Happy Valentine’s Day!

•70. Cell Energy Notebook Check •71. DNA Structure•72. DNA Notes•73. RNA•74. From Genes to Proteins•75. Protein Synthesis Practice•76. Protein Synthesis Lab•77 (a & b). Mutations•78 (a & b & maybe c). DNA EOC Practice•79. DNA Notebook Check•80. Genetics Unit Cover – title & 5 colorful pictures

DNA Notebook Check

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1. Nucleotides2. Phosphate, Deoxyribose (sugar), nitrogen base3. a.Purines, 2 ring

b. Pyrimidines, 1 ring4. Sugar, Phosphate5. Helical, double-sided structure6. Double, helix (twisted ladder)7. a. Adenine – Thymine

b. Cytosine – Guanine8. Only certain bases can match up9. Hydrogen bonds10.AGC TCA GTT TCA GGG TCG AGT CAA AGT CCC

DNA STRUCTURE #71 PART C

• Why important???DNA Notes #72

DNA holds the recipe for making…proteins!!!

Proteins = workforce of your body,

make your body parts (traits)

• DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid• Found in nucleus of cell• Made of nucleotides• 3 parts of nucleotides = 1) deoxyribose 2)

phosphate 3) nitrogen base• 4 nitrogen bases (must be paired correctly)–Adenine & Thymine–Cytosine and Guanine All Tigers

Can Growl

• Nucleotides are joined together to make a single chain

• Two chains connect to make the ladder• Sides of ladder = backbone of DNA =

deoxyribose & phosphate• Steps of ladder = complementary bases

(held together by hydrogen bonds)• Base pairing important (all tigers can growl)• Watson and Crick – discovered that DNA is

arranged in a double helix (twisted ladder)

The Sound of DNA

DNA can copy itself = REPLICATION–Enzymes help to unwind the 2 strands–Base pairs separate–Free nucleotides attach to single

strands of DNA (base pairing!)–This makes new DNA molecule–DNA duplication is important for cell

division (mitosis & meiosis)

1. What are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA?2. Cytosine always pairs with what?3. Adenine always pairs with what?4. What does double helix mean?5. What is the backbone of the DNA?6. Where are the bases on your model?7. What holds the bases one each strand

together ?

DNA 3D Model Questions

We Love DNA (to the tune of “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”)

We love DNAMade of nucleotides.

Sugar, phosphate and a baseBonded down one side.Adenine and thymine

Make a lovely pair.Cytosine without guanine

Would feel very bare.

• 3 types of RNA (and what they do)• How is RNA different from DNA (3)?• Transcription?• Translation?• DNA = GACAAGTCCACAATC–Write in mRNA?–Amino Acids that correspond?

Introducing RNA… #73

• Review:–Builders of body parts?–How do they know what traits to

“build?”–Building blocks of proteins

=–There are ______ naturally occurring

amino acids–What builds proteins =

AMINO ACIDS

20

RIBOSOMES

FROM GENES TO PROTEINS #74

PROTEINS

CODED IN DNA BASES

1) DNA Replication will occur.2) Transcription • an enzyme (RNA polymerase) translates

the language of original DNA strand & turns it into the language of RNA by:• copying the code from DNA - base pairing

(all unicorns can growl/gallop)–TCA CCA–AGU GGU

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

This new molecule is called mRNACodon 1 Codon 2

• 3) mRNA leaves the nucleus and finds a ribosome in the cytoplasm

Builds proteins by linking together amino

acids

• 4) mRNA turns into tRNA

• Ribosomes jump from codon to codon on the mRNA and translate it into tRNA anticodons.• Certain codons start this process

and stop it.–AGU GGU–UCA CCA TRANSLATION

• Each tRNA anticodon specifically represents and carries an amino acid to the ribosome. • tRNA begins building a protein by

linking amino acids• Polypeptide chain = protein• The making of a protein is called…

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

DNA REPLICATION

ORIGINALDNA

TRANSCRIPTION(DNA TO RNA)

MRNA

RIBOSOME

TRANSLATION(PROTEIN

SYNTHESIS)

PROTEINProtein Synthesis

tRNA molecule carries amino acid

for each codon

U C A

mRNA Codon Wheel• Page 303 in textbook• GGG =• AAG =• CAU =

• Protein = GLYCINE – LYSINE - HISTIDINE

PEPTIDEBOND

AMINOACID

GLYCINELYSINEHISTIDINE

Mutations #77a – use note sheet• Nucleus• Pairs• Histones• Chromatin• Chromosomes• Sister Chromatid• Centromere• 46• Pairs• Varies widely• Gender• XX = girl and XY = boy

•Mutations = mistakes in DNA replication; changes in genetic material•Gene mutations = changes single gene/few nucleotides in DNA define point mutations vs.

frameshift mutations•Chromosomal mutations = produce changes in whole chromosomes (# or structure) affect multiple genes see #77b assignment

14. A segment of a DNA strand has the following bases: TAC GAT. What is the complementary strand of DNA?

a. UAG CAU b. TAG CAT c. ATG CTA d. AUG CUA15. Which relationship is most similar to this

relationship….tRNA : ribosome? a. book : publisher c. key : lock b. truck : factory d. baker : pie16. Before a cell goes through either mitosis or meiosis,

which process must be carried out by the DNA in the nucleus?

a. replication c. transcription b. nondisjunction d. translation

#78 continued

Complete #s 1, 2, 5, 7 – 12 on

page 317 in the textbook.