2.5.4 Make a network cable2.5.4 Make a network cable2.5.4 Make a network cable2.5.4 Make a network cable2.5.4 Make a network cable

Computers can be connected by means of co-axialcables or RJ-45 cables (as shown in the figure). Sincein most offices use R”J-45 cables in building theirconnections, so we will not go in detail on co-axialcables here.

When connecting only two computers or two hubs, the RJ-45 crossovercable will be used. The RJ-45 straight-through cables will be used betweencomputers and the hub or router.

2.5.5 Numbering of the pins:2.5.5 Numbering of the pins:2.5.5 Numbering of the pins:2.5.5 Numbering of the pins:2.5.5 Numbering of the pins:

Hold up the cable as shown in the figure. The leftmost pin is ‘pin 1’ and the right most pin is ‘pin 8’.

2.5.6 Colour of the pairs of wires inside the2.5.6 Colour of the pairs of wires inside the2.5.6 Colour of the pairs of wires inside the2.5.6 Colour of the pairs of wires inside the2.5.6 Colour of the pairs of wires inside thecable:cable:cable:cable:cable:

There are four twisted pairs with Pair 1 as Blue, Pair 2as Orange, Pair 3 as Green and Pair 4 as Brown. Colors are always shownwith the Base Colors first, then the Stripe Colors.

2.5.7 Straight-through Cabling:2.5.7 Straight-through Cabling:2.5.7 Straight-through Cabling:2.5.7 Straight-through Cabling:2.5.7 Straight-through Cabling:

In a straight-through cable, the coloured wires are in the same sequence atboth ends of the cable. The colouring standard may be different from differentmanufacturers. One of the most commonly used standards is as follows.

Pin 1 White - OrangePin 2 OrangePin 3 White - GreenPin 4 BluePin 5 White - BluePin 6 GreenPin 7 White -BrownPin 8 Brown

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2.5.82.5.82.5.82.5.82.5.8 Crossover Cable:Crossover Cable:Crossover Cable:Crossover Cable:Crossover Cable:

Interchange the wires 1, 3 and 2,6 at one end other than straight-through and keep the other endsconnections same as that of peerto peer network.

2.5.92.5.92.5.92.5.92.5.9 Connection ofConnection ofConnection ofConnection ofConnection ofComputers:Computers:Computers:Computers:Computers:

When computers are to beconnected to share resources, there are various ways of connections. Butbefore connecting, the network interface card must be installed first.

2.5.10 Connecting only two computers:2.5.10 Connecting only two computers:2.5.10 Connecting only two computers:2.5.10 Connecting only two computers:2.5.10 Connecting only two computers:

When only two computers are to be connected, a crossover connectioncable should be used.

2.5.11 Connecting more than two computers:2.5.11 Connecting more than two computers:2.5.11 Connecting more than two computers:2.5.11 Connecting more than two computers:2.5.11 Connecting more than two computers:

When more than two computers are to be connected, hubs or routers willbe the choice. In this case, straight through connection cables will be used.

2.5.12 All about Crimping2.5.12 All about Crimping2.5.12 All about Crimping2.5.12 All about Crimping2.5.12 All about Crimping

To do the crimping work a crimpertool is essential. The crimpingprocedure is discussed on the tasksession.

2.5.13 Cabling Rules2.5.13 Cabling Rules2.5.13 Cabling Rules2.5.13 Cabling Rules2.5.13 Cabling Rules

1. Try to avoid running cablesparallel to power cables.

2. Do not bend cables to lessthan four times the diameterof the cable.

3. If you bundle a group of cables together with cable ties (zip ties), donot over-cinch them. It’s okay to snug them together firmly; but don’ttighten them so much that you deform the cables.

4. Keep cables away from devices which can introduce noise into them. Here’s a short list: copy machines, electric heaters, speakers, printers,TV sets, fluorescent lights, copiers, welding machines, microwave

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ovens, telephones, fans, elevators, motors, electric ovens, dryers,washing machines, and shop equipment.

5. Avoid stretching UTP cables (tension when pulling cables should notexceed 25 LBS).

6. Do not run UTP cable outside of a building. It presents a verydangerous lightning hazard!

7. Do not use a stapler to secure UTP cables.

Activity 8Activity 8Activity 8Activity 8Activity 8

• Cutting and arranging the UTP cable with reference to peer to peerand crossover network.

• Arranging the wires according to the order of colour standards.

• Crimping.

• Configure NIC.

2.62.62.62.62.6 Discussion on FDiscussion on FDiscussion on FDiscussion on FDiscussion on FAQs & Hands own ExperienceAQs & Hands own ExperienceAQs & Hands own ExperienceAQs & Hands own ExperienceAQs & Hands own Experience(4.00 PM - 6.00 PM)(4.00 PM - 6.00 PM)(4.00 PM - 6.00 PM)(4.00 PM - 6.00 PM)(4.00 PM - 6.00 PM)

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Day - 3Day - 3Day - 3Day - 3Day - 3

TTTTTask Summarask Summarask Summarask Summarask Summaryyyyy

• TCP/IP, private and public IP

• LINUX Networking

• Network sharing

• Modem IP setting and sharing of Internet Connections in Linux

• Internet Security

• Discussion on FAQs & Hands own Experience

3.13.13.13.13.1 TTTTTCP/IPCP/IPCP/IPCP/IPCP/IP, private and public IP, private and public IP, private and public IP, private and public IP, private and public IP(10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)(10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)(10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)(10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)(10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)

3.1.1 Protocols3.1.1 Protocols3.1.1 Protocols3.1.1 Protocols3.1.1 Protocols

Network protocols define the standards that allow computers tocommunicate. A protocol establishes the rules and encoding specificationsfor sending data. This defines how computers identify one another on anetwork. Different types of networks are Local Area Network (LAN), WideArea Network (WAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) etc.

3.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.2 What ArWhat ArWhat ArWhat ArWhat Are The Common Te The Common Te The Common Te The Common Te The Common TCP/IP Application PCP/IP Application PCP/IP Application PCP/IP Application PCP/IP Application Protocols?rotocols?rotocols?rotocols?rotocols?

3.1.2(a) DHCP3.1.2(a) DHCP3.1.2(a) DHCP3.1.2(a) DHCP3.1.2(a) DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCPDHCPDHCPDHCPDHCP) allows IP addresses to allhosts on and as-needed basis. The conventional scheme of allocating apermanent fixed IP address to every host is wasteful of addresses in situationswhere only a relatively small number of hosts are active at any given time.DHCP lets a host ‘borrow’ an IP address from a pool of IP addresses; whenthe address is no longer needed it is recycled and made available for use bysome other host.

3.1.2(b) 3.1.2(b) 3.1.2(b) 3.1.2(b) 3.1.2(b) DNSDNSDNSDNSDNS

The Domain Name System (DNS) provides dynamic on-demand translationbetween human-readable names (like www.pizzahut.com) and the numericaddresses actually used by IP (like 192.112.170.243).

3.1.2(c) 3.1.2(c) 3.1.2(c) 3.1.2(c) 3.1.2(c) FTPFTPFTPFTPFTP

File Transfer Protocol (FTPFTPFTPFTPFTP) provides a mechanism for moving data filesbetween systems.

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3.1.2(d) 3.1.2(d) 3.1.2(d) 3.1.2(d) 3.1.2(d) HTTPHTTPHTTPHTTPHTTP

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the protocol used to move Webpages across an internet. HTTP depends on TCP to guarantee the correctand orderly delivery of data across the network.

3.1.2(e) 3.1.2(e) 3.1.2(e) 3.1.2(e) 3.1.2(e) SSHSSHSSHSSHSSH

Secure Shell (SSH) provides remote login and execution features. SSHencrypts the data that is exchanged over the network. Encryption can protectsensitive information. The SSH protocol used by the SSH command hasbeen used to build a secure file transfer application which can be used asan alternative to FTP for sensitive data.

3.1.33.1.33.1.33.1.33.1.3 What is TWhat is TWhat is TWhat is TWhat is TCP/IP?CP/IP?CP/IP?CP/IP?CP/IP?

TCP/IP is a name given to the collection (or suite) of networking protocolsthat have been used to construct the global Internet The TCP/IP name istaken from two of the fundamental protocols in the collection, IP and TCP.These protocols work together to provide a basic networking frameworkthat is used by many different application protocols.

3.1.43.1.43.1.43.1.43.1.4 What is IP?What is IP?What is IP?What is IP?What is IP?

Internet Protocol (IPIPIPIPIP) is the central, unifying protocol in the TCP/IP suite. Itprovides the basic delivery mechanism for packets of data sent between allsystems on an internet, regardless of whether the systems are in the sameroom or on opposite sides of the world. All other protocols in the TCP/IPsuite depend on IP to carry out the fundamental function of moving packetsacross the internet.

3.1.53.1.53.1.53.1.53.1.5 Public IP/ Private IPPublic IP/ Private IPPublic IP/ Private IPPublic IP/ Private IPPublic IP/ Private IP

Unique Internet Protocol (IP) address, known as a public IP address, isassigned to every computer that connects to the Internet. The IP addressingscheme makes it possible for computers to “find each other” online andexchange information. Within a private network, computers use addressesexcluded by convention from use on the Internet. The difference between aprivate IP address and a public IP address then, is that private IP addressesare reserved for private networks, and public IP addresses are reserved forthe Internet.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), a once-autonomousorganization, now works within the purview of the Internet Corporation for

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Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). IANA is responsible for overseeingglobal allocation of IP numbers, among other related protocols. Within therange of publicly available IP addresses are specific, excluded ranges withheldfor private network use. These private IP ranges are as follows:

• 10.0.0.0 … 10.255.255.255

• 172.16.0.0 … 172.31.255.255

• 192.168.0.0 … 192.168.255.0 Computers within a private networkare each assigned a unique address in order to exchange files andshare resources with one another. The network router, which routesinformation, will pass data back and forth among the connectedcomputers, using the respective addresses.

3.23.23.23.23.2 LINUX NetworkingLINUX NetworkingLINUX NetworkingLINUX NetworkingLINUX Networking(11.10 AM - 12.00 AM)(11.10 AM - 12.00 AM)(11.10 AM - 12.00 AM)(11.10 AM - 12.00 AM)(11.10 AM - 12.00 AM)

After establishing physical connections in the network, the steps of networkconfiguration and file sharing mechanism are to be carried out. The followingprocedure will illustrate it in detail.

Step-1Step-1Step-1Step-1Step-1

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Step-2Step-2Step-2Step-2Step-2

Select Ethernet connection.

Step-3:Step-3:Step-3:Step-3:Step-3: Click on properties tabClick on properties tabClick on properties tabClick on properties tabClick on properties tab

Step-4:Step-4:Step-4:Step-4:Step-4: Click on the check boClick on the check boClick on the check boClick on the check boClick on the check box “Enable this connectionx “Enable this connectionx “Enable this connectionx “Enable this connectionx “Enable this connection”””””

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Step-5Step-5Step-5Step-5Step-5

Here we proceed in a different way. To avail shared Internet connectionand file sharing mechanism stable, we must give IP address starting from192.168.1.10, 192.168.1.11, etc. (It is not a strict condition, but it must befollowed to keep generality among all schools in Kerala: “192.168.1.1 &192.168.1.2” are allocated as modem IP for NIC & USB connections).Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0. Gateway address as 192.168.1.1 OR192.168.1.2(Modem IP based on NIC OR USB connection).

Step-6Step-6Step-6Step-6Step-6

In this step click on Activate button.

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Step-7 (DNS Settings)Step-7 (DNS Settings)Step-7 (DNS Settings)Step-7 (DNS Settings)Step-7 (DNS Settings)

Set the DNS server address has 61.0.0.5 by clicking Add button and clickOK.

Checking of Network ConnectionsChecking of Network ConnectionsChecking of Network ConnectionsChecking of Network ConnectionsChecking of Network Connections

Check the physical connection is OK or not by giving ping command followedwith the IP address of another system and vice versa.

#ping 192.168.1.11

Procedure 1Procedure 1Procedure 1Procedure 1Procedure 1

Procedure 1Procedure 1Procedure 1Procedure 1Procedure 1

If the information on the output window is as given below, we can fix thephysical connection is OK.

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3.33.33.33.33.3 Network sharingNetwork sharingNetwork sharingNetwork sharingNetwork sharing(12.00 PM - 1.00 PM)(12.00 PM - 1.00 PM)(12.00 PM - 1.00 PM)(12.00 PM - 1.00 PM)(12.00 PM - 1.00 PM)

For the convenience in file sharing & printing, an easy method of file sharingmechanism is introducing. Keep one machine as “file server”(A machinewhich is working perfectly, assumed to be attached a printer)

• Create a new user on that machine by giving user name & passwordas”share” and give all permissions.

• Log off the machine

• Log in as “share” (user name and password “share”).

• Create folders by the name “system1, system2, .............system10”onits home directory. (These folders represent each computers in thenetwork.)

• Log off the machine.

• Log in as a normal user.

• Assign IP address of file server as 192.168.1.10 in the networkingfield.

• Supply all informations on the connect to server window as givenbelow. Do the same procedure to all other machine on the lab.

Step 1Step 1Step 1Step 1Step 1

Open connect to server from places menu.

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Step-2Step-2Step-2Step-2Step-2

Give the details and click Connect.

• Select the service type as SSH

• In sever field, provide IP address of the file servercomputer(192.168.1.10).

• Leave the Port field as blank.

• Give the full path of home folder(/home/share) in the file servercomputer.

• Provide user name as share(created user on file server) and name touse for the connection as share.

If this procedure is over, all computers of the lab will connect to the sharedhome directory of “file server” and a mount point “share” will appear onthe desktop of each machine. Through this mount point, we can access theshared home folder of file server. On which, file sharing is possible for allcomputers on the network.

Best Practice of network printingBest Practice of network printingBest Practice of network printingBest Practice of network printingBest Practice of network printing

Printer sharing in Linux Network takes a lot of steps which is not so easy tofreshers. Interested candidates shall refer Appendix-4, Appendix-4, Appendix-4, Appendix-4, Appendix-4, there the detailedsteps of printer sharing is included. For a normal user, this type of printersharing is not needed and follow the instructions given below.

• Copy the document to the share folder.

• Access the file to the computer named “file server”(A computer attachedwith printer). From there you can take printouts.

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TTTTTroubleshooting Mechanismroubleshooting Mechanismroubleshooting Mechanismroubleshooting Mechanismroubleshooting Mechanism

If you find a communication failure error in the TCP/IP network then try tofind and troubleshoot the errors with the following methods.

1. Make sure you can ping the other computer by IP address.

2. If pinging stage is not OK check physical connection of RJ45 andcable with junctions of HUB and PC.

3. Make sure you have assigned common IP address to differentcomputers in the network.

4. Make sure you have assigned the correct gateway, subnet mask andDNS.

3.43.43.43.43.4 Modem IP setting and sharing of Internet ConnectionsModem IP setting and sharing of Internet ConnectionsModem IP setting and sharing of Internet ConnectionsModem IP setting and sharing of Internet ConnectionsModem IP setting and sharing of Internet Connectionsin Linux (1.30 PM - 3.30 PM)in Linux (1.30 PM - 3.30 PM)in Linux (1.30 PM - 3.30 PM)in Linux (1.30 PM - 3.30 PM)in Linux (1.30 PM - 3.30 PM)

3.4.13.4.13.4.13.4.13.4.1 Different types of BSNL Modems for BroadbandDifferent types of BSNL Modems for BroadbandDifferent types of BSNL Modems for BroadbandDifferent types of BSNL Modems for BroadbandDifferent types of BSNL Modems for BroadbandConnectionConnectionConnectionConnectionConnection

TTTTType ype ype ype ype LAN LAN LAN LAN LAN U S B U S B U S B U S B U S B W W W W Wiririririrelesselesselesselesseless

Type 1 1 1 0

Type 2 1 1 1

Type 3 4 1 or 0 0

Type 4 4 1 or 0 1

In schools, IT@School Project is providing high-speed broadband internetconnection by engaging a contract with BSNL. Type-2 modems are used toprovide this connection.

3.4.23.4.23.4.23.4.23.4.2 Example for TExample for TExample for TExample for TExample for Type-2 Modemype-2 Modemype-2 Modemype-2 Modemype-2 Modem

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3.4.33.4.33.4.33.4.33.4.3 Configuring ADSL modem and the dial up settings inConfiguring ADSL modem and the dial up settings inConfiguring ADSL modem and the dial up settings inConfiguring ADSL modem and the dial up settings inConfiguring ADSL modem and the dial up settings inmodem (Dialer and IP settings in Modem) Wmodem (Dialer and IP settings in Modem) Wmodem (Dialer and IP settings in Modem) Wmodem (Dialer and IP settings in Modem) Wmodem (Dialer and IP settings in Modem) Windows /indows /indows /indows /indows /LinuxLinuxLinuxLinuxLinux

1. Connect the ADSL modem to your PC with the Ethernet Cable (RJ45)or USB Cable. Remove the ADSL line cord (RJ11) coming from Splitterto Modem. ADSL indicator (Steady Green) will go OFF.

2. Configure the TCP/IP setting of the LAN Card of your PC as below.

I.P. Address : 192.168.1.10

Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0

Default Gateway : 192.168.1.1 (For LAN Connectivity)

192.168.1.2 (For USB Connectivity)

Preffered DNS : 61.0.0.5

Additional DNS : 61.1.96.69 & 61.1.96.71

3. Open Mozilla Firefox and type http://192.168.1.1 (If connected byLAN) or http://192.168.1.2 (If connected by USB) > Press ‘Enter’ onkey board.

4. On the page opened type User as ‘admin’ and Password as ‘admin’.Click on ‘OK’.

5. Click on ‘WAN’ under ‘HOME’. Keep WAN Setting = ‘PPP0E/PPP0A’.

6. Type your Broadband login Username & Password in the selectedfield.

7. Verify that ATM Interface = PVC0. VPI = 0, VCI = 35, Virtual Circuit= Enabled, Connection Type = PPP0E LLC, MRU = 1492,Authentication = PAP, Obtain DNS Automatically = Enabled, DefaultRoute = Enabled, NAT = Enabled, IGMP = Disabled.

8. Click on ‘Apply’. Click on ‘Tools’ > ‘Misc’ > ‘Save & Reboot’.

9. Following dialog will appear - ‘System is rebooting, Please wait....The page will be auto-redirect to main page’.

10. For using the connection in more than one Computer connect theModem to a Ethernet Switch and connect the PCs to that switch withRJ45 Cables and give their IP as 192.168.1.11... 12 ... 13 so on.Gateway & DNS are same as above.

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NB:NB:NB:NB:NB: For resetting modem to default factory setting, press ‘Reset’ at backby a ball pen refill for 10 Secs on ON condition.

3.4.43.4.43.4.43.4.43.4.4 Internet SharingInternet SharingInternet SharingInternet SharingInternet Sharing

• Set unser name and password in modem.

• Connect modem and hub by using a UTP cable.

If DNS and gateway are assigned properly then internet connection is sharedto all system under network.

Activity 9Activity 9Activity 9Activity 9Activity 9

• Establish Linux networking by giving IP address to all mechines.

• Practice the steps of internet sharing in Linux by setting IP anddialler in modem.

• Practice the steps of file sharing mechanism.

3.53.53.53.53.5 Internet SecurityInternet SecurityInternet SecurityInternet SecurityInternet Security(3.30 PM - 4.00 PM)(3.30 PM - 4.00 PM)(3.30 PM - 4.00 PM)(3.30 PM - 4.00 PM)(3.30 PM - 4.00 PM)

Internet security is the practice of protecting and preserving private resourcesand information on the Internet.

Internet & Informations are secure while using LINUX Operating System.In LINUX, user level login is promoted. Installation of any software needsAdministers permission. Since viruses, Trojans spy wares all are executablefiles and codes they won’t affect the system in user level. More over theyare executable files in Windows Operating system and no such executablefiles in Linux are reported yet. Hence user level login in LINUX promoteshigh level security in internet browsing and file sharing mechanism.

A brief discussion of Security threats and solutions in Windows Operatingsystem are added in Appendix-2.

3.63.63.63.63.6 Discussion on FDiscussion on FDiscussion on FDiscussion on FDiscussion on FAQs & Hands own ExperienceAQs & Hands own ExperienceAQs & Hands own ExperienceAQs & Hands own ExperienceAQs & Hands own Experience(((((4.00 PM- 6.00 PM)4.00 PM- 6.00 PM)4.00 PM- 6.00 PM)4.00 PM- 6.00 PM)4.00 PM- 6.00 PM)

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Day - 4Day - 4Day - 4Day - 4Day - 4

TTTTTask Summarask Summarask Summarask Summarask Summaryyyyy

• Structure of Linux Operating System and base system instalation

• Kernel, Package upgradation

• Issues and solutions in VGA Configuration

• Printer configuration

• Collection of Hardware Information in Linux

• Evaluation

• Sum Up Function

4.14.14.14.14.1 Structure of Linux Operating System and base systemStructure of Linux Operating System and base systemStructure of Linux Operating System and base systemStructure of Linux Operating System and base systemStructure of Linux Operating System and base systeminstalation (10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)instalation (10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)instalation (10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)instalation (10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)instalation (10.00 AM - 11.00 AM)

4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 Structure of Linux OperatingStructure of Linux OperatingStructure of Linux OperatingStructure of Linux OperatingStructure of Linux OperatingSystem (GNU/Linux)System (GNU/Linux)System (GNU/Linux)System (GNU/Linux)System (GNU/Linux)

The structure of GNU/Linux operating systemis as shown in the figure.

The SGL 3.0.1 installation CD contains allthe components in the figure. If thereoccurred any problem with the installation,we can try a two step installation viz; theinner two Components- called base- first andthen the X window components called the Xserver.

4.1.24.1.24.1.24.1.24.1.2 Base system installation with Kernel 2.6.23Base system installation with Kernel 2.6.23Base system installation with Kernel 2.6.23Base system installation with Kernel 2.6.23Base system installation with Kernel 2.6.23

In some rare cases the IT@School GNU/Linux 3.0.1/3.0.2 may not workproperly with some systems. In these cases, the new IT @ School GNU/Linux Base system (kernel 2.6.23) is available on the site (http://support.space-kerala.org) to down load and install it first by keeping therelated informations given below.

Install the base system with this CD. you will get a non-graphical login.Login as root user. add the it @ school gnu/Linux CDs to the repositorywith the command

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apt-cdrom add

then execute the command :

tasksel

select the IT @ School GNU/Linux CD1 and you can get the IT@SchoolGNU/Linux installed in your computer

After the installation copy the postinstall.sh from CDROM to home folderopen a root terminal and execute :

sh postinstall.sh

4.24.24.24.24.2 KerKerKerKerKernel and Pnel and Pnel and Pnel and Pnel and Package up gradation (11.10 - 11.30)ackage up gradation (11.10 - 11.30)ackage up gradation (11.10 - 11.30)ackage up gradation (11.10 - 11.30)ackage up gradation (11.10 - 11.30)

4.2.14.2.14.2.14.2.14.2.1 Kernel up gradationKernel up gradationKernel up gradationKernel up gradationKernel up gradation

If we have a system installed with SGL 3.0, we can upgrade its kernel fromLinux 2.6.18 to 2.6.23 using base system installation CD.

To see the currently installed kernel, use the command

$uname -a

Before installing the new kernel, we should try the above command to seewhether the presently working kernel is either a 486 type or a 686 type.(This indicates our machine type whether it is Celeron, PII, PIII, etc). It maybe something like.lililililinux-image-2.6.18-4-686nux-image-2.6.18-4-686nux-image-2.6.18-4-686nux-image-2.6.18-4-686nux-image-2.6.18-4-686 or linux-image-2.6.18-linux-image-2.6.18-linux-image-2.6.18-linux-image-2.6.18-linux-image-2.6.18-4-486.4-486.4-486.4-486.4-486. The kernel available in the base system CD is linux-image-2.6.23-linux-image-2.6.23-linux-image-2.6.23-linux-image-2.6.23-linux-image-2.6.23-2-686 (or 486)2-686 (or 486)2-686 (or 486)2-686 (or 486)2-686 (or 486)

Now to install this kernel, follow the given procedure.

• Login as root.

• Put the base system CD in to the CD drive.

• Open synaptic package manager and edit ––> add CD Rom ––>mark and install linux-image-2.6.23-2-686 (or 486) linux-image-2.6.23-2-686 (or 486) linux-image-2.6.23-2-686 (or 486) linux-image-2.6.23-2-686 (or 486) linux-image-2.6.23-2-686 (or 486) and linux-linux-linux-linux-linux-headers-2.6.23-2-686 (or 486).headers-2.6.23-2-686 (or 486).headers-2.6.23-2-686 (or 486).headers-2.6.23-2-686 (or 486).headers-2.6.23-2-686 (or 486).

• Reboot the system.

Note: If all these kernel versions appearing in the boot menu do the following,

Desktop (menu) ––> Administration ––> start up manager ––>advanced ––>Limit number of kernels to 1.

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4.2.24.2.24.2.24.2.24.2.2 PPPPPackage upgradation (ackage upgradation (ackage upgradation (ackage upgradation (ackage upgradation (Upgradation of open office 2.0 toUpgradation of open office 2.0 toUpgradation of open office 2.0 toUpgradation of open office 2.0 toUpgradation of open office 2.0 toopen office 2.4) (11.30-12.00)open office 2.4) (11.30-12.00)open office 2.4) (11.30-12.00)open office 2.4) (11.30-12.00)open office 2.4) (11.30-12.00)

To upgrade open office 2.0, the following procedure may be adopted.

• Download Ooo_2.4.0_LinuxIntel_install_enOoo_2.4.0_LinuxIntel_install_enOoo_2.4.0_LinuxIntel_install_enOoo_2.4.0_LinuxIntel_install_enOoo_2.4.0_LinuxIntel_install_en-US_deb.tar-US_deb.tar-US_deb.tar-US_deb.tar-US_deb.tar.tar.tar.tar.tar.tar fromthe sites of open office.

• Login as root and paste it in the root’s home directory.

• Extract the zipped package by Right click on the package ––> extracthere option (the extracted package will beOOH680_m12_native_packed-1_enOOH680_m12_native_packed-1_enOOH680_m12_native_packed-1_enOOH680_m12_native_packed-1_enOOH680_m12_native_packed-1_en-US.9286)-US.9286)-US.9286)-US.9286)-US.9286)

• Take the root terminal and issue the commands

#cd OOH680_m12_native_packed-1_en-US.9286

#cd DEBS

#sudo dpkg -i *.deb

#cd desk*

#sudo dpkg -i *.deb

• Reboot the system.

4.2.34.2.34.2.34.2.34.2.3 Grub (Grand Unified Boot Loader) Installation Using Grub (Grand Unified Boot Loader) Installation Using Grub (Grand Unified Boot Loader) Installation Using Grub (Grand Unified Boot Loader) Installation Using Grub (Grand Unified Boot Loader) Installation Using SGLSGLSGLSGLSGL3.0.1 CD3.0.1 CD3.0.1 CD3.0.1 CD3.0.1 CD

• Insert SGL 3.0.1 CD in the drive and reboot the system.

• In the boot:boot:boot:boot:boot: prompt enter rescuerescuerescuerescuerescue

• Proceed till you get the prompt with a list of partitions available in thesystem

• Choose a root partition to use. (Choose the / (root) partition of yoursystem. The next steps will get only if the root partition is selected).

• Select the Install GrubInstall GrubInstall GrubInstall GrubInstall Grub option from the menu appearing.

• Enter rebootrebootrebootrebootreboot in the prompt to restart the system.

4.34.34.34.34.3 Issues and solutions in VGA ConfigurationIssues and solutions in VGA ConfigurationIssues and solutions in VGA ConfigurationIssues and solutions in VGA ConfigurationIssues and solutions in VGA Configuration(11.30 - 12.00)(11.30 - 12.00)(11.30 - 12.00)(11.30 - 12.00)(11.30 - 12.00)

After the installation of SGL 3.0.1, if there is no graphic window or bootsonly with command line, then its VGA configuration is not correct. It is dueto the following reasons.

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• Insufficient graphic share memory in BIOS.

• VGA card is not configured exactly.

• Monitor problems, etc. We list it one by one to check all the possibilities.

4.3.14.3.14.3.14.3.14.3.1 Insufficient Graphic sharInsufficient Graphic sharInsufficient Graphic sharInsufficient Graphic sharInsufficient Graphic share memore memore memore memore memoryyyyy.....

• Enter into BIOS set up.

• Change the BIOS share memory (VGA share memory, Frame buffersize etc) to 8 MB or maximum available.

• Reboot the system and check whether the problem is OK or not. Ifnot, proceed to Check 2

4.3.24.3.24.3.24.3.24.3.2 The graphic card configuration is not correct.The graphic card configuration is not correct.The graphic card configuration is not correct.The graphic card configuration is not correct.The graphic card configuration is not correct.

To correct this follow the steps given below.

1. Find the VGA card on the system

• Take the second console by pressing Ctl+Alt+F2.

• Login as root and in the prompt issue the command

#lspci |grep VGA

(lspci is the command to list all the peripheral component interfacespresent in the system and “grep” is to narrow the list to VGA only).The result will be something like

VGA Compatible Controller: Intel Corporation 945G/GZ ExpressIntegrated Graphic controller

This means that the graphic card is i945

2. Reconfigure the system by giving the matching driver.

3. To reconfigure the X server, issue the command

#dpkg-r#dpkg-r#dpkg-r#dpkg-r#dpkg-reconfigureconfigureconfigureconfigureconfigure xsere xsere xsere xsere xserververververver-xorg -xorg -xorg -xorg -xorg in SGL 3.0 and

#dpkg-r#dpkg-r#dpkg-r#dpkg-r#dpkg-reconfigureconfigureconfigureconfigureconfigure xsere xsere xsere xsere xserververververver-xfr-xfr-xfr-xfr-xfree86 ee86 ee86 ee86 ee86 in SGL lite.

4. In the graphic driver selection window give the matching driver for thehardware present in the system. For Intel machines 82810 to 82845,choose i810 as driver. For the latest Intel graphic cards like i945 ori965, give VESA. For GeForce and Nvidia select nv . nv . nv . nv . nv . For S3 graphiccards, there will be sub items listed when we give lsci command, weshould consider that also For example, if the card is S3 savage, the

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driver is savage, not S3. If we don’t know the driver, try VESA.

4.3.34.3.34.3.34.3.34.3.3 Manual allocation of share memory to video cards.Manual allocation of share memory to video cards.Manual allocation of share memory to video cards.Manual allocation of share memory to video cards.Manual allocation of share memory to video cards.

• Take the second console again.

• login as root and issue the command

#dpkg-r#dpkg-r#dpkg-r#dpkg-r#dpkg-reconfigureconfigureconfigureconfigureconfigure xsere xsere xsere xsere xserververververver-xorg -xorg -xorg -xorg -xorg in SGL 3.0 and

#dpkg-r#dpkg-r#dpkg-r#dpkg-r#dpkg-reconfigureconfigureconfigureconfigureconfigure xsere xsere xsere xsere xserververververver-xfr-xfr-xfr-xfr-xfree86 ee86 ee86 ee86 ee86 in SGL lite.

Reach the step of the amount of memory to be used by the video card.Typically the amount of memory used by the video card is auto detected bythe X server, but some integrated video chips such as Intel i810, have littleor no video memory their own and instead borrow main system memoryfor their needs. The value in this table usually is left blank. If we have someproblem with the graphics, put the value 8192 8192 8192 8192 8192 there. (It is 8 X 1024).Reboot the machine to check whether it is working.

4.3.44.3.44.3.44.3.44.3.4 Monitor problemsMonitor problemsMonitor problemsMonitor problemsMonitor problems

For some old monitors the refresh rate shall decrease by time to time. If themonitor is considerably old, give the reconfiguration command again andset the refresh rate as low as possible. Reboot the system and check whetherit OK. Also make sure that the resolutions 1024x768 800x600 and 640x488is selected (stared *).

4.44.44.44.44.4 Printer configurationPrinter configurationPrinter configurationPrinter configurationPrinter configuration(12.00 PM - 12.45 PM)(12.00 PM - 12.45 PM)(12.00 PM - 12.45 PM)(12.00 PM - 12.45 PM)(12.00 PM - 12.45 PM)

To configure a printer, follow the steps given below.

• Connect the printer in its port and switch on.

• Desktop ––> Administration ––> Printing ––> Double click on newnewnewnewnewprinterprinterprinterprinterprinter icon. ––> Check on use a detected printer tab use a detected printer tab use a detected printer tab use a detected printer tab use a detected printer tab ––> Selectmanufacturer name and model from the respective fields. ––> clickon add butten.

• For the case of USB printers, we can shortcut this procedure by issuingthe command ‘printconfprintconfprintconfprintconfprintconf’’’’’ in root terminal. In this case the driver willbe automatically installed.

In the case of some dot-matrix printers like TVS MSP 245, even though theexact drivers are not available in our collection, some matching drivers maydo the task.

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For example the following drivers may be tried for the above printer

• IBMIBMIBMIBMIBM Proprinter II

• EpsonEpsonEpsonEpsonEpson 9 pin series for the printers with TVS MSP 255 and below.

• EpsonEpsonEpsonEpsonEpson 24 pin series for the printers TVS MSP 255 – 355 and above.

• Generic Generic Generic Generic Generic IBM compatible printer.

For XeroXeroXeroXeroXerox x x x x phaser 3117, try the SamsungSamsungSamsungSamsungSamsung ML-6040 driver.

For EpsonEpsonEpsonEpsonEpson Stylus C90 printer to work; try the EpsonEpsonEpsonEpsonEpson Stylus C68 or C63

EpsonEpsonEpsonEpsonEpson LX1170 dot matrix printer IBMIBMIBMIBMIBM pro printer II driver or EpsonEpsonEpsonEpsonEpson 24/8pin printer.

The drivers in the generic section also meet the requirements in some cases.

The list of some printers which work in SGL 3.0 or lite with all its indicatedfunctions and possibilities are available from the website http://http://http://http://http://openprinting.org/printerlist.cgi?make=Anyoneopenprinting.org/printerlist.cgi?make=Anyoneopenprinting.org/printerlist.cgi?make=Anyoneopenprinting.org/printerlist.cgi?make=Anyoneopenprinting.org/printerlist.cgi?make=Anyone.

For trouble shooting mechanism and printer drivers, search through thewebsite http://supporhttp://supporhttp://supporhttp://supporhttp://support.space-kerala.org/wiki/indet.space-kerala.org/wiki/indet.space-kerala.org/wiki/indet.space-kerala.org/wiki/indet.space-kerala.org/wiki/index.php/Px.php/Px.php/Px.php/Px.php/Printerrinterrinterrinterrinter

Drivers for the following printers are available in this site.

Minolta/QMS magicolor 2300 DL

Minolta/QMS magicolor 2200 DL

Konica Minolta magicolor 2430 DL

Minolta Color PageWorks/Pro L

HP LaserJet 1022

HP LaserJet 1020

HP LaserJet 1018

HP LaserJet 1005

HP LaserJet 1000

From the website, http://openprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=http://openprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=http://openprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=http://openprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=http://openprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=AnyoneAnyoneAnyoneAnyoneAnyone Drivers of almost all common printers is available.

When we go to the site we get a driver list with the terms perperperperperfect, mostlyfect, mostlyfect, mostlyfect, mostlyfect, mostly,,,,,paper weight.paper weight.paper weight.paper weight.paper weight. The term perfectperfectperfectperfectperfect means that the driver available works inall Linux platforms like Redhat, Debian, Mandrake etc. mostlymostlymostlymostlymostly means it

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works in some of the distributions. PPPPPaper weightaper weightaper weightaper weightaper weight means it is not a matchingdevice.

4.54.54.54.54.5 Get Hardware InformationGet Hardware InformationGet Hardware InformationGet Hardware InformationGet Hardware Information(12.45 PM - 1.00 PM)(12.45 PM - 1.00 PM)(12.45 PM - 1.00 PM)(12.45 PM - 1.00 PM)(12.45 PM - 1.00 PM)

This shell script helps you get the details of your hardware from a GNU/Linux system. This script is tested on IT@School GNU/Linux and DebianGNU/Linux (Etch).

1. Download the gethwinfo.sh

2. set the executable permissions to gethwinfo.sh

3. open a root terminal

4. execute the script with the command ./gethwinfo.sh

A file hardware-info.txt will be generated. Open that file to get the collectedinformation.

4.24.24.24.24.2 EvaluationEvaluationEvaluationEvaluationEvaluation(((((1.30 PM 1.30 PM 1.30 PM 1.30 PM 1.30 PM 4.00 PM)4.00 PM)4.00 PM)4.00 PM)4.00 PM)

4.34.34.34.34.3 Sum Up FSum Up FSum Up FSum Up FSum Up Functionunctionunctionunctionunction(((((4.00 PM - 4.30 PM)4.00 PM - 4.30 PM)4.00 PM - 4.30 PM)4.00 PM - 4.30 PM)4.00 PM - 4.30 PM)

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Appendix IAppendix IAppendix IAppendix IAppendix IThings to note before installationThings to note before installationThings to note before installationThings to note before installationThings to note before installation

1. BIOS: make sure CD Drive is the first bootable device

2. BIOS: set the Serial ATA Controller / SATA Controller option toEnhanced Mode

3. BIOS: turn off any antivirus option in BIOS

4. BIOS: in some cases it is necessary to turn the PowerManagement/ACPI option off/disabled

5. BIOS: make sure that you have set atleast 8 MB Video Memory inBIOS

6. Make sure you have atleast 256 MB of RAM and 10 GB hard diskspace

7. It is recommended to create a separate /home partition

8. Refer Debian Installation Manual if you have any doubt in partitioningthe system. It is available online at http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/ and included in the doc folder of the CD1

9. If you found any problem while installing IT@School GNU/Linux pleaserefer Troubleshooting IT@School GNU/Linux 3.0 or send a mail withdetailed description of the problem including the hardware info to theschoolgnu mailing list.

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Appendix IIAppendix IIAppendix IIAppendix IIAppendix II3.5.13.5.13.5.13.5.13.5.1 What is security?What is security?What is security?What is security?What is security?

Security means safety or freedom from risk, danger, doubt, anxiety, fear orsomething that gives us confidence or assurance in safety. In internet security,it aims the protection of computing systems and the data that they store oraccess. The data are confidential data, restricted data, and personalinformation. Hackers mainly aims on information of the type, Passwords,Email IDs, Bank Account details, Credit card numbers, Business plans,Confidential data and Financial organizational Databases.

3.5.23.5.23.5.23.5.23.5.2 Attacks are affected through several mediumAttacks are affected through several mediumAttacks are affected through several mediumAttacks are affected through several mediumAttacks are affected through several medium

• Floppies, CD, DVD, External storage devices:- Freeware, sharewareand Malicious code is spreading through this medium.

• The Internet:- Internet is a dangerous place where weak or vulnerablesystems will be exploited within minutes. Viruses, worms etc will spreadthrough email also.

3.5.33.5.33.5.33.5.33.5.3 Why do we need security?Why do we need security?Why do we need security?Why do we need security?Why do we need security?

Everyone who uses a computer needs to understand how to keep his or hercomputer and data secure. This is because of the presence of Intruders likeHackers, crackers and cyber criminals.

• Hackers: Hackers: Hackers: Hackers: Hackers: Individuals more interested in probing systems and networksfor their own enjoyment and curiosity rather than actually causingharm.

• Crackers: Crackers: Crackers: Crackers: Crackers: Individuals who attempt to maliciously altar systems fortheir benefit. For example: web site defacements or breaking licensecodes for games, applications, and web sites.

• CyberCyberCyberCyberCyber-Criminals: -Criminals: -Criminals: -Criminals: -Criminals: Attempt to conduct large-scale crime online, i.e.,credit card theft/scams, Internet drug sales, corporate blackmail.

3.5.43.5.43.5.43.5.43.5.4 Opportunities for Intrusion is due toOpportunities for Intrusion is due toOpportunities for Intrusion is due toOpportunities for Intrusion is due toOpportunities for Intrusion is due to

• Rapid adoption of computer and network technology in government,industry, and educational organizations

• Internet explosion and e-commerce

• Thousands of exploitable vulnerabilities in technology

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• Freely available tools for intrusion

• Lack of awareness regarding information security

• Shortage of qualified system and network administrators andinformation security staff

3.5.53.5.53.5.53.5.53.5.5 What are the different types of attacks?What are the different types of attacks?What are the different types of attacks?What are the different types of attacks?What are the different types of attacks?

The different types of attacks are from Virus, Worms and Trojans. Allthese are computer programs, the more to say they are Malicious Software.

••••• VVVVVirusirusirusirusirus

It is a Self-replicating code inserts itself into other executable code containsa malicious function, called payload. Most commonly it is a native codewhich infects executable files. Its distribution is through e-mail and file sharing.Virus is often used as a collective term for malware.

••••• WWWWWororororormsmsmsmsms

IT is different to a virus but it is a Stand-alone programStand-alone programStand-alone programStand-alone programStand-alone program which does notinfect an application and spreads itself through the network automatically.Usually spread much faster than viruses.

••••• TTTTTrojansrojansrojansrojansrojans

Software that claims to be harmless with a hidden and malicious effect,often mimics other software typically used to steal information like passwords,keys, watch network traffic.

3.5.63.5.63.5.63.5.63.5.6 DifferDifferDifferDifferDifference between Vence between Vence between Vence between Vence between Virus, Wirus, Wirus, Wirus, Wirus, Worororororms and Tms and Tms and Tms and Tms and Trojansrojansrojansrojansrojans

1) Computer V1) Computer V1) Computer V1) Computer V1) Computer Virus:irus:irus:irus:irus:

• Needs a host file

• Copies itself

• Executable

2) Network W2) Network W2) Network W2) Network W2) Network Worororororm:m:m:m:m:

• No host (self-contained)

• Copies itself

• Executable

3) T3) T3) T3) T3) Trojan Horse:rojan Horse:rojan Horse:rojan Horse:rojan Horse:

• No host (self-contained)

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• Does not copy itself

• Imposter Program

3.5.73.5.73.5.73.5.73.5.7 Spyware and adwareSpyware and adwareSpyware and adwareSpyware and adwareSpyware and adware

• SpywareSpywareSpywareSpywareSpyware- which monitors what you do on your computer - this canlead to credit card or identity theft.

• Adware- Adware- Adware- Adware- Adware- which shows you unwanted advertising - this typically showsup as pop-up ads or an unwanted homepage

SpywareSpywareSpywareSpywareSpyware

• Applications that send information from your computer to the creatorof the spy ware

• Sometimes consists a hidden functionality of information gathering(Trojan) ie the people unwillingly install the product when they installsomething else.

• Once installed monitors user activity on the internet

• Gather information about email addresses, passwords, credit cardnumbers.

• Inability to remove the software

3.5.83.5.83.5.83.5.83.5.8 How these are affectedHow these are affectedHow these are affectedHow these are affectedHow these are affected

• Through Hackers

• Drive-by downloads

– Spyware is written into the site’s code

• Installing freeware/shareware

– Screen savers or games

• Emails

– an attachment

– a hyperlink

• Clicking on a popup ad.....

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3.5.93.5.93.5.93.5.93.5.9 Spy ware look likeSpy ware look likeSpy ware look likeSpy ware look likeSpy ware look like

Sample:-1Sample:-1Sample:-1Sample:-1Sample:-1

Sample:-2Sample:-2Sample:-2Sample:-2Sample:-2

Sample:-3Sample:-3Sample:-3Sample:-3Sample:-3

Sample:-4Sample:-4Sample:-4Sample:-4Sample:-4

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Sample: 5Sample: 5Sample: 5Sample: 5Sample: 5

3.5.103.5.103.5.103.5.103.5.10 Important Remarks!Important Remarks!Important Remarks!Important Remarks!Important Remarks!

If any of the information boxes listed above is appeared when searching oninternet, just close the appeared window. Don’t try to click on “yes” or “no”or “ok” or “scan and clean” or “no”. If we click on the above tabs spy warestarts to function on your machine.

3.5.113.5.113.5.113.5.113.5.11 What a user should doWhat a user should doWhat a user should doWhat a user should doWhat a user should do

TTTTTask-1:ask-1:ask-1:ask-1:ask-1:

Install and Use Antivirus Software. (Easy way to gain control of yourcomputer or account)

• Update – Get new virus signatures automatically

• Check – Test every file for viruses.

• Free alternative - AVG from Grisoft

• http://www.grisoft.com

TTTTTask-2: Install and Use a Fask-2: Install and Use a Fask-2: Install and Use a Fask-2: Install and Use a Fask-2: Install and Use a Fiririririrewall Pewall Pewall Pewall Pewall Programrogramrogramrogramrogram

••••• Limit connections to computer

••••• Limit connections from computer based on application

••••• Portable – follows the computer (laptop)

••••• PLAT tests

• Program – What program wants to connect?

• Location – Where does it want to connect?

• Allowed – Yes or no?

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• Temporary – Permanent or temporary?

• Level of effort:

• install: low

• maintain: high

Collect more information of Firewalls from the site.

http://www.cert.org/homeusers/HomeComputerSecurity/#4

3.5.123.5.123.5.123.5.123.5.12 Hence to provide InterHence to provide InterHence to provide InterHence to provide InterHence to provide Internet securitynet securitynet securitynet securitynet security, do the following, do the following, do the following, do the following, do the following

1. Install and Use Antivirus Software

2. Install and Use a Firewall Program

3. Use Care when Downloading and Installing Programs

Some of them are easy and some others are not so easy. But all are important

3.5.133.5.133.5.133.5.133.5.13 Good practices when using a computerGood practices when using a computerGood practices when using a computerGood practices when using a computerGood practices when using a computer

• Use Care When Reading Email with Attachments

• Always follow KRESVKRESVKRESVKRESVKRESV tests

• Know test – Know the sender?

• Received test – Received email before?

• Expect test – Did you expect this email?

• Sense test – Does this email make sense?

• Virus test – Contain a virus?

• Doesn’t pass all tests? Don’t open!

• Level of effort: high

• Make Backups of Important Filesand Folders

• Use Strong Passwords

3.5.14 W3.5.14 W3.5.14 W3.5.14 W3.5.14 Windows Findows Findows Findows Findows Fiririririrewall Settingsewall Settingsewall Settingsewall Settingsewall Settings

Windows Firewall helps to protect ourcomputer by preventing un-authorisedusers from gaining access to ourcomputer through internet or a network.

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Always keep windows firewall settings at on position to protect PC from un-authorised access.

Windows firewall is blocking malicious programmes and unwanted websiteswhich are harmful to system files. Advanced settings in windows firewall isnecessary to achieve this goal.

Internet security settings are also available in security option of internetproperties.

• Right click on internet explorer.

• Take properties.

• Click on security option.

• Provide datas about restricted sitesand trusted sites.

• Apply appropriate level in thesettings.

The same settigs are available in Linuxalso, from Mozilla Firefox. In Linux, theuser level loging is practiced thereforevirous and trojan will not effect themachine. But spywares are alwaysactive. Hence best practices against spywares are to be practiced.

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Appendix IIIAppendix IIIAppendix IIIAppendix IIIAppendix IIIConfiguration of a printer in networkConfiguration of a printer in networkConfiguration of a printer in networkConfiguration of a printer in networkConfiguration of a printer in network

We have to edit the configuration file /etc/cups/cupsd.conf of server toassign permissions for the client systems to print their documents throughthe network printer.

A tutorial for editing this configuration file is available in the sitewww.debianadmin.org .

Edit the file /etc/cups/cupsd.conf for the server systems also.Again go to the printer installation window and check the button of networkprinter. On the URL pane give the IP Address of the server and the completename of the printer.

Sharing the printerSharing the printerSharing the printerSharing the printerSharing the printer

Backup your: /etc/cups/cupsd.conf and replace with the following (adjust tofit your LAN):

* To enable remote administration, and remote printing for CUPS-awaresoftware, add or amend these sections in /etc/cups/cupsd.conf

DefaultCharset notused

LogLevel info

Printcap /var/run/cups/printcap

User cupsys

Group lpadmin

RunAsUser Yes

Port 631

Include cupsd-browsing.conf

BrowseAddress @LOCAL

SystemGroup lpadmin

Access permissions for everywhere (printers, classes, jobs):

<Location />

Order Deny,Allow

Deny from None

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Allow from All

</Location>

Access permissions for printers:

<Location /printers>

AuthType None

Order Deny,Allow

Deny from None

Allow from All

</Location>

Access permissions for administration functions (this allows access to thosein the system group):

<Location /admin>

AuthType Basic

AuthClass System

Order Deny,Allow

Deny From All

Allow from All

</Location>

You may need to restart CUPS after doing this. (/etc/init.d/cupsys restart)

You can remotely access CUPS printer configuration using a web browser,at http://<server ip>:631 or with the gnome-cups-manager (Desktop->Administration->Printing)

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