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Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo

Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology Taxonomy: K: Animalia P: Mollusca C: Bivalvia O: Veneroida F: Veneridae G:

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Page 1: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

Hard Clam AquacultureHard Clam Aquaculture

By Carly CappelluzzoBy Carly Cappelluzzo

Page 2: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

Hard Clam BiologyHard Clam Biology

Taxonomy: K: Animalia P: Mollusca C: Bivalvia O: Veneroida F: Veneridae G: Mercenaria S: M. mercenaria

Taxonomy: K: Animalia P: Mollusca C: Bivalvia O: Veneroida F: Veneridae G: Mercenaria S: M. mercenaria

Filter FeederBenthicMobile to an extent“Broadcast spawners”

Page 3: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

Ecology and DistributionEcology and Distribution Live in shallow bays and intercoastal waters. Prefer good water flow with abundant photoplankton. Predators include crabs, some fish species, rays, gulls

and migratory shorebirds and waterfowl. Distributed along the entire atlantic coast of North

America. (most abundant from Cape Cod to New Jersey) Can tolerate a wide range of temperatures and salinities. Has been introduced to the pacific coast via aquaculture.

Live in shallow bays and intercoastal waters. Prefer good water flow with abundant photoplankton. Predators include crabs, some fish species, rays, gulls

and migratory shorebirds and waterfowl. Distributed along the entire atlantic coast of North

America. (most abundant from Cape Cod to New Jersey) Can tolerate a wide range of temperatures and salinities. Has been introduced to the pacific coast via aquaculture.

Page 4: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

History as a ResourceHistory as a Resource Native Americans first harvested “quahogs” for food and wampum. Tuckerton first named Clamtown and was a major port for shellfish. By the mid 20th century clams and oysters were over-fished in NJ and

the industry suffered.

Native Americans first harvested “quahogs” for food and wampum. Tuckerton first named Clamtown and was a major port for shellfish. By the mid 20th century clams and oysters were over-fished in NJ and

the industry suffered.

The "Jesse G" taking on clams off Atlantic City. 1- Arnold Pratt Cramer; 2- Daniel Arnold Cramer; 3- Harold Cramer; and 4- the Claridge Hotel. (Photo courtesy of Arnold Nathan Cramer.)

Page 5: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

Aquaculture HistoryAquaculture History Hard Clam aquaculture was first attempted by wild clammers who

found “seed” and planted it on leased land or “hid” it. Oyster culture had been done since early 19th century. First hatchery rearing work done by Harold Haskin funded by

Campbell’s in 1950’s. Huge set of clams in late 60’s and 70’s at Goose Bar inspired local

clammers to take classes at VIMS to learn to spawn and rear clams. First attempts back in NJ were failures and changes in location,

salinity, and grow-out methods occurred and helped. Namely the use of plastic mesh screen.

Hard Clam aquaculture was first attempted by wild clammers who found “seed” and planted it on leased land or “hid” it.

Oyster culture had been done since early 19th century. First hatchery rearing work done by Harold Haskin funded by

Campbell’s in 1950’s. Huge set of clams in late 60’s and 70’s at Goose Bar inspired local

clammers to take classes at VIMS to learn to spawn and rear clams. First attempts back in NJ were failures and changes in location,

salinity, and grow-out methods occurred and helped. Namely the use of plastic mesh screen.

Second Cape Shore Laboratory, built by Harold Haskin in 1955.The houseboat “Cynthia” on Barnegat Bay, NJ, circa 1915.

Page 6: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

The BasicsThe Basics

Step 1: Select Brood Stock Step 2: Spawn Step 3: Planktonic Larval Stage Step 4: Post Set (Downwellers) Step 5: Upwellers (nursery grow

out) Step 6: Raceways (nursery) Step 7: Planted in the bay under

screens Step 8: Harvest for seafood market

Step 1: Select Brood Stock Step 2: Spawn Step 3: Planktonic Larval Stage Step 4: Post Set (Downwellers) Step 5: Upwellers (nursery grow

out) Step 6: Raceways (nursery) Step 7: Planted in the bay under

screens Step 8: Harvest for seafood market

Page 7: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

Selecting BroodstockSelecting Broodstock

Broodstock are selected based on the following: Notata Proven spawners Fast growing Region from

Broodstock are selected based on the following: Notata Proven spawners Fast growing Region from

wild color phenotype on the left, and clams that are homozygous (top, middle) and heterozygous for the notata shell color phenotypes (Photo by P. Baker.)

Page 8: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

SpawnSpawn In wild, clams are triggered to spawn by the spring tide. In hatchery, we simulate this with thermal shocking in a

shallow trough. Male clams release sperm, which triggers other males to

do the same, females then follow A clam will release its gametes for a couple of minutes at

a time. We place the releasing clams in separate containers so

that a few males and one female are in seclusion. Eggs are fertilized in minutes. Too much sperm may injure or kill an egg.

In wild, clams are triggered to spawn by the spring tide. In hatchery, we simulate this with thermal shocking in a

shallow trough. Male clams release sperm, which triggers other males to

do the same, females then follow A clam will release its gametes for a couple of minutes at

a time. We place the releasing clams in separate containers so

that a few males and one female are in seclusion. Eggs are fertilized in minutes. Too much sperm may injure or kill an egg.

Page 9: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

Planktonic Larval StagePlanktonic Larval Stage We pour the seawater with freshly

fertilized eggs over a fine mesh sieve (35 microns).

Fertilized eggs are then released into large larval tanks with highly filtered seawater around 25 degrees celsius.

They are fed unicellular planktonic algae that we grow in the lab.

These tanks are “drained down” every other day until clams “set”.

Clams set after 8 - 10 days.

We pour the seawater with freshly fertilized eggs over a fine mesh sieve (35 microns).

Fertilized eggs are then released into large larval tanks with highly filtered seawater around 25 degrees celsius.

They are fed unicellular planktonic algae that we grow in the lab.

These tanks are “drained down” every other day until clams “set”.

Clams set after 8 - 10 days.

Page 10: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

Larval DevelopmentLarval Development

g. Early trochophore larva (post-gastrulation)h. Fully developed trochophore larvai. D-hinge veliger larvaj. Unbonate veliger larvak. Pediveliger larva

l. Developed post-set juvenile

a. Unfertilized egg and spermb. Fertilized egg and polar body formationc. First cell divisiond. Four-cell embryoe. Eight-cell embryo showing spiral cleavagef. Morula

http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/G_Bay/HabitatEco/Shellfishing/quahog_dev.html

Page 11: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

Post Set - DownwellersPost Set - Downwellers

Post set clams are drained onto sieves and placed into downwellers.

Look like apple-butter Downwellers are 18 in PVC with a mesh bottom

(starting at 130 microns). They sit in a trough and water is downwelled through them using an air system which directs flow.

Unicellular algae is pumped into trough to feed in morning and night.

Water is replaced and post set is washed with seawater every day for first couple days then every other day.

Clams develop byssal threads. Post set clams go onto larger mesh sizes as they

grow until they reach 220 microns or so

Post set clams are drained onto sieves and placed into downwellers.

Look like apple-butter Downwellers are 18 in PVC with a mesh bottom

(starting at 130 microns). They sit in a trough and water is downwelled through them using an air system which directs flow.

Unicellular algae is pumped into trough to feed in morning and night.

Water is replaced and post set is washed with seawater every day for first couple days then every other day.

Clams develop byssal threads. Post set clams go onto larger mesh sizes as they

grow until they reach 220 microns or so

Page 12: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

UpwellersUpwellers

When clams are large enough they can go into upwellers and be fed raw seawater. (outside at nursery)

Upwellers use the same PVC and mesh (larger 250 - 1400) as downwellers but water flows through bottom of mesh and up and out of pvc.

Creates puff of clam seed on mesh held together by byssal threads.

Clams that are caught on a 1460 micron sieve are ready for raceways.

When clams are large enough they can go into upwellers and be fed raw seawater. (outside at nursery)

Upwellers use the same PVC and mesh (larger 250 - 1400) as downwellers but water flows through bottom of mesh and up and out of pvc.

Creates puff of clam seed on mesh held together by byssal threads.

Clams that are caught on a 1460 micron sieve are ready for raceways.

Page 13: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

RacewaysRaceways

Raceways are seeded with 1460 micron or larger seed from upwellers.

In one month they will grow enough (conditions permitting) to be sorted out, possible 1/4inch seed.

Raceways are re-seeded with sorted seed. Volumes:

15 liters - up to 1800 micron 20 liters - what falls through a 1/4 inch sieve 40 liters - 1/4 inch Up to 100 liters - 3/8 inch (plantable)

Raceways are seeded with 1460 micron or larger seed from upwellers.

In one month they will grow enough (conditions permitting) to be sorted out, possible 1/4inch seed.

Raceways are re-seeded with sorted seed. Volumes:

15 liters - up to 1800 micron 20 liters - what falls through a 1/4 inch sieve 40 liters - 1/4 inch Up to 100 liters - 3/8 inch (plantable)

Page 14: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

Bay Grow-outBay Grow-out

A clam lease is 2 acres and is leased from the state. Plantable seed is planted under 1/4 inch screen in August - October. PVC markers let us know the boundaries of our lease and the

location of screens. Screen protects from predators (namely the blue crab and cow-nose

rays. Clams burrow into the sediment and filter feed from the productive

late-summer water.

A clam lease is 2 acres and is leased from the state. Plantable seed is planted under 1/4 inch screen in August - October. PVC markers let us know the boundaries of our lease and the

location of screens. Screen protects from predators (namely the blue crab and cow-nose

rays. Clams burrow into the sediment and filter feed from the productive

late-summer water.

Page 15: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

HarvestHarvest When clams reach legal size

(1.5 inches long) they are harvested by hand with a rake.

Farmed clams make up most of the shellfish sold in markets.

Their taste is equal to wild clams, but their harvest impact is much less.

When clams reach legal size (1.5 inches long) they are harvested by hand with a rake.

Farmed clams make up most of the shellfish sold in markets.

Their taste is equal to wild clams, but their harvest impact is much less.

Page 16: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

Environmental BenefitsEnvironmental Benefits

Clams filter the water improving water clarity. Improved water clarity can allow SAV to grow in

the bay. Remove and absorb nitrogen from the system. (1

oyster when harvested has trapped 1 gram of nitrogen).

Clam Farming relieves stress on wild population. Nets which cover clams in bay provide substrate

for algae and habitat for epifauna such as crabs, shrimp, and fish species.

Clams filter the water improving water clarity. Improved water clarity can allow SAV to grow in

the bay. Remove and absorb nitrogen from the system. (1

oyster when harvested has trapped 1 gram of nitrogen).

Clam Farming relieves stress on wild population. Nets which cover clams in bay provide substrate

for algae and habitat for epifauna such as crabs, shrimp, and fish species.

Page 17: Hard Clam Aquaculture By Carly Cappelluzzo. Hard Clam Biology  Taxonomy:  K: Animalia  P: Mollusca  C: Bivalvia  O: Veneroida  F: Veneridae  G:

SourcesSources http://bassriverhistory.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.

html http://www.state.nj.us/seafood/Aquaculturereport.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_clam http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Northern+quahog+

(hard+clam)+Mercenaria+mercenaria+abundance+and...-a0135967953

http://www.hsrl.rutgers.edu/about/history.htm http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/

Mercenaria_mercenaria/en http://fishweb.ifas.ufl.edu/Pbaker/PBaker.htm

http://bassriverhistory.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html

http://www.state.nj.us/seafood/Aquaculturereport.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_clam http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Northern+quahog+

(hard+clam)+Mercenaria+mercenaria+abundance+and...-a0135967953

http://www.hsrl.rutgers.edu/about/history.htm http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/

Mercenaria_mercenaria/en http://fishweb.ifas.ufl.edu/Pbaker/PBaker.htm