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HANDOUTS IN EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY 1

TOPIC 6: VISUALS

WHAT ARE VISUALS?

Picture, photograph, or piece of film used to give a particular effect or to explain something.

(Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary and Thesaurus)

Picture, diagram, or piece of film that is used to show or explain something. Remember you

want your visuals to reinforce your message, not detract from what you are saying. (Collins English

Dictionary)

TWO FORMS OF VISUALS:

Non-Projected Visuals

Projected Visuals

A. NON-PROJECTED VISUALS

Translate abstract ideas into a more realistic format

Allow instructions to move down from the level of verbal symbols into a more concrete level

Make instructions more engaging and realistic

Easy to use because they do not require any equipment

Inexpensive

Can be used in many ways at all levels of instruction and disciplines

Use to stimulate creative expression

Used in testing and evaluation

TYPES OF NON-PROJECTED VISUALS

1. REAL OBJECTS - Solid, physical objects that can be brought into a classroom to be examined.

2. STILL PICTURES - Still pictures are photographic (or photograph-like representations of people,

places and things).

REAL OBJECTS STILL PICTURES DRAWINGS

CHARTS GRAPHS POSTERS CARTOONS

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3. DRAWINGS - Drawing is a graphic art which characterized by an emphasis on form or shape rather

than mass and colors. In fine arts, it is defined as the linear realization of visual objects, concepts,

emotions and fantasies, including symbols and even abstract form. (Encyclopedia of Art)

TYPES OF DRAWING

3.1. SCHEMATIC DRAWING

Concise, graphical symbolism whereby the engineer communicates to others the

functional relationship of the parts in a component and, in turn, of the components in a system

(Robert W. Mann, 2014).

3.2. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Isometric drawing is a way of presenting designs/drawings in three dimensions. In order for it to appear three dimensional. A 30-degree angle is applied to its sides. (V. Ryan, www.technologystudent.com)

3.3. EXPLODED VIEW DRAWING

Exploded view drawing is a diagram, picture or technical drawing of an object, that

shows the relationship or order of assembly of various parts.

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3.4. CUTAWAY DRAWING

Cutaway drawing is a representation (drawing or model) of something in which

the outside is omitted to reveal the inner parts. (www.vocabulary .com)

4. CHARTS - Charts are visual representation of abstract relationships such as chronologies,

quantities and hierarchies.

TYPES OF CHARTS

4.1. ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTS - Shows the structure or chain of command in the company 4.2. CLASSIFICATION CHARTS - Similar to organizational charts but are used chiefly to classify or categorize events, objects or species. 4.3. TIME LINES - illustrate chronological relationships between events 4.4. TABULAR CHARTS OR TABLES - contains numerical information 4.5. FLOW CHARTS - Show a sequence, a procedure, or as the name implies, the flow of the process. There must be a START and an END.

5. GRAPHS - Graphs provide visual representation of numerical data. They also illustrate

relationships among units of data and trends in the data. Data can be interpreted more quickly

in graph form than in tabular form. Graphs are also more visually interesting than tables.

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

CLASSIFICATION CHART

TIME LINE

TABULAR CHART FLOW CHART

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TYPES OF GRAPHS

5.1. BAR GRAPHS - Easy to read and can be used with elementary age students.

5.2. PICTORIAL GRAPHS - Alternate form of the bar graph in which numerical units are

represented by a simple drawing. Pictorial are more interesting and appeal to a wide

audience, especially young students.

5.3. CIRCLE OR PIE GRAPHS - Easy to interpret. Divided in segments, each representing a

part of percentage of the whole.

5.4. LINE GRAPHS - most precise and complex of all graphs.

6. POSTERS - Posters incorporate visual combination of images, lines,

colors and words. They are intended to catch and hold viewers’

attentions at least long enough to communicate a brief message. To be

effective, posters must be colorful and dynamic. Posters should nor be

left on display for too long.

7. CARTOONS - Cartoons (line drawing that are rough caricatures of real

people and events) are perhaps the most popular and familiar visual

format. Humor and Satire are the mainstays of the cartoonist’s skills.

According to Prasanth Venpaka on his article about Non-projected visuals on the site Edutechno

friend published on 2015, Non-projected Visuals are divided into 4 categories such as Graphic Aids,

Display Boards, Three-dimensional Aids, and Audio Aids. (Audio aids are not part of visuals)

1. Graphic Aids

Graphs

Diagrams

Posters

Maps

Cartoons

Comics

Flash cards

Pictures and

Photographs

Charts

BAR GRAPH PICTORIAL GRAPH

PIE GRAPH LINE GRAPH

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2. Display Boards

Blackboards – simplest and oldest visual aids

Roll-up chalk board – made up of thick rexin cloth

Pegboard- have holes in the entire surface and is used to suspend flat or 3D objects

Hook and loop board- surface is made up of a special nylon fabric consists of

thousands of tiny but strong loops.

Flannel board- have a fiber surface to which similar materials will adhere. Only flat,

light weight materials can be used in flannel board.

Magnetic board- can be used to show the relative movement of elements of a

visual. A sheet of iron together with pieces of magnets can be used.

Plastigraph board- glass plate or rigid plastic sheet

Bulletin board- a board foe exhibiting bulletins, an information giving device

Marker board- large sheet of white plastic board, uses felt tip pens or markers

3. Three-dimensional Aids

Models – concrete representation of objects, their size being adjusted to make it

handy and conveniently observable.

Objects – real things collected on from their natural settings

Specimen – typical object or a part of an object, that has been removed for

convenient observation

Mock-ups – operating model usually of a process, design to be worked out directly

the learner for specific training or analyses. (imitation of real process)

Diorama – 3d scene in depth, incorporating a group of model objects and figures in

a natural setting.

Puppets – have been used to stimulate reality, to entertain and to pass on

knowledge.

B. PROJECTED VISUALS

Projected visuals are defined as media formats in which still pictures are enlarged and displayed

on a screen. They have long been popular as a medium of instruction as well as entertainment.

INTEGRATION:

Projected visuals are suitable for all use at all grade levels and for instruction in all

curriculum areas.

Following are some typical subjects among the myriad possibilities for visual

presentations:

Provides a tour Make a visual history Illustrate lectures Document student activities/community problems

Present a preoperational explanation Illustrate the uses of products Teach a step by step process Simulate field trip Promote public understanding

TYPES OF PROJECTED VISUALS

1. DOCUMENT CAMERAS

Document camera is a video camera mounted on a copy stand,

pointed downward at documents, flat pictures, or graphics and small

objects (like coins). The image may be projected onto a large screen

within the room or it may be transmitted to distant sites via television.

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ADVANTAGES

No projection required. - on-the-spot projection of readily available classroom materials

All students have equal view. - equal opportunity to view the same materials easily

Allows group viewing of student work. - group viewing and discussion of student work

LIMITATIONS Bulky hardware.

- Requires monitor or video projector Monitor or projection required.

- You cannot use it without a monitor or video projector Additional lighting.

- Need additional lighting for good image

INTEGRATION

All subjects

Art

Business

Home

Economics

Industry

Language Arts

Medicine

Military

Music

Religion

Science

Social Studies

2. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

Overhead projection has become the most widely used audiovisual device in North America

classrooms and training sites. It is done using an overhead projector –a device like a box with a large

stage on the top surface.

A projector is capable of projecting enlarged images of written or pictorial material onto a

screen or wall.

Types of Projector

Transmissive type – light passes through the transparency

Reflective type – the light from the lamp is reflected off the mirrorlike stage. (lighter and compact)

Acetate – transparent film whose regular size is 8x10 inch

Overlays – are sheets of transparent film

ADVANTAGES

Brightness Eye contact Ease of use Abundance of materials Manipulable

Availability of materials Self-prepared materials Advance preparation Impact attitudes

Organization and discussion

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LIMITATIONS

Not programmed

- Could not be programmed to display visual sequences by itself, nor is an audio

accompaniment provided.

Not self-instructional

- It is designed for large-group study

Production process required

- Materials have to be made into transparencies by means of some production

process.

Keystone effect - distortion

INTEGRATION

Art Consumer

Science Drama

Geography Language Arts Laboratory Skills Literature

Music Mathematics Science

CREATING OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCIES

Direct Drawing method

Electronic Film process (Xerography)

Overhead created by computer

TYPES OF GRAPHICS SOFTWARE AVAILABLE:

Presentation Programs – special software that simplifies creation of slide or transparencies of

graphics that combine text, data and visuals.

Drawing and Paint Programs – allow the user to draw geometric shapes and figures

Photo-enhancement Programs – allow the manipulation of color and use of special effects to

alter photographic and styles

Desktop Publishing Programs – combines features of many other methods to create

sophisticated products such as newsletters and books.

TECHNICAL PROCESSES IN PRODUCTION OF TRASPARENCIES

Laser Printers

Ink-jet Printers

Thermal Transfer Printers

Pen Plotters

Impact Printers

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Sequencing

Automatic Cameras

Automatic projection

Collection building

Individualized instruction

Disorganization

Jamming

Susceptible to damage

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3. SLIDES

The term slide refers to a small-format photographic

transparency individually mounted for one-at-a-time projection.

Photographic slides are interesting media for lessons, especially

for topics that involve places, sceneries and people.

Teacher and Student produced slides

Producing “Slide Shows” by Digital Photography

Producing Slides by Copying Visuals

Producing Slides with Computers

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Portability

Remote Controlled

Ease and Availability

Easily disorganized

Not effective in fully-lighted environment

Jamming

Costly

Outdated

3. DIGITAL IMAGES

It is possible to store images in a digital form and show them on a computer or television

monitor or project them before a group. Available storage media includes CD-ROM, photo CD, DVD-

ROM and computer disks. (now we already have USB Flash drive)

CD-ROM (Compact Disc – Read only memory)

- Has the capacity to handle not only quality sound but also large quantities of

text and visuals.

Photo CD (Photographic Compact Disc)

- Utilized digital technology to store photographic images. You can only show the

photographs on CD using a special photo CD player.

DVD-ROM (Digital Videodisc – Read only memory)

- It is also a digital storage but with greater capacity. DVD is an ideal medium for

text, visuals, animation, motion video, and audio formats that have large

storage requirements.

Digital Camera

- Directly connected to a computer to place the image onto the computer. Others

store digital images directly onto a computer disk or a small digital “flash

memory” card or “smart card”.

USB (Universal Serial Bus) FLASH DRIVE

- A flash drive is a small, ultra-portable storage device which, unlike traditional

hard drive, has no moving parts. It is connected to computers and other devices

via built-in USB type-A plug, making it a kind of combination of USB device and

cable. (www.lifeware.com)

CD-ROM PHOTO CD DVD-ROM DIGITAL CAMERA USB

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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Random access

Durability

Storage Capacity

High quality visuals

Portable

Less storage space

Expensive to produce

Requires player and projection

Format becoming outdated

4. DIGITAL IMAGE PROJECTION

Digital images can be shown to individual using a computer monitor. Designed for use with

presentation graphics software, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projection panels project computer images

on screen. Power point is also a presentation package that has become very popular. You can include

sounds and animation in your presentation.

ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS

Image choices

Vast Capacity

Interactivity

Lack of brightness

Legibility

Expense

Main Text:

Heinich R. et. al., 2002, Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning, 7ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,

New Jersey

Other ONLINE Sources:

https://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing.htm

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2320/universal-serial-bus-usb

https://www.accessscience.com/content/schematic-drawing/605500

http://www.technologystudent.com/prddes1/drawtec2.html

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/cutaway%drawing

http://edutechnoffriend.blogspot.com/2015/06/non-projected-aids.html?m=1

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