Happy St. Patrick’s Day

Saint Patrick's Day (Irish: Lá Fhéile Pádraig) is a yearly holiday celebrated on 17 March. It is named after Saint Patrick (circa AD 387–461), the most commonly recognized of the patron saints of Ireland. It began as a purely Christian holiday and became an official feast day in the early 1600s. However, it has gradually becomemore of a secular celebration of Ireland's culture

.

Research for Peace and

SocialJusticeDiane Ross, USA

Otterbein University

Westerville, Ohio

Who am I? What do I bring to the table Mom

TeacherResearcherScholarPeace Activist

Who are you?

What do you bring to the table?

How do I come to be here? Dissertation Topic

SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EQUITY: A MIDDLE CHILDHOOD EDUCATOR’S JOURNEY

The researcher, a middle childhood teacher educator operating under the assumption that teacher educators must examine their own dispositions to practice social justice and equity in order to model them for teacher candidates, applied heuristics, an autobiographical phenomenological method, to explore this issue. She concluded that middle childhood teacher educators must spend their own lives acquiring dispositions to practice social justice and equity if the pre-service educators they instruct are to have any possibility of acquiring these dispositions themselves.

Student response….

What causes you to “show up” today? How do you come to this place?

What hopes do you have for this class time together?

This time together will be successful if…….

What do you know?What questions do you have? Philosophical perspectives

Positivist/Post-positivist Social Research Quantitative/ Qualitative Action Research Appreciative Inquiry Research Proposal

I. What is research?(Pair and share….)

What is research?Research is a frame of mind….a perspective

that people take toward objects and activities (Bogdan and Biklen 1992: 223)

What is research?organized study: methodical investigation into a

subject in order to discover facts, to establish or revise a theory, or to develop a plan of action based on the facts discovered

What are your experiences with research?

Have you felt good about these…?

(Pair and share…)

II. What is Social Research?

What is social research? The social sciences are the fields of

academic scholarship which explore aspects of human society.

Social Research disciplines….

anthropology archaeology comparative musicology communication studies cultural studies Demography Economics History human geography international development

international relations linguistics, media studies,

philology political science psychology (at least in

part) social work social policy sociology

Research for Peace and Social Justice

Social Justice and Research….Basic premise for the class…

Social justice is not static or timeless. The theory of justice is understood as an attempt to understand what a society’s actions, practices, and norms mean and to elucidate what a community’s shared understandings are so that they are agreed upon principles of social justice.

II. What is Peace Research? (Galtung article) In small groups, respond to the sentences on

your table.

1. How does this phrase inform your definition of peace research?

To move towards social justice, one must be in a constant state of social research.

Because all change processes begin with framing an issue and collecting data, we become aware that in the very act of doing these preliminary activities, we are socially constructing our future through choices we make and dialogue we use.

Elements of Peace Research Dialogic Explicit value Inter-disciplinary…..Intra….Trans-disciplinary Inter-national….Intra…..Trans-national….

HolisticGlobal

Forming personal research questions…

One of the most important things a change agent does it to articulate the questions…

Human beings and organizations move in the direction of what they inquire about….

Student response

What are the most pressing questions that you have had in the past few weeks…in your lifetime?

Inner/ Outer circle….Sharing strategy

Inquiry and change are not separate, but are simultaneous. Inquiry is intervention. The seeds of change – the things people think and talk about, discover and learn, and that inform dialogue and inspire images of the future- are implicit in the very first questions that we ask.

Articulate your three top questions

Share biggest question

Brainstorm a list of peace and justice issues closest to you. What questions do you have?

Rotate….. Share list….

You will learn what you already know.

You need to learn how to generalize significantly what you know.

Pare this list down to your top three questions or concerns.

Rotate….Share this list…..

Pare this down to the most important question that you have right now. Why is this important to you? What do you know already about this.

Rotate….Share…..

We come to know ourselves by bringing to consciousness the process by which our view points are formed…

We can undress our souls with the pen…..

It is through language that we create the world, because it is nothing until we describe it. And when we describe it, we create distinctions that govern our actions. To put it another way, we do not describe the world we see, but we see the world we describe….

Joseph Jaworski, Synchronicity

Goals for the week Monday

Introduce Social Science field and tools and their alignment to Peace Studies

Monday Afternoon Introduce Research Process Introduce Action Research Paradigm

Tuesday Morning Introduce Appreciative Inquiry Paradigm

Tuesday Afternoon Introduce structure of paper and research tools (including online

databases) Wednesday Morning

Share personal research protocol with the class/ Graded assignment

Format of research at WPA Research question… (Work on this tonight/ butcher block

paper) Why do you want to know this? What do you already know?

Literature review What do others know?

ProposalWhat do you propose to do?

Conclusion- What do you know differently now…and what will you do

differently?

ReadingsAction Research http://www.infed.org/research/b-actres.htm Working with Unattached Youth: Problem,

approach, method (Goetschius and Tash 1967)

Ending project/ Grade…. Attendance in class Blueprint for a research project

Monday Afternoon

Research Process

Define problem…

Highlight words that define problems…

Find critical colleague

Sharing your research question and explanation with a Critical Colleague….

20 min. per person

Research process.. You lost your pair of shoes….

(Question “Where could my shoes be….”) Reflect on where you put them

(Background Knowledge/ Literature Review) Act to go and find them….

(Proposal for Action) Observe that they are not there

(Data Collection) Reflect again….

(Data Analysis) Act upon new evidence…

(Proposal for new action based on data collection and analysis)…….

From positivism to post-positivism….

From positivism to relativism..

Post-positivist The knower and known cannot be

separated Not a single reality Human knowledge is not based on

unchallengeable, rock-solid foundations; it is conjectural.

Research Paradigms Positivist/ Modernist

Rationalism Science Stable Consistent Coherent self

Post-positivist/ Postmodernist Rising of the nuclear age Gap between rich and

poor Global threat to the

environment Interpretation Perspective

Supporters of Post-Positivism.. John Dewey- constructivism..

it is in experience that one finds patterns of inquiry and logic useful for ordering and directing future events

Social Research

…rejects the notion of researcher neutrality, understanding that the most active researcher is often one who has most at stake in resolving a problematic situation.

Research Paradigms Social methods can generally be

subdivided into two broad categories... Quantitative Qualitative

While very different in many aspects, both qualitative and quantitative approaches involve a systematic interaction between theories and data

Quantitative methods attempts to quantify social phenomena collect and analyze numerical data focus on the links among a smaller

number of attributes across many cases

Tools of quantitative researchers Surveys Questionnaire Structured interview Structured observation Content analysis Secondary analysis

Qualitative methods Personal experiences Interpretation over quantification Concerned with understanding the meaning

of social phenomena focus on links among a larger number of

attributes across relatively few cases

Qualitative research Qualitative research involves an in depth

understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern human behavior.

It investigates the why and how of decision making, as compared to what, where, and when of quantitative research.

Hence, the need is for smaller but focused samples rather than large random samples, which qualitative research categorizes data into patterns as the primary basis for organizing and reporting results

Tools of qualitative methods Focus groups Participant observation Journals, diaries Semi-structured/ Unstructured

interview Text based data….

Qualitative Research Methods

Ethnography

immersing an individual researcher or research team in the everyday activities of an organization or society, usually for a prolonged period of time, very naturalistic, impossible to gather from laboratory or "clean room" observational studies.   Community analysis needs ethnography: an example

from Romania

Phenomenology from it the essential features of

experiences and the essence of what we experience. Hannah Arendt: Eichmann in Jerusalem (1963),

"the banality of evil"

Feminism Gender research

Translated Woman: Crossing the Border with Esperanza's Story. By Ruth Behar. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1993.

Troubling the Angels, Patti Lather..

Critical theory Research is an ethical and political

act Paulo Friere

Auto-ethnography

Writing about the Self Analytically Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard

Rodriguez: An Autobiography. By Richard Rodriguez. Boston, MA: D.R. Godine, 1982.

Social blindness: An autoethnographic study of the interplay of language, cognition, and genetics in a family with an autistic child.

Heuristics Internal search through which one discovers the

nature and meaning of experience and develops methods and procedures for further investigation and analysis.

Knowledge derived is attained through tacit, intuitive or observed phenomena, is deepened through indwelling, focusing, self-searching or dialogue with others, and always needs a medium or base - its frame of reference Loneliness, Moustakas, Clark

Peace studies are……..Johan Galtung (2005, Peace: A Ten Point Primer) Empirical Critical Constructive

(I would say… focused on change…)

Paradigm of Praxis Transformative Emancipatory

Empirical dependent on evidence or consequences

that are observable by the senses. scientific statements are subject to and

derived from our experiences or observations Construct hypotheses Compare data and hypotheses

Critical Ethical Politically empowering Compare data with values related to peace Data must be explicit Comparison carried out with rigor Human behavior critics

Constructive studies Do not shy away from making

recommendations Adequate reasoning Value premises Adequate data Explicit values Well tested theories

Your research…

How will you tell your story….

Topic What is your topic’s relevance to the study of

Peace and Conflict? How does your topic fit into the broader

context of Peace and Conflict issues?

Butcher block paper Gallery walk…

Break

What are the possibilities of social research that lead to social justice and peace… Kurt Lewin (Action Research)

Factory post WWII Italian young boys

Jewish synagogues

David Cooperider/John McKnight (Appreciative Inquiry) New York School- arts Children interviewing… Greatest art school in NY city

Action Research

Knowledge is derived from practice Practice is informed by knowledge, It is an ongoing process

Kurt Lewin then a professor at MIT, first coined the term

“action research” in about 1944, research leading to social action” that uses “a

spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action, and fact-finding about the result of the action

Stringer • It is democratic, enabling the participation of all

people. • It is equitable, acknowledging people’s equality of

worth. • It is liberating, providing freedom from oppressive,

debilitating conditions. • It is life enhancing, enabling the expression of

people’s full human potential. (Stringer 1999: 9-10)

Action research The roots of action research can be

found in anthropology, social-psychology, and education. Research that produces nothing but books will not suffice (Dewey, 1916, Goodenough, 1963, Lewin, 1946).

Action Research is….

Cycle of reflective practice Collaborative Made Public

Action ResearchCycle of Reflective Practice Act Observe Reflect

Act to improve practice by Implementing a plan of action Evaluating the action Planning a report

Action ResearchCycle of Reflective Practice… Observe the consequences of one’s

action Collecting data Describing what is there

Action ResearchCycle of Reflective Practice Reflect on the situation, one’s self, and the

research process exploring: Exploring: What is happening here Interpreting and explaining: How/why are things

as they are Reconsidering: In what ways can I make the

research process better

Key Elements Degree of empowerment given to all voices Unrestrained dialogue between researcher

and participants Role of reflection (reflection in action)

Assignment for Tuesday morning Appreciative Inquiry/Read the complete

excerpt from A Positive Revolution in Change: Appreciative

Inquiry by David L. Cooperrider and Diana Whitney

Gallery Walk….

What questions can you ask to help move this person forward and to help clarify their question….?

Tuesday Morning

Give us an example of what it feels like and what it looks like to be treated with dignity and respect.

Appreciative Inquiry

What is it???

Appreciative Inquiry is…. particular way of asking questions and envisioning

the future that fosters positive relationships and builds on the basic goodness in a person, a situation, or an organization. In so doing, it enhances a system's capacity for collaboration and change

Appreciative Inquiry Organizational development

process or philosophy Engages individuals within an

organizational system Utilizes a 4-stage process

Stages of Appreciative Inquiry DISCOVER:

The identification of organizational processes that work well.

DREAM: The envisioning of processes that would work well in the

future. DESIGN:

Planning and prioritizing processes that would work well. DESTINY (or DELIVER):

The implementation (execution) of the proposed design.

Generative process Organic process (all parts are defined by the

whole….cannot take an organization apart to study pieces

What do we do well?

Build organizations around what works, rather than trying to fix what doesn't... It can be enjoyable and natural to many managers, who are often sociable people

The approach acknowledges the contribution of individuals, in order to increase trust and organizational alignment

Aims to create meaning by drawing from stories of concrete successes

Lends itself to cross-industrial social activities

Used extensively to foster change in businesses (a variety of sectors), health care systems, social profit organizations, educational institutions, communities, local governments, and religious institutions.

A

Tuesday Afternoon

What do you appreciate

Two goals for this afternoon

Introduce the basis of a good literature review

Introduce data collection techniques and data analysis techniques and tools

Tools for research Literature Review (secondary resources) Data Collection: Raw data (primary

resources) Data analysis

Chapter II

Literature Review

Good literature review… It is written by an authority on the topic. It contains accurate information. It is relevant to your assignment. It has a clear purpose (to persuade, inform,

sell something etc). The information it contains has been

reviewed prior to publication.

Using the Internet

While researching on the Internet:1. Always question why the information is being distributed on the Internet.2. Always notice the domain name (example: .gov or .org are generally more trustworthy than .com sites).3. Unless otherwise directed, there are better sites to use than Wikipedia.

Internet sites according to suffix

.edu- An educational establishment runs the website. This does not mean that the information you find is academic, many schools provide students with their own web pages, which contain personal opinions and information that might not be correct.

.gov- Governmental Agencies .net- Network provider .com- Commercial establishments, companies such as

Converse and Amazon have the .com suffix attached to their sites.

.org- Organizational web site. They are often nonprofit, i.e. .American Sociological Association or PETA. The intent is to influence public opinion about a particular cause or issue.

Electronic Sources and the Internet

Types of Periodicals

Journal Bias

Databases indispensable tools for performing research.

A database is an electronic or computerized list of books, articles, and other publications.

Database Search

Transcend Media http://www.transcend.org/tms/index.php

Transcend Peace links http://www.transcend.org/tms/links.php

Peace media clearinghouse http://peacemedia.usip.org/teachingguides

Swiss Peace http://www.swisspeace.ch/typo3/en/publicatio

ns/index.html$ 

UNESCO http://www.unesco.org

Conflict analysis and http://library.gmu.edu/resources/socsci/

conflict.html

Journal of Religion Conflict, and Peace http://www.plowsharesproject.org/journal/s-

tools

United States Institute for Peace http://www.usip.org/resources-tools http://www.usip.org/resources/online-journals

Conciliation Resources http://www.c-r.org/index.php

Journal of Humanitarian Assistance http://jha.ac/

Journal for the Study of Peace and Conflict http://jspc.library.wisc.edu/index2.html

Peace and Conflict Studies http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/pcs/

Peace Conflict Development  http://www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk/

Formatting and style guide http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/everyday_writer3e/

docsource/2d.html http://www.noodletools.com/noodlebib/express.php http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/workscited/ http://citationmachine.net/index.php

III. Methodology& Data Collection Tools

Data collection tools….

ObservingExperiencing through our senses

InterviewingInquiring into the experience and thoughts of others

Studying the Materials Prepared by OthersExamining documents and Artifacts

Shadow study

Anecdotal Record

Lesson Profile

Log, Diary, Journal

Checklist

Rating Scales

Running Records

Questionnaire

Attitude Scale

Checklist, Rating Scale

Critical Incident Interview

Sociogram

Informal Interview

Focus Group Interview

Personal Experience Method

Audio-recording

Photographs

Video- recording

Data analysis

Data Interpretation…Step 2 Analyze

Categorize Sort (use colors, numbers, cut/paste) Label Define

Find Patterns Synthesize

Create concept map, chart, table… NVIVO Socio-gram Digital Voice Recording Inspiration

Data Interpretation….Step #1 Describe

Use rich, accurate detail

Data interpretation… Step #3 Interpret/ Explain

What do I make of all of this? How does this fit into a larger framework?

Critical Colleagues Find one critical colleague Sit down with that person Face that person Listen to that person without giving any

advice Ask questions to help the researcher clarify

their research questions (use research protocol)

Wednesday morning

Student Presentations of Research Protocol

Return to group…..

Student Evaluations