HARDWARE AND NETWORKING TRAINING IN CHENNAI - IICT DOCS

7/25/2019 HARDWARE AND NETWORKING TRAINING IN CHENNAI - IICT DOCS

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Basics ofBasics of

Personal ComputerPersonal Computer


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ComputerComputer

Computers are machines that perform tasks orComputers are machines that perform tasks or

calculations according to a set of instructions, orcalculations according to a set of instructions, or

programs. The first fully electronic computers, introducedprograms. The first fully electronic computers, introduced

in the 1940s, were huge machines that required teams ofin the 1940s, were huge machines that required teams ofpeople to operate.people to operate.

Compared to those early machines, today's computersCompared to those early machines, today's computers

are amaing. !ot only are they thousands of timesare amaing. !ot only are they thousands of timesfaster, they can fit on your desk, on your lap, or e"en infaster, they can fit on your desk, on your lap, or e"en in

your pocket.your pocket.


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What is a Computer?What is a Computer?

Computer is a electronic digital data processing de"iceComputer is a electronic digital data processing de"icewhich process the data at "ery high speed and alsowhich process the data at "ery high speed and also

stores the data for future use.stores the data for future use.

#lmost all other electronic de"ices handles single task#lmost all other electronic de"ices handles single task Computer is simply all in one electronic data processingComputer is simply all in one electronic data processing

de"icede"ice


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PCHWPCHW

Classifications of ComputersClassifications of Computers

$uper Computer$uper Computer

%ainframe Computer%ainframe Computer

%ini Computer%ini Computer

%icro Computer%icro Computer


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Earth SimulatorEarth Simulator


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Top 5 Super ComputersTop 5 Super Computers


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Indian SupercomputersIndian Supercomputers

Center for Development of Advanced Computin !C"DAC#Center for Development of Advanced Computin !C"DAC#


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PCHWPCHW

Types of %icro ComputerTypes of %icro Computer

&esktop Computers&esktop Computers

aptop Computersaptop Computers

!ote(ook Computers!ote(ook Computers

)alm Computers)alm Computers

))


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PCHWPCHW

Classifications of )C*sClassifications of )C*s

)C)C

)C + T)C + T

)C + #T)C + #T

)C - #T)C - #T


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PCHWPCHW

)C ardware / $oftware)C ardware / $oftware

ardware - $tudy of physical parts /ardware - $tudy of physical parts /components of a computercomponents of a computer

$oftware - $oftware is collection of programs,$oftware - $oftware is collection of programs,instructions arranged in a sequential mannerinstructions arranged in a sequential manner

to carry out some specified tasks.to carry out some specified tasks.


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Hard$areHard$are

Computers work through an interaction of hardware andComputers work through an interaction of hardware and

software. ardware refers to the parts of a computer that yousoftware. ardware refers to the parts of a computer that youcan see and touch, including the case and e"erything insidecan see and touch, including the case and e"erything inside

it.it.

The most important piece of hardware is a tiny rectangularThe most important piece of hardware is a tiny rectangular

chip inside your computer called the central processing unitchip inside your computer called the central processing unitC)2, or microprocessor. 3t's the (rain of your computer5C)2, or microprocessor. 3t's the (rain of your computer5

the part that translates instructions and performsthe part that translates instructions and performs

calculations.calculations.

ardware items such as your monitor, key(oard, mouse,ardware items such as your monitor, key(oard, mouse,

printer, and other components are often called hardwareprinter, and other components are often called hardware

de"ices, or de"ices.de"ices, or de"ices.


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%anuaes &sed in Computers%anuaes &sed in Computers

%achine e"el anguages + %%achine e"el anguages + %

#ssem(ly anguage + #ssem(ler#ssem(ly anguage + #ssem(ler

igh e"el anguage + igh e"el anguage +

3nterpreter3nterpreter

ComplierComplier


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'um(er s)stems used in Computer'um(er s)stems used in Computer

6inary !um(er $ystems6inary !um(er $ystems 7ctal !um(er $ystems7ctal !um(er $ystems

e8a - decimal !um(er $ystemse8a - decimal !um(er $ystems

6C& - 6inary Coded &ecimal6C& - 6inary Coded &ecimal

#$C33 + #merican $tandard Code for 3nformation#$C33 + #merican $tandard Code for 3nformation

3nterchange3nterchange

6C&3C + 8tended 6inary Coded &ecimal 3nterchange6C&3C + 8tended 6inary Coded &ecimal 3nterchange

CodeCode


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Bit CalculationBit Calculation

1 is 1 (it1 is 1 (it

0 is 1 (it0 is 1 (it

4 (its : 1 ni((le4 (its : 1 ni((le

; (its : 1 (yte; (its : 1 (yte

10


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Parts of a ComputerParts of a Computer


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S)stem BoardS)stem Board

*+*+

,other Board,other Board


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A motherboard is a multi-layered printed circuit board. Copper

circuit paths called tracks that resemble a complicated roadmapcarry signals and voltages across the motherboard.

A typical motherboard provides attachment points for one or

more of the following: CPU, graphics card, sound card, hard diskcontroller, memory !A"#, and e$ternal peripheral devices.

%t contains the chipset, which controls the operation of the CPU,

the PC%, %&A, A'P, and PC% ($press e$pansion slots, and usually#the %)(*A+A controller


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What is a Port?What is a Port?

3n computer hardware, a 'port' ser"es as an interface3n computer hardware, a 'port' ser"es as an interface

(etween the computer and other computers or peripheral(etween the computer and other computers or peripheral

de"ices.de"ices.

)hysically, a port is a specialied outlet on a piece of)hysically, a port is a specialied outlet on a piece of

equipment to which a plug or ca(le connects.equipment to which a plug or ca(le connects.

lectronically, the se"eral conductors making up thelectronically, the se"eral conductors making up the

outlet pro"ide a signal transfer (etween de"ices.outlet pro"ide a signal transfer (etween de"ices.

The term 'port' is deri"ed from a latin word 'porta' gate,The term 'port' is deri"ed from a latin word 'porta' gate,

entrance, door2.entrance, door2.


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Soft$are PortSoft$are Port

## soft$are portsoft$are port usually =ust called a 'port'2 is ausually =ust called a 'port'2 is a

"irtual>logical data connection that can (e used (y"irtual>logical data connection that can (e used (y

programs to e8change data directly.programs to e8change data directly.

The most common of these are TC) and &) ports,The most common of these are TC) and &) ports,

which are used to e8change data (etween computers onwhich are used to e8change data (etween computers on

the 3nternet.the 3nternet.


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PortsPorts

$erial )ort$erial )ort

)arallel )ort)arallel )ort

?ame )ort?ame )ort

)$>< )ort)$>< )ort

$6 )ort$6 )ort

#udio )orts#udio )orts


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I* ConnectorsI* Connectors

D T f


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Data TransferData Transfer

$erial &ata Transfer$erial &ata Transfer

)arallel &ata Transfer)arallel &ata Transfer

3n telecommunication and computer science,3n telecommunication and computer science, serialserial

communicationcommunication is the process of sending data one (it atis the process of sending data one (it at

a time, sequentially, o"er a communication channel ora time, sequentially, o"er a communication channel or

computer (us. This is in contrast to parallelcomputer (us. This is in contrast to parallelcommunication, where se"eral (its are sent together, on acommunication, where se"eral (its are sent together, on a

link with se"eral parallel channels.link with se"eral parallel channels.

$erial computer (uses are (ecoming more common e"en$erial computer (uses are (ecoming more common e"enat shorter distances, as impro"ed signal integrity andat shorter distances, as impro"ed signal integrity and

transmission speeds in newer serial technologies ha"etransmission speeds in newer serial technologies ha"e

(egun to outweigh the parallel (us's.(egun to outweigh the parallel (us's.

&SB


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&SB&SB

ni"ersal $erial 6usni"ersal $erial 6us

&SB&SB &niversal Serial Bus&niversal Serial Bus2 is a specification to2 is a specification to

esta(lish communication (etween de"ices and a hostesta(lish communication (etween de"ices and a host

controller usually personal computers2, de"eloped andcontroller usually personal computers2, de"eloped and

in"ented 3ntel. $6 is intended to replace many "arietiesin"ented 3ntel. $6 is intended to replace many "arieties

of serial and parallel ports.of serial and parallel ports.

$6 can connect computer peripherals such as mice,$6 can connect computer peripherals such as mice,

key(oards, digital cameras, printers, personal mediakey(oards, digital cameras, printers, personal media

players, flash dri"es, and e8ternal hard dri"es. @or manyplayers, flash dri"es, and e8ternal hard dri"es. @or many

of those de"ices, $6 has (ecome the standardof those de"ices, $6 has (ecome the standard

connection method.connection method.

&SB&SB


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&SB&SB

$6 "ersion 1.0 : 1< %(ps$6 "ersion 1.0 : 1< %(ps

$6 "ersion


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USB CableUSB Cable

U& Universal &erial us# is a new technology intendedU& Universal &erial us# is a new technology intendedto replace the current dedicated ports used forto replace the current dedicated ports used forkeyboards and mice.keyboards and mice.

+he U& interface is specifically designed to allow easy+he U& interface is specifically designed to allow easyconnection of a wide variety of devices it is intendedconnection of a wide variety of devices it is intended

to be user-friendly and truly plug and play.to be user-friendly and truly plug and play. /n a system e0uipped with U&, one can hot swap/n a system e0uipped with U&, one can hot swapdevices, meaning they can be plugged into the systemdevices, meaning they can be plugged into the systemor removed without needing to power the system downor removed without needing to power the system downor doing anything to it before the change is made.or doing anything to it before the change is made.

-i Wi ./01-i Wi ./01


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-ire Wire ./01-ire Wire ./01

The 3 1B94 interface is a serial (us interfaceThe 3 1B94 interface is a serial (us interface

standard for high-speed communications and real-timestandard for high-speed communications and real-time

data transfer, frequently used (y personal computers, asdata transfer, frequently used (y personal computers, aswell as in digital audio, digital "ideo, automoti"e, andwell as in digital audio, digital "ideo, automoti"e, and

aeronautics applications.aeronautics applications.


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2e) -eatures2e) -eatures

@ire ire can connect up to DB peripheral de"ices using@ire ire can connect up to DB peripheral de"ices using

tree chain topology.tree chain topology.

$upports plug and play.$upports plug and play.

ot swapping supported i.e. no need to switch off theot swapping supported i.e. no need to switch off the

system to connect>disconnect de"ices.system to connect>disconnect de"ices.

Ca(les can (e 4.E meters long and fle8i(le than otherCa(les can (e 4.E meters long and fle8i(le than other

parallel ca(les.parallel ca(les.

IEEE ./01 St d dIEEE ./01 St d d


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IEEE ./01 StandardsIEEE ./01 Standards

@ireire 400 3 1B94-199E2@ireire 400 3 1B94-199E2

@ireire ;00 3 1B94(-


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E3pansion SlotsE3pansion Slots

ISAISA


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ISAISA


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ISA " Industr) Standard ArchitectureISA " Industr) Standard Architecture

$tands for 3ndustry $tandard #rchitecture. 3$# is a type$tands for 3ndustry $tandard #rchitecture. 3$# is a typeof (us used in )Cs for adding e8pansion cards. @orof (us used in )Cs for adding e8pansion cards. @or

e8ample, an 3$# slot may (e used to add a "ideo card, ae8ample, an 3$# slot may (e used to add a "ideo card, a

network card, or an e8tra serial port.network card, or an e8tra serial port.

The original ;-(it "ersion of )C3 uses a D< pinThe original ;-(it "ersion of )C3 uses a D< pin

connection and supports clock speeds of ; and BB %.connection and supports clock speeds of ; and BB %.

1D-(it )C3 uses 9; pins and supports the same clock1D-(it )C3 uses 9; pins and supports the same clock

speeds.speeds.

ISA SlotsISA Slots


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ISA SlotsISA Slots

T)pes of E3pansion SlotsT)pes of E3pansion Slots


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T)pes of E3pansion SlotsT)pes of E3pansion Slots

AGPSlAGPSlt


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AGP SlotAGP Slot Accelerated 'raphicsAccelerated 'raphics

PortPort is an interfaceis an interfacespecification that enablesspecification that enables1) graphics to display1) graphics to display

0uickly on ordinary0uickly on ordinarypersonal computers.personal computers.

A'P is designed toA'P is designed toconvey 1-) images forconvey 1-) images fore$ample, from 2eb sitese$ample, from 2eb sitesor C)-!/"s# much moreor C)-!/"s# much more0uickly and smoothly than0uickly and smoothly thanis possible today on anyis possible today on any

system other than asystem other than acostly graphicscostly graphicsworkstation.workstation.

A4P CA+DA4P CA+D


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A4P CA+DA4P CA+D

PCISltPCISlots


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PCI SlotsPCI Slots

PC% Peripheral Component %nterconnect# is an inter connection systemPC% Peripheral Component %nterconnect# is an inter connection system

between a microprocessor and attached devices in which e$pansion slots arebetween a microprocessor and attached devices in which e$pansion slots are

spaced closely for high speed operation. PC% transmits 13 bits at a time in aspaced closely for high speed operation. PC% transmits 13 bits at a time in a

435-pin connection the e$tra pins are for power supply and grounding# and435-pin connection the e$tra pins are for power supply and grounding# and

65 bits in a 477-pin connection in an e$panded implementation65 bits in a 477-pin connection in an e$panded implementation

PCI 1 (it e3pansion slotsPCI"1 (it e3pansion slots


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PCI"1 (it e3pansion slotsPCI"1 (it e3pansion slots

PCI cardPCI card


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PCI cardPCI card

PCI"1 (it cardPCI"1 (it card


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PCI"1 (it cardPCI"1 (it card

PCI E l tPCI E press slot


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PCI"E3press slotPCI"E3press slot

PCI"e %anesPCI"e %anes


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PCI"e %anesPCI"e %anes


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PCI"e 4raphics CardPCI"e 4raphics Card


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PCI"e 4raphics CardPCI"e 4raphics Card

PCI " E3pressPCI " E3press


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PCI " E3pressPCI E3press


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MemoryMemory

Computer memor)Computer memor) refers to units or de"ices that arerefers to units or de"ices that are

used to store data or programs sequences ofused to store data or programs sequences of

instructions2 on a temporary or permanent (asis for useinstructions2 on a temporary or permanent (asis for use

in an electronic digital computer.in an electronic digital computer.

#lthough memory is technically any form of electronic#lthough memory is technically any form of electronic

storage, it is used most often to identify fast, temporarystorage, it is used most often to identify fast, temporary

forms of storage.forms of storage.

,emor) Hierarch),emor) Hierarch)


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,emor) Hierarch),emor) Hierarch)

,emor) ,anaement,emor) ,anaement


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,emor) ,anaement,emor) ,anaement

+A, 6 +*,+A, 6 +*,


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+A, 6 +*,+A, 6 +*,

!A" random access!A" random access

memory# chips hold thememory# chips hold theprogram and data that theprogram and data that theCPU is presentlyCPU is presentlyprocessing.processing.!A" is called temporary!A" is called temporary

because as soon as thebecause as soon as thecomputer is turned off,computer is turned off,everything in !A" is lost.everything in !A" is lost.!A" storage is!A" storage isfre0uently e$pressed infre0uently e$pressed inmegabytes. +hus, amegabytes. +hus, acomputer with 65" !A"computer with 65" !A"has memory that holdhas memory that holdabout 65 millionabout 65 millioncharacters of data andcharacters of data andprograms.programs.

!/" read only memory# chipshave programs built into themat the factory. Unlike !A"chips, the contents of !/"chips cannot be changed user.

!/" chips typically containspecial instructions fordetailed computer operations.

8or e$ample, !/" instructionsmay start

the computer, give keyboardkeys their special controlcapabilities, and putcharacters on the screen.


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+EAD *'%7 ,E,*+7 !+*,#+EAD *'%7 ,E,*+7 !+*,#

F7%F7%

)F7%)F7%

)F7%)F7%

)F7%)F7%


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+andom Access ,emor) !+A,#+andom Access ,emor) !+A,#

$F#%$F#% &F#%&F#%

@)%@)% &7 F#%&7 F#%

$&F#%$&F#% &&F$&F#%&&F$&F#%

&&F


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ED* +A,ED* +A,

&7 &F#%, sometimes referred to as yper )age&7 &F#%, sometimes referred to as yper )age

%ode ena(led &F#%, is similar to @ast )age %ode%ode ena(led &F#%, is similar to @ast )age %ode

&F#% with the additional feature that a new access&F#% with the additional feature that a new access

cycle can (e started while keeping the data output of thecycle can (e started while keeping the data output of the

pre"ious cycle acti"e.pre"ious cycle acti"e.

This allows a certain amount of o"erlap in operationThis allows a certain amount of o"erlap in operation

pipelining2, allowing somewhat impro"ed performance.pipelining2, allowing somewhat impro"ed performance.

3t was EG faster than @ast )age %ode &F#%.3t was EG faster than @ast )age %ode &F#%.

ED* +A,ED* +A,


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ED* +A,ED* +A,

/8 Pins ED* +A,/8 Pins ED* +A,


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/8 Pins ED* +A,


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9: Pins ED* +A,9: Pins ED* +A,

128MB100MhzSDRAMDIMM128MB100MhzSDRAMDIMM


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128MB 100Mhz SDRAM DIMM128MB 100Mhz SDRAM DIMM

Pictured here is the 437 megabyte "# 499 megahert ";# &)!A"Pictured here is the 437 megabyte "# 499 megahert ";# &)!A"un-buffered )%"". +his product is available for both 2orkstationsun-buffered )%"". +his product is available for both 2orkstations

and &ervers.and &ervers.

A )%"" dual in-line memory module# is a double &%"".


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5000584 MEM DDR 512MB PC266B 32X8 R05000584 MEM DDR 512MB PC266B 32X8 R0

+he >43-megabyte "# )ouble )ata !ate-&ynchronous )!A"+he >43-megabyte "# )ouble )ata !ate-&ynchronous )!A"))!-&)!A"# module supports data transfers on both edges of))!-&)!A"# module supports data transfers on both edges ofeach clock cycle, effectively doubling the memory chip=s dataeach clock cycle, effectively doubling the memory chip=s datathroughput. ))!-&)!A" is also called &)!A" %%. ))!throughput. ))!-&)!A" is also called &)!A" %%. ))!

&)!A" double data rate &)!A"# is synchronous dynamic !A"&)!A" double data rate &)!A"# is synchronous dynamic !A"&)!A"# that can theoretically improve memoryclock speed to&)!A"# that can theoretically improve memoryclock speed toat least 399 ";?. %t activates output on both the rising andat least 399 ";?. %t activates output on both the rising andfalling edge of the system clock rather than on @ust the risingfalling edge of the system clock rather than on @ust the risingedge, potentially doubling output.edge, potentially doubling output.

DD+:SD+A,DD+:SD+A,


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&&F< $&F#% is a dou(le data rate synchronous&&F< $&F#% is a dou(le data rate synchronous

dynamic random access memory interface. 3n addition todynamic random access memory interface. 3n addition to

dou(le pumping the data (us as in &&F $&F#%dou(le pumping the data (us as in &&F $&F#%

transferring data on the rising and falling edges of thetransferring data on the rising and falling edges of the

(us clock signal2, &&F< allows higher (us speed and(us clock signal2, &&F< allows higher (us speed and

requires lower power.requires lower power.

The two factors com(ine to require a total of 4 dataThe two factors com(ine to require a total of 4 data

transfers per internal clock cycle.transfers per internal clock cycle.

DD+:"SD+A,DD+:"SD+A,


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3n addition &&F


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DD+SD+A, 6 DD+:SD+A,DD+SD+A, 6 DD+:SD+A,

DD+/SD+A,DD+/SD+A,


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DD+/SD+A,DD+/SD+A,

&&FB $&F#% is an impro"ement o"er its predecessor,&&FB $&F#% is an impro"ement o"er its predecessor,&&F< $&F#%, and the&&F< $&F#%, and the two are not compati(letwo are not compati(le. The. The

primary (enefit of &&FB is the a(ility to transfer at twiceprimary (enefit of &&FB is the a(ility to transfer at twice

the data rate of &&Fs.

DD+: 6 DD+/ +A,DD+: 6 DD+/ +A,


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DD+:"SD+A,DD+:"SD+A,


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+A,+A,


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+A,+A,

$3%% B0-pin - &7 F#%2$3%% B0-pin - &7 F#%2

$3%% A


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,emor) ,odules,emor) ,odules

$&F#% -$&F#% - HB.B" + 1D; pinsHB.B" + 1D; pins

&&F$&F#% -&&F$&F#% - H


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A )%"" dual in-line memory module# is a double &%"" single in-A )%"" dual in-line memory module# is a double &%"" single in-line memory module#.


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DD+: 6 DD+/ SD+A, DI,, S%*TSDD+: 6 DD+/ SD+A, DI,, S%*TS

FloppyConnectionFlo

ppyConnection


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Floppy ConnectionFloppy Connection

+his is where the floppy disk drive cable connects to+his is where the floppy disk drive cable connects tothe motherboard. Pin 4 orientation is indicated inthe motherboard. Pin 4 orientation is indicated inthe graphic. +he slot is keyed and only accepts athe graphic. +he slot is keyed and only accepts akeyed cable in the proper orientationkeyed cable in the proper orientation

Panasonic 1.44MB Floppy Disk DrivePanasonic 1.44MB Flo

ppy Disk Drive


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+he ma@or parts of a 8)) include:+he ma@or parts of a 8)) include:

!ead*2rite ;eads:


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The cable end that has a split and twist in it connects to the floppydisk drive. The bottom pin connector gets attached to the

motherboard's floppy disk controller.The ribbon cable contains a red dotted edge which aligns with pinone. It can be identified by the silk-screened markings on themotherboard and it is normally the end closest the rear edge of thesystem board.

Hard Dis; DriveHard Dis; Drive


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HDDHDD


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SecondaryIDEConnectorSecondaryIDEConnector


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Secondary IDE ConnectorSecondary IDE Connector

+his connector is used for all %)( devices, most+his connector is used for all %)( devices, most

commonly A+A or UA+A66*499 hard disks or C)*)B)commonly A+A or UA+A66*499 hard disks or C)*)B)

drives.drives.

IDE ca(leIDE ca(le


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Sti th D tSt i

th D t ) i d h f f) t i t d th f f


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Storing the DataStoring the Data )ata is stored on the surface of a)ata is stored on the surface of aplatter in sectors and tracks. +racksplatter in sectors and tracks. +racksare concentric circles, and &ectors areare concentric circles, and &ectors arepie-shaped wedges on a tracks.pie-shaped wedges on a tracks.

A typical +rack is shown in yellow aA typical +rack is shown in yellow a&ector is shown in blue. A sector&ector is shown in blue. A sectorcontains a fi$ed number of bytescontains a fi$ed number of bytes >43>43bytes. &ectors are not read individuallybytes. &ectors are not read individuallyon most PCs they are groupedon most PCs they are groupedtogether into continuous chunks calledtogether into continuous chunks calledclusters.clusters.

A typical @ob, such as loading a fileA typical @ob, such as loading a fileinto a spreadsheet program, can involveinto a spreadsheet program, can involvethousands or even millions of individualthousands or even millions of individualdisk accessesdisk accesses

+he process of low-level formatting a+he process of low-level formatting adrive establishes the tracks anddrive establishes the tracks andsectors on the platter. +he startingsectors on the platter. +he startingand ending points of each sector areand ending points of each sector arewritten onto the platter.written onto the platter.

+his process prepares the drive to hold+his process prepares the drive to holdblocks of bytes. ;igh-level formattingblocks of bytes. ;igh-level formattingthen writes the file-storagethen writes the file-storagestructures, like the file-allocationstructures, like the file-allocationtable, into the sectors. +his processtable, into the sectors. +his processprepares the drive to hold filesprepares the drive to hold files

Track

Sector

HDDHDD


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&ata Fecording Technique + rite )re Compensation&ata Fecording Technique + rite )re Compensation

#ccess Time#ccess Time

atency Timeatency Time

anding Ioneanding Ione

SATASATA


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TheThe serial ATAserial ATA oror SATASATA computer (us, is a storage-computer (us, is a storage-

interface for connecting host (us adapters to massinterface for connecting host (us adapters to mass

storage de"ices such as hard disk dri"es and opticalstorage de"ices such as hard disk dri"es and optical

dri"es. The $#T# host adapter is integrated into almostdri"es. The $#T# host adapter is integrated into almost

all modern consumer laptop computers and desktopall modern consumer laptop computers and desktop

mother(oards.mother(oards.

$#T# offers se"eral compelling ad"antages o"er the$#T# offers se"eral compelling ad"antages o"er the

older parallel #T# )#T#2 interfaceJ reduced ca(le-(ulkolder parallel #T# )#T#2 interfaceJ reduced ca(le-(ulk

and cost reduced from ;0 wires to se"en2, faster andand cost reduced from ;0 wires to se"en2, faster and

more efficient data transfer, and hot swapping.more efficient data transfer, and hot swapping.

SATASATA


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$erial #T# was designed to replace the older #T# #T$erial #T# was designed to replace the older #T# #T

#ttachment2 standard also known as 3&2. 3t is a(le to#ttachment2 standard also known as 3&2. 3t is a(le to

use the same low le"el commands, (ut serial #T# host-use the same low le"el commands, (ut serial #T# host-

adapters and de"ices communicate "ia a high-speedadapters and de"ices communicate "ia a high-speed

serial ca(le o"er two pairs of conductors.serial ca(le o"er two pairs of conductors.

SATASATA


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PATA < SATAPATA < SATA


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SATASATA


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SATA +evision .=8 !SATA .=54(s.1.E ?(it>s, communicate at a rate of 1.E ?(it>s.

SATA +evision :=8 !SATA /4(s.throughput from 1E0 %6>s to B00 %6>s.

SATA +evision /=8 !SATA 4(s to D00%6>s or D?(ps.

SASSAS


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Serial Attached SCSISerial Attached SCSI SASSAS2 is a computer (us, which2 is a computer (us, which

mo"es data to and from computer storage de"ices suchmo"es data to and from computer storage de"ices such

as hard dri"es and tape dri"es. $#$ depends on a point-as hard dri"es and tape dri"es. $#$ depends on a point-

to-point serial protocol that replaces the parallel $C$3to-point serial protocol that replaces the parallel $C$3

(us technology that first appeared.(us technology that first appeared.

$#$ offers (ackwards-compati(ility with second-$#$ offers (ackwards-compati(ility with second-

generation $#T# dri"es. $#T# B ?(it>s dri"es may (egeneration $#T# dri"es. $#T# B ?(it>s dri"es may (e

connected to $#$ (ackplanes, (ut $#$ dri"es may notconnected to $#$ (ackplanes, (ut $#$ dri"es may not(e connected to $#T# (ackplanes.(e connected to $#T# (ackplanes.

SASSAS


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$#$ stands for $erial #ttached $C$3. 6asically, a $#$$#$ stands for $erial #ttached $C$3. 6asically, a $#$

dri"e utilies the same form factor as a $#T# dri"e (utdri"e utilies the same form factor as a $#T# dri"e (ut

has se"eral high performance ad"antages. @irst of all,has se"eral high performance ad"antages. @irst of all,

there's the platter speed. hile typical $#T# dri"esthere's the platter speed. hile typical $#T# dri"esoperate at A


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SAS 6 SATASAS 6 SATA


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SAS HDD ConnectorSAS HDD Connector


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SCSI " HDDSCSI " HDD


97/266

SCSI " HDDSCSI " HDD


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+AID *vervie$+AID *vervie$

,anain lare sets of Data,anain lare sets of Data


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)re"ent failed disks from making data una"aila(le.)re"ent failed disks from making data una"aila(le.

%ore efficiently (alance the 3>7 load across disks.%ore efficiently (alance the 3>7 load across disks.

#llow file systems to grow while they are in use.#llow file systems to grow while they are in use.

#llow dual-host fail-o"er configurations with redundant#llow dual-host fail-o"er configurations with redundant

disks.disks.

f


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Techni>ues for ,anain DataTechni>ues for ,anain Data

ot $paresot $pares

&isk $triping&isk $triping F#3& EF#3& E

&isk %irroring&isk %irroring

Common +AID implementationsCommon +AID implementations


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F#3& 0JF#3& 0J $triping$triping

F#3& 1JF#3& 1J %irroring%irroring

F#3& EJF#3& EJ $triping with distri(uted parity$triping with distri(uted parity


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%ultiple physical disks are com(ined into a single "irtual%ultiple physical disks are com(ined into a single "irtual

diskdisk

The address space is contiguousThe address space is contiguous

There is no data redundancy less relia(le2There is no data redundancy less relia(le2

oss of one num(er equates to loss of all dataoss of one num(er equates to loss of all data %in < disks to %a8 B< &isks%in < disks to %a8 B< &isks


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#llows to grow "irtual disk (y concatenating additional#llows to grow "irtual disk (y concatenating additional

physical disk to itphysical disk to it 100G disk capacity is a"aila(le100G disk capacity is a"aila(le

6est Fead > rite )erformance %ore Controllers26est Fead > rite )erformance %ore Controllers2

!o redundancy!o redundancy


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@ull redundant copy of data is a"aila(le on one or more@ull redundant copy of data is a"aila(le on one or moredisksdisks

$lower write performance$lower write performance

6oth dri"es can (e used for reads to impro"e performance6oth dri"es can (e used for reads to impro"e performance

E0G disk capacity is only a"aila(leE0G disk capacity is only a"aila(le

+AID .+AID .


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3n case of failure, applications can continue to use the3n case of failure, applications can continue to use the

remaining half of the mirrorremaining half of the mirror

Feco"ering from a disk failure + duplicating the contentsFeco"ering from a disk failure + duplicating the contentsof the failed disk*s mirror into a new dri"eof the failed disk*s mirror into a new dri"e

This is the only method which supports 7$ redundancy.This is the only method which supports 7$ redundancy.

Stripin $ith Distri(uted Parit) +AID 5Stripin $ith Distri(uted Parit) +AID 5


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p )p )


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+AID 5+AID 5


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6oth parity and data are striped across a group of disks6oth parity and data are striped across a group of disks

@ailure rates are lower than dedicated parity@ailure rates are lower than dedicated parity

7nly one disk failure will (e supported7nly one disk failure will (e supported

+AID +AID


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F#3& D &istri(uted &ual )arityF#3& D &istri(uted &ual )arity

8tension of F#3& E8tension of F#3& E

)ro"iding additional fault tolerance)ro"iding additional fault tolerance

Fead performance same as F#3& EFead performance same as F#3& E

6ut write performance slow due to dual parity6ut write performance slow due to dual parity

&isk usage less compared to F#3& E&isk usage less compared to F#3& E

Two disk failures are supportedTwo disk failures are supported

Bac;up and +estoreBac;up and +estore


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+easons to ta;e Bac;up+easons to ta;e Bac;up

ne8pected ard &isk @ailuresne8pected ard &isk @ailures

@ailures of $upport ardware@ailures of $upport ardware

)hysical &amage)hysical &amage

$oftware )ro(lems$oftware )ro(lems KirusesKiruses

uman rroruman rror

Festore - hene"er there is an une8pected completeFestore - hene"er there is an une8pected complete

failure of a system, the (acked up data to (e restored tofailure of a system, the (acked up data to (e restored to

the specific system within a short period of time, tothe specific system within a short period of time, to

continue the (usinesscontinue the (usiness

Hih Availa(ilit) 6 -ault ToleranceHih Availa(ilit) 6 -ault Tolerance


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Hih Availa(ilit)Hih Availa(ilit)

Can pro"ide access to data most of the time whileCan pro"ide access to data most of the time whilemaintaining the integrity of that data.maintaining the integrity of that data.

3n case of failure within few minutes the data will (e3n case of failure within few minutes the data will (e

a"aila(le.a"aila(le.

-ault Tolerance-ault Tolerance )ro"ide data integrity and continuous data a"aila(ility.)ro"ide data integrity and continuous data a"aila(ility.

&ata is a"aila(le e"en in case of failure.&ata is a"aila(le e"en in case of failure.


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Sound CardsSound Cards

'2 &ound Card w* "edia Bision Chipset'2 &ound Card w* "edia Bision Chi

pset


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A sound card also referred to as an audio card# is aA sound card also referred to as an audio card# is aperipheral device that attaches to the %&A or PC% &lot onperipheral device that attaches to the %&A or PC% &lot ona motherboard to enable the computer to input, process,a motherboard to enable the computer to input, process,

and deliver sound. +he sound card=sand deliver sound. +he sound card=s four main functionsfour main functionsare: as aare: as a synthesiersynthesiergenerating sounds#, as agenerating sounds#, as a "%)%"%)%interface,interface, analog to digital conversionanalog to digital conversionused,used,

for (.g., in recording sound from a microphone#, andfor (.g., in recording sound from a microphone#, and digitaldigitalto analog conversionto analog conversionused, for (.g., to reproduce soundused, for (.g., to reproduce soundfor a speaker#.for a speaker#...


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Video CardsVideo Cards

A'P 'raphics AcceleratorA'P 'ra

phics Accelerator


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A'P offers high-speed data transfer to and fromA'P offers high-speed data transfer to and from!A", optimiing the use of memory and minimiing!A", optimiing the use of memory and minimiingthe amount of memory necessary for high-the amount of memory necessary for high-

performance graphics.performance graphics. +he A'P main memory use is dynamic, meaning that+he A'P main memory use is dynamic, meaning that

when not being used for accelerated graphics, mainwhen not being used for accelerated graphics, mainmemory is restored for use by the /perating &ystemmemory is restored for use by the /perating &ystemor by other applications.or by other applications.

Modem


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ModemWhat is a ,odem ?

,odem ta;es diital information from computer and

converts it to an analo sinal@ $hich is then

transmitted throuh a phone line=

There are four (asic t)pes of modemsM E3ternalM &SBM InternalM Built"in

The e3ternal and &SB set on )our des; outside the

PC $hile internal and (uilt"in are inside the PC

Modemstands for

,*d l t


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,*dulator


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+his is the cable that ships with the modems for+his is the cable that ships with the modems for

connection to a telephone @ack. +he green codedconnection to a telephone @ack. +he green codedend fits in the modem


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$hort for$hort for 'et$or; Interface Card'et$or; Interface Card, a, a 'IC'IC is alsois also

commonly referred to as acommonly referred to as a net$or; adapternet$or; adapter and is anand is an

e8pansion card or an integrated card that ena(les ae8pansion card or an integrated card that ena(les a

computer to connect to a network such as a homecomputer to connect to a network such as a homenetwork and>or the 3nternet using a thernet ca(le with anetwork and>or the 3nternet using a thernet ca(le with a

FN-4E connector.FN-4E connector.

'IC'IC


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Wi"-i


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'IC'IC


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UTP/STP Network CablesUTP/STP Network Cables


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+he Unshielded +wisted Pair U+P# network+he Unshielded +wisted Pair U+P# network

cable is used to save money on a hub whencable is used to save money on a hub whenconnecting two computers together withconnecting two computers together with

twisted pair. +he !5> cable is crossedtwisted pair. +he !5> cable is crossed

over, meaning that when attached to theover, meaning that when attached to the

machines, the !5> connector is crimpedmachines, the !5> connector is crimpedopposite of the other connector. twoopposite of the other connector. two

computers may connect to one another bycomputers may connect to one another by

the use of an !-5> Crossover cable.the use of an !-5> Crossover cable.

Remote keyboard and mouse kitRemote k

eyboard and mouse kit


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The Destination II input kit consists of a remotekeyboard, a remote mouse, a remote receiver, and the driverCD.. The remote receiver is used to transfer the radio frequency

signal from the keyboard and mouse to the computer. n thegraphic, click the hyperlinks for more information. Thereceiver must be placed at least ! inches or "# centimetersfrom any electromechanical device, including the computer,the computer monitor, and e$ternal storage drives.

Cd - Rom DrivesCd - Rom Drives


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M#com&ata#com&ata

MpsonpsonMitachiitachiM&$&$M??Mite7nite7nM%itsumi%itsumi

M!C!CM)anasonic)anasonicM)hilips)hilipsM)le8tor)le8torM$anyo$anyoM$ony$onyMTeacTeacMToshi(aToshi(aMearnesearnes

These are the

different vendors

whose CD-Drivesare given by

Gateway along with

its systems..


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Cd-drives are only IDE devies!

CD- rom drives an only read data from the CDs"

data annot be written onto the CDs!

If a Blan# Cd$Cd-R%&Blan# 'edia( is )laed in a

CD-rom" it will not reogni*e the CD$ Cd-rw!


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DDDD


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hat is &K&Ohat is &K&O

&K& stands for P&igital Kersatile &iskQ or P&igital&K& stands for P&igital Kersatile &iskQ or P&igital

Kideo &iskQKideo &iskQ

&K& was first created =ust to (e a (igger C&&K& was first created =ust to (e a (igger C&

capa(le of holding more infocapa(le of holding more info

# &K& disk can hold (etween 4.4 and 1Dg( of# &K& disk can hold (etween 4.4 and 1Dg( of

data, depending on the diskdata, depending on the disk

&K& disks read information off of < layers using a&K& disks read information off of < layers using a(lue laser.(lue laser.

,onitor,onitor


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## monitormonitor oror displa)displa) sometimes called asometimes called a visualvisual

displa) unitdispla) unit2 is an electronic "isual display for2 is an electronic "isual display for

computers. The monitor comprises the display de"ice,computers. The monitor comprises the display de"ice,

circuitry, and an enclosure.circuitry, and an enclosure.

The display de"ice in modern monitors is typically a thinThe display de"ice in modern monitors is typically a thin

film transistor liquid crystal display T@T-C&2, whilefilm transistor liquid crystal display T@T-C&2, while

older monitors use a cathode ray tu(e CFT2.older monitors use a cathode ray tu(e CFT2.

,onitors,onitors


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4A Ca(le < Connector4A Ca(le < Connector


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DIDI


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TheThe Diital isual InterfaceDiital isual Interface DIDI2 is a "ideo interface2 is a "ideo interface

standard designed to pro"ide "ery high "isual quality onstandard designed to pro"ide "ery high "isual quality on

digital display de"ices such as flat panel C& computerdigital display de"ices such as flat panel C& computer

displays and digital pro=ectors.displays and digital pro=ectors.

&K3 Connection &K3 keeps data in digital form from the&K3 Connection &K3 keeps data in digital form from the

computer to the monitor. There's no need to con"ertcomputer to the monitor. There's no need to con"ert

data from digital information to analog information. C&data from digital information to analog information. C&

monitors work in a digital mode and support the &K3monitors work in a digital mode and support the &K3

format.format.

,onitor,onitor


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DI"DDI"Ddigital only2digital only2

DI"ADI"Aanalog only2analog only2

DI"IDI"Iintegrated, digital / analog2integrated, digital / analog2

,."DA,."DAintegrated, digital, analog / $62integrated, digital, analog / $62


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S"ideoS"ideo

Separate ideoSeparate ideo, more commonly known as, more commonly known as S"ideoS"ideo,,


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Separate ideop , more commonly known as, y S ideo,,

also calledalso called7


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3n computing, a3n computing, a printerprinteris a peripheral which produces ais a peripheral which produces a

hard copy permanent reada(le te8t and>or graphics2 ofhard copy permanent reada(le te8t and>or graphics2 of

documents stored in electronic form, usually on physicaldocuments stored in electronic form, usually on physical

print media such as papers.print media such as papers.

%any printers are primarily used as local peripherals,%any printers are primarily used as local peripherals,

and are attached (y a printer ca(le or, in most newerand are attached (y a printer ca(le or, in most newer

printers, a $6 ca(le to a computer which ser"es as aprinters, a $6 ca(le to a computer which ser"es as adocument source.document source.

PrinterPrinter


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3mpact )rinters + &aisy wheel, &rum )rinter, ine )rinter3mpact )rinters + &aisy wheel, &rum )rinter, ine )rinter

and &ot-%atri8 )rinterand &ot-%atri8 )rinter

!on-3mpact )rinters + 3nk=et, 6u((le =et and aser!on-3mpact )rinters + 3nk=et, 6u((le =et and aser

)rinters)rinters


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%aser Printer%aser Printer


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Printer Ca(lesPrinter Ca(les


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%/&%/&


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+he %/& is special software that interfaces the+he %/& is special software that interfaces thema@or hardware components of your computer with thema@or hardware components of your computer with the/perating system, %t is usually stored on a 8lash/perating system, %t is usually stored on a 8lash"emory chip on the motherboard, but sometimes the"emory chip on the motherboard, but sometimes the

chip is another type of !/"chip is another type of !/"

%/&%/&

When you turn on your computer, the BIOSWhen you turn on your computer, the BIOS

)uring this boot se0uence, the %/&)uring this boot se0uence, the %/&does a remarkable amount of work todoes a remarkable amount of work to


152/266

e youtu o youco pute,te OSy y p ,

does several things. This is its usualdoes several things. This is its usual

sequence:sequence:

1.1. Check the CMOS Setup for custom settingsCheck the CMOS Setup for custom settings

2.2. Load the interrupt handlers and deviceLoad the interrupt handlers and device

driversdrivers

3.3. Initialize registers and power managementInitialize registers and power management

4.4. Perform the power-on self-test (POST)Perform the power-on self-test (POST)

5.5. Display system settingsDisplay system settings

6.6. Determine which devices are bootableDetermine which devices are bootable

7.7. Initiate the bootstrap sequenceInitiate the bootstrap sequence

Booting the ComputerBooting the Computer

Whenever the Computer is turned onWhenever the Computer is turned on

computer, the first thing you see is thecomputer, the first thing you see is theBIOS software doing its thing. BIOSBIOS software doing its thing. BIOS

displays text describing things like thedisplays text describing things like the

amount of memory installed, the type ofamount of memory installed, the type of

hard disk and so on.hard disk and so on.

does a remarkable amount of work tom m fget the computer ready to run. Afterget the computer ready to run. Afterchecking the C"/& &etup and loadingchecking the C"/& &etup and loading

the interrupt handlers, the %/&the interrupt handlers, the %/&determines whether the Bideo card isdetermines whether the Bideo card isoperational.operational.

De$t, the %/& checks to see if thisDe$t, the %/& checks to see if thisis a cold boot or a reboot. %t doesis a cold boot or a reboot. %t doesthis by checking the value at memorythis by checking the value at memoryaddress 9999:953. A value of 4315haddress 9999:953. A value of 4315hindicates a reboot, and the %/&indicates a reboot, and the %/&

skips the rest of P/&+.skips the rest of P/&+. %f it is a cold boot, the %/& verifies%f it is a cold boot, the %/& verifies!A" by performing a read*write test!A" by performing a read*write testof each memory address. %t checksof each memory address. %t checksthe P&*3 ports or U& ports for athe P&*3 ports or U& ports for akeyboard and a mouse. %t looks forkeyboard and a mouse. %t looks forPC% bus and, if it finds one, checks allPC% bus and, if it finds one, checks allthe PC% cards. %f the %/& finds anythe PC% cards. %f the %/& finds any

errors during the P/&+, it will notifyerrors during the P/&+, it will notifyyou by a series of beeps or a te$tyou by a series of beeps or a te$tmessage displayed on the screen. Anmessage displayed on the screen. Anerror at this point is almost always aerror at this point is almost always ahardware problem.hardware problem.

C"/&C"/& Also known as aAlso known as a!+C*DB!A" or C"/&!+C*DB!A" or C"/&


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!+C*DB!A" or C"/&!+C*DB!A" or C"/&!A", C"/& is short!A", C"/& is short

for Complementaryfor Complementary"etal-/$ide"etal-/$ide&emiconductor&emiconductor

C"/& is an on-boardC"/& is an on-board

semiconductor chipsemiconductor chippowered by a C"/&powered by a C"/&battery inside %"battery inside %"compatible computerscompatible computers

that stores such asthat stores such asthe system time andthe system time andsystem settings forsystem settings foryour computer.your computer.


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CP&CP&

ProcessorProcessor

BrainBrain

ProcessorProcessor


155/266

The C) is the (rain of the computer. $ometimesThe C) is the (rain of the computer. $ometimes

referred to simply as the central processor , (ut morereferred to simply as the central processor , (ut more

commonly called processor, the C) is where mostcommonly called processor, the C) is where most

calculations take place. 3n terms of computing power, thecalculations take place. 3n terms of computing power, theC) is the most important element of a computerC) is the most important element of a computer

system.system.

CP&CP&


156/266

The C) itself is an internal component of theThe C) itself is an internal component of thecomputer. %odern C)s are small and square andcomputer. %odern C)s are small and square and

contain multiple metallic connectors or pins on thecontain multiple metallic connectors or pins on the

underside. The C) is inserted directly into a C)underside. The C) is inserted directly into a C)

socket, pin side down, on the mother(oard.socket, pin side down, on the mother(oard.

CP&CP&


157/266

Two typical components of a C) are the followingJTwo typical components of a C) are the followingJ

The arithmetic logic unit #2, which performsThe arithmetic logic unit #2, which performs

arithmetic and logical operations.arithmetic and logical operations.

The control unit C2, which e8tracts instructions fromThe control unit C2, which e8tracts instructions from

memory and decodes and e8ecutes them, calling on thememory and decodes and e8ecutes them, calling on the

# when necessary.# when necessary.


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CISC s +ISCCISC s +ISC

This tradeoff in (asic instruction set design philosophy isThis tradeoff in (asic instruction set design philosophy is


159/266

This tradeoff in (asic instruction set design philosophy isg p p y

reflected in the two main la(els gi"en to instruction sets.reflected in the two main la(els gi"en to instruction sets.

CISCCISCstands forstands for complex instruction setcomplex instruction set computer and iscomputer and isthe name gi"en to processors that use a large num(er ofthe name gi"en to processors that use a large num(er of

complicated instructions, to try to do more work withcomplicated instructions, to try to do more work with

each one.each one.

RISCRISCstands forstands for reduced instruction set computerreduced instruction set computerand isand is

the generic name gi"en to processors that use a smallthe generic name gi"en to processors that use a small

num(er of simple instructions, to try to do less work withnum(er of simple instructions, to try to do less work with

each instruction (ut e8ecute them much faster.each instruction (ut e8ecute them much faster.

Processor < CP& < BrainProcessor < CP& < Brain


160/266

ChipsetChipset

The chipset consists of two ma=or microchips These areThe chipset consists of two ma=or microchips These are


161/266

The chipset consists of two ma=or microchips. These areThe chipset consists of two ma=or microchips. These are

known as the !orth (ridge and the $outh 6ridge. Theknown as the !orth (ridge and the $outh 6ridge. The

!orth 6ridge andles data for the #?) )ort and the!orth 6ridge andles data for the #?) )ort and the

main memory which includes the @$6 @ront side (us2.main memory which includes the @$6 @ront side (us2.

#lthough (oth chips are required for the )C to work the#lthough (oth chips are required for the )C to work the

!orth 6ridge handles most of the "ery important tasks!orth 6ridge handles most of the "ery important tasks

such as the connection (etween the C) and mainsuch as the connection (etween the C) and main

memory. The $outh 6ridge handles data from the )C3memory. The $outh 6ridge handles data from the )C3

and 3$# slots and can also ha"e integrated componentsand 3$# slots and can also ha"e integrated components

such as #udio codec's etc.such as #udio codec's etc.

Sinle core processorSinle core processor


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Dual core processorDual core processor


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Dual core processorDual core processor


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&AD C*+E CP&&AD C*+E CP&


165/266

Intel uad"Core Technolo)Intel uad"Core Technolo)

&eli"ering four complete e8ecution cores within&eli"ering four complete e8ecution cores within

a single processor, 3ntel quad-core technology isa single processor, 3ntel quad-core technology isthe ideal choice when it comes to your high-the ideal choice when it comes to your high-

performance computing needs.performance computing needs.

uad Coreuad Core


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Intel i9 CP&Intel i9 CP&


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i9 < i5 CP&i9 < i5 CP&


168/266

i/ CP&i/ CP&

The 3ntelR CoreS iB processor family with 3ntelR &The 3ntelR CoreS iB processor family with 3ntelR &

? hi d li l ti hit t f? hi d li l ti hit t f


169/266

?raphics deli"ers a re"olutionary new architecture for an?raphics deli"ers a re"olutionary new architecture for an

unparalleled computing e8perience. #s the first le"el inunparalleled computing e8perience. #s the first le"el in3ntel's new processor family, the 3ntel Core iB processor3ntel's new processor family, the 3ntel Core iB processor

is the perfect entry point for a fast, responsi"e )Cis the perfect entry point for a fast, responsi"e )C

e8perience.e8perience.

This processor comes equipped with 3ntel & ?raphics,This processor comes equipped with 3ntel & ?raphics,

an ad"anced "ideo engine that deli"ers smooth, high-an ad"anced "ideo engine that deli"ers smooth, high-

quality & "ideo play(ack, and ad"anced B&quality & "ideo play(ack, and ad"anced B&

capa(ilities, pro"iding an ideal graphics solution forcapa(ilities, pro"iding an ideal graphics solution fore"eryday computing.e"eryday computing.

i/ CP&i/ CP&


170/266

/ chip to : chip Architecture/ chip to : chip Architecture


171/266

Intel i9 coreIntel i9 core -eatures-eatures

The new ?# 1BDD socket is incompati(le with earlierThe new ?# 1BDD socket is incompati(le with earlier


172/266

The new ?# 1BDD socket is incompati(le with earlierp

processors.processors.

7n-die memory controllerJ the memory is directly7n-die memory controllerJ the memory is directly

connected to the processor.connected to the processor.

Three channel memoryJ each channel can support oneThree channel memoryJ each channel can support one

or two &&FB &3%%s. %other(oards for Core iA ha"eor two &&FB &3%%s. %other(oards for Core iA ha"e

four BH12 or si8 &3%% slots instead of two or four, andfour BH12 or si8 &3%% slots instead of two or four, and&3%%s should (e installed in sets of three, not two.&3%%s should (e installed in sets of three, not two.

$upport for$upport for &&FB&&FBonly.only.

!o CC support.!o CC support.

The front side (us is replaced (y uick )ath interface.The front side (us is replaced (y uick )ath interface.

%other(oards must use a chipset that supports%other(oards must use a chipset that supports

uick)ath.uick)ath.

Intel i9 coreIntel i9 core The following cachesJThe following cachesJ

B< L6 1 instruction and B< L6 1 data cache per coreB< L6 1 instruction and B< L6 1 data cache per core


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B< L6 1 instruction and B< L6 1 data cache per coreB< L6 1 instruction and B< L6 1 data cache per core


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i5 Intel CP&i5 Intel CP&


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1 (it CP&1 (it CP&


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A,D !Advanced ,icro Devices# " CP&sA,D !Advanced ,icro Devices# " CP&s


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CP& " C)ri3CP& " C)ri3


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Data Transfer ,anaement B) CP&Data Transfer ,anaement B) CP&


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)37 %ode)37 %ode

3nterrupt Controller %ode3nterrupt Controller %ode

&%# %ode&%# %ode

PI*PI*


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)rogramma(le 3nput 7utput %ode)rogramma(le 3nput 7utput %ode

3n this mode C) is responsi(le for 3nstruction3n this mode C) is responsi(le for 3nstruction

processing as well as data transferprocessing as well as data transfer

$o less performance$o less performance

%ore latency%ore latency

PICPIC


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3n computing, a3n computing, a proramma(le interrupt controllerproramma(le interrupt controller

PICPIC2 is a de"ice that is used to com(ine se"eral sources2 is a de"ice that is used to com(ine se"eral sources

of interrupt onto one or more C) lines, while allowingof interrupt onto one or more C) lines, while allowing

priority le"els to (e assigned to its interrupt outputs.priority le"els to (e assigned to its interrupt outputs.

hen the de"ice has multiple interrupt outputs to assert,hen the de"ice has multiple interrupt outputs to assert,

it will assert them in the order of their relati"e priority.it will assert them in the order of their relati"e priority.


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D,AD,A


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Direct memor) accessDirect memor) access D,AD,A2 is a feature of modern2 is a feature of modern

computers and microprocessors that allows certaincomputers and microprocessors that allows certain

hardware su(systems within the computer to accesshardware su(systems within the computer to access

system memory for reading and>or writing independentlysystem memory for reading and>or writing independentlyof the central processing unit.of the central processing unit.

igh performance (ecause data transfer work is done (yigh performance (ecause data transfer work is done (y

&%# controller. C) is doing only instruction processing&%# controller. C) is doing only instruction processingwork.work.

D,AD,A


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)ower $upply)ower $upply

Po$er Suppl)Po$er Suppl)


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#C#C

&C&C

6rownout or sag6rownout or sag

6lackout6lackout

S,PSS,PS

## it h d d ls$itched mode po$er suppl) it hi ds$itchin mode


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## s$itched"mode po$er suppl)s$itched"mode po$er suppl) s$itchin"modes$itchin"mode

po$er suppl)po$er suppl)>>S,PSS,PS, or simply, or simply s$itchers$itcher2 is an2 is anelectronic power supply unit )$2 that incorporates aelectronic power supply unit )$2 that incorporates a

switching regulator in order to pro"ide the requiredswitching regulator in order to pro"ide the required

output "oltages &C2.output "oltages &C2.

7utput &C Koltages7utput &C Koltages

HB.B ", HE ", H 1


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ServerServer

# d i k h# t d i t k th t


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# computer or de"ice on a network that manages# computer or de"ice on a network that manages

network resources. @or e8ample, a file ser"er is anetwork resources. @or e8ample, a file ser"er is a

computer and storage de"ice dedicated to storing files.computer and storage de"ice dedicated to storing files.

# print ser"er is a computer that manages one or more# print ser"er is a computer that manages one or more

printers.printers.

# network ser"er is a computer that manages network# network ser"er is a computer that manages network

traffic.traffic.

# data(ase ser"er is a computer system that processes# data(ase ser"er is a computer system that processesdata(ase queries.data(ase queries.

ServerServer


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$er"ers are often dedicated, meaning that they perform$er"ers are often dedicated, meaning that they perform

no other tasks (esides their ser"er tasks. 7nno other tasks (esides their ser"er tasks. 7n

multiprocessing operating systems, howe"er, a singlemultiprocessing operating systems, howe"er, a single

computer can e8ecute se"eral programs at once.computer can e8ecute se"eral programs at once.

3n the client>ser"er programming model, a ser"er is a3n the client>ser"er programming model, a ser"er is a

program that awaits and fulfills requests from clientprogram that awaits and fulfills requests from client

programs in the same or other computers.programs in the same or other computers.

ClientClient


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# client does not share any of its resources, (ut requests# client does not share any of its resources, (ut requests

a ser"er's content or ser"ice function. Clients thereforea ser"er's content or ser"ice function. Clients therefore

initiate communication sessions with ser"ers which awaitinitiate communication sessions with ser"ers which awaitlistenlistento2 incoming requests.to2 incoming requests.

To$er ,odel ServersTo$er ,odel Servers


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P" Series ServerP" Series Server


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Blade ServerBlade Server


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## (lade server(lade server is a stripped down ser"er computer withis a stripped down ser"er computer with

a modular design optimied to minimie the use ofa modular design optimied to minimie the use of

physical space and energy.physical space and energy.

6lade ser"ers ha"e many components remo"ed to sa"e6lade ser"ers ha"e many components remo"ed to sa"e

space, minimie power consumption and otherspace, minimie power consumption and other

considerations, while still ha"ing all the functionalconsiderations, while still ha"ing all the functional

components to (e considered a computer.components to (e considered a computer.



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+ac; < & Sie+ac; < & Sie


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quipment designed to (e placed in a rack is typicallyquipment designed to (e placed in a rack is typically

descri(ed asdescri(ed as rac;"mountrac;"mount,, rac;"mount instrumentrac;"mount instrument, a, a

rac; mounted s)stemrac; mounted s)stem, a, a rac; mount chassisrac; mount chassis,, su(su(

rac;rac;,, rac; mounta(lerac; mounta(le, or occasionally simply, or occasionally simply shelfshelf..

The height of the electronic modules is also standardiedThe height of the electronic modules is also standardied

as multiples ofas multiples of .=95 inches !1=115 cm# or one rac;.=95 inches !1=115 cm# or one rac;

unit or F&F=unit or F&F=


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*peratin S)stem " *S*peratin S)stem " *S

#n operating system is a program designed to manage#n operating system is a program designed to manage

and run hardwares / other programs on a Computer. #and run hardwares / other programs on a Computer. #


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computer*s operating system is its most importantcomputer*s operating system is its most importantprogram. 3t is considered the (ack(one of a computer,program. 3t is considered the (ack(one of a computer,

managing (oth software and hardware resources.managing (oth software and hardware resources.

7perating systems are responsi(le for e"erything from7perating systems are responsi(le for e"erything fromthe control and allocation of memory to recogniing inputthe control and allocation of memory to recogniing input

from e8ternal de"ices and transmitting output tofrom e8ternal de"ices and transmitting output to

computer displays. They also manage files on computercomputer displays. They also manage files on computer

hard dri"es and control peripherals, like printers andhard dri"es and control peripherals, like printers and

scanners.scanners.


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Soft$are < *SSoft$are < *S

$oftware refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell$oftware refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell

the hardware what to do # word processing programthe hardware what to do # word-processing program


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the hardware what to do. # word-processing programthe hardware what to do. # word-processing program

that you can use to write letters on your computer is athat you can use to write letters on your computer is a

type of software.type of software.

TheThe operatin s)stemoperatin s)stem 7$2 is software that manages7$2 is software that manages

your computer and the de"ices connected to it. indowsyour computer and the de"ices connected to it. indows

is a well-known operating system.is a well-known operating system.

*S*S

7$ does C) %anagement7$ does C) %anagement


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7$ does %emory %anagement7$ does %emory %anagement 7$ does ardware %anagement7$ does ardware %anagement

7$ (ridges users with computer7$ (ridges users with computer

7$ gi"es life to a Computer7$ gi"es life to a Computer

ithout 7$ Computer is a &ead %achineithout 7$ Computer is a &ead %achine

pon 7$ only #ll #pplication $oftware's will runpon 7$ only #ll #pplication $oftware's will run

Boot Se>uence G Win 05Boot Se>uence G Win 05


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)ower 7! + 637$ + )7$T + 6$ + %6F + 37.$V$ +)ower 7! + 637$ + )7$T + 6$ + %6F + 37.$V$ +

$V$3!3T + %$&7$.$V$ + C7!@3?.$V$ +$V$3!3T + %$&7$.$V$ + C7!@3?.$V$ +

#T7C.6#T + C7%%#!&.C7%#T7C.6#T + C7%%#!&.C7%

Boot Se>uence Win PBoot Se>uence Win P


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)ower on + 637$ + )7$T + 6$ + %6F + !T&F +)ower on + 637$ + )7$T + 6$ + %6F + !T&F +677T.3!3 + !T&TCT.C7% + !T7$LF!. +677T.3!3 + !T&TCT.C7% + !T7$LF!. +

#.& + $V$T% F?3$TFV + 3!7?7!. +#.& + $V$T% F?3$TFV + 3!7?7!. +

$#$$.$#$$.

P Boot Se>uenceP Boot Se>uence

@irst is the )7$T this stands for )ower 7n $elf Test for@irst is the )7$T this stands for )ower 7n $elf Test for


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@irst is the )7$T, this stands for )ower 7n $elf Test, for@irst is the )7$T, this stands for )ower 7n $elf Test, for

the computer. This process tests memory as well as athe computer. This process tests memory as well as anum(er of other su(systems. Vou can usually monitornum(er of other su(systems. Vou can usually monitor

this as it runs each test.this as it runs each test.

#fter that is complete the system will run )7$T for any#fter that is complete the system will run )7$T for any

de"ice that has a 637$ 6asic 3nput-7utput $ystem2. #nde"ice that has a 637$ 6asic 3nput-7utput $ystem2. #n

#?) has its own 637$, as do some network cards and#?) has its own 637$, as do some network cards and

"arious other de"ices."arious other de"ices.



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7nce the )7$T is complete and the 637$ is sure that7nce the )7$T is complete and the 637$ is sure that

e"erything is working properly, the 637$ will thene"erything is working properly, the 637$ will then

attempt to read the %6F %aster 6oot Fecord2.attempt to read the %6F %aster 6oot Fecord2.

This is the first sector of the first hard dri"e called theThis is the first sector of the first hard dri"e called the

%aster or &02. hen the %6F takes o"er it means that%aster or &02. hen the %6F takes o"er it means that

indows is now in control.indows is now in control.



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The %6F looks at the 677T $CT7F the first sector ofThe %6F looks at the 677T $CT7F the first sector ofthe acti"e partition2. That is where !T&F is located,the acti"e partition2. That is where !T&F is located,

!T&F is the 677T 7#&F for indows ).!T&F is the 677T 7#&F for indows ).

!T&F will allow memory addressing, initiate the file!T&F will allow memory addressing, initiate the filesystem, read the (oot.ini and load the (oot menu.system, read the (oot.ini and load the (oot menu.

!T&F has to (e in the root of the acti"e partition as do!T&F has to (e in the root of the acti"e partition as do

!T&TCT.C7%, 677T.3!3, 677T$CT.&7$ for!T&TCT.C7%, 677T.3!3, 677T$CT.&7$ formulti-7$ (ooting2 and !T677T&&.$V$ if you ha"emulti-7$ (ooting2 and !T677T&&.$V$ if you ha"e

$C$3 adapters2$C$3 adapters2



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7nce ) is selected from the 6oot %enu, !T&F will7nce ) is selected from the 6oot %enu, !T&F will

run !T&TCT.C7%, 677T.3!3 and 677T$CT.&7$run !T&TCT.C7%, 677T.3!3 and 677T$CT.&7$

to get the proper 7$ selected and loaded. The systemto get the proper 7$ selected and loaded. The system

starts in 1D-(it real mode and then mo"es into B


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!T&F will then load !T7$LF!. and #.&.!T&F will then load !T7$LF!. and #.&.ffecti"ely, these two files are windows ). They mustffecti"ely, these two files are windows ). They must

(e located in G$ystemFootG$ystemB


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Trou(le ShootinTrou(le Shootin

Beep CodesBeep Codes


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Error CodesError Codes 188188 -- $ystem 6oard errors$ystem 6oard errors


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B88B88 -- Ley(oard errorLey(oard error

488488 -- %onochrome "ideo pro(lem%onochrome "ideo pro(lem

E88E88 -- Colour "ideo pro(lemColour "ideo pro(lem

D88D88 -- @loppy disk pro(lem@loppy disk pro(lem

1D11D1 -- C%7$ (attery failureC%7$ (attery failure

1A011A01 -- && pro(lems&& pro(lems

1A;01A;0 -- &ri"e 0 pro(lem&ri"e 0 pro(lem

1A;11A;1 -- &ri"e 1 pro(lem&ri"e 1 pro(lem

S)stem Slo$S)stem Slo$

Fun &efragmentation


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