Harbour Engineering Cad Lab 1 Record

8/11/2019 Harbour Engineering Cad Lab 1 Record

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135, East Coast Road, Kanathur 603 112. Chennai, INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF HARBOUR ANDOCEAN ENGINEERING

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN LABORATORY

RECORD

STUDENT NAME:_________________________________________________________________________


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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this record HARBOUR ENGINEERING COMPUTER

AIDED DESIGN LABORATORY-I is the Bonafide work done by

.. Register no of the

semester during the year

..

Date:

Submitted for the Examination held on

Internal Examiner Sign

K.SAMPATH RAJ

Assistant Professor

Faculty In charge

AMET University, Chennai

20


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Content

INTRODUCTION

Work space

Draw tools

Modify tools

Layer tools

Annotation tools

Property

Utilities

Clip board

Exercises-1

Exercises-2

Exercises-3

Exercises-4

Exercises-5


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Study of Capabilities of Software for Drafting and

Coastal Modeling

Aim: To study of capabilities of Autocad for Drafting and Modeling.

Whether you're a novice user or an experienced CAD professional, you'll soon be

creating drawings using the numerous productivity-enhancing features in the software. These

features include:

A familiar Microsoft Windows environment.

The ability to work with multiple open documents.

Unparalleled DWG compatibility.

These are just a few of the many features that we've included in the program to make the

transition into CAD-based drawing a smooth one for new users. We've also incorporated

many features that experienced CAD users have been requesting for years in a drawing

package. You have chosen an affordable, high-quality software program to produce your

drawings. We think you'll be pleased with the results!

We encourage you to take a few moments to familiarize yourself with the information in

this Help system. We've organized the following quick-reference topics to give you an

overview of some of the program's features and to assist you in using the DWGeditor Help

system. Because DWGeditor can read, write, and display DWG files without conversion, it is

an obvious choice for Autodesk AutoCAD users. But the program provides other

compatibility and productivity features that you will find indispensable. DWGeditor is a

powerful drawing program that gives you the ability to create professional two-dimensional

drawings and three-dimensional designs. But don't take our word for it-see a few samples for

yourself!

DWGeditor is designed for anyone who wants a fast and efficient CAD program with the

power and versatility of standard programs such as AutoCAD by Autodesk or MicroStation

by Bentley Systems, Inc., at an affordable price. Using today's advanced technology,

DWGeditor integrates the Microsoft Windows interface with a powerful CAD engine.

Understanding DWGeditor

DWGeditor is designed for anyone who wants a fast and efficient CAD program with

all the power and versatility of standard programs such as AutoCAD by Autodesk, Inc., or

MicroStation by Bentley Systems, Inc., at an affordable price. Using today's advanced

technology, DWGeditor integrates the Microsoft Windows interface with a powerful CAD

engine.


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DWGeditor provides unparalleled compatibility with AutoCAD, using most of the

same file formats including those for drawings (.dwg files), linetypes, hatch patterns, and text

styles. You can also use AutoCAD menu files and run AutoLISP by Autodesk, Inc.,

programs. If you have written your own ADS (AutoCAD Development System by Autodesk)

programs, simply recompile them to link with the DWGeditor libraries provided on yourcompact disc. Many third-party ADS programs already support DWGeditor. If you have a

program that is not already supported, ask your software vendor to provide an IntelliCAD-

compatible version of their program.

DWGeditor is more compatible with the AutoCAD program than any other CAD

product, delivers additional tools with advanced CAD features, and has a seamless Microsoft

Windows integration. This powerful program provides a superb combination of features for

CAD users like architects, engineers, and designers.

DWGeditor incorporates all the standard features found in other CAD programs,along with features and capabilities you won't find anywhere else. Its multiple-document

interface (MDI) lets you open and work with several drawings at the same time. You can

easily copy drawing entities between drawings. In addition, the powerful Drawing Explorer

lets you manage information and settings and quickly copy layers, linetypes, and other

information between drawings.

DWGeditor greatly reduces the time and effort it takes to create and revise drawings.

Not only can you produce accurate drawings faster, you can also reuse the information in

your drawings. These are the primary reasons for making the transition to CAD fromtraditional, manual drafting on paper.

As with any tool, however, to use it effectively, you need to be familiar with some of

the special features, functions, and concepts of CAD. If you are familiar with manual

drafting, you'll find some conceptual similarities in CAD as well as some differences.

Drawing to scale

In traditional, manual drafting, you usually determine the scale of the drawing before

you even start to draw, because you are working with a sheet of paper of a fixed size. You

may have to reduce or enlarge the entity you are drawing to fit within the confines of the

paper. When you create a drawing in DWGeditor, you draw everything full-size. You

determine the type of units in which your drawing is measured. If you are drawing a building,

one drawing unit might equal one inch. If you are drawing a map, one drawing unit might

equal one mile. Your drawing environment and the CAD drawing file itself are not limited to

the size of a particular sheet of paper.

As you draw, you can use commands such as Pan and Zoom to work on different

portions of the drawing and to magnify the display of the drawing to view small details.

These commands have no effect on the actual size of the entities in your drawing; they only


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affect the way the drawing is displayed on your screen. Only when you print or plot your

drawing do you need to set the scale so that the printed drawing fits within a specific paper

size.

Using tools

In manual drafting, you use tools such as pencils, rulers, T-squares, templates, erasers,

and so on. When you create a drawing in DWGeditor, you use a mouse instead of a pencil,

and you use the mouse to select other toolscommand s you select from a menu or a toolbar.

You use some tools to create basic entities, such as lines, circles, and arcs, and other

tools to modify existing entities (for example, to copy or move them or to change properties

such as color and linetype).

Organizing informationIn traditional drafting, you often separate elements such as walls, dimensions,

structural steel members, and electrical plans onto separate, translucent overlays. When you

want to print the working drawings, you can create several different drawings by combining

different overlays.

When you create a drawing in DWGeditor, you use layers to organize elements in a

similar manner. However, the layers feature in CAD offers numerous advantages over

physical transparencies. The number of overlays you can combine to print a manually drafted

drawing is limited by the printing process. There is no such limitation in CAD. WithDWGeditor, you can define an unlimited number of layers, any of which can be visible or

invisible at any time. You can name each layer and assign each its own color and linetype.

You can also lock individual layers to ensure that information on those layers isn't altered

accidentally.

Drawing accurately

When you create a manual drawing, ensuring accuracy typically requires a lot of

measuring and rechecking. By contrast, DWGeditor offers a number of drawing aids that

assure accuracy from the start. For example, you create and modify entities based on an

underlying Cartesian coordinate system. Every location in the drawing has its own x,y,z

coordinates. You can also display a grid as a visual reference to your coordinate system.

Every location in the drawing has its own x, y, z-coordinate within the underlying

Cartesian coordinate system. Point 5, 2, 0 is 5 units to the right (along the x-axis), 2 units up

(along the y-axis), and 0 units (along the z-axis) from the origin (the 0,0, 0 point).

Settings such as snap and entity snaps allow you to draw accurately without

specifying coordinates. The snap setting forces the selected points to adhere to the grid

increment or to any other increment you set. Entity snaps let you snap to precise geometric


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points on existing entitiesfor example, the end po int of a line or the center of a circle.

Another setting, orthogonal, constrains lines so that they are drawn parallel to the vertical and

horizontal axes.

Paper-based drawings lack the highdegree of accuracy possible when

using CAD. Lines often overlap or

fail to meet adjacent lines.

Snap and entity snap force the cursor to adhere to aspecified increment or attach to key geometric

points on existing entities. You can also constrain

lines to vertical and horizontal axes.

Drawing efficiently

In paper-based, manual drafting, you often have to redraw the same entity several

times at different scales or from different vantage points. You may also need to redraw theborder and title block on each new sheet. One of the most powerful features of DWGeditor is

that when you create a drawing, you can reuse individual entities, borders, and title blocks as

often as you want. You need only draw an entity once; the final printed drawing can show the

entity at several different scales and viewpoints.

DWGeditor provides two drawing environments, or workspaces: model space and paper

space. You usually begin working in model space, creating the drawing (a floor plan, a map, or a

three-dimensional part) without regard to the final layout on paper. When you are ready to print

your drawing, you have the option to switch to paper space, where you lay out the drawing as youwant it to appear on a sheet of paper. For example, you can insert a drawing file that contains the

standard border and title block that you created. You can define and arrange multiple views of the

drawing at appropriate scales and with specific portions visible or invisibleagain, without

having to redra w the border and title block for each view.

Reusing CAD drawings and entities

When you create a paper drawing manually, you can draw repetitive symbols by

tracing a plastic template. After you draw a symbol in DWGeditor, you can reuse that symbol

without having to redraw it. You simply save the symbol as a block. You can then insertcopies of that block anywhere in your drawing. You can also save the symbol as a separate

drawing for use in other drawings. You can draw a symbol one time, save it as a block, and

then insert multiple copies of that symbol anywhere in your drawing.

In addition, you can reuse entire drawings and insert individual drawings into other

drawings. You can also use an external reference, which acts as a pointer to another drawing

rather than a copy of the entire drawing. Using an external reference has an added advantage:

when you update the externally referenced drawing, each drawing that references it can be

automatically updated.


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What's New in DWGeditor 4

Multiple layouts

In paper space, you can use multiple layouts for different paper sizes and settings.

Unicode characters

DWGeditor now supports the Unicode character encoding standard, which enables

you to display and write text in different languages using different letters.

Enhanced block insertion

Using DWGeditor Explorer, you can insert blocks from any open drawing into

another open drawing.

New system variables

New system variables include: DIMFRAC, DIMLUNIT, DIMATFIT, DIMLDRBLK,

DIMTMOVE, and MTEXTED.

ACIS Solids

You can now create and edit true 3D (ACIS) entities, such as boxes, spheres,

cylinders, and toruses. You can also import and export ACIS entities such as surfaces,

regions, and solids to an ACIS file in ASCII (SAT) format.

Using AutoCAD commands with DWGeditor

Because DWGeditor supports hundreds of AutoCAD Release 14 commands, you use

the commands you already know. For example, to draw a circle, use the circlecommand. To

copy a circle, use the copycommand. When you press Enter or the spacebar, you activate the

command-just like in AutoCAD. DWGeditor accepts the special characters used by

AutoCAD, such as point filters (for example, .xy), relative coordinates (the @ symbol), and

the apostrophe (the ' prefix) for transparent commands. DWGeditor function keys are also

similar to those used in AutoCAD. Because you do not need to learn a new set of commands,

you are immediately productive with DWGeditor.

Using advanced CAD features

In addition to being compatible with AutoCAD, DWGeditor goes several steps further

by providing you with innovative features to increase your productivity.


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Using the Drawing Explorer

The Drawing Explorer has an interface similar to the Windows Explorer, allowing

you to view and manage the elements of multiple, open drawings, such as layers, blocks,

linetypes, views, user coordinate systems, and text styles.

Editing multiple documents simultaneously

With DWGeditor, you can open and edit multiple drawings simultaneously. You can

also copy and paste elements between open drawings.

Editing multiple entities

DWGeditor allows you to change most of the properties of all selected entities using a

single, tabbed dialog box.

Using the Customize dialog box

DWGeditor has a single, tabbed dialog box for changing toolbars, menus, keyboard

shortcuts, and command aliases. You can also use the drag-and-drop method to customize

toolbars, including fly-outs. The simple, point-and-click action lets you easily create new

menu items and keyboard shortcuts-no programming or manual text editing required.

Performing unlimited undo and redo

DWGeditor increases your power with unlimited undo and redo of editing actions.

Because DWGeditor supports hundreds of AutoCAD Release 14 commands, you use the

commands you already know. For example, to draw a circle, use the circle command. To

copy a circle, use the copycommand.

When you press Enter or the spacebar, you activate the command-just like in

AutoCAD. DWGeditor accepts the special characters used by AutoCAD, such as point filters

(for example, .xy), relative coordinates (the @ symbol), and the apostrophe (the ' prefix) for

transparent commands. DWGeditor function keys are also similar to those used in AutoCAD.

Because you do not need to learn a new set of commands, you are immediatelyproductive with DWGeditor

Using AutoCAD legacy drawings

DWGeditor fully supports AutoCAD legacy drawings. DWGeditor reads and writes

DWG files in their native format without any loss of data, from AutoCAD Release 14 back to

version 2.5. Because DWGeditor uses DWG as its native file format, no translation is

required.

DWGeditor provides you with the appropriate tools for your experience level-whetheryou are a beginner, intermediate, or advanced CAD user. If you are just starting out with


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CAD, you may want to use the beginner level, which provides toolbars containing the basic

tools such as lines, arcs, and circles. As you become more experienced, you can move to the

intermediate level and then to the advanced level, which gives you access to more than 300

commands through toolbars, menus, and keyboard entry. When you install the program, the

default setting is the intermediate level; you can change it to either beginner or advancedduring installation or you can change it from the Options dialog box on the Tools menu.

DWGeditor supports three-dimensional wireframes and surfaces. When a drawing file

contains an ACIS solid model, DWGeditor can display and print the 3D solids. When a

drawing containing AutoCAD proxy entities is loaded into DWGeditor, the program displays

the following message: "This drawing contains one or more entities that will not display.

These entities WILL be stored and saved back into the drawing."

It's easy to customize DWGeditor. You can modify menus and toolbars, create custom menus,

dialog boxes, command aliases, and scripts, and add custom programs written in any ofseveral programming languages, including LISP (the program's Autodesk AutoLISP-

compatible language) and SDS (Solutions Developmen t System, the program's

Autodesk ADS-compatible language).

You can run existing Autodesk AutoLISP applications in DWGeditor with little or no

modification. DWGeditor uses the apploadcommand so you can easily load LISP programs.

DWGeditor reads files that contain dialog control language (DCL) statements as well, which

makes DWGeditor compatible with dialog boxes created for AutoCAD.

Result:


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Study of Coordinate systemsDate:

Aim: To study of various coordinate systems in engineering Drawing.

Coordinate system

For accuracy in a drawing, you can locate specific points by entering coordinates as

you draw or modify entities. When you create two-dimensional entities, you enter two-

dimensional coordinates; for three-dimensional entities, you specify three-dimensional

coordinates. You can also specify coordinates in relation to other known locations or entities

in a drawing. In particular, when you work in three-dimensional drawings, it is often easier to

specify coordinates in relation to a two-dimensional working plane, called a user coordinate

system (UCS).

This section explains how to work with coordinates, including how to:

Use two-dimensional and three-dimensional coordinate systems.

Specify absolute and relative coordinates.

Specify polar, spherical, and cylindrical coordinates.

Define and manipulate user coordinate systems.

Using two-dimensional coordinates

When working in two dimensions, you specify points on the xy plane. You can

specify any point as an absolute coordinate (or Cartesian coordinate), using the exact x-

coordinate and y-coordinate locations in relation to the origin (the 0,0 coordinate point at

which the two axes intersect), or as a relative coordinate in relation to the previous point. You

can also specify points using relative or absolute polar coordinates, which locate a point using

a distance and an angle.

Using three-dimensional coordinates

Specifying coordinates in three-dimensional space is similar to working in two

dimensions, except that you also use the z-axis to locate coordinates. Three-dimensional

coordinates are represented in the format x,y,z (for example, 2,3,6).

Using the right-hand rule

To visualize how DWGEditor works with three-dimensional space, use a technique

known as the right-hand rule. Hold up your right hand in a loose fist with your palm facing


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you. Extend your thumb in the direction of the positive x-axis and your index finger upward

in the direction of the positive y-axis. Then extend your middle finger straight toward you in

the direction of the z-axis. These three fingers are now pointing in the positive x, y, and z

directions, respectively. You can also use the right-hand rule to determine the positive

rotation direction. Point your thumb in the positive direction of the axis about which youwant to rotate, and then curl the rest of your fingers toward your palm. These fingers are

curling in the positive rotation direction.

The right-hand rule helps you determine the positive direction of the x-, y-, and z-axes and

the positive rotation direction.

Entering absolute Cartesian coordinates

To enter absolute Cartesian coordinates, type the coordinate location of the point inthe command bar. For example, to use absolute Cartesian coordinates to draw a line from the

origin (0,0) to a point 3 units to the right and 1 unit above the origin, start the Line command

and respond to the prompts as follows:

Start of line: 0,0

Angle ? Length ? : 3,1

Drawing a line using the absolute Cartesian coordinate method.


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When using absolute Cartesian coordinates, you need to know the exact point

locations for anything you draw. For instance, to use absolute Cartesian coordinates to draw

an 8.5-unit square with its lower left corner at 4,5, you must determine that the upper left

corner is at coordinate 4,13.5, the upper right corner at 12.5,13.5, and the lower right corner

at 12.5,5.

Entering polar coordinates

Using relative polar coordinates makes drawing a square tilted at a 45-degree angle a

simple task. Polar coordinates base the location of a point on a distance and angle from either

the origin (absolute coordinate) or from the previous point (relative coordinate).

To specify polar coordinates, type a distance and an angle, separated by the open

angle bracket (


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Entering spherical coordinates

When working in three-dimensional space, you can use spherical coordinates to

specify a three-dimensional point by entering its distance from either the origin (absolutedistance) or the last point (relative distance), along with its angle in the xy plane and its angle

up from the xy plane. In spherical format, you separate each angle with the open angle

bracket (


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When you draw a line from a start point (A) to an endpoint (B) using cylindrical

coordinates, you specify its length (C, in this case 7.4750), the angle in the xy plane (D, in

this case 27 degrees), and the distance in the z direction (E, in this case 3 units).

Defining user coordinate systems

When working in three-dimensional space, you can define a user coordinate system

(UCS) with its own 0,0,0 origin and orientation separate from the World Coordinate System.

You can create as many user coordinate systems as you want, and then save and recall them

as you need them to simplify construction of three-dimensional entities.

For example, you can create a separate UCS for each side of a building. Then, by switching

to the UCS for the east side of the building, you can draw the windows on that side by

specifying only their x- and y-coordinates. When you create one or more user coordinate

systems, the coordinate entry is based on the current UCS.

UCS aligned with the front wall of the house.

Entering relative Cartesian coordinates

Another, simpler method is to use relative Cartesian coordinates: you specify a

location in the drawing by determining its position relative to the last coordinate you

specified. To use relative Cartesian coordinates, type the coordinate values in the command

bar, preceded by the atsymbol (@). The coordinate pair following the @ symbol represents

the distance along the x-axis and the y-axis to the next point relative to the previous point.

For example, to draw an 8.5-unit square with its lower left corner at 4,5 using relative

Cartesian coordinates, start the Line command, and then respond to the prompts as follows:


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Start of line: 4,5

Angle ? Length ? : @8.5,0

Angle ? Length ? Follow ? Undo ? : @0,8.5

Angle ? Length ? Follow ? Close ? Undo ? : @-8.5,0

Angle ? Length ? Follow ? Close ? Undo ? : C

Drawing a square using the relative Cartesian coordinates method; enter Cto close.

The first relative coordinate (@8.5,0) locates the new point 8.5 units to the right (along the x-

axis) from the previous point of 4,5; the second relative coordinate (@0,8.5) locates the next

point 8.5 units above (along the y-axis) the previous point, and so on. Entering C(for Close)

draws the final line segment back to the first point specified when you started the Line

command.

Result:


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Ex.No:1(c) Creation of Simple figures like polygon and general

Date: multi-line figuresAim: To draw the simple figures like rectangle, pentagon, hexagon, circle, square triangleusing

different coordinate system.

Software: DWGeditor (AUTOCAD2013).

List of Commands Used:

1.Limits 6. Offset 11.Offset

2.Zoom 7. Trim 12.Mirror

3.Line 8. Arc 13.Delete

4.Rectangle 9. Text 14.Print5.Explode 10.Circle

Procedure:

1.

Limits is set corresponding to A4 paper size (297 mm x 210 mm).

2.

Screen is zoomed to A4 size using zoom command.

3. Using line command, lines are drawn to get the required margins.

4. Using rectangle, explode, offset, trim and line commands title block is drawn as per

the specifications to accommodate in A4 paper.

5. Commands like line, circle and trim are used to draw the first angle projection

symbol.

6. Use the dtext command to give the required details in the title block and diagram.

7.

Various command like line, rectangle, circle, offset, trim etc. are used to complete the

given simple figures diagram in absolute, relative Cartesian and polar coordinate

methods.

8. Use the trim and delete commands to remove any unwanted lines.

9. Use the dtext command to name the simple figures.

10.The views are printed on A4 sheet using the print command.

Result:

Thus the required simple figures like rectangle, pentagon, hexagon, circle, square,

triangle are drawn using different coordinate system with the help of DWGeditor(Solid

Works2009).


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Ex.No:2 Creation of Title Block with Projection symbolDate:

Aim: TO create the title block with first angle projection symbol.

Software Used: AUTOCAD 2013.


1.Limits 7. Trim

2.Zoom 8. Circle

3.Line 9. Polygon

4.Rectangle 10.Dtext

5.Explode 11.Delete

6.Offset 12.Print

Procedure:

1. Limits is set corresponding to A4 paper size (297 mm x 210 mm).

2. Screen is zoomed to A4 paper size using zoom command.


4.

Using rectangle, explodes, offset trim and line commands title block si drawn as

per the specifications.

5.

Command like line, circle and trim are used to draw the first angle projection symbol.6. Trim and delete commands are used to remove any unwanted lines.

7. The dtext command is used to give the required details in the title block.

8. The title block with first angle projection symbol is printed on A4 size sheet using

the print command.

Result:

The required title block and first angle projection symbol is drawn with suitable dimensions

suing DWG Editor (Solid Works2009).


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Ex.No:3 Drawing of Curves Parabola, Involutes and

Date: SpiralAim: To draw the curves like parabola, spiral, involutes using Bspline or cubic spline.

Software Used: DWG Editor(AUTOCAD2013).


1.Limits 5.Spline 9. Copy

2.Zoom 6.Offset 10.Delete

3.Line 7.Trim 11.Print

4.Arc / Circle 8.Dtext

Procedure:

1.




4. Using rectangle, explode, offset trim and line commands title block is drawn as per

the specifications to accommodate in A4 paper.

5. Command like line, circle and trim are used to draw the first angle projection symbol.

6.

The dtext command is used to give the required details in the title block.7.

Various commands like line, spline, arc, circle, offset trim, etc are used to draw the

given curve.

8. Trim and delete commands are used to remove any unwanted lines.

9. The dtext command is used to give the name and other details of the curve.

10.The drawing is printed on A4 size sheet using the print command.

Result:

Thus the required curve like parabola, spiral and involutes is drawn using DWG

Editor


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Ex.No:6 Draw the plan of Residential building with suitable

Date: dimensioningAim: To draw the plan of residential building from the given line diagram.

Software: DWG Editor (AUTOCAD2013).

List of Commands:

1.Limits 6. Dtext

2.Zoom 7. Copy

3.Line 8. Delete

4.Offset 9. Circle

5.Trim 10.Print

Procedure:

1.




4.

Using rectangle, explode, offset, trim and line commands title block is drawn as per the

specifications to accommodate in A4 paper.

5. Commands like line, circle and trim are used to draw the first angle projection symbol.

6.

Use the dtext command to give the required details in the title block.

7.

Top view of the residential building is drawn as per given dimensions using commandslike line, offset, trim, etc from the line diagram.

8. Using line and copy commands doors, windows, sunshades and ventilator are drawn to

get the required size.

9. Use the trim and delete commands to remove any unwanted lines.

10.Dimensions are marked in all the rooms using dimension command.

11.

Rooms are named using dtext command.

12.The views are printed on A4 size sheet using the print command.

Result:Thus the required plan of the residential building is drawn using DWG Editro (AUTOCAD2009)

for the given line diagram.


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Ex.No:7 DRAW A STEEL TRUSS WITH SUITABLE

Date: DIMENSIONING

Aim: To draw a steel truss from the given diagram with suitable dimensions.

Software: DWG Editor (AUTOCAD2013).

List of Commands:

1.Limits 6. Dimension 11.Arc

2.Zoom 7. Dtext 12.Mirror

3.Line 8. Copy 13.Print

4.Offset 9. Delete

5.Trim 10.Circle

Procedure:

1. Limits is set corresponding to A4 paper size (297 mm x 210 mm).

2. Screen is zoomed to A$ paper using zoom command.


4. Using rectangle , explode, offset, trim amd line command title block is drawn as per the

specifications to accommodate in A$ paper.

5.

Commands like line, circle (or) arc and trim are used to draw the first angle projectionsymbol.

6.

The given steel truss is drawn as per dimensions using commands like line, offset, trim,

mirror, etc are used to complete the steel truss.

7.

Use the trim and delete commands to remove any unwanted lines.

8. Dimensions are marked using dimensions command.

9. Name the steel truss using dtext command.

10.

The view are printed on A4 size sheet using the print command.

Result:

Thus the required steel truss is drawn using DWG Editor (AUTOCAD 2009) for the given steel

truss diagram.


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COMMANDS AUTOCAD 2014

workspace

If you are used to the workspace in older

version, you can choose AutoCAD Classic

Tabs

Panels

enter commands for drafting and other functions here (recommended way to draw because it

is faster than clicking iron) This line will also show options within a tool. Please make a

habit to constantly check the command line for what you can do with the tool you selected.

When Tabs or Panels disappear sometime, you can right-clicking on the grey part of the menu bar to find them.


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save

When you open AutoCAD, there is an existing sheet called Drawing1.dwg. You can work on this sheet and then save it

by either of these two ways.

After the fi rst time save, you can click this button or

use shortcut Ctrl+S to save your drawing. Itis a good

habit to save your work frequently in case the software

crashes or power off.

The drawing is saved as AutoCAD 2010 Drawing as

default. If you want to open it in othe

softwares(like Sketch Up, Rhino) or lower version

AutoCAD, you have to save it as a lower version.


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set up a new sheet

There are two ways to set up a new sheet

The default format is acad.dwt. In practice field,

you may be required to use a template.


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drawing units (units)

You can set the drawing units in Tools > Units. As a default, the

measurements in the drawing is unitless. For example, when you draw a line

with length 10, AutoCAD doesnt know if it is 10 miles or 10 millimeters

until you set the unit. Remember to set it before you start drawing, or scale the

drawn objects accordingly if you change the unit in the existing drawing.

Architectural (i.e. 1-3 1/2) and engineering (i.e. 1-3.50) units are most

frequently used in the states. Please note that you have to specify the type of

units in Insertion Scale tab when it is set to decimal, scientifi c, or fractional

units.

For example, if you want to use millimeter: set Type in Length window to Decimal > set Insertion Scale to Millimeter

cursors

When you are not in command, the cursor looks like a

cross with a square in the middle. When you are in

drawing-related commands, the square disappear.

When you are in modify-related commands, only the

cross disappear. You can escape from a command by

hitting Esckey.not in command in drawing command in modifying command

select / deselect

You can select the objects by clicking on an object or drawing a window around it. Drawing a window fromleft to

right selects everything that the window crosses. Drawing a window from right to left selects everything that the

window contains. You can deselect objects by doing the same operation while holdingdown Shiftkey, or deselect

everything by hitting Esckey.

general shortcuts

Many general shortcuts are used in AutoCAD.

For example:Ctrl+S saves the dwg fi le (qsave)Ctrl+Z undoes the previous action (u) and Ctrl +Y redose the undone action again (redo) Ctrl+C

copies and Ctrl+V pastesCtrl+P opens the plot window (plot)


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snap & tracking

There are settings that help you draw accurately. Please pay attention to the tabs below the command line and click on

them to turn on/off.

Snap Mode: snaps to increments of the spacing that you specify. (i.e. if you set it to 2 in both x,y direction, it wil

snap on 2,2:2,4:10,8 etc)Grid Display: displays grids with the spacing that you specify

Ortho Mode: restricts movements to horizontal and vertical directions.

Polar Tracking: tracks increments of the angle that you specify(i.e. if you set it to 30 degrees, it will track

30,60,90,120 degrees etc.)

Object Snap: snaps to existing objects on the screen. You can also activate specific Object Snap during

drawing/inquiry operations by right clicking and selecting snap overrides.

Show/Hide Lineweight: turns on/off the line width on display.It does not affect the line widths on plot.

Quick Properties: displays the properties of selected object(s). Another way to show properties: After select a

object/objects, right click and select Quick Properties. You can change the object(s) properties

here(layers,color and linetype.)

snap overrides right click quick properties


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Draw

There are two ways to draw

type full or short name in command line(increase efficiency)

Icon: Home/Draw

short name

LINE (l): draws a line from one point to another.

POLYLINE (pl): draws a line/curve with multiple

control points.

Pay attention to the command line while using

POLYLINE tool; it will show you variety of options for

the next move you can take. Following are some of theexamples.

If you hit Esc while drawing a polyline, the line terminates at the lastpoint you clicked.

If you type cl while drawing a polyline, it draws a segment that

connects the starting point and the last point you clicked (the line

becomes a closed shape).

You can also draw an object with arcs using POLYLINE tool.

If you type a while drawing a polyline, your next segment wil l be an

arc. It will continue to draw arc segments with tangent to the previous

arc.

line

polyline

drawing a polyline

hitting Esc

typing cl


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If you type s while drawing an arc segment, you can define an arc angle

by specifying three points that the arc goes through.

If you type r while drawing an arc segment, you can define an arc

radius.

RECTANGLE (rec): draws arectangle by defi ning two corners.

Click on the point where you want to place the first corner of a

rectangle or type in x,y coordination for precise imput.

If you type @ after defining the fi rst corner, you can specify the

second corner by x,y coordination. For example, type @36,24 for 36 x

24 box.

If you type d after the fi rst corner, you can specify the second corner

by the x and y distance from the first corner. For example, type d >

space > 36 > space > 24 for 36 x 24 box.

POLYGON: draws a polygon by number of edges.

If you choose to inscribe in circle, it draws a polygon inside the

circle with the radius you specify.

If you choose to circumscribe about circle, it draws a polygon that

contains the circle with the radius you specify.

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CIRCLE (c): draws a circle.

First click will define center of the circle. define the radiusby

typing it in or clicking.

If you type d after the fi rst click, it will draw a circle with the

diameter that you specify.

If you type 2p or 3p beforeclicking the center, it will draw a

circle that goes through the points you specify.

SPLINE (spline): draws a spline connecting multiple points.

Defi ne the points that a spline goes thgough by clicking.

End the tool by hitting Esc (terminates the spline at the last point clicked)

or typing cl (adds a curve back to the starting point).

Spline has a tendency to increase the file size and may cause

complecation when modify later. Excessive use of splines are not

recommended especially when sharing a file with other people.


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HATCH(h):fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern orfills.

Type: usually predefined

Pattern: choose the pattern from list (pull

down) or clicking either of these.

The window below pops up. ISO has basic

patterns. Other predefined tab shows com-monly

used patterns such as BRICK, EARTH,

GRAVEL, CONC, SAND...

You can modify the angle and scale of patterns

When hatching a space defined by different ob-jects

such as an overlapped zone of 2 circles, select Add

Pick points. The more complex the area is the longer

it takes to calculate. You get an error message when

the area is too complicated to calculate. Zooming

in/out to the hatching area sometimes helps. You can

also maunally manipulate the selection areas by using

buttons below: remove boundaries and recreate

boundaries

When hatching a complete object, such as circle,

rectangle, or polygon, select Add select object.

If you wish, you can pick multiple ob-jects at one

time.

Check Associative if thereis a

possibility that the shape of the

hatch may be modified later.

You can copy/paste the exact

hatch properties from existing

hatches by clicking this.

Once the selections are set, lets check how it looks by clicking preview button on the left corner. Modify angle

and scale if necessary.

You can also modify the property after you complete the command. Double click the hatch and the property window

will pop up. Simply make changes.


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DIVIDE (div): Divide an object into certain length or perimeter segment. You can draw from the node or you can

place objects along the nodes. i.e. You want to place 5 trees equally on a line.

Select object to divide, enter # of segments.

MEASURE (me): Places point objects or blocks at measured intervals on an object. i.e. You want to place trees

every 50 feet.

2 150

50 50

3

50

4 50

5 50

As default,the cross nodes wont show up unless you type pdmode and change value to 2 or 3. It is not necessary to

show them up. You can snap the nodes by choose Node in Object Snap setting. If you dont want to plot nodes, do

not forgot to change pdmode value back to 0 before you plot.

You can directly place blocks by specifying a block instead of #s.

Divide or measure, select the object, (b) for block, type the name of block (must be exact name), define if you

want the block to align the curves or not, enter # of segments or length of segments.

Do not forget to place blocks at the ends.

This may be useful for placing plants, light, etc...


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Modify

There are two ways to modify

type full or short name in command line(increase efficiency)

Icon: Home/Modify

ERASE (e): erases the selected objects. You can get the same effect by selecting objects and hitting Delete key.

COPY (cp): copies the selected objects from one place to another.Select objects, click/type the base point and the second point that you

want to copy objects to.

You can also copy+paste objects by selecting objects and right-

clicking on them. It will save objects in clipboard and al-lows you to

copy things from one file to another. Select copy with basepoint to

copy things between files at precise loca-tions.

MIRROR (mi): mirrors objects along the line that you defi ne. It will ask you whether you want to keep the original object or not

after defining the mirror line. type y for yes or n for no.

OFFSET(o): offsets objects to the distance you specify.

It will ask you the distance to offset objects first . you canspecify it by

typing the distance in or clicking two points on screen.

After entering the distance, grab an object to offset and click on the side

that you want to offset it to.

You can offset an object multiple times in the same distance by

repeating click.


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MOVE (m): moves the selected objects from one place to another.

Select objects, click/type a base point and the second point that you

want to move objects to.

SCALE (sc): scale objects by the ratio you specify.

select objects, click/type a base point and click/type the scale

numerically.

you can also scale objects by the relative distances using

Reference points.

select objects, click/type a base point, then type r for Reference.

click the base point again, then click the second point to define the

original distance. click the third point at where you wish the previous

point to be after scaling objects.

In this way, it will scale the objects by the distance ratio of base

point to the second point : base point to the third point. Position of

the base point needs to be constant.

TRIM (tr): trim objects along specified objects.

Create objects that you want to use as trim edges.

Click on Trim tool, select the trim edges and hit enter,

click on the objects to trim on the side thatyou want

to erase.

You can trim multiple objects at once by using

selection window or fence tool.

To use selection window, draw a window after

selecting trim edges instead of directly clicking on

objects to trim.

To use fence, type f after selecting trim edges and

draw a line. It will trim everything that the line

crosses.


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EXTEND (ex): extend objects to reach specified

objects.

Basic operation is similar to trim. Select objects that

you want to use as extend edges and hit enter, click on

the objects that you want to extend.

You can also extend multiple objects at once by using

selection window or fence tool. For direc-tions,

please see trim section.

EXPLODE (x): break selected complex objects such as blocks and polylines down to lines and arcs.

POLYLINE EDIT (pe): There are extensive options to edit polyline. Please pay attention to the command linefor the

available options and directions.

Useful options are:

Close: adds a line to close an open polyline.

Join: joins touching multiple polylines into one object

AutoCAD does not join vertexes when overlapped. Make sure

that the lines/arcs that you want to join are touch-ing at an

exact point. If you are unsure, move one of the vertexes away

and put it back together using end point snap.

Edit Vertex: modifi es control points.

After you select Edit Vertex, a little X appears at the end of a

polyline. It will move to the next control point every time you

hit Enter. You should navigate this X to the con-trol point that

you want to modify.

Adding a control point:Navigate X to the control point right beforethe segment that

you waht to add a point. Type i to insert a vertex. click

where you want to add a new point. Hit Esc to exit the option.

Dividing a polyline at a control point:Navigate X to the point that you want to divide. Type b for

break. Type g. Hit Esc to exit the option.


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Spline: makes a selected polyline into B-spline curve.

Decurve: makes a curved polyline into lines.

BREAK (br): can make a cut in continuous line.Choice 1) select an object by clicking where you want to start the

break, specify the second point.Choice 2) select an object, (f) for first point, then click the second

point.

When breaking a non-closed1shape, the break occurs sim-

ply between two points. Whenbreaking a closed shape, the

2break occurs between two

points counterclockwise.

FILLET (fillet): connects two objects with an arc that is tangent to the

objects and has a specified radius.Select radius, type number,select firs object, and then the second one. If

you dont enter a number, the two lines will extend to join each other.You can fillet:- rectangle - arcs

11.

circles

12. ellipses

13.

different

line types etc


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Layers

AutoCAD uses layer systems like Photoshop and SketchUp to

organize a drawing.

Layer palette shows your current layer name and state. To access Layer

Manager, click on the highlighted icon or type layer on the command

most useful layer icons, especially when you have a lot of layers.

set the current layer to that of a selected object

freeze the layer of selected objects

isolate unisolate turn off layer of a selected object

lock/unlock layer of a selected object

Please make a habit to name and manage your layers appropriately. Generally, it is better to put the same objects in the same

layer. For example, you can name them column, plant, building, road and etc. If you manage your layers

appropriately, you can lock/turn off/freeze all the layers except for the layers you are working on easily. In this way, you can

select the objects you want easily.

right cross select all objects when all the layers are on right cross only select the blue fi sh when other layersare locked


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Layer Manager (layer)

makes the selected layer current

deletes the selected layer

makes a new layer

indicates current layer

you can select layer colors by

clicking here

changes layer line type (dotted,

dashed etc.). You have to load theline type in a different window to

be able to use it in the drawing

changes line weight

turns on/off on the plot. De-floints layer cannot be plotted by

default

turns on/off the layerturned-off layers become invisible on the screen

but geometric information is still in the drawing

freezes/defreezes the layerfrozen layers are invisible and geometric

information is unavailablelocks/unlocks the layerlocked layers are visible but objects are not

modifiable

Rightclicking on the layer names gives you more options to

manipulate layers such as fi lters and selections.

Pulling down the layer name

on the layer palette also allows

you some control on layers.

You can turn off/on, freeze/

defreeze and lock/unlock layer

easily here.

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To adjust settings, right click on any snap/tracking tabs. A setting window will pop up.


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Annotate

Dimension Style Manager

First, set up a new dimension style in Dimension Style Manager by clicking

choose new and set up a new style choose continue and then you can modify the settings.The most important ones are:

Set the right style as current if there are several by choosing set current

Modify dimension styles by choosing modify


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Block

or

BLOCK: groups and objectifies selected lines as one entity.

Give a name easy to remember

Draw/move lines into layer 0 (or create block in new

sheet, then later import the dwg file itself) select them, block (b), pick base point by clicking pick

point, later this point is used as insertion point.Make sure convert to block is checked

Once the block is saved, you can insert from the

saved location

You can modify a block in block editorOr explode, modify, then re-create the block.

BCOUNT: count the number of objects made by the same block. The computer will ask select objects after you type

bcount. i.e. You can simplily count the number of the blocks named Tree -6ft by selecting any Tree-6ft block. If you

typeall and press Enter button, it will count all the blocks.


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Properties

You can change main properties. Auto CAD 2011

adds Transparency feature here

Detailed properties list will pop up once right click

Detailed properties list will also pop up if you select

a object/objects, right click and then select Properties.

Properties can be overridden in this list

LIST (li): pops up a window with information of the

selected geometry.

List, select object.

When you want to know the length of an arc or

polyline, you should use either list of property.


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Utilities

MEASUREdistance(di): measure the distance between two points. click thefirst point and then the second one.

FLATTEN when you cant measure the distance correctly, check the elevation or z-value in list or property. If that is

a file that does not require to have 3 dimensional information, create 2D file by flattening. The command is also

useful to export sections and perspectives as 2D drawings.

QUICKSELECT (qselect): allows you to select by different property

values.

This is a useful tool expecially when modifying a large amount

of segments or small scale objects dispersed in a large area

with particular property.

For example, you want to erase all blocks named tree2 but

not other tree blocks:

9. Select Entire drawing on the top tab.

10.

Select Block on Object type tab.

11.

Select Name on Properties

12.

Change Value to tree2 and click on OK button.

13.

It should bring you back to the drawing screen with

all tree2 blocks highlighted. Hit Delete to erase them.


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Clipboard

MATCH PROPERTY applies the properties of a se-lected object to

other objects (layer, color, line type...).

Matchprop, select the source object - the object you want to copy from,

click the lines/objects that you want to paste the property.


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View

zoom (z)

There are three ways to zoom:

1.The middle wheel on the mouse allows you to easily zoom in and out.

2.type zoom(z in short) in command line.

3. View/Extents

(type E or e if use command line) allows you to zoom in/out to the whole area that you have any objects

(type W or w if use command line) allows you to draw a

window around the area you want to zoom in

(type P or p if use command line) go back to last zoom

area

the same function as middle wheel on the mouse

(type A or a if use command line) allows you to zoom out to

the entire drawings are

(type S or s if use command line) allows you to zoom in/ out

in certain scale

PAN(p) move the view


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Insert reference

You can insert files in CAD, like image, other CAD drawing, excel form, pdf and etc.

ATTACH: Click attach and choosethe

file you want to insert. Make sure you

choose the right file format.

insert image

You can trace images, like hand sketch, after you insert them in CAD.

Create new layer image and set it as the current layer. Insert the image in this layer.

If you know the scale of the image,

type value in Scalei.e.1=10 drawing in the dwg with

inchunit setting - 120 (10 x 12)

1=200drawing - 2400 (200 x 12)

If you dont know the scale of the image,

guess and type an appropriate scale or

check specify on-screen.

Keep Specify on screen checked unless

you know the exact values of x and y

coordinates.


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Select the image, and the adjust options will show up at the top.

If the image is over other lines that you want to see, adjust the draw order by selecting the image, right clicking

Draw Order > Send to Back

ALIGN: Align the image to the existing

source point

destination point

destination point source point

For third point, normally just press enter. Whether scale object based on alignment points is based on case by case.


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SCALE(sc)

You can scale the image if you know a

dimension of an object.

i.e. You know the length of the yellow edge is 2.

You can scale the entire image based on it.

press enter after finishing selecting

If you know the scale, type it here. If you know a

dimension of an object in your image, type R

click one end of the edge and then the other type

the new length

DRAWING VIEWS


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GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTION WITH AUTOCAD

Geometric construction is based on plane geometry, including; points, lines, circles, arcs

and polygons.


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Documents

Harbour Engineering Cad Lab 1 Record