Handout• (1) What were the reforms mentioned in

response to the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire?

• (2) How did workers’ compensation begin in the United States? How were employers convinced to support these changes?

• (3) What was the main source of resistance to Child Labor Laws? What was finally accomplished after the Progressive Era regarding child labor laws?

SLO• (1) Students will be able to identify various

reforms of Progressive Era, including prohibition, child labor laws, workers’ compensation, workers’ safety, and the income tax.

• (2) Students will identify and analyze the Progressive Era reforms, identifying the most important reform to American society.

• Important things to understand about the Progressive Era in U.S. History:– Describe the conditions of cities and in the country and why the

Progressive reformers wanted change.– Triangle Shirtwaist Fire – what reforms did this motivate?– What were reforms in child labor and workers’ compensation during

this era?– 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments (pages 70 & 71)

• (Prohibition, women’s suffrage, direct election of Senators, and income tax)

– Terms: Muckrakers, referendum, recall, direct primary, and initiative– Coal Strike of 1902– Northern Securities vs. the United States– How did Theodore Roosevelt change the presidency?– Meat Inspection and Pure Food and Drug Acts– Western land reserves and conservation– Children’s Bureau– Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission, and Clayton Antitrust

Act

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

• Who were the Progressives?• What reforms did they seek?• What motivated these reformers?

PROGRESSIVE ERA

1900-1920

Progressivism

WHO? “Progressives”– urban middle-class: managers & professionals;

women

WHY? Address the problems arising from:– industrialization (big business, labor strife)

– urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption)

– immigration (ethnic diversity)

– inequality & social injustice (women & racism)

1920s1890s 1901 1917

WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era”

ProgressivismWHAT are their goals?• Democracy – government accountable to the people

• Regulation of corporations & monopolies• Social justice – workers, poor, minorities

• Environmental protection

HOW?• Government (laws, regulations, programs)• Efficiency

– value experts, use of scientific study to determine the best solution

Origins of Progressivism• “Muckrakers”• Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890)• Ida Tarbell – “The History of the Standard Oil Co.” (1902)• Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities (1904)

Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens

MUNICIPAL & STATE

REFORMS

MUNICIPAL REFORM• municipal reform• utilities - water, gas, electricity, trolleys

Shoe line - Bowery men with gifts from ward boss Tim Sullivan, February, 1910

STATE POLITICAL REFORM• secret ballots• direct primary• Robert M. LaFollette• Seventeenth

Amendment (1913) – direct election of Senators

• initiative• referendum• recall

Robert M. LaFollette, Wisconsin Governor 1900-06

STATE SOCIAL REFORMS• professional social workers • settlement houses - education, culture, day care

• child labor laws – Enable education & advancement for working class children

• Settlement Houses• Hull-House – Jane Addams

Settlement Houses

STATE SOCIAL REFORMS• workplace & labor reforms – eight-hour work day – improved safety & health

conditions in factories– workers compensation laws – minimum wage laws– unionization – child labor laws

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1913

State Social Reform: Child LaborChild Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908

Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908

“Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911

Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911

TEMPERANCE• Temperance Crusade• Women’s Christian

Temperance Union (WCTU)

• Anti-Saloon LeagueFrances Willard (1838-98), leader of the WCTU

Anti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton

TEMPERANCE & PROHIBITION• Eighteenth Amendment – National Prohibition (1919)

Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th Amendment, 1919

Work in Groups of Three• Analysis: What was the most important change during

the Progressive Era?– Child Labor Laws and Children’s Bureau– Workers’ Compensation– Female Suffrage (right to vote)– Consumer Protection (Meat Inspection and Pure Food and

Drug Acts)– Western land reserves and conservation– 16th Amendment (income tax)– Federal Reserve Act– Clayton Antitrust Act– Federal Trade Commission Act– More Presidential Power